US20090238899A1 - Method for rapid identification of pharmacologically active chemical entities associated with the efficacy of ethnobotanical substances - Google Patents
Method for rapid identification of pharmacologically active chemical entities associated with the efficacy of ethnobotanical substances Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
- G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
- G01N33/5044—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics involving specific cell types
- G01N33/5067—Liver cells
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
- G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
- G01N33/502—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing non-proliferative effects
- G01N33/5038—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing non-proliferative effects involving detection of metabolites per se
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
- G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
- G01N33/5044—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics involving specific cell types
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/94—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving narcotics or drugs or pharmaceuticals, neurotransmitters or associated receptors
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to methods of drug discovery and development, and more specifically concerns such a method which is substantially faster in identifying safe and effective drugs produced from ethnobotanical substances than existing methods.
- a target biomolecule which causes disease is first identified.
- the biomolecule is a protein.
- the targets are then developed into laboratory-scale assays or screens.
- the laboratory-scale screens are converted into automated screens for high throughput evaluation of potential drug compounds.
- High throughput screening involves the testing of many different compounds (compound libraries), chosen from a large array of chemicals for their ability to inhibit or otherwise affect the target disease in some specific desired way. Often, those compound libraries will comprise thousands of chemicals or even more. Those chemicals which look promising, as indicated by the results of the high throughput screening process, are then further screened to produce the most promising leads/candidates.
- leads/candidates are first tested with in-vitro assays, and then in-vivo in laboratory animals, to determine if they produce activity against the target disease.
- a compound which passes this assay testing process will then typically undergo the conventional drug discovery and development process involving various testing procedures and clinical trials.
- one embodiment disclosed herein is a method for identifying medicinally active chemical entities in ethnobotanical substances, comprising the steps of: performing an in-vitro assay with an ethnobotanical substance using human intestinal and/or liver and/or enzyme expression preparations to produce an array of human chemical entities; performing an in-vitro assay of said ethnobotanical substance using animal intestinal and/or liver and/or enzyme expression preparations from at least one selected animal species to produce an array of animal chemical entities; determining any matches between the human chemical entities and the selected animal chemical entities to identify a matched animal species; performing an in-vivo dosing of the ethnobotanical substance with the matched animal species; and performing an analysis of a biological fluid from the matched animal species to determine any matches between the in-vitro human chemical entities and the in-vivo matched animal chemical entities.
- Another embodiment is a method for identifying medicinally active chemical entities in ethnobotanical substances, comprising the steps of: performing an in-vitro assay with an ethnobotanical substance using human intestinal and/or liver and/or enzyme expression preparations to produce an array of human chemical entities; performing an in-vivo dosing of a selected animal species with said ethnobotanical substance; and performing an analysis of a biological fluid from the selected animal species to determine any matches between the in-vitro human chemical entities and the in-vivo animal chemical entities.
- Still another embodiment is a method for identifying medicinally active chemical entities in ethnobotanical substances, comprising the steps of: performing an in-vitro assay with an ethnobotanical substance using human intestinal and/or liver and/or enzyme expression preparations to produce an array of human chemical entities; performing an in-vivo dosing of at least one selected animal species with said ethnobotanical substance; performing an analysis of a biological fluid from the selected animal species to determine a match between the in-vitro human chemical entities and the in-vivo animal chemical entities; if there is no match, then perform an in-vitro assay of said ethnobotanical substance using intestinal and/or liver and/or enzyme expression preparations from the same selected animal species to determine any matches between the in-vitro human chemical entities and the in-vitro animal chemical entities.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram which sets forth the individual steps in the method disclosed herein.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing alternative embodiments to the method of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 3 is an example of a high performance liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS) output for a chemical compound.
- HPLC-MS high performance liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer
- the present method makes use of established in-vitro study processes, including for example metabolic processes, as well as other processes, to identify chemical entities, both primary and secondary, which are responsible for the efficacy of ethnobotanical substances, i.e. medicines.
- chemical entities as used herein includes, but is not limited to, metabolites and other chemical entities produced by body action as well as chemical entities present in the ethnobotanical substances themselves and/or extracts thereof.
- These in-vitro study processes can include various study designs utilizing enzymatic preparations, such as human and animal intestinal and/or liver preparations (microsomes, hepatocytes, liver slices, etc.) as well as human and animal enzyme expression preparations, such as lymphoblast and baculovirus-insect cell expression preparations, to produce an array of human and animal chemical entities.
- enzymatic preparations such as human and animal intestinal and/or liver preparations (microsomes, hepatocytes, liver slices, etc.) as well as human and animal enzyme expression preparations, such as lymphoblast and baculovirus-insect cell expression preparations, to produce an array of human and animal chemical entities.
- the present method is based on a concept disclosed herein, specifically that the advantageous medicinal effect of various ethnobotanical substances is more likely due to chemical entities, such as for example, metabolites, which are the product of liver enzyme and/or intestinal oxidation or other bodily function which occurs when the ethnobotanical substance is ingested by the human user, and hence not necessarily from the chemical entity present per se in the ethnobotanical extract.
- the present method is designed to rapidly identify the chemical entities which may be responsible for the efficacy of the ethnobotanical substances. Further, the method may identify a library of novel compounds for further structure activity relationship evaluation.
- human liver microsomal (HLM) assays are used to produce in-vitro profiles, i.e. identification, of resulting chemical entities, such as metabolites, from a selected ethnobotanical substance.
- the term ethnobotanical substance used herein includes extracts thereof.
- specific preparations which could be used for this in-vitro step include intestinal and/or other liver preparations as well as human enzyme expression preparations, such as lymphoblast and baculovirus-insect cell expression preparations.
- LC-MS liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer
- GC-MS gas chromatograph mass spectrometer
- the same assays are also performed in-vitro with preparations from various animal species, shown in block 14 in FIG. 1 .
- Animal intestinal and/or liver preparations as well as animal enzyme expression preparations could be used as well as the preferred liver microsomes, like that used for the human in-vitro assay.
- the possible animal species include, for example, among others, mice, rats, dogs, monkeys, etc. While testing of a variety of animals is preferred, it should be understood that animal in-vitro testing could be accomplished with just one animal species. It should also be understood that in the method of FIG. 1 , the above two in-vitro assay steps could be reversed in sequence and the claims herein interpreted accordingly.
- the in-vitro results from the selected animal or animals are then compared with the in-vitro results from the human in-vitro assays.
- the best matches from one or more animal species are then selected (block 16 ) for in-vivo dosing with the ethnobotanical substance, as shown in block 18 .
- the various terms match, matches or best match as used herein and in the claims refer to results having a similar chromatographic or mass spectrometric profile, or equivalent standard.
- One skilled in the art can identify a match as defined above for the purposes of carrying out the present method by applying such a standard, as it is well understood by those skilled in the art.
- the meaning of the term “similar profiles” can include, for instance, similarly positioned peaks in the chromatographic or spectrometric data.
- similar metabolic profile is well understood as a suitable standard and can be used for establishing a match in appropriate situations in the present method.
- This match determination of the data can be done by a human, utilizing pre-established standards in accordance with the above considerations, or the data can be compared automatically with the use of a computer program utilizing conventional correlation methods to determine whether or not any match is sufficiently close to proceed with in-vivo testing. A combined manual and automatic determination can also be used.
- the matched animal species then undergoes a typical dosing (animal feeding) study (block 18 ).
- the dosing will, for example, comprise the following protocol and feeding schedule.
- the ethnobotanical material/substance e.g. leaves, seeds, roots, fruits, etc.
- the ethnobotanical material/substance is administered to the animal in an oral dosing regimen in a capsule, paste, ground material or extract form, using commercially available formulation vehicles, such as described in the publication titled Drugs—From Discovery to Approval ; Rick Ng; Wiley-Lip. 2004.
- selected biological fluid samples such as, for example, blood (whole blood or plasma), urine, feces, bile, etc.
- selected biological fluid samples such as, for example, blood (whole blood or plasma), urine, feces, bile, etc.
- LC-MS and/or GC-MS or other equivalent analytical techniques to display the presence of the chemical entities, such as metabolites, present in the selected biological fluid.
- LC-MS and/or GC-MS or other equivalent analytical techniques to display the presence of the chemical entities, such as metabolites, present in the selected biological fluid.
- human in-vitro assays (block 50 ) can be compared with the results of in-vivo dosing (block 52 ) of one or more animal species and a match, if any, determined (block 54 ).
- the step of animal in-vitro assays (block 56 ) is not used. Any match-determined chemical entities can then be synthesized, as shown at block 22 .
- the initial individual steps of human in-vitro assays and animal in-vivo dosing can be accomplished in any sequence. The remaining steps in FIG. 2 are identical to the steps in FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 2 shows yet another embodiment of the method disclosed herein.
- human in-vitro assays (block 50 ) can be compared with the results of in-vivo dosing (block 52 ) of one or more animal species. If there is no match, then in-vitro assays are done for the same animal, and the in-vitro animal results are compared with in-vitro human results (block 56 ).
- the in-vitro animal assays of the ethnobotanical substances use intestinal and/or liver and/or enzyme preparations from the same animal. Any match-determined chemical entities, including for example, but not limited to, metabolites, can then be synthesized, at block 22 , as shown in FIG. 1 .
- the remaining steps in FIG. 2 are identical to the steps in FIG. 1 .
- the advantage to the above-described methods is that they eliminate a substantial amount of time and effort used in current drug discovery/development methods which involve target selection, validation, high throughput screening and medicinal chemistry evaluations.
- the steps of the above methods of identifying chemical entities which have a high probability of efficacy are rapid and reliable, involving relatively little time and expense.
- traditional pharmacology studies and toxicology studies, followed by clinical trials, can be utilized.
Abstract
Description
- This invention relates generally to methods of drug discovery and development, and more specifically concerns such a method which is substantially faster in identifying safe and effective drugs produced from ethnobotanical substances than existing methods.
- In typical modern drug discovery methods, a target biomolecule which causes disease is first identified. Typically, the biomolecule is a protein. The targets are then developed into laboratory-scale assays or screens. The laboratory-scale screens are converted into automated screens for high throughput evaluation of potential drug compounds. High throughput screening involves the testing of many different compounds (compound libraries), chosen from a large array of chemicals for their ability to inhibit or otherwise affect the target disease in some specific desired way. Often, those compound libraries will comprise thousands of chemicals or even more. Those chemicals which look promising, as indicated by the results of the high throughput screening process, are then further screened to produce the most promising leads/candidates. These leads/candidates are first tested with in-vitro assays, and then in-vivo in laboratory animals, to determine if they produce activity against the target disease. A compound which passes this assay testing process will then typically undergo the conventional drug discovery and development process involving various testing procedures and clinical trials.
- Such conventional methods involve a substantial amount of time and cost, and often produce commercially nonviable compounds. Hence, it would be desirable to have a drug discovery method which is simpler, more straightforward, less expensive and more reliable in identifying effective disease fighting compounds.
- Accordingly, one embodiment disclosed herein is a method for identifying medicinally active chemical entities in ethnobotanical substances, comprising the steps of: performing an in-vitro assay with an ethnobotanical substance using human intestinal and/or liver and/or enzyme expression preparations to produce an array of human chemical entities; performing an in-vitro assay of said ethnobotanical substance using animal intestinal and/or liver and/or enzyme expression preparations from at least one selected animal species to produce an array of animal chemical entities; determining any matches between the human chemical entities and the selected animal chemical entities to identify a matched animal species; performing an in-vivo dosing of the ethnobotanical substance with the matched animal species; and performing an analysis of a biological fluid from the matched animal species to determine any matches between the in-vitro human chemical entities and the in-vivo matched animal chemical entities.
- Another embodiment is a method for identifying medicinally active chemical entities in ethnobotanical substances, comprising the steps of: performing an in-vitro assay with an ethnobotanical substance using human intestinal and/or liver and/or enzyme expression preparations to produce an array of human chemical entities; performing an in-vivo dosing of a selected animal species with said ethnobotanical substance; and performing an analysis of a biological fluid from the selected animal species to determine any matches between the in-vitro human chemical entities and the in-vivo animal chemical entities.
- Still another embodiment is a method for identifying medicinally active chemical entities in ethnobotanical substances, comprising the steps of: performing an in-vitro assay with an ethnobotanical substance using human intestinal and/or liver and/or enzyme expression preparations to produce an array of human chemical entities; performing an in-vivo dosing of at least one selected animal species with said ethnobotanical substance; performing an analysis of a biological fluid from the selected animal species to determine a match between the in-vitro human chemical entities and the in-vivo animal chemical entities; if there is no match, then perform an in-vitro assay of said ethnobotanical substance using intestinal and/or liver and/or enzyme expression preparations from the same selected animal species to determine any matches between the in-vitro human chemical entities and the in-vitro animal chemical entities.
-
FIG. 1 is a block diagram which sets forth the individual steps in the method disclosed herein. -
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing alternative embodiments to the method ofFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 3 is an example of a high performance liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS) output for a chemical compound. - The present method makes use of established in-vitro study processes, including for example metabolic processes, as well as other processes, to identify chemical entities, both primary and secondary, which are responsible for the efficacy of ethnobotanical substances, i.e. medicines. The term “chemical entities” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, metabolites and other chemical entities produced by body action as well as chemical entities present in the ethnobotanical substances themselves and/or extracts thereof. These in-vitro study processes can include various study designs utilizing enzymatic preparations, such as human and animal intestinal and/or liver preparations (microsomes, hepatocytes, liver slices, etc.) as well as human and animal enzyme expression preparations, such as lymphoblast and baculovirus-insect cell expression preparations, to produce an array of human and animal chemical entities.
- It is well known that ethnobotanical substances, i.e. natural substances, including extracts thereof, from both land and marine plant sources, such as roots, fruits, seeds, bark and leaves, etc. have been used throughout human history for successful treatment of various diseases and maladies. In the recent past, ethnobotanical data has been carefully evaluated in an effort to discover new chemical compounds, i.e. active agents, associated with the ethnobotanicals which are responsible for the medicinal effect observed in naturally occurring ethnobotanical substances.
- The presumption to this point has been that the active agent resides in the extracts of the ethnobotanical substances, which can be obtained by traditional fractionation methods. However, numerous extracts obtained from ethnobotanical substances which have seemingly had the potential of producing the same significant medicinal effect as the ethnobotanical substances themselves, have had a high failure rate relative to identifying the active agents in the ethnobotanical substances, despite sophisticated instrumentation and advanced analytical techniques.
- The present method is based on a concept disclosed herein, specifically that the advantageous medicinal effect of various ethnobotanical substances is more likely due to chemical entities, such as for example, metabolites, which are the product of liver enzyme and/or intestinal oxidation or other bodily function which occurs when the ethnobotanical substance is ingested by the human user, and hence not necessarily from the chemical entity present per se in the ethnobotanical extract. The present method is designed to rapidly identify the chemical entities which may be responsible for the efficacy of the ethnobotanical substances. Further, the method may identify a library of novel compounds for further structure activity relationship evaluation.
- In a first step in one embodiment (
FIG. 1 ) of the process, shown inblock 12 thereof, human liver microsomal (HLM) assays, as one example, are used to produce in-vitro profiles, i.e. identification, of resulting chemical entities, such as metabolites, from a selected ethnobotanical substance. The term ethnobotanical substance used herein includes extracts thereof. In addition to the liver microsomal assays, further examples of specific preparations which could be used for this in-vitro step include intestinal and/or other liver preparations as well as human enzyme expression preparations, such as lymphoblast and baculovirus-insect cell expression preparations. A liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (LC-MS) and/or gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC-MS) analysis of the samples from the in-vitro assays is then performed. An example of an LC-MS display from an in-vitro assay for a given chemical compound is shown inFIG. 3 for illustration. - The same assays are also performed in-vitro with preparations from various animal species, shown in
block 14 inFIG. 1 . Animal intestinal and/or liver preparations as well as animal enzyme expression preparations could be used as well as the preferred liver microsomes, like that used for the human in-vitro assay. The possible animal species include, for example, among others, mice, rats, dogs, monkeys, etc. While testing of a variety of animals is preferred, it should be understood that animal in-vitro testing could be accomplished with just one animal species. It should also be understood that in the method ofFIG. 1 , the above two in-vitro assay steps could be reversed in sequence and the claims herein interpreted accordingly. - The in-vitro results from the selected animal or animals are then compared with the in-vitro results from the human in-vitro assays. The best matches from one or more animal species are then selected (block 16) for in-vivo dosing with the ethnobotanical substance, as shown in
block 18. The various terms match, matches or best match as used herein and in the claims refer to results having a similar chromatographic or mass spectrometric profile, or equivalent standard. One skilled in the art can identify a match as defined above for the purposes of carrying out the present method by applying such a standard, as it is well understood by those skilled in the art. The meaning of the term “similar profiles” can include, for instance, similarly positioned peaks in the chromatographic or spectrometric data. Also, the term “similar metabolic profile” is well understood as a suitable standard and can be used for establishing a match in appropriate situations in the present method. This match determination of the data can be done by a human, utilizing pre-established standards in accordance with the above considerations, or the data can be compared automatically with the use of a computer program utilizing conventional correlation methods to determine whether or not any match is sufficiently close to proceed with in-vivo testing. A combined manual and automatic determination can also be used. - The matched animal species then undergoes a typical dosing (animal feeding) study (block 18). The dosing will, for example, comprise the following protocol and feeding schedule. The ethnobotanical material/substance (e.g. leaves, seeds, roots, fruits, etc.) is administered to the animal in an oral dosing regimen in a capsule, paste, ground material or extract form, using commercially available formulation vehicles, such as described in the publication titled Drugs—From Discovery to Approval; Rick Ng; Wiley-Lip. 2004.
- Following the in-vivo feeding program, selected biological fluid samples, such as, for example, blood (whole blood or plasma), urine, feces, bile, etc., are collected and analyzed, using an LC-MS and/or GC-MS or other equivalent analytical techniques to display the presence of the chemical entities, such as metabolites, present in the selected biological fluid. This is followed by a comparison with the results obtained from the in-vitro human testing. This is shown at
block 20 inFIG. 1 . A comparison is then made to again determine matches, using the above-described chromatographic or mass spectrometric similar profile comparison or equivalent standard. Again, such a comparison to determine a match for the purposes of this method is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art, and can be done by a human operator, using pre-established standards, or it can be done automatically, using a machine with a computer program, or by a combination of manual and automatic steps. - Those (one or more) chemical entities, such as, for example, but not limited to, metabolites, which satisfy the matching/comparison criteria, if any, are identified as potential active chemical entities which could possibly be responsible for the efficacy of the original ethnobotanical substance occurring in nature which has some known medicinal effect, shown for example as metabolite ID in
block 21, although it could be other chemical entities (CE) as well. - At this point, well-known methods are used to either isolate or synthesize the match-determined chemical entity (which could, for instance, be a metabolite or it could be another chemical entity). This is shown at
block 22 inFIG. 1 . These are well-known commercial methods, such as described, for example, in Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis: W. Carruthers and lain Coldham; Cambridge University Press, 2004. - Following synthesis/isolation of the match-determined metabolite(s) or other chemical entity, conventional drug development methods are utilized. This includes in-vitro or in-vivo pharmacology studies (
blocks 24, 26) as well as toxicology studies (block 28). These studies can be done in sequence or in parallel. Metabolites and perhaps other chemical entities are likely to satisfy the pharmacology evaluation criteria, since the metabolites and other identified chemical entities typically will have known safety and activity profiles. Following the pharmacology and toxicology studies, human clinical trials will be conducted. The conduct of human clinical trials is well known. Human clinical trials are discussed in many texts and publications. One example, for illustration, is A Guide to Clinical Drug Research: A. Cohen & J. Posner; Springer, 2nd Ed. 2000. A regulatory filing (block 32) follows, with subsequent commercial use. - In another embodiment, shown in
FIG. 2 , human in-vitro assays (block 50) can be compared with the results of in-vivo dosing (block 52) of one or more animal species and a match, if any, determined (block 54). In this embodiment, the step of animal in-vitro assays (block 56) is not used. Any match-determined chemical entities can then be synthesized, as shown atblock 22. With this embodiment, and the next embodiment, the initial individual steps of human in-vitro assays and animal in-vivo dosing can be accomplished in any sequence. The remaining steps inFIG. 2 are identical to the steps inFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 2 shows yet another embodiment of the method disclosed herein. In this embodiment, like that immediately above, human in-vitro assays (block 50) can be compared with the results of in-vivo dosing (block 52) of one or more animal species. If there is no match, then in-vitro assays are done for the same animal, and the in-vitro animal results are compared with in-vitro human results (block 56). The in-vitro animal assays of the ethnobotanical substances use intestinal and/or liver and/or enzyme preparations from the same animal. Any match-determined chemical entities, including for example, but not limited to, metabolites, can then be synthesized, atblock 22, as shown inFIG. 1 . The remaining steps inFIG. 2 are identical to the steps inFIG. 1 . - The advantage to the above-described methods is that they eliminate a substantial amount of time and effort used in current drug discovery/development methods which involve target selection, validation, high throughput screening and medicinal chemistry evaluations. The steps of the above methods of identifying chemical entities which have a high probability of efficacy are rapid and reliable, involving relatively little time and expense. Upon identification of the high probability chemical entities, traditional pharmacology studies and toxicology studies, followed by clinical trials, can be utilized.
- It is advantageous that those chemical entities which ultimately are identified and enter into the conventional pharmacological and toxicology studies have a high probability of success in effectiveness. Further, they also may have a high probability of success in toxicology testing, since the chemical entities, such as metabolites, resulting from the ethnobotanical substances (including extracts thereof) often already have a satisfactory safety profile. Following success with clinical trials, the new drug can then be submitted to regulatory agencies for marketing authorization and subsequent commercial use.
- Although a preferred embodiment of the invention has been disclosed here for the purposes of illustration, it should be understood that various changes, modifications and substitutions may be incorporated in the embodiment without departing from the spirit of the invention, which is defined by the claims which follow.
Claims (42)
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PCT/US2009/036634 WO2009120489A2 (en) | 2008-03-24 | 2009-03-10 | Method for rapid identification of pharmacologically active chemical entities associated with the efficacy of ethnobotanical substances |
TW098109107A TWI542875B (en) | 2008-03-24 | 2009-03-20 | Method for rapid identification of pharmacologically active chemical entities associated with the efficacy of ethnobotanical substances |
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WO (1) | WO2009120489A2 (en) |
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CN102041289A (en) * | 2010-05-12 | 2011-05-04 | 北京汇智泰康医药技术有限公司 | High-throughout medicament screening method built on primary hepatocytes serving as carrier |
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ATE437360T1 (en) * | 1999-03-17 | 2009-08-15 | Univ North Carolina | SCREENING PROCEDURES FOR CANDIDATE COMPOUNDS FOR SUSPENSIBILITY TO BALE EXCRETION |
GB0108143D0 (en) * | 2001-03-31 | 2001-05-23 | Univ Dundee | High-throughput screen |
US7355042B2 (en) * | 2001-10-16 | 2008-04-08 | Hypnion, Inc. | Treatment of CNS disorders using CNS target modulators |
US20060020029A1 (en) * | 2004-07-02 | 2006-01-26 | Shimasaki Craig D | Pharmaceutical compositions from ethnobotanicals |
CA2608103A1 (en) * | 2005-05-10 | 2006-11-16 | Caritas St. Elizabeth Medical Center Of Boston, Inc. | Screening assays for compounds regulating dj-i expression |
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2008
- 2008-03-24 US US12/054,129 patent/US20090238899A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2009
- 2009-03-10 WO PCT/US2009/036634 patent/WO2009120489A2/en active Application Filing
- 2009-03-20 TW TW098109107A patent/TWI542875B/en active
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
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Chattopadhyay et al. TURMERIC AND CURCUMIN: BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS AND MEDICINAL APPLICATIONS; Current Science, Vol. 87, No. 1 (2004) pp. 44-53. * |
Gilbert et al. SYNERGY IN PLANT MEDICINES; Current Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 10 (2003) pp. 13-20. * |
Also Published As
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TW200946909A (en) | 2009-11-16 |
WO2009120489A2 (en) | 2009-10-01 |
US20200088720A1 (en) | 2020-03-19 |
WO2009120489A3 (en) | 2010-03-04 |
TWI542875B (en) | 2016-07-21 |
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