US20090263506A1 - Calcareous organism growth accelerator - Google Patents
Calcareous organism growth accelerator Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20090263506A1 US20090263506A1 US12/491,644 US49164409A US2009263506A1 US 20090263506 A1 US20090263506 A1 US 20090263506A1 US 49164409 A US49164409 A US 49164409A US 2009263506 A1 US2009263506 A1 US 2009263506A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- calcium
- composition
- aragonite
- calcareous
- set forth
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 230000005789 organism growth Effects 0.000 title 1
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- -1 such as Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229960005069 calcium Drugs 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium cation Chemical compound [Ca+2] BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910001424 calcium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 17
- NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium iodide Chemical compound [K+].[I-] NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- SHWNNYZBHZIQQV-UHFFFAOYSA-J EDTA monocalcium diisodium salt Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Ca+2].[O-]C(=O)CN(CC([O-])=O)CCN(CC([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O SHWNNYZBHZIQQV-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 3
- WXOMTJVVIMOXJL-BOBFKVMVSA-A O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O[Al](O)O.O[Al](O)O.O[Al](O)O.O[Al](O)O.O[Al](O)O.O[Al](O)O.O[Al](O)O.O[Al](O)O.O[Al](O)OS(=O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@]2(COS(=O)(=O)O[Al](O)O)O[C@H](OS(=O)(=O)O[Al](O)O)[C@@H](OS(=O)(=O)O[Al](O)O)[C@@H]2OS(=O)(=O)O[Al](O)O)[C@H](OS(=O)(=O)O[Al](O)O)[C@@H](OS(=O)(=O)O[Al](O)O)[C@@H]1OS(=O)(=O)O[Al](O)O Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O[Al](O)O.O[Al](O)O.O[Al](O)O.O[Al](O)O.O[Al](O)O.O[Al](O)O.O[Al](O)O.O[Al](O)O.O[Al](O)OS(=O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@]2(COS(=O)(=O)O[Al](O)O)O[C@H](OS(=O)(=O)O[Al](O)O)[C@@H](OS(=O)(=O)O[Al](O)O)[C@@H]2OS(=O)(=O)O[Al](O)O)[C@H](OS(=O)(=O)O[Al](O)O)[C@@H](OS(=O)(=O)O[Al](O)O)[C@@H]1OS(=O)(=O)O[Al](O)O WXOMTJVVIMOXJL-BOBFKVMVSA-A 0.000 claims description 3
- FNAQSUUGMSOBHW-UHFFFAOYSA-H calcium citrate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O FNAQSUUGMSOBHW-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001354 calcium citrate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004227 calcium gluconate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000013927 calcium gluconate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960004494 calcium gluconate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- MKJXYGKVIBWPFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium lactate Chemical compound [Ca+2].CC(O)C([O-])=O.CC(O)C([O-])=O MKJXYGKVIBWPFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001527 calcium lactate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960002401 calcium lactate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011086 calcium lactate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- NEEHYRZPVYRGPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium;2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate Chemical compound [Ca+2].OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O.OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O NEEHYRZPVYRGPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000013337 tricalcium citrate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 241000195493 Cryptophyta Species 0.000 description 22
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910021532 Calcite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 235000014653 Carica parviflora Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 5
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 241000242757 Anthozoa Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000243321 Cnidaria Species 0.000 description 3
- JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium ion Chemical compound [Mg+2] JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-M iodide Chemical compound [I-] XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229940006461 iodide ion Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910001425 magnesium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 3
- FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium iodide Chemical compound [Na+].[I-] FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000237519 Bivalvia Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000237858 Gastropoda Species 0.000 description 2
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000131858 Siboglinidae Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000020639 clam Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000029553 photosynthesis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010672 photosynthesis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035755 proliferation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000195628 Chlorophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000237852 Mollusca Species 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003851 biochemical process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003139 buffering effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ICIWUVCWSCSTAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M iodate Chemical group [O-]I(=O)=O ICIWUVCWSCSTAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000037125 natural defense Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 244000045947 parasite Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000001766 physiological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000009518 sodium iodide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011573 trace mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013619 trace mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K63/00—Receptacles for live fish, e.g. aquaria; Terraria
- A01K63/04—Arrangements for treating water specially adapted to receptacles for live fish
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/80—Feeding devices
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
Definitions
- This invention relates to a composition useful for promoting the growth of calcareous organisms present in a closed system aquatic habitat; particularly, to a composition capable of efficiently delivering calcium and carbonate to the calcareous organisms; most particularly, to a composition effective for enhanced delivery of aragonite to a closed system aquatic habitat where it dissociates into bioavailable supplements, such as, calcium, strontium, magnesium, and carbonate ions, whereby enhanced growth of the calcareous organisms is achieved.
- bioavailable supplements such as, calcium, strontium, magnesium, and carbonate ions
- Saltwater aquariums have been popular for many years for both novice and expert aquarists alike.
- the typical aquarium contains a diverse mix of marine life, including, tropical fish, aquatic plants, and calcareous organisms.
- Calcareous organisms are calcium carbonate based organisms which include corals, coralline algae, and shelled animals (snails, hard tube worms and clams). Calcium and carbonate (alkalinity) are the major constituents of calcareous organisms, thus, these organisms require adequate supplies of these substances in their environment to flourish.
- Coralline algae are a type of encrusting algae found throughout the aquatic world and include various species, e.g., red, pink, purple, etc. These organisms must be introduced into the closed aquatic system. The growth and proliferation of these colorful organisms in aquariums are especially desirable for both aesthetic and practical reasons. It is often the standard by which the success of a particular aquarium is judged.
- Coralline algae are comprised of an organic portion common to all algae and a calcium carbonate skeleton unique to this type of algae. As with all algae, the organic portion of these organisms grow at the rate determined by the availability of plant nutrients (fertilizers) and light. However, as with all calcareous organisms, successful propagation depends on the availability and effective delivery of calcium and carbonate to these organisms.
- Coralline algae supplant and suppress the proliferation of green algae, hair algae and other unsightly or harmful algae commonly encountered in the marine aquarium.
- coralline algae assist in preparing or “seeding” rock surfaces for the colonization of living corals and other sessile invertebrates. Under the proper conditions, the bright and vivid colors of coralline algae will produce new colonies and spread, thereby, providing enhanced visual interest to the aquarium frequently sought after by advanced aquarists.
- Aragonite is a naturally occurring mineral that is secreted by the coral organisms that make reef/skeleton structures in the ocean.
- Aragonite is an isomer of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) with minor inclusions of strontium and magnesium, plus other trace elements.
- CaCO 3 calcium carbonate
- aragonite readily dissociates, forming, inter alia, calcium and carbonate ions.
- Aragonite is not only highly soluble in seawater but remains soluble despite the presence of dissolved orthophophates, which hinder, and finally prevent the dissolution of other forms of calcium carbonate, such as calcite.
- a sand bed containing aragonite is a natural and passive way to support the calcium and carbonate levels while buffering pH through the dissolution of aragonite in the closed system.
- aragonite has a half-life of about 18 to 24 months, the accumulation of detritus at the bottom, and constant subtraction of magnesium from the system by the growth of coralline algae, the addition of more aragonite-containing substrate in the aquarium is necessary.
- Calcite is a less soluble isomer form of calcium carbonate that is often used in sand beds or as an additive to supplement low calcium and carbonate levels in aquariums. Calcite does not readily dissolve at the pH of marine aquariums (i.e., above 8.0). This means that calcite does not impart any significant benefits (buffers/alkalinity) into the aqueous solution until the pH falls to a level that is inherently dangerous for most marine life. Moreover, calcite can be precipitated at much lower pH than aragonite and is only held in solution in normal sea water by the presence of magnesium ions. The tendency of calcite to co-precipitate magnesium can make it unpredictable in the closed system aquarium. Coralline algae require magnesium to flourish, therefore, removing magnesium from the environment will inhibit the growth of coralline algae.
- the present invention satisfies a long felt need for a prepackaged stable composition that upon addition into a closed aquatic system will effectively and efficiently deliver the necessary dose of calcium and carbonate ions needed to promote the growth of calcareous organisms without the need to follow a complex multi-product recipe, while maintaining proper pH in range of normal sea water, i.e., about 8.0 to about 8.5.
- the instant composition specifically targets calcareous organisms having a calcium carbonate skeleton, it is not a fertilizer, and therefore does not inadvertently promote the growth of nuisance algae (green, hair, etc.).
- the purpose of this invention is to provide a stable composition for promoting the growth of calcareous organisms, in particular, coralline algae, present in a closed aquatic system.
- the first major component of the inventive composition is aragonite particles having a particle size capable of being evenly dispersed throughout the aquatic environment of the closed system. The aragonite particles dissociate in the aquatic environment, thereby delivering supplements to the calcareous organisms for enhanced growth.
- the second major component of the composition is dissociated calcium ions derived from a calcium containing compound. Addition of calcium ions to the aquatic system immediately raises the dissolved calcium levels in the aquatic system. The increased concentration of dissociated calcium in the surrounding aquatic environment essentially prevents diffusion of dissolved calcium in the calcareous organism (supplied mostly by the aragonite component) back into the aquatic environment.
- composition of the present invention is to provide at least one additional component, such as an iodide ion containing compound, necessary for calcareous organisms.
- aquatic system refers to a saltwater system similar to that of natural seawater, that is, having a pH of about 8.0 to about 8.5, carbonate hardness level (alkalinity) between about 2.0 to about 3.5 milliequivalents per liter (meq/L), and calcium levels between about 350 to about 500 ppm.
- bioavailable refers to the ability of a nutrient or supplement to absorb and become available at the site of physiological activity of an organism.
- calcareous organisms refers to all calcium carbonate based organisms which include corals, coralline algae, and shelled organisms (snails, hard tube worms, mollusks, clams and the like).
- biofilm refers to an immobilized matrix of cells that cover all submerged objects and surfaces inside the closed aqueous system.
- the matrix is produced and inhabited by microorganisms which carry out certain biochemical processes, such as dissociating aragonite particles into bioavailable components, including, albeit not limited to, calcium and carbonate ions.
- the biofilm provides a calcium and carbonate rich layer proximate to the calcareous organism for absorption into calcareous organism as needed.
- the biofilm is also responsible for turning toxic nitrogenous compounds and ammonia, which accumulate in the closed system of the aquarium as a result of decaying food and organic compounds, into less harmful nitrates used by the plants and algae for food.
- the instant invention promotes the growth of calcareous organisms using a prepackaged and stable composition comprising, inter alia, aragonite and at least one calcium ion containing compound, to replace the typical multi-product recipe.
- the first component of the instant composition includes aragonite (orthorhombric CaCO 3 ) particles having a size capable of dispersing evenly throughout the aquatic system. Moreover, the size of the aragonite particles should be such that these particles readily diffuse into any biofilm covering the calcareous organisms. The biofilm helps to dissociate the aragonite into its bioavailable nutrients (i.e., calcium, carbonate, strontium and magnesium.) It has been discovered by the present inventor that aragonite particle size should be in the colloidal size range, that is, at least about 10 microns, preferably about 5 microns to exhibit the aforementioned properties.
- the micron dimension of the aragonite is advantageous as it provides 500 ⁇ the surface area of a 1 mm particle, and therefore, accelerates the rate of chemical reactions that are surface area dependent, such as, diffusion through a biofilm.
- the second component of the instant invention includes at least one calcium ion containing compound.
- idoneous calcium ion containing compounds include at least one member selected from the group consisting of calcium chloride, calcium hydroxide, calcium citrate, calcium sucrate, calcium lactate, calcium EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), and calcium gluconate.
- Calcium chloride is a particularly preferred form of calcium ion containing compound since it is very soluble in aquatic systems, thus, able to deliver high amounts of calcium ions to a closed system without affecting pH.
- the spectator ion is the chloride ion.
- Chloride is one of the primary ionic components of natural aquatic systems (sea water) and excess of chloride ions may raise the salinity of the closed system but does not create any ionic imbalance.
- the instant invention may further include a third component, for example, least one iodide ion containing compound capable of supplying one or more iodide species (including iodate and molecular iodine forms) to the aquatic system.
- iodine acts as a de-toxifier, providing protection against ultra-violet radiation and a natural defense against parasites.
- suitable iodide containing compounds include, albeit not limited to, sodium iodide, potassium iodide.
- Potassium iodide is a particularly preferred form of an iodide ion containing compound as the spectator ion (potassium) also promotes coralline algae and coral growth.
- an idoneous supplement that may be included in the instant composition includes, at least one magnesium ion containing compound capable of supplying magnesium to the aquatic system.
- suitable magnesium ion containing compounds include, albeit not limited to, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride or the like. Magnesium is an essential part of photosynthesis; without photosynthesis beneficial coralline algae and coral would not survive in closed system aquariums.
- Aragonite (CaCO 3 ) from about 50 to about 54%; Calcium Chloride (CaCl 2 ) from about 49 to about 46%; Potassium Iodide (KI) less than 1%;
- the user When using the prepackaged composition of the present invention, the user will need only shake the container well to reconstitute before use, and add approximately 5 ml per 50 gallons of closed aquatic system.
- the second component for example, calcium chloride
- the concentration of ionic calcium is present in an amount effective to prevent the aragonite from dissociating inside the container.
- the aragonite particles begin to immediately dissociate into bioavailable nutrients (calcium cations and carbonate anions) which are readily absorbed by any calcareous animals therein.
- the second component is supplied in an amount effective such that the concentration of dissociated calcium ions in the aquatic system precludes, or retards, the diffusion of absorbed calcium through the membrane of the calcareous organisms into the aquatic system.
- the two components of the present invention ensure that the concentrated calcium and carbonate are effectively delivered to the calcareous organisms.
- a biolayer will cover all calcareous organisms therein.
- the dispersed aragonite particles adhere upon and/or embed within this biolayer.
- the biolayer facilitates the dissociation of the aragonite particles into the bioavailable calcium and carbonate ions for absorption into calcareous organisms as needed.
- the concentration of calcium and carbonate in the biofilm provides a nutrient-rich reserve from which the calcareous organisms draw from.
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Farming Of Fish And Shellfish (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Seaweed (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
The purpose of this invention is to provide compositions useful for promoting the growth of calcareous organisms present in a closed system aquatic habitat. Particularly, to composition capable of efficiently delivering calcium and carbonate to the calcareous organisms. Most particularly, to a composition effective for enhanced delivery of aragonite to a closed system aquatic habitat where it dissociates into bioavailable supplements, such as, calcium, strontium, magnesium, and carbonate ions, whereby enhanced growth of the calcareous organisms is achieved.
Description
- This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 11/399,991 filed Apr. 7, 2006, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference.
- This invention relates to a composition useful for promoting the growth of calcareous organisms present in a closed system aquatic habitat; particularly, to a composition capable of efficiently delivering calcium and carbonate to the calcareous organisms; most particularly, to a composition effective for enhanced delivery of aragonite to a closed system aquatic habitat where it dissociates into bioavailable supplements, such as, calcium, strontium, magnesium, and carbonate ions, whereby enhanced growth of the calcareous organisms is achieved.
- Saltwater aquariums have been popular for many years for both novice and expert aquarists alike. The typical aquarium contains a diverse mix of marine life, including, tropical fish, aquatic plants, and calcareous organisms. Calcareous organisms are calcium carbonate based organisms which include corals, coralline algae, and shelled animals (snails, hard tube worms and clams). Calcium and carbonate (alkalinity) are the major constituents of calcareous organisms, thus, these organisms require adequate supplies of these substances in their environment to flourish.
- One of the most frustrating aspects for many aquarists is maintaining adequate and consistent levels of those marine supplements necessary for the growth of calcareous organisms. Some of these supplements include, for example, calcium, carbonate, iodine, strontium, and magnesium, to name a few. Unlike the ocean, which has a relatively infinite supply of these supplements, the aquarium is a closed system, hence, the growth and multiplication of calcareous organisms leads to depletion of those supplements, and they must be continuously replenished by the aquarist.
- An example of some particularly beneficial and attractive calcareous organisms includes coralline algae. Coralline algae are a type of encrusting algae found throughout the aquatic world and include various species, e.g., red, pink, purple, etc. These organisms must be introduced into the closed aquatic system. The growth and proliferation of these colorful organisms in aquariums are especially desirable for both aesthetic and practical reasons. It is often the standard by which the success of a particular aquarium is judged.
- Coralline algae are comprised of an organic portion common to all algae and a calcium carbonate skeleton unique to this type of algae. As with all algae, the organic portion of these organisms grow at the rate determined by the availability of plant nutrients (fertilizers) and light. However, as with all calcareous organisms, successful propagation depends on the availability and effective delivery of calcium and carbonate to these organisms.
- Coralline algae supplant and suppress the proliferation of green algae, hair algae and other unsightly or harmful algae commonly encountered in the marine aquarium. In addition, coralline algae assist in preparing or “seeding” rock surfaces for the colonization of living corals and other sessile invertebrates. Under the proper conditions, the bright and vivid colors of coralline algae will produce new colonies and spread, thereby, providing enhanced visual interest to the aquarium frequently sought after by advanced aquarists.
- Aragonite is a naturally occurring mineral that is secreted by the coral organisms that make reef/skeleton structures in the ocean. Aragonite is an isomer of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) with minor inclusions of strontium and magnesium, plus other trace elements. When dissolved in an Aqueous solution, aragonite readily dissociates, forming, inter alia, calcium and carbonate ions. Aragonite is not only highly soluble in seawater but remains soluble despite the presence of dissolved orthophophates, which hinder, and finally prevent the dissolution of other forms of calcium carbonate, such as calcite.
- Experienced aquarists have long recognized the numerous benefits of having aragonite-containing substrates at the bottom their aquariums (i.e., deep or shallow sand bed). A sand bed containing aragonite is a natural and passive way to support the calcium and carbonate levels while buffering pH through the dissolution of aragonite in the closed system. However, because aragonite has a half-life of about 18 to 24 months, the accumulation of detritus at the bottom, and constant subtraction of magnesium from the system by the growth of coralline algae, the addition of more aragonite-containing substrate in the aquarium is necessary.
- Calcite is a less soluble isomer form of calcium carbonate that is often used in sand beds or as an additive to supplement low calcium and carbonate levels in aquariums. Calcite does not readily dissolve at the pH of marine aquariums (i.e., above 8.0). This means that calcite does not impart any significant benefits (buffers/alkalinity) into the aqueous solution until the pH falls to a level that is inherently dangerous for most marine life. Moreover, calcite can be precipitated at much lower pH than aragonite and is only held in solution in normal sea water by the presence of magnesium ions. The tendency of calcite to co-precipitate magnesium can make it unpredictable in the closed system aquarium. Coralline algae require magnesium to flourish, therefore, removing magnesium from the environment will inhibit the growth of coralline algae.
- There are numerous individually packaged calcium and carbonate (alkalinity) boosting products commercially available. These products are currently sold in two separate containers to ensure the calcium ions and carbonate ions are separated to prevent them from forming crystals prior to use. Additions of these separate products in stoichiometrically correct proportions require the user to combine these products separately following a precise recipe. If the dosing protocol of each product is not strictly followed, the result can be harmful or stressful to the closed aquatic system.
- Thus, the present invention satisfies a long felt need for a prepackaged stable composition that upon addition into a closed aquatic system will effectively and efficiently deliver the necessary dose of calcium and carbonate ions needed to promote the growth of calcareous organisms without the need to follow a complex multi-product recipe, while maintaining proper pH in range of normal sea water, i.e., about 8.0 to about 8.5. Moreover, since the instant composition specifically targets calcareous organisms having a calcium carbonate skeleton, it is not a fertilizer, and therefore does not inadvertently promote the growth of nuisance algae (green, hair, etc.).
- The purpose of this invention is to provide a stable composition for promoting the growth of calcareous organisms, in particular, coralline algae, present in a closed aquatic system. The first major component of the inventive composition is aragonite particles having a particle size capable of being evenly dispersed throughout the aquatic environment of the closed system. The aragonite particles dissociate in the aquatic environment, thereby delivering supplements to the calcareous organisms for enhanced growth.
- The second major component of the composition is dissociated calcium ions derived from a calcium containing compound. Addition of calcium ions to the aquatic system immediately raises the dissolved calcium levels in the aquatic system. The increased concentration of dissociated calcium in the surrounding aquatic environment essentially prevents diffusion of dissolved calcium in the calcareous organism (supplied mostly by the aragonite component) back into the aquatic environment.
- Accordingly, it is an objective of the instant invention to provide herein a single prepackaged composition capable of being added directly to a closed aquatic system to supply most nutrients necessary for successful growth of most calcareous organisms.
- It is yet another objective of the present invention to provide aragonite having a particle size which allows it to readily disperse throughout the closed aquatic system and accelerate the rate of chemical reaction with calcareous organisms (e.g., diffusion) by providing more surface area.
- Another objective of the composition of the present invention is to provide at least one additional component, such as an iodide ion containing compound, necessary for calcareous organisms.
- Other objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the following description which set forth, by way of example, certain embodiments of this invention.
- The following list defines terms and phrases used throughout the specification. Although the terms and phrases are listed in a singular tense the definitions are intended to encompass all grammatical forms.
- As recited herein, the term “aquatic system” refers to a saltwater system similar to that of natural seawater, that is, having a pH of about 8.0 to about 8.5, carbonate hardness level (alkalinity) between about 2.0 to about 3.5 milliequivalents per liter (meq/L), and calcium levels between about 350 to about 500 ppm.
- As recited herein, the term “bioavailable” refers to the ability of a nutrient or supplement to absorb and become available at the site of physiological activity of an organism. As recited herein, the phrase, “calcareous organisms” refers to all calcium carbonate based organisms which include corals, coralline algae, and shelled organisms (snails, hard tube worms, mollusks, clams and the like).
- As recited herein, the term “biofilm” refers to an immobilized matrix of cells that cover all submerged objects and surfaces inside the closed aqueous system. The matrix is produced and inhabited by microorganisms which carry out certain biochemical processes, such as dissociating aragonite particles into bioavailable components, including, albeit not limited to, calcium and carbonate ions. The biofilm provides a calcium and carbonate rich layer proximate to the calcareous organism for absorption into calcareous organism as needed.
- The biofilm is also responsible for turning toxic nitrogenous compounds and ammonia, which accumulate in the closed system of the aquarium as a result of decaying food and organic compounds, into less harmful nitrates used by the plants and algae for food.
- Detailed embodiments of the instant invention are disclosed herein, however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention, which may be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific functional and structural details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representation basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention in virtually any appropriately detailed structure.
- The instant invention promotes the growth of calcareous organisms using a prepackaged and stable composition comprising, inter alia, aragonite and at least one calcium ion containing compound, to replace the typical multi-product recipe.
- The first component of the instant composition includes aragonite (orthorhombric CaCO3) particles having a size capable of dispersing evenly throughout the aquatic system. Moreover, the size of the aragonite particles should be such that these particles readily diffuse into any biofilm covering the calcareous organisms. The biofilm helps to dissociate the aragonite into its bioavailable nutrients (i.e., calcium, carbonate, strontium and magnesium.) It has been discovered by the present inventor that aragonite particle size should be in the colloidal size range, that is, at least about 10 microns, preferably about 5 microns to exhibit the aforementioned properties.
- The micron dimension of the aragonite is advantageous as it provides 500× the surface area of a 1 mm particle, and therefore, accelerates the rate of chemical reactions that are surface area dependent, such as, diffusion through a biofilm. The second component of the instant invention includes at least one calcium ion containing compound. Examples of idoneous calcium ion containing compounds include at least one member selected from the group consisting of calcium chloride, calcium hydroxide, calcium citrate, calcium sucrate, calcium lactate, calcium EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), and calcium gluconate. Calcium chloride is a particularly preferred form of calcium ion containing compound since it is very soluble in aquatic systems, thus, able to deliver high amounts of calcium ions to a closed system without affecting pH. In this example, the spectator ion is the chloride ion. Chloride is one of the primary ionic components of natural aquatic systems (sea water) and excess of chloride ions may raise the salinity of the closed system but does not create any ionic imbalance.
- The instant invention may further include a third component, for example, least one iodide ion containing compound capable of supplying one or more iodide species (including iodate and molecular iodine forms) to the aquatic system. In many calcareous organisms iodine acts as a de-toxifier, providing protection against ultra-violet radiation and a natural defense against parasites. Examples of suitable iodide containing compounds include, albeit not limited to, sodium iodide, potassium iodide. Potassium iodide is a particularly preferred form of an iodide ion containing compound as the spectator ion (potassium) also promotes coralline algae and coral growth.
- Another example of an idoneous supplement that may be included in the instant composition includes, at least one magnesium ion containing compound capable of supplying magnesium to the aquatic system. Examples of suitable magnesium ion containing compounds include, albeit not limited to, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride or the like. Magnesium is an essential part of photosynthesis; without photosynthesis beneficial coralline algae and coral would not survive in closed system aquariums.
- A non-limiting illustrative example is presented herein; the following is only an example and not solely representative of the inventive concepts discussed herein.
- Into de-ionized water by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, the following dry components are added:
-
Aragonite (CaCO3) from about 50 to about 54%; Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) from about 49 to about 46%; Potassium Iodide (KI) less than 1%; - When using the prepackaged composition of the present invention, the user will need only shake the container well to reconstitute before use, and add approximately 5 ml per 50 gallons of closed aquatic system.
- Without wishing to be bound to any particular theory, it is believed that when the aforementioned composition is within the prepackaged container, the second component (for example, calcium chloride) is fully dissociated into ionic calcium and non-active incidental ions of chloride. The concentration of ionic calcium is present in an amount effective to prevent the aragonite from dissociating inside the container. After the appropriate portion (e.g., about 5 ml per 50 gallons of closed system) of this composition is added to the aquatic system, the aragonite particles begin to immediately dissociate into bioavailable nutrients (calcium cations and carbonate anions) which are readily absorbed by any calcareous animals therein. Concomitantly, the second component is supplied in an amount effective such that the concentration of dissociated calcium ions in the aquatic system precludes, or retards, the diffusion of absorbed calcium through the membrane of the calcareous organisms into the aquatic system. The higher concentration of absorbed ionic calcium in the calcareous organisms would diffuse to the aquatic system was it not for the ionic calcium of the second component. Thus, the two components of the present invention ensure that the concentrated calcium and carbonate are effectively delivered to the calcareous organisms.
- In established aquatic systems a biolayer will cover all calcareous organisms therein. The dispersed aragonite particles adhere upon and/or embed within this biolayer. The biolayer facilitates the dissociation of the aragonite particles into the bioavailable calcium and carbonate ions for absorption into calcareous organisms as needed. The concentration of calcium and carbonate in the biofilm provides a nutrient-rich reserve from which the calcareous organisms draw from.
- All patents and publications mentioned in this specification are indicative of the levels of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. All patents and publications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
- It is to be understood that while a certain form of the invention is illustrated, it is not to be limited to the specific form or arrangement herein described and shown. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention is not to be considered limited to what is shown and described in the specification.
- One skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objectives and obtain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as those inherent therein. The embodiments, methods, procedures and techniques described herein are presently representative of the preferred embodiments, are intended to be exemplary and are not intended as limitations on the scope. Changes therein and other uses will occur to those skilled in the art which are encompassed within the spirit of the invention and are defined by the scope of the appended claims. Although the invention has been described in connection with specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the invention which are obvious to those skilled in the art are intended to be within the scope of the following claims.
Claims (15)
1. A composition useful for effectively providing calcium and carbonate ions to calcareous organisms for enhanced growth within a closed aquatic system, said composition comprising:
a first component including an effective amount of aragonite particles having a particle size effective for dissociating into bioavailable calcium cations and bioavailable carbonate anions;
a second component including a calcium ion containing compound to provide an effective amount of dissociated calcium ions to control said dissociation of said aragonite; and
de-ionized water;
wherein, upon addition of said composition to said closed aquatic system said aragonite particles dissociate into said bioavailable calcium and carbonate ions for absorption into said calcareous organisms and said second component effectively precludes diffusion of absorbed calcium ions back to said aquatic system.
2. The composition as set forth in claim 1 , wherein said calcium ion containing compound includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of calcium chloride, calcium hydroxide, calcium citrate, calcium sucrate, calcium lactate, calcium EDTA, and calcium gluconate.
3. The composition as set forth in claim 1 , further comprising a third component including an iodide containing compound to further enhance the growth of calcareous organisms.
4. The composition as set forth in claim 1 , wherein said aragonite particle size is at least about 10 microns.
5. The composition as set forth in claim 4 , wherein said aragonite particle size is about 5 microns.
6. A composition useful for effectively providing calcium and carbonate ions to calcareous organisms for enhanced growth within a closed aquatic system, said composition comprising:
a first component including aragonite particles provided in amounts between about 50% to about 54% by weight based on the total weight of the composition, said aragonite particles having a size effective for dissociating into bioavailable calcium cations and bioavailable carbonate anions;
a second component including calcium chloride provided in amounts between about 49% to about 46% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, said calcium chloride useful to control said dissociation of said aragonite;
a third component including potassium iodide provided in amounts less than 1% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and
de-ionized water;
wherein, upon addition of said composition to said closed aquatic system said aragonite particles dissociate into said bioavailable calcium and carbonate ions for absorption into said calcareous organisms and said calcium chloride effectively precludes diffusion of absorbed calcium ions back to said aquatic system.
7. The composition as set forth in claim 6 , wherein said aragonite particle size is at least about 10 microns.
8. The composition as set forth in claim 7 , wherein said aragonite particle size is about 5 microns.
9. Method of treating a closed aquatic system to enhance the growth of any calcareous organisms contained therein, said method comprising the following steps:
providing said closed aquatic system containing at least one calcareous organism therein; and
adding an effective amount of a composition suitable for providing a source of calcium and carbonate to said at least one calcareous organism, said composition including a first component including an effective amount of aragonite particles having a particle size effective for dissociating into bioavailable calcium cations and bioavailable carbonate anions for absorption into said calcareous organisms, a second component including a calcium ion containing compound providing an effective amount of dissociated calcium ions to control said dissociation of said aragonite within said closed aquatic system, and de-ionized water;
wherein upon addition of said effective amount of composition to said aquatic system, the amount of said dissociated calcium ions in said aquatic system precludes diffusion of absorbed calcium ions back to said aquatic system.
10. The method of treating as set forth in claim 9 , wherein said aragonite particle size is at least about 10 microns.
11. The method of treating as set forth in claim 10 , wherein said aragonite particle size is about 5 microns.
12. The method of treating as set forth in claim 9 , wherein said calcium ion containing compound includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of calcium chloride, calcium hydroxide, calcium citrate, calcium sucrate, calcium lactate, calcium EDTA, and calcium gluconate.
13. The method of treating as set forth in claim 9 , further comprising a third component including an iodide containing compound to further enhance the growth of calcareous organisms.
14. The method of treating as set forth in claim 9 , wherein said calcareous organism includes a biolayer to which said aragonite particles adhere upon and/or embed within, wherein said biolayer facilitates dissociation of said aragonite particles into said bioavailable calcium and carbonate for absorption into said calcareous organism as needed.
15. The method of treating as set forth in claim 9 , wherein said aqueous system is capable of inorganically disassociating said aragonite particles into said bioavailable calcium and carbonate ions suitable for absorption into said calcareous organism.
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US12/491,644 US20090263506A1 (en) | 2006-04-07 | 2009-06-25 | Calcareous organism growth accelerator |
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US11/399,991 US7565883B2 (en) | 2006-04-07 | 2006-04-07 | Calcareous organism growth accelerator |
US12/491,644 US20090263506A1 (en) | 2006-04-07 | 2009-06-25 | Calcareous organism growth accelerator |
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US7565883B2 (en) * | 2006-04-07 | 2009-07-28 | Greenfield Richard M | Calcareous organism growth accelerator |
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Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US3623455A (en) * | 1969-02-05 | 1971-11-30 | Aquarium Syst Inc | Artificial sea water solution and composition for making the same |
US6376229B2 (en) * | 1999-01-29 | 2002-04-23 | World Wide Imports Enterprises, Inc. | Method for preservation of marine microorganisms |
US20040065266A1 (en) * | 2002-10-03 | 2004-04-08 | Fernandez Madelaine Joy | Composition suitable for aquatic habitat repair, replacement and/or enhancement |
US7565883B2 (en) * | 2006-04-07 | 2009-07-28 | Greenfield Richard M | Calcareous organism growth accelerator |
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DE19701302C1 (en) * | 1997-01-16 | 1998-05-20 | Bioplast Gmbh | Use of a CaCO¶3¶-containing composition as an additive for sea water, in which marine animals are reared or kept |
DE202004007648U1 (en) | 2004-05-10 | 2004-12-09 | Horst, Kaspar | Chemical mixture for setting a biotope-appropriate standard ion concentration in freshwater aquariums |
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2006
- 2006-04-07 US US11/399,991 patent/US7565883B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US3623455A (en) * | 1969-02-05 | 1971-11-30 | Aquarium Syst Inc | Artificial sea water solution and composition for making the same |
US6376229B2 (en) * | 1999-01-29 | 2002-04-23 | World Wide Imports Enterprises, Inc. | Method for preservation of marine microorganisms |
US6939708B2 (en) * | 1999-01-29 | 2005-09-06 | World Wide Imports Enterprises, Inc. | Method of rapid bio-cycling of an aquarium |
US20040065266A1 (en) * | 2002-10-03 | 2004-04-08 | Fernandez Madelaine Joy | Composition suitable for aquatic habitat repair, replacement and/or enhancement |
US7565883B2 (en) * | 2006-04-07 | 2009-07-28 | Greenfield Richard M | Calcareous organism growth accelerator |
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