US20090215687A1 - Compounds for Enhancing Hypoxia Inducible Factor Activity and Methods of Use - Google Patents

Compounds for Enhancing Hypoxia Inducible Factor Activity and Methods of Use Download PDF

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US20090215687A1
US20090215687A1 US12/083,891 US8389106A US2009215687A1 US 20090215687 A1 US20090215687 A1 US 20090215687A1 US 8389106 A US8389106 A US 8389106A US 2009215687 A1 US2009215687 A1 US 2009215687A1
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hydrochloride
bis
dmt
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Rajiv R. Ratan
Ambreena Siddiq
Juan C. Chavez
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Cornell Research Foundation Inc
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/35—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/352—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. methantheline 
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
    • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
    • A61K31/235—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids having an aromatic ring attached to a carboxyl group
    • A61K31/24—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids having an aromatic ring attached to a carboxyl group having an amino or nitro group
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/34—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide
    • A61K31/343—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide condensed with a carbocyclic ring, e.g. coumaran, bufuralol, befunolol, clobenfurol, amiodarone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/58—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids containing heterocyclic rings, e.g. danazol, stanozolol, pancuronium or digitogenin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system

Definitions

  • Hypoxia inducible factor-1 is a heterodimeric transcriptional activator that regulates the expression of genes involved in adaptation to hypoxic stress.
  • HIF-1 is composed of two subunits referred to as HIF-1 ⁇ and HIF-1 ⁇ . These subunits are expressly constitutively.
  • HIF-1 ⁇ is targeted to ubiquitination and proteosomal degradation following hydroxylation of HIF-1 at proline 402 and 564 by the enzyme, prolyl hydroxylase.
  • Prolyl hydroxylases are reported to be oxygen-dependent. For example, under conditions of reduced oxygen, these enzymes function with low efficiency. As a result, HIF-1 ⁇ is not hydroxylated, and thus not targeted to ubiquitination and degradation. Accordingly, HIF-1 ⁇ becomes stabilized, and can bind HIF-1 ⁇ to activate genes involved in adaptation to oxidative stress.
  • Oxidative stress is reported to be associated with numerous diseases and conditions, including stroke, hypoxia, ischemia, spinal cord injury and neurodegenerative conditions.
  • compounds which enhance the activity of HIF-1 ⁇ protein are beneficial for treating conditions and diseases associated with oxidative stress.
  • the present invention relates to a method for enhancing HIF activity in a cell in need thereof.
  • the method comprises contacting the cell with any one of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, indoprofen, ciclopiroxolamine, tryptophan, ansindione, nabumetone, oxybendazole, albendazole, tropicamide, pramoxine hydrochloride, atenolol, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, zomepirac, biochanin A, xylome
  • the invention provides a method for treating a neurodegenerative disease or condition in a mammal in need thereof.
  • the method comprises administering to the mammal any one of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, ciclopiroxolamine, ansindione, oxybendazole, tropicamide, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepine, triprolidine hydrochloride, tripelennamine citrate, colchicines, trimetho
  • the invention provides a method for treating hypoxia in a mammal in need thereof.
  • the method comprises administering to the mammal any one of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, ciclopiroxolamine, tryptophan, anisindione, oxybendazole, albendazole, tropicamide, pramoxine hydrochloride, atenolol, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, biochanin A, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepin
  • the invention provides a method for treating stroke in a mammal in need thereof.
  • the method comprises administering to the mammal any one of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, ciclopiroxolamime, anisindione, oxybendazole, tropicamide, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, biochanin A, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepine, triprolidine hydrochloride, tripelennamine, colchicines, aminopyridine,
  • the invention provides a method for treating spinal cord injury in a mammal in need thereof.
  • the method comprises administering to the mammal any one of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, indoprofen, ciclopiroxolamine, anisindione, nabumetone, oxybendazole, tropicamide, pramoxine hydrochloride, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, zomepirac, biochanin A, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazo
  • the invention provides a method for treating ischemia in a mammal in need thereof.
  • the method comprises administering to the mammal any one of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, ciclopiroxolamine, tryptophan, anisindione, oxybendazole, tropicamide, pramoxine hydrochloride, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, biochanin A, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepine, triprolidine hydrochloride, tripele
  • FIG. 1 Chemical structures of compounds.
  • FIG. 2 Amino acid sequence of HIF ⁇ protein, NCBI GenBank Accession No. Q16665.
  • FIG. 3 Tilorone analogues increase HIF-1 transcriptional activity.
  • FIG. 4 Tilorone analogues induce the expression of HIF-1 target genes in the rat cerebral cortex.
  • FIG. 5 A cell permeant, peptide inhibitor of the HIF prolyl 4-hydroxylase, but not a mutant control, induces expression of HIF-dependent genes.
  • Tat-HIF/wt peptide 100 ⁇ M
  • Tat-HIF/mut 100 ⁇ M
  • significantly enhances the activity of a hypoxia response element driven reporter in cortical neurons (* corresponds to p ⁇ 0.05 compared to control by paired T-test).
  • the low molecular weight P4H inhibitor, FG-0041(40 ⁇ M) was used as a positive control.
  • FIG. 6 A cell permeant, peptide inhibitor of the HIF 4-hydroxylase, but not a mutant control, prevents oxidative glutamate toxicity.
  • the glutamate analog, homocysteate (HCA) (5 mM) was added to cortical neurons (1 DIV) with or without Tat-HIF/wt peptide (30, 40, 50, 100 and 200 ⁇ M), Tat-HIF/mut peptide (200 ⁇ M), DFO (100 ⁇ M) and 3,4 DHB (10 ⁇ M). Twenty-four hours later cell viability was determined using the MTT assay.
  • Graph depicts mean +/ ⁇ SE for three experiments performed in triplicate (* denotes p ⁇ 0.05 from HCA treated cultures by ANOVA and Student-Newman Keuls tests for control, Tat-HIF/wt, Tat-HIF/mut, DFO and 3,4 DHB).
  • the invention provides a method for enhancing HIF activity in a cell in need thereof.
  • the method comprises contacting the cell with an effective amount of any one, or any combination, of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, indoprofen, ciclopiroxolamine, tryptophan, ansindione, nabumetone, oxybendazole, albendazole, tropicamide, pramoxine hydrochloride, atenolol, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, zomepirac, biochanin A
  • the HIF activity can be enhanced in any cell in need thereof.
  • a cell in need of enhancing HIF activity includes cells that are, for example, suffering from trauma, injury, hypoxia, etc. Such cells include those discussed above.
  • the cell can be contacted with the compound by any method known to those in the art.
  • the cell can be contacted with the compound by incubating the cell and compound in vitro.
  • the cell can be contacted with the compound in vivo.
  • the compound and cell can be contacted in vivo by any suitable method known to in the art, including the administration methods described below.
  • the invention provides a method for treating a neurodegenerative disease or condition in a mammal in need thereof.
  • the method for treating a neurodegenerative disease or condition comprises administering to the mammal an effective amount of any one, or any combination, of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, ciclopiroxolamine, ansindione, oxybendazole, tropicamide, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepine, triprolidine hydrochlor
  • Neurodegenerative disease or condition typically refers to a disorder generally characterized by gradual and progressive loss of cells, tissue and/or organ of the central or peripheral nervous system.
  • Examples of such cells, tissues and organs include, the brain, spinal cord, neurons, ganglia, Schwann cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia.
  • the neurodegenerative disease or condition can be an acute condition.
  • Acute conditions generally occur as a result of trauma to a cell, tissue and/or organ of the nervous system.
  • the trauma can, for example, partially or completely block blood flow to the cell, tissue and/or organ.
  • Examples of acute neurodegenerative conditions include head injury and brain injury.
  • the neurodegenerative disease or condition can be a chronic neurodegenerative condition.
  • chronic neurodegenerative diseases and conditions include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (also known as Lou Gherig's disease).
  • the invention provides a method for treating hypoxia in a mammal in need thereof.
  • the method for treating hypoxia comprises administering to the mammal an effective amount of any one, or any combination, of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, ciclopiroxolamine, tryptophan, anisindione, oxybendazole, albendazole, tropicamide, pramoxine hydrochloride, atenolol, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, biochanin A, xylometazoline hydrochloride,
  • Hypoxia generally refers to a lack of oxygen to cells, organs, and/or tissues. Hypoxia can be caused by, for example, ischemia, anemia and chemical modification of blood, such as carboxyhemoglobin, etc.
  • Hypoxia can occur in any cell, organ, and/or tissue.
  • Examples of cells, organs, and/or tissues which can be subjected to hypoxia include neuronal cells (e.g., neurons, ganglia, Schwann cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia), brain, spinal cord, kidney cells, intestinal cells, heart and cardiac muscle cells such as myocytes, skin cells, etc.
  • neuronal cells e.g., neurons, ganglia, Schwann cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia
  • brain e.g., spinal cord, kidney cells, intestinal cells, heart and cardiac muscle cells
  • myocytes e.g., myocytes, skin cells, etc.
  • the invention provides a method for treating stroke in a mammal in need thereof.
  • the method for treating stroke comprises administering to the mammal an effective amount of any one, or any combination, of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, ciclopiroxolamime, anisindione, oxybendazole, tropicamide, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, biochanin A, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepine, triprolidine hydrochloride, tripelennamine
  • Stroke is a type of cardiovascular disease that generally involves the interruption of blood flow to and/or within the brain.
  • the interruption of blood flow can be due to, for example, a blockage or rupture of an artery or vessel.
  • the blockage typically occurs from a blood clot.
  • the brain does not receive sufficient amounts of blood.
  • the invention provides a method for treating spinal cord injury in a mammal in need thereof.
  • the method for treating spinal cord injury comprises administering to the mammal an effective amount of any one, or any combination, of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, indoprofen, ciclopiroxolamine, anisindione, nabumetone, oxybendazole, tropicamide, pramoxine hydrochloride, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, zomepirac, biochanin A, xylomet
  • the spinal cord is the major bundle of nerves that carry nerve impulses to and from the brain to the rest of the body.
  • the spinal cord is surrounded by rings of bone referred to as vertebra.
  • Spinal cord injury refers to any damage to the spinal cord.
  • the damage typically results in loss of function, such as mobility or feeling. Damage to the spinal cord can occur, for example, as a result or trauma (car accident, gunshot, falls, etc.) or disease (polio, spina bifida, Friedreich's Ataxia, etc).
  • any injury to the spinal cord can be treated in accordance with the method of the present invention.
  • the injury can be a complete injury to the spinal cord.
  • Complete injury typically refers to the lack of function (e.g., no sensation and no voluntary movement) below the site of injury. Both sides of the body are usually affected.
  • the injury may be an incomplete injury to the spinal cord.
  • An incomplete injury generally refers to some function below the site of injury. For instance, a person with an incomplete injury may be able to move one limb more than another, may be able to feel parts of the body that cannot be moved, or may have more functioning on one side of the body than the other, etc.
  • the invention provides a method for treating ischemia in a mammal in need thereof.
  • the method comprises administering to the mammal an effective amount of any one, or any combination, of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, ciclopiroxolamine, tryptophan, anisindione, oxybendazole, tropicamide, pramoxine hydrochloride, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, biochanin A, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepin
  • Ischemia generally refers to a condition of decreased blood flow to an organ, tissue and/or cell.
  • the decrease in blood flow can be caused by, for example, constriction (e.g., hypoxemic vasoconstriction) or obstruction (e.g., clot, atherosclerotic plaque) of a blood vessel.
  • constriction e.g., hypoxemic vasoconstriction
  • obstruction e.g., clot, atherosclerotic plaque
  • Ischemia can occur in any cell, organ, and/or tissue.
  • cells, organs, and/or tissues which can be subjected to ischemia include neuronal cells (e.g., neurons, ganglia, Schwann cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia), brain, spinal cord, intestinal cells, kidney cells, heart and cardiac muscle cells such as myocytes, etc.
  • Compounds useful in the methods of the present invention are 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, indoprofen, ciclopiroxolamine, tryptophan, ansindione, nabumetone, oxybendazole, albendazole, tropicamide, pramoxine hydrochloride, atenolol, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, zomepirac, biochanin A, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepine, triprolidine hydrochlor
  • phenazopyridine hydrochloride may also be referred to as “phenazopyrinine hydrochloride.”
  • the compounds can be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to a well-tolerated, nontoxic salt prepared from any one of the compounds mentioned above, and an acid or base.
  • the acids may be inorganic or organic acids of any one of the compounds mentioned above. Examples of inorganic acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric hydroiodic, sulfuric, and phosphoric acids. Examples of organic acids include carboxylic and sulfonic acids. The radical of the organic acids may be aliphatic or aromatic.
  • organic acids include formic, acetic, phenylacetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, glucuronic, maleic, furoic, glutamic, benzoic, anthranilic, salicylic, phenylacetic, mandelic, embonic (pamoic), methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, panthenoic, benzenesulfonic, stearic, sulfanilic, alginic, tartaric, citric, gluconic, gulonic, arylsulfonic, and galacturonic acids.
  • Appropriate organic bases may be selected, for example, from N,N-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine (N-methylglucamine), and procaine.
  • the compound is HIF alpha (HIF ⁇ ) protein fused to a carrier peptide.
  • HIF ⁇ protein portion of the fusion protein can include all of the amino acid sequence of HIF ⁇ .
  • the amino acid sequence of HIF ⁇ is shown in FIG. 2 .
  • the HIF ⁇ protein portion of the fusion protein is a fragment of the amino acid sequence of HIF ⁇ containing either one or both prolines at amino acid position numbers 402 and 564 of full length HIF ⁇ .
  • the fragment can be any fragment containing the proline at position 402 and/or position 564 of full length HIF ⁇ .
  • the fragment of HIF ⁇ comprises a minimum of four amino acid, preferably about six amino acids, more preferably about eight, even more preferably about twelve, yet even more preferably about fifteen, and most preferably a minimum of about nineteen amino acids.
  • the maximum number of amino acids in the fragment is 825, preferably about 750, more preferably about 600, even more preferably about 500, yet even more preferably about 400, further more preferably about 200, and most preferably a maximum of about 100.
  • the fragment can comprise the fifteen to nineteen, 31 to 79, or 121 to 200, etc. amino acid sequence corresponding to the residues adjacent to, and/or surrounding, proline residue 402 and/or 564, of HIF ⁇ .
  • the fragment comprises proline residues 402 and 562 and all residues between the proline residues.
  • the HIF ⁇ portion of the fusion protein can comprise functional analogs of, the entire HIF ⁇ amino acid sequence, or fragments described above.
  • the functional analogs must satisfy function and contain either one or both prolines at amino acid position numbers 402 and 564 of full length HIF ⁇ .
  • the functional analog may, for example, be a substitution variant of full length HIF ⁇ , or a substitution variant of a fragment described above.
  • Suitable substitution variants of full length HIF ⁇ or fragment include conservative amino acid substitutions.
  • Amino acids may be grouped according to their physicochemical characteristics as follows:
  • Non-polar amino acids Ala(A) Ser(S) Thr(T) Pro(P) Gly(G);
  • Aromatic amino acids Phe(F) Tyr(Y) Trp(W) His(H).
  • substitutions of an amino acid in a peptide by another amino acid in the same group is referred to as a conservative substitution. Conservative substitutions tend to preserve the physicochemical characteristics of the original peptide. In contrast, substitutions of an amino acid in a peptide by another amino acid in a different group is generally more likely to alter the characteristics of the original peptide.
  • a carrier peptide in general, refers to any synthetic or naturally occurring amino acid sequence that can transduce or assist in the transduction of a protein or peptide into a cell.
  • Carrier peptides are also referred to a protein transduction domains.
  • the carrier peptide portion of the fusion protein can be any protein transduction domain or carrier peptide known to those skilled in the art.
  • protein transduction domains include HIV tat, herpes simplex virus VP22 transcription factor, and Drosophila homeotic transcription factor encoded by antennapedia gene. Such transduction domains are disclosed in Schwarze et al., 2000, Trends in Pharmacol. Sci., 21:45-48.
  • suitable carrier peptides include the protein transduction domains disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,221,355 to Dowdy; 5,652,122 to Frankel et al.
  • the protein transduction domains of U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,221,355 and 5,652,122 are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • carrier peptides include aromatic-cationic peptides comprising (i) at least one net positive charge, (ii) a minimum of three amino acids, (iii) a maximum of about twenty amino acids, (iv) a relationship between the minimum number of net positive charges (p m ) and the total number of amino acid residues (r) wherein 3p m is the largest number that is less than or equal to r+1, and (v) a relationship between the minimum number of aromatic groups (a) and the total number of net positive charges (p t ) wherein 3a is the largest number that is less than or equal to p t +1, except that when a is 1, p t may also be 1.
  • the carrier peptide can be any one of the aromatic-cationic peptides shown below in Tables 1 and 2.
  • the compounds are administered to a mammal.
  • Any mammal can be treated in accordance with the methods of the present invention.
  • Suitable mammals include, for example farm animals, such as sheep, pigs, cows, and horses; pet animals, such as dogs and cats; laboratory animals, such as rats, mice and rabbits; and primates, such a monkeys and humans.
  • the mammal is a human.
  • the compound is administered to the mammal in an amount effective in achieving its purpose.
  • the effective amount of the compound to be administered can be readily determined by those skilled in the art during pre-clinical trials and clinical trials by methods familiar to physicians and clinicians.
  • the compound is considered to be effective in enhancing HIF activity if the activity of HIF is enhanced by at least about 10%, preferably at least about 25%, more preferably at least about 50%, even more preferably at least about 75%, and most preferably at least about 90%.
  • the compound can be administered by any method known to those skilled in the art.
  • suitable modes of administration include oral and systemic administration.
  • Systemic administration can be enteral or parenteral.
  • Liquid or solid (e.g., tablets, gelatin capsules) formulations can be employed for systemic administration.
  • Parenteral administration of the compound include, for example intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injections.
  • a compound may be administered to a mammal by sustained release, as is known in the art.
  • Sustained release administration is a method of drug delivery to achieve a certain level of the drug over a particular period of time.
  • routes of administration include oral, intrabronchial, or intranasal administration.
  • oral administration liquid or solid formulations may be used.
  • formulations suitable for oral administration include tablets, gelatin capsules, pills, troches, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, and wafers.
  • Intrabronchial administration can include an inhaler spray.
  • administration of a compound can be accomplished by a nebulizer or liquid mist.
  • the compound is preferably in a suitable pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical carrier.
  • a pharmaceutical carrier is considered to be synonymous with a vehicle or an excipient as is understood by practitioners in the art.
  • carriers include starch, milk, sugar, certain types of clay, gelatin, stearic acid or salts thereof, magnesium or calcium stearate, talc, vegetable fats or oils, gums and glycols.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may also comprises one or more of the following: a stabilizer, a surfactant, preferably a nonionic surfactant, and optionally a salt and/or a buffering agent.
  • the stabilizer may, for example, be an amino acid, such as for instance, glycine; or an oligosaccharide, such as for example, sucrose, tetralose, lactose or a dextran.
  • the stabilizer may be a sugar alcohol, such as for instance, mannitol; or a combination thereof.
  • the stabilizer or combination of stabilizers constitutes from about 0.1% to about 10% weight for weight of the compound.
  • the surfactant is preferably a nonionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate.
  • suitable surfactants include Tween 20, Tween 80; a polyethylene glycol or a polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene glycol, such as Pluronic F-68 at from about 0.001% (w/v) to about 10% (w/v).
  • the salt or buffering agent may be any salt or buffering agent, such as for example sodium chloride, or sodium/potassium phosphate, respectively.
  • the buffering agent maintains the pH of the pharmaceutical composition in the range of about 5.5 to about 7.5.
  • the salt and/or buffering agent is also useful to maintain the osmolality at a level suitable for administration to a mammal.
  • the salt or buffering agent is present at a roughly isotonic concentration of about 150 mM to about 300 mM.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may additionally contain one or more conventional additives.
  • additives include a solubilizer such as, for example, glycerol; an antioxidant such as for example, benzalkonium chloride (a mixture of quaternary ammonium compounds, known as “quart”), benzyl alcohol, chloretone or chlorobutanol; anaesthetic agent such as for example a morphine derivative; or an isotonic agent etc., such as those described above.
  • a solubilizer such as, for example, glycerol
  • an antioxidant such as for example, benzalkonium chloride (a mixture of quaternary ammonium compounds, known as “quart”), benzyl alcohol, chloretone or chlorobutanol
  • anaesthetic agent such as for example a morphine derivative
  • an isotonic agent etc. such as those described above.
  • the compound may be stored under nitrogen gas in vials sealed with impermeable stoppers.
  • HT22 murine hippocampal cells were stably transfected with an enolase 1 promoter-luciferase reporter construct and selected with puromycin.
  • Tilorone analogues R-10,874-DA, R-11,567-DA, and R-9536-DA were tested for their ability to activate a HIF-luciferase reporter.
  • Luciferase activity was measured using a Luciferase Assay System (PROMEGA) according to the manufacture's protocol.
  • HIF-1 ⁇ protein levels were determined in nuclear extracts using a monoclonal anti-HIF-1a antibody (NOVUS Biologicals). Real time RT-PCR was performed in a ABI-7500 instruments using commercial Taqman gene expression assays (Applied BioSystems).
  • mice Male Sprague Dawley rats, weighing 275-350 gm, were used in these experiments.
  • anesthesia was induced with 5% isofluorane delivered in oxygen and maintained at 1.5% throughout surgery.
  • Core body temperature was maintained at 37° C. by a homeothermic heating blanket.
  • FIG. 3 shows that tilorone analogues R-10,874-DA, R-11,567-DA, and R-9536-DA increase HIF-1 transcriptional activity.
  • Tilorone analogues R-10,874-DA, R-11,567-DA, and R-9536-DA induce the expression of HIF-1 target genes ( FIG. 4 ) in the rat cerebral cortex.
  • HIF1 ⁇ /Carrier Peptide Fusion Protein Enhances HIF Activity
  • HIF/ODD/wt peptide and the peptide control with mutation of both prolines to alanine were rendered cell permeant by fusing each of these peptides to the cell-membrane transduction domain of the human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 tat protein (YGRKKKRRQRR) to obtain two 30 amino acid peptides Tat-HIF/ODD/wt and Tat-HIF/ODD/mut.
  • Tat-HIF/ODD peptide To evaluate the ability of Tat-HIF/ODD peptide to be delivered to cortical neurons efficiently and without toxicity, the chromophore fluorescein isothiocyanate was conjugated to the tat-HIF/ODD/Wt peptide.
  • Tat-HIF/ODD/Wt/FITC peptides (10 ⁇ M) were bath applied to rat cortical neuronal cultures from E17 rat embryos. These cultures are approximately 90% neurons after one day in vitro. The balance of the cells in the culture is glial in origin.
  • each cell nucleus identified by DNA intercalating chromophore DAPI, was found to be associated with fluorescein label in its cell bodies and processes reflecting the uptake of the Tat-HIF/ODD/wt FITC peptide. Similar high efficiency transduction was observed when cortical neuronal cultures were incubated with the Tat-HIF/ODD/mut FITC peptide. In parallel, viability measurements verified that the Tat-HIF/ODD peptides do not negatively alter basal viability in our cortical neuronal cultures.
  • Tat-HIF/ODD/wt peptide stabilizes HIF-1 leading to activation of HIF-1 dependent gene expression
  • the levels of a luciferase reporter gene that is regulated by a hypoxia response element found in the enolase gene promoter was monitored.
  • the addition of Tat-HIF/ODD/wt peptide significantly enhanced levels of a hypoxia response element regulated reporter gene in a concentration dependent manner.
  • the level of induction of the HIF-dependent reporter gene by 100 ⁇ M Tat-HIF/ODD/wt peptide was similar to that stimulated by 40 ⁇ M FG-0041, a low molecular weight inhibitor of the prolyl hydroxylase ( FIG. 5 ).
  • 100 ⁇ M Tat-HIF/ODD/mut peptide with proline 564 and its adjacent praline mutated to alanine did not induce the HIF-dependent reporter gene.
  • enolase, p21 waf/cip1, and VEGF were monitored by RT-PCR.
  • ⁇ -actin was measured as a control.
  • the Tat-HIF/ODD/wt peptide increased levels of enolase, p21 waf1/Cip1 and VEGF message but did not alter levels of ⁇ -actin.
  • the Tat-HIF/ODD/mut did not affect levels of p21 waf1/cip or ⁇ -actin and actually diminished the basal levels of enolase and VEGF, two known HIF-dependent genes.
  • Tat-HIF/ODD wt peptide can be delivered to neurons and can enhance the transcriptional activity of well characterized HIF target genes.
  • a Tat/HIF/ODD mut in which the conserved proline hydroxylation site (proline 564) and an adjacent proline have been mutated to alanine does not upregulate a HIF-dependent reporter gene or endogenous HIF regulated genes (e.g., enolase, p21 waf1/cip1/or VEGF).
  • Tat-HIF/ODD/wt can prevent oxidative neuronal death in cortical neurons induced the glutamate analog, HCA
  • the peptides were applied 24 hours prior to the addition of HCA.
  • Addition of tat-HIF/ODD/wt peptide but not its mutant control (tat-HIF/ODD/mut) protected cortical neurons from oxidative glutamate toxicity in a concentration dependent manner as assessed by MTT assay ( FIG. 6 ).

Abstract

The present invention relates to methods for enhancing Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF) activity in a cell by contacting the cell with any one of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, indoprofen, ciclopiroxolamine, tryptophan, ansindione, nabumetone, oxybendazole, albendazole, tropicamide, pramoxine hydrochloride, atenolol, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, zomepirac, biochanin A, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepine, triprolidine hydrochloride, daidzein, tripelennamine citrate, colchicines, aminopyridine, trimethoprim, helenine, hydroxyurea, amiodarone hydrochloride, clindamycin hydrochloride, sulfachlorpyridazine, mephenesin, semustine, clofivric acid, clofibrate, ibuprofen, hyoscyamime, nafcillin sodium, piperin, clidinium bromide, trioxsalen, hydralazine and HIF alpha protein fused to a carrier peptide.

Description

  • The invention described in this application was made with funds from the National Institutes of Health, Grant Numbers NS 39170, NS 40591, and NS 46239. The United States Government has certain rights in this invention.
  • The invention was also made with funds from New York State, contract number CO19772. New York State has certain rights in this invention.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a heterodimeric transcriptional activator that regulates the expression of genes involved in adaptation to hypoxic stress. HIF-1 is composed of two subunits referred to as HIF-1α and HIF-1β. These subunits are expressly constitutively. During normal conditions, HIF-1α is targeted to ubiquitination and proteosomal degradation following hydroxylation of HIF-1 at proline 402 and 564 by the enzyme, prolyl hydroxylase.
  • Prolyl hydroxylases are reported to be oxygen-dependent. For example, under conditions of reduced oxygen, these enzymes function with low efficiency. As a result, HIF-1α is not hydroxylated, and thus not targeted to ubiquitination and degradation. Accordingly, HIF-1α becomes stabilized, and can bind HIF-1β to activate genes involved in adaptation to oxidative stress.
  • Oxidative stress is reported to be associated with numerous diseases and conditions, including stroke, hypoxia, ischemia, spinal cord injury and neurodegenerative conditions. Thus, compounds which enhance the activity of HIF-1α protein are beneficial for treating conditions and diseases associated with oxidative stress.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a method for enhancing HIF activity in a cell in need thereof. The method comprises contacting the cell with any one of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, indoprofen, ciclopiroxolamine, tryptophan, ansindione, nabumetone, oxybendazole, albendazole, tropicamide, pramoxine hydrochloride, atenolol, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, zomepirac, biochanin A, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepine, triprolidine hydrochloride, daidzein, tripelennamine citrate, colchicines, aminopyridine, trimethoprim, helenine, hydroxyurea, amiodarone hydrochloride, clindamycin hydrochloride, sulfachlorpyridazine, mephenesin, semustine, clofivric acid, clofibrate, ibuprofen, hyoscyamime, nafcillin sodium, piperin, clidinium bromide, trioxsalen, hydralazine and HIF alpha protein fused to a carrier peptide.
  • In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for treating a neurodegenerative disease or condition in a mammal in need thereof. The method comprises administering to the mammal any one of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, ciclopiroxolamine, ansindione, oxybendazole, tropicamide, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepine, triprolidine hydrochloride, tripelennamine citrate, colchicines, trimethoprim, helenine, sulfachlorpyridazine, mephenesin, semustine, clofibrate, hyoscyamime, nafcillin sodium, piperin, clidinium bromide, trioxsalen and hydralazine.
  • In yet another embodiment, the invention provides a method for treating hypoxia in a mammal in need thereof. The method comprises administering to the mammal any one of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, ciclopiroxolamine, tryptophan, anisindione, oxybendazole, albendazole, tropicamide, pramoxine hydrochloride, atenolol, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, biochanin A, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepine, triprolidine hydrochloride, daidzein, tripelennamine citrate, colchicine, aminopyridine, trimethoprim, hydroxyurea, amiodarone hydrochloride, clindamycin hydrochloride, sulfachlorpyridazine, mephenesin, semustine, clofibric acid, clofibrate, ibuprofen, hyoscyamime, nafcillin sodium, piperin, clidinium bromide, trioxsalen and hydralazine.
  • In a further embodiment, the invention provides a method for treating stroke in a mammal in need thereof. The method comprises administering to the mammal any one of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, ciclopiroxolamime, anisindione, oxybendazole, tropicamide, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, biochanin A, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepine, triprolidine hydrochloride, tripelennamine, colchicines, aminopyridine, helenine, sulfachlorpyridazine, mephenesin, semustine, clofibrate, hyoscyamime, nafcillin sodium, piperin, clidinium bromide, trioxalen, and hydralazine.
  • In yet a further embodiment, the invention provides a method for treating spinal cord injury in a mammal in need thereof. The method comprises administering to the mammal any one of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, indoprofen, ciclopiroxolamine, anisindione, nabumetone, oxybendazole, tropicamide, pramoxine hydrochloride, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, zomepirac, biochanin A, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepine, triprolidine hydrochloride, tripelennamine citrate, colchicines, trimethoprim, helenine, sulfachlorpyridazine, mephenesin, semustine, clofibric acid, clofibrate, deferoxamine mesylate, ibuprofen, hyoscyamime, nafcillin sodium, piperin, clidinium bromide, trioxsalen, and hydralazine.
  • In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for treating ischemia in a mammal in need thereof. The method comprises administering to the mammal any one of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, ciclopiroxolamine, tryptophan, anisindione, oxybendazole, tropicamide, pramoxine hydrochloride, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, biochanin A, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepine, triprolidine hydrochloride, tripelennamine citrate, colchicine, aminopyridine, hydroxyurea, sulfachlorpyridazine, mephenesin, semustine, clofibrate, hyoscyamime, nafcillin sodium, piperin, clidinium bromide, trioxsalen and hydralazine.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
  • FIG. 1. Chemical structures of compounds.
  • FIG. 2. Amino acid sequence of HIFα protein, NCBI GenBank Accession No. Q16665.
  • FIG. 3. Tilorone analogues increase HIF-1 transcriptional activity.
  • FIG. 4. Tilorone analogues induce the expression of HIF-1 target genes in the rat cerebral cortex.
  • FIG. 5. A cell permeant, peptide inhibitor of the HIF prolyl 4-hydroxylase, but not a mutant control, induces expression of HIF-dependent genes. Tat-HIF/wt peptide (100 μM) but not a corresponding peptide with the C-terminal proline hydroxylation site of HIF-1α mutated (Tat-HIF/mut, 100 μM) significantly enhances the activity of a hypoxia response element driven reporter in cortical neurons (* corresponds to p<0.05 compared to control by paired T-test). The low molecular weight P4H inhibitor, FG-0041(40 μM) was used as a positive control.
  • FIG. 6. A cell permeant, peptide inhibitor of the HIF 4-hydroxylase, but not a mutant control, prevents oxidative glutamate toxicity. The glutamate analog, homocysteate (HCA) (5 mM) was added to cortical neurons (1 DIV) with or without Tat-HIF/wt peptide (30, 40, 50, 100 and 200 μM), Tat-HIF/mut peptide (200 μM), DFO (100 μM) and 3,4 DHB (10 μM). Twenty-four hours later cell viability was determined using the MTT assay. Graph depicts mean +/− SE for three experiments performed in triplicate (* denotes p<0.05 from HCA treated cultures by ANOVA and Student-Newman Keuls tests for control, Tat-HIF/wt, Tat-HIF/mut, DFO and 3,4 DHB).
    •  DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Method for Enhancing HIF Activity
  • In another aspect, the invention provides a method for enhancing HIF activity in a cell in need thereof. The method comprises contacting the cell with an effective amount of any one, or any combination, of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, indoprofen, ciclopiroxolamine, tryptophan, ansindione, nabumetone, oxybendazole, albendazole, tropicamide, pramoxine hydrochloride, atenolol, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, zomepirac, biochanin A, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepine, triprolidine hydrochloride, daidzein, tripelennamine citrate, colchicines, aminopyridine, trimethoprim, helenine, hydroxyurea, amiodarone hydrochloride, clindamycin hydrochloride, sulfachlorpyridazine, mephenesin, semustine, clofivric acid, clofibrate, ibuprofen, hyoscyamime, nafcillin sodium, piperin, clidinium bromide, trioxsalen, hydralazine and HIFalpha protein fused to a carrier peptide.
  • The HIF activity can be enhanced in any cell in need thereof. A cell in need of enhancing HIF activity includes cells that are, for example, suffering from trauma, injury, hypoxia, etc. Such cells include those discussed above.
  • The cell can be contacted with the compound by any method known to those in the art. For example, the cell can be contacted with the compound by incubating the cell and compound in vitro.
  • Alternatively, the cell can be contacted with the compound in vivo. The compound and cell can be contacted in vivo by any suitable method known to in the art, including the administration methods described below.
    • Method for Treating Neurodegenerative Disease or Condition
  • In one aspect, the invention provides a method for treating a neurodegenerative disease or condition in a mammal in need thereof. The method for treating a neurodegenerative disease or condition comprises administering to the mammal an effective amount of any one, or any combination, of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, ciclopiroxolamine, ansindione, oxybendazole, tropicamide, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepine, triprolidine hydrochloride, tripelennamine citrate, colchicines, trimethoprim, helenine, sulfachlorpyridazine, mephenesin, semustine, clofibrate, hyoscyamime, nafcillin sodium, piperin, clidinium bromide, trioxsalen and hydralazine.
  • Neurodegenerative disease or condition typically refers to a disorder generally characterized by gradual and progressive loss of cells, tissue and/or organ of the central or peripheral nervous system. Examples of such cells, tissues and organs include, the brain, spinal cord, neurons, ganglia, Schwann cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia.
  • Any mammal suffering from any neurodegenerative disease or condition can be treated in accordance with the method of the present invention. For example, the neurodegenerative disease or condition can be an acute condition. Acute conditions generally occur as a result of trauma to a cell, tissue and/or organ of the nervous system. The trauma can, for example, partially or completely block blood flow to the cell, tissue and/or organ. Examples of acute neurodegenerative conditions include head injury and brain injury.
  • Alternatively, the neurodegenerative disease or condition can be a chronic neurodegenerative condition. Examples of chronic neurodegenerative diseases and conditions include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (also known as Lou Gherig's disease).
    • Method for Treating Hypoxia
  • In another aspect, the invention provides a method for treating hypoxia in a mammal in need thereof. The method for treating hypoxia comprises administering to the mammal an effective amount of any one, or any combination, of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, ciclopiroxolamine, tryptophan, anisindione, oxybendazole, albendazole, tropicamide, pramoxine hydrochloride, atenolol, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, biochanin A, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepine, triprolidine hydrochloride, daidzein, tripelennamine citrate, colchicine, aminopyridine, trimethoprim, hydroxyurea, amiodarone hydrochloride, clindamycin hydrochloride, sulfachlorpyridazine, mephenesin, semustine, clofibric acid, clofibrate, ibuprofen, hyoscyamime, nafcillin sodium, piperin, clidinium bromide, trioxsalen and hydralazine.
  • Any mammal suffering from hypoxia can be treated in accordance with the method of the present invention. Hypoxia generally refers to a lack of oxygen to cells, organs, and/or tissues. Hypoxia can be caused by, for example, ischemia, anemia and chemical modification of blood, such as carboxyhemoglobin, etc.
  • Hypoxia can occur in any cell, organ, and/or tissue. Examples of cells, organs, and/or tissues which can be subjected to hypoxia include neuronal cells (e.g., neurons, ganglia, Schwann cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia), brain, spinal cord, kidney cells, intestinal cells, heart and cardiac muscle cells such as myocytes, skin cells, etc.
    • Method for Treating Stroke
  • In yet another aspect, the invention provides a method for treating stroke in a mammal in need thereof. The method for treating stroke comprises administering to the mammal an effective amount of any one, or any combination, of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, ciclopiroxolamime, anisindione, oxybendazole, tropicamide, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, biochanin A, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepine, triprolidine hydrochloride, tripelennamine, colchicines, aminopyridine, helenine, sulfachlorpyridazine, mephenesin, semustine, clofibrate, hyoscyamime, nafcillin sodium, piperin, clidinium bromide, trioxalen, and hydralazine.
  • Any mammal suffering from stroke can be treated in accordance with the method of the present invention. Stroke is a type of cardiovascular disease that generally involves the interruption of blood flow to and/or within the brain. The interruption of blood flow can be due to, for example, a blockage or rupture of an artery or vessel. The blockage typically occurs from a blood clot. As a result of the interruption of blood flow, the brain does not receive sufficient amounts of blood.
    • Method for Treating Spinal Cord Injury
  • In a further aspect, the invention provides a method for treating spinal cord injury in a mammal in need thereof. The method for treating spinal cord injury comprises administering to the mammal an effective amount of any one, or any combination, of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, indoprofen, ciclopiroxolamine, anisindione, nabumetone, oxybendazole, tropicamide, pramoxine hydrochloride, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, zomepirac, biochanin A, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepine, triprolidine hydrochloride, tripelennamine citrate, colchicines, trimethoprim, helenine, sulfachlorpyridazine, mephenesin, semustine, clofibric acid, clofibrate, deferoxamine mesylate, ibuprofen, hyoscyamime, nafcillin sodium, piperin, clidinium bromide, trioxsalen, and hydralazine.
  • Any mammal suffering from spinal cord injury can be treated in accordance with the method of the present invention. The spinal cord is the major bundle of nerves that carry nerve impulses to and from the brain to the rest of the body. The spinal cord is surrounded by rings of bone referred to as vertebra.
  • Spinal cord injury refers to any damage to the spinal cord. The damage typically results in loss of function, such as mobility or feeling. Damage to the spinal cord can occur, for example, as a result or trauma (car accident, gunshot, falls, etc.) or disease (polio, spina bifida, Friedreich's Ataxia, etc).
  • Any injury to the spinal cord can be treated in accordance with the method of the present invention. For example, the injury can be a complete injury to the spinal cord. Complete injury typically refers to the lack of function (e.g., no sensation and no voluntary movement) below the site of injury. Both sides of the body are usually affected.
  • Alternatively, the injury may be an incomplete injury to the spinal cord. An incomplete injury generally refers to some function below the site of injury. For instance, a person with an incomplete injury may be able to move one limb more than another, may be able to feel parts of the body that cannot be moved, or may have more functioning on one side of the body than the other, etc.
    • Method for Treating Ischemia
  • In yet a further aspect, the invention provides a method for treating ischemia in a mammal in need thereof. The method comprises administering to the mammal an effective amount of any one, or any combination, of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, ciclopiroxolamine, tryptophan, anisindione, oxybendazole, tropicamide, pramoxine hydrochloride, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, biochanin A, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepine, triprolidine hydrochloride, tripelennamine citrate, colchicine, aminopyridine, hydroxyurea, sulfachlorpyridazine, mephenesin, semustine, clofibrate, hyoscyamime, nafcillin sodium, piperin, clidinium bromide, trioxsalen and hydralazine.
  • Any mammal suffering from ischemia can be treated in accordance with the method of the present invention. Ischemia generally refers to a condition of decreased blood flow to an organ, tissue and/or cell. The decrease in blood flow can be caused by, for example, constriction (e.g., hypoxemic vasoconstriction) or obstruction (e.g., clot, atherosclerotic plaque) of a blood vessel.
  • Ischemia can occur in any cell, organ, and/or tissue. Examples of cells, organs, and/or tissues which can be subjected to ischemia include neuronal cells (e.g., neurons, ganglia, Schwann cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia), brain, spinal cord, intestinal cells, kidney cells, heart and cardiac muscle cells such as myocytes, etc.
    • Compounds
  • Compounds useful in the methods of the present invention are 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, indoprofen, ciclopiroxolamine, tryptophan, ansindione, nabumetone, oxybendazole, albendazole, tropicamide, pramoxine hydrochloride, atenolol, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, zomepirac, biochanin A, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepine, triprolidine hydrochloride, daidzein, tripelennamine citrate, colchicines, aminopyridine, trimethoprim, helenine, hydroxyurea, amiodarone hydrochloride, clindamycin hydrochloride, sulfachlorpyridazine, mephenesin, semustine, clofivric acid, clofibrate, ibuprofen, hyoscyamime, nafcillin sodium, piperin, clidinium bromide, trioxsalen, and hydralazine, the chemical structures of which are shown in FIG. 1.
  • The brand name, generic name, chemical name, alternative spelling, etc. of some of the compounds are listed in FIG. 1. For example, the compound “phenazopyridine hydrochloride” may also be referred to as “phenazopyrinine hydrochloride.”
  • The compounds can be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a well-tolerated, nontoxic salt prepared from any one of the compounds mentioned above, and an acid or base. The acids may be inorganic or organic acids of any one of the compounds mentioned above. Examples of inorganic acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric hydroiodic, sulfuric, and phosphoric acids. Examples of organic acids include carboxylic and sulfonic acids. The radical of the organic acids may be aliphatic or aromatic. Some examples of organic acids include formic, acetic, phenylacetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, glucuronic, maleic, furoic, glutamic, benzoic, anthranilic, salicylic, phenylacetic, mandelic, embonic (pamoic), methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, panthenoic, benzenesulfonic, stearic, sulfanilic, alginic, tartaric, citric, gluconic, gulonic, arylsulfonic, and galacturonic acids. Appropriate organic bases may be selected, for example, from N,N-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine (N-methylglucamine), and procaine.
  • Throughout this specification, parameters are defined by maximum and minimum amounts. Each minimum amount can be combined with each maximum amount to define a range.
  • In one aspect of the invention, the compound is HIF alpha (HIFα) protein fused to a carrier peptide. The HIFα protein portion of the fusion protein can include all of the amino acid sequence of HIFα. The amino acid sequence of HIFα is shown in FIG. 2.
  • Alternatively, the HIFα protein portion of the fusion protein is a fragment of the amino acid sequence of HIFα containing either one or both prolines at amino acid position numbers 402 and 564 of full length HIFα. Thus, the fragment can be any fragment containing the proline at position 402 and/or position 564 of full length HIFα.
  • The fragment of HIFα comprises a minimum of four amino acid, preferably about six amino acids, more preferably about eight, even more preferably about twelve, yet even more preferably about fifteen, and most preferably a minimum of about nineteen amino acids. The maximum number of amino acids in the fragment is 825, preferably about 750, more preferably about 600, even more preferably about 500, yet even more preferably about 400, further more preferably about 200, and most preferably a maximum of about 100.
  • For example, the fragment can comprise the fifteen to nineteen, 31 to 79, or 121 to 200, etc. amino acid sequence corresponding to the residues adjacent to, and/or surrounding, proline residue 402 and/or 564, of HIFα.
  • In a preferred embodiment, the fragment comprises proline residues 402 and 562 and all residues between the proline residues.
  • The HIFα portion of the fusion protein can comprise functional analogs of, the entire HIFα amino acid sequence, or fragments described above. The functional analogs must satisfy function and contain either one or both prolines at amino acid position numbers 402 and 564 of full length HIFα. The functional analog may, for example, be a substitution variant of full length HIFα, or a substitution variant of a fragment described above.
  • Suitable substitution variants of full length HIFα or fragment include conservative amino acid substitutions. Amino acids may be grouped according to their physicochemical characteristics as follows:
  • (a) Non-polar amino acids: Ala(A) Ser(S) Thr(T) Pro(P) Gly(G);
  • (b) Acidic amino acids: Asn(N) Asp(D) Glu(E) Gln(Q);
  • (c) Basic amino acids: His(H) Arg(R) Lys(K);
  • (d) Hydrophobic amino acids: Met(M) Leu(L) Ile(I) Val(V); and
  • (e) Aromatic amino acids: Phe(F) Tyr(Y) Trp(W) His(H).
  • Substitutions of an amino acid in a peptide by another amino acid in the same group is referred to as a conservative substitution. Conservative substitutions tend to preserve the physicochemical characteristics of the original peptide. In contrast, substitutions of an amino acid in a peptide by another amino acid in a different group is generally more likely to alter the characteristics of the original peptide.
  • A carrier peptide, in general, refers to any synthetic or naturally occurring amino acid sequence that can transduce or assist in the transduction of a protein or peptide into a cell. Carrier peptides are also referred to a protein transduction domains.
  • The carrier peptide portion of the fusion protein can be any protein transduction domain or carrier peptide known to those skilled in the art. Examples of protein transduction domains include HIV tat, herpes simplex virus VP22 transcription factor, and Drosophila homeotic transcription factor encoded by antennapedia gene. Such transduction domains are disclosed in Schwarze et al., 2000, Trends in Pharmacol. Sci., 21:45-48.
  • Other examples of suitable carrier peptides include the protein transduction domains disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,221,355 to Dowdy; 5,652,122 to Frankel et al. The protein transduction domains of U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,221,355 and 5,652,122 are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • Further examples of carrier peptides include aromatic-cationic peptides comprising (i) at least one net positive charge, (ii) a minimum of three amino acids, (iii) a maximum of about twenty amino acids, (iv) a relationship between the minimum number of net positive charges (pm) and the total number of amino acid residues (r) wherein 3pm is the largest number that is less than or equal to r+1, and (v) a relationship between the minimum number of aromatic groups (a) and the total number of net positive charges (pt) wherein 3a is the largest number that is less than or equal to pt+1, except that when a is 1, pt may also be 1.
  • The definition and description of aromatic-cationic peptides, and tables listing examples of aromatic-cationic peptides are disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/838,135 filed on May 3, 2004 of Szeto, et al. and assigned to Cornell Research Foundation, Inc.: The definition, description, tables and examples of aromatic-cationic peptides disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/838,135 are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • For example, the carrier peptide can be any one of the aromatic-cationic peptides shown below in Tables 1 and 2.
  • TABLE 1
    Amino Acid
    Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid Position 5 (if C-Terminal
    Position 1 Position 2 Position 3 Position 4 present) Modification
    Tyr D-Arg Phe Lys NH2
    Tyr D-Arg Phe Orn NH2
    Tyr D-Arg Phe Dab NH2
    Tyr D-Arg Phe Dap NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Arg Phe Lys NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Arg Phe Lys Cys NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Arg Phe Lys—NH(CH2)2—NH-dns NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Arg Phe Lys—NH(CH2)2—NH-atn NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Arg Phe dnsLys NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Cit Phe Lys NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Cit Phe Ahp NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Arg Phe Orn NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Arg Phe Dab NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Arg Phe Dap NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Arg Phe Ahp(2-aminoheptanoic acid) NH2
    Bio-2′6′Dmt D-Arg Phe Lys NH2
    3′5′Dmt D-Arg Phe Lys NH2
    3′5′Dmt D-Arg Phe Orn NH2
    3′5′Dmt D-Arg Phe Dab NH2
    3′5′Dmt D-Arg Phe Dap NH2
    Tyr D-Arg Tyr Lys NH2
    Tyr D-Arg Tyr Orn NH2
    Tyr D-Arg Tyr Dab NH2
    Tyr D-Arg Tyr Dap NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Arg Tyr Lys NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Arg Tyr Orn NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Arg Tyr Dab NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Arg Tyr Dap NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Arg 2′6′Dmt Lys NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Arg 2′6′Dmt Orn NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Arg 2′6′Dmt Dab NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Arg 2′6′Dmt Dap NH2
    3′5′Dmt D-Arg 3′5′Dmt Arg NH2
    3′5′Dmt D-Arg 3′5′Dmt Lys NH2
    3′5′Dmt D-Arg 3′5′Dmt Orn NH2
    3′5′Dmt D-Arg 3′5′Dmt Dab NH2
    Tyr D-Lys Phe Dap NH2
    Tyr D-Lys Phe Arg NH2
    Tyr D-Lys Phe Lys NH2
    Tyr D-Lys Phe Orn NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Lys Phe Dab NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Lys Phe Dap NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Lys Phe Arg NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Lys Phe Lys NH2
    3′5′Dmt D-Lys Phe Orn NH2
    3′5′Dmt D-Lys Phe Dab NH2
    3′5′Dmt D-Lys Phe Dap NH2
    3′5′Dmt D-Lys Phe Arg NH2
    Tyr D-Lys Tyr Lys NH2
    Tyr D-Lys Tyr Orn NH2
    Tyr D-Lys Tyr Dab NH2
    Tyr D-Lys Tyr Dap NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Lys Tyr Lys NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Lys Tyr Orn NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Lys Tyr Dab NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Lys Tyr Dap NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Lys 2′6′Dmt Lys NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Lys 2′6′Dmt Orn NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Lys 2′6′Dmt Dab NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Lys 2′6′Dmt Dap NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Arg Phe dnsDap NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Arg Phe atnDap NH2
    3′5′Dmt D-Lys 3′5′Dmt Lys NH2
    3′5′Dmt D-Lys 3′5′Dmt Orn NH2
    3′5′Dmt D-Lys 3′5′Dmt Dab NH2
    3′5′Dmt D-Lys 3′5′Dmt Dap NH2
    Tyr D-Lys Phe Arg NH2
    Tyr D-Orn Phe Arg NH2
    Tyr D-Dab Phe Arg NH2
    Tyr D-Dap Phe Arg NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Arg Phe Arg NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Lys Phe Arg NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Orn Phe Arg NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Dab Phe Arg NH2
    3′5′Dmt D-Dap Phe Arg NH2
    3′5′Dmt D-Arg Phe Arg NH2
    3′5′Dmt D-Lys Phe Arg NH2
    3′5′Dmt D-Orn Phe Arg NH2
    Tyr D-Lys Tyr Arg NH2
    Tyr D-Orn Tyr Arg NH2
    Tyr D-Dab Tyr Arg NH2
    Tyr D-Dap Tyr Arg NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Arg 2′6′Dmt Arg NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Lys 2′6′Dmt Arg NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Orn 2′6′Dmt Arg NH2
    2′6′Dmt D-Dab 2′6′Dmt Arg NH2
    3′5′Dmt D-Dap 3′5′Dmt Arg NH2
    3′5′Dmt D-Arg 3′5′Dmt Arg NH2
    3′5′Dmt D-Lys 3′5′Dmt Arg NH2
    3′5′Dmt D-Orn 3′5′Dmt Arg NH2
    Mmt D-Arg Phe Lys NH2
    Mmt D-Arg Phe Orn NH2
    Mmt D-Arg Phe Dab NH2
    Mmt D-Arg Phe Dap NH2
    Tmt D-Arg Phe Lys NH2
    Tmt D-Arg Phe Orn NH2
    Tmt D-Arg Phe Dab NH2
    Tmt D-Arg Phe Dap NH2
    Hmt D-Arg Phe Lys NH2
    Hmt D-Arg Phe Orn NH2
    Hmt D-Arg Phe Dab NH2
    Hmt D-Arg Phe Dap NH2
    Mmt D-Lys Phe Lys NH2
    Mmt D-Lys Phe Orn NH2
    Mmt D-Lys Phe Dab NH2
    Mmt D-Lys Phe Dap NH2
    Mmt D-Lys Phe Arg NH2
    Tmt D-Lys Phe Lys NH2
    Tmt D-Lys Phe Orn NH2
    Tmt D-Lys Phe Dab NH2
    Tmt D-Lys Phe Dap NH2
    Tmt D-Lys Phe Arg NH2
    Hmt D-Lys Phe Lys NH2
    Hmt D-Lys Phe Orn NH2
    Hmt D-Lys Phe Dab NH2
    Hmt D-Lys Phe Dap NH2
    Hmt D-Lys Phe Arg NH2
    Mmt D-Lys Phe Arg NH2
    Mmt D-Orn Phe Arg NH2
    Mmt D-Dab Phe Arg NH2
    Mmt D-Dap Phe Arg NH2
    Mmt D-Arg Phe Arg NH2
    Tmt D-Lys Phe Arg NH2
    Tmt D-Orn Phe Arg NH2
    Tmt D-Dab Phe Arg NH2
    Tmt D-Dap Phe Arg NH2
    Tmt D-Arg Phe Arg NH2
    Hmt D-Lys Phe Arg NH2
    Hmt D-Orn Phe Arg NH2
    Hmt D-Dab Phe Arg NH2
    Hmt D-Dap Phe Arg NH2
    Hmt D-Arg Phe Arg NH2
    Dab = diaminobutyric
    Dap = diaminopropionic acid
    Dmt = dimethyltyrosine
    Mmt = 2′-methyltyrosine
    Tmt = N,2′,6′-trimethyltyrosine
    Hmt = 2′-hydroxy,6′-methyltyrosine
    dnsDap = β-dansyl-L-α,β-diaminopropionic acid
    atnDap = β-anthraniloyl-L-α,β-diaminopropionic acid
    Bio = biotin
  • TABLE 2
    Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid C-Terminal
    Position 1 Position 2 Position 3 Position 4 Modification
    D-Arg Dmt Lys Phe NH2
    D-Arg Dmt Phe Lys NH2
    D-Arg Phe Lys Dmt NH2
    D-Arg Phe Dmt Lys NH2
    D-Arg Lys Dmt Phe NH2
    D-Arg Lys Phe Dmt NH2
    Phe Lys Dmt D-Arg NH2
    Phe Lys D-Arg Dmt NH2
    Phe D-Arg Dmt Lys NH2
    Phe D-Arg Lys Dmt NH2
    Phe D-Arg Phe Lys NH2
    Phe Dmt D-Arg Lys NH2
    Phe Dmt Lys D-Arg NH2
    Lys Phe D-Arg Dmt NH2
    Lys Phe Dmt D-Arg NH2
    Lys Dmt D-Arg Phe NH2
    Lys Dmt Phe D-Arg NH2
    Lys D-Arg Phe Dmt NH2
    Lys D-Arg Dmt Phe NH2
    D-Arg Dmt D-Arg Phe NH2
    D-Arg Dmt D-Arg Dmt NH2
    D-Arg Dmt D-Arg Tyr NH2
    D-Arg Dmt D-Arg Trp NH2
    Trp D-Arg Phe Lys NH2
    Trp D-Arg Tyr Lys NH2
    Trp D-Arg Trp Lys NH2
    Trp D-Arg Dmt Lys NH2
    D-Arg Trp Lys Phe NH2
    D-Arg Trp Phe Lys NH2
    D-Arg Trp Lys Dmt NH2
    D-Arg Trp Dmt Lys NH2
    D-Arg Lys Trp Phe NH2
    D-Arg Lys Trp Dmt NH2
    Cha D-Arg Phe Lys NH2
    Ala D-Arg Phe Lys NH2
    Cha = cyclohexy
    • Administration
  • The compounds are administered to a mammal. Any mammal can be treated in accordance with the methods of the present invention. Suitable mammals include, for example farm animals, such as sheep, pigs, cows, and horses; pet animals, such as dogs and cats; laboratory animals, such as rats, mice and rabbits; and primates, such a monkeys and humans. In a preferred embodiment, the mammal is a human.
  • The compound is administered to the mammal in an amount effective in achieving its purpose. The effective amount of the compound to be administered can be readily determined by those skilled in the art during pre-clinical trials and clinical trials by methods familiar to physicians and clinicians.
  • In one aspect, the compound is considered to be effective in enhancing HIF activity if the activity of HIF is enhanced by at least about 10%, preferably at least about 25%, more preferably at least about 50%, even more preferably at least about 75%, and most preferably at least about 90%.
  • The compound can be administered by any method known to those skilled in the art. Some examples of suitable modes of administration include oral and systemic administration. Systemic administration can be enteral or parenteral. Liquid or solid (e.g., tablets, gelatin capsules) formulations can be employed for systemic administration. Parenteral administration of the compound include, for example intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injections. For instance, a compound may be administered to a mammal by sustained release, as is known in the art. Sustained release administration is a method of drug delivery to achieve a certain level of the drug over a particular period of time.
  • Other routes of administration include oral, intrabronchial, or intranasal administration. For oral administration, liquid or solid formulations may be used. Some examples of formulations suitable for oral administration include tablets, gelatin capsules, pills, troches, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, and wafers. Intrabronchial administration can include an inhaler spray. For intranasal administration, administration of a compound can be accomplished by a nebulizer or liquid mist.
  • The compound is preferably in a suitable pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical carrier. In this specification, a pharmaceutical carrier is considered to be synonymous with a vehicle or an excipient as is understood by practitioners in the art. Examples of carriers include starch, milk, sugar, certain types of clay, gelatin, stearic acid or salts thereof, magnesium or calcium stearate, talc, vegetable fats or oils, gums and glycols.
  • The pharmaceutical composition may also comprises one or more of the following: a stabilizer, a surfactant, preferably a nonionic surfactant, and optionally a salt and/or a buffering agent.
  • The stabilizer may, for example, be an amino acid, such as for instance, glycine; or an oligosaccharide, such as for example, sucrose, tetralose, lactose or a dextran. Alternatively, the stabilizer may be a sugar alcohol, such as for instance, mannitol; or a combination thereof. Preferably the stabilizer or combination of stabilizers constitutes from about 0.1% to about 10% weight for weight of the compound.
  • The surfactant is preferably a nonionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. Some examples of suitable surfactants include Tween 20, Tween 80; a polyethylene glycol or a polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene glycol, such as Pluronic F-68 at from about 0.001% (w/v) to about 10% (w/v).
  • The salt or buffering agent may be any salt or buffering agent, such as for example sodium chloride, or sodium/potassium phosphate, respectively. Preferably, the buffering agent maintains the pH of the pharmaceutical composition in the range of about 5.5 to about 7.5. The salt and/or buffering agent is also useful to maintain the osmolality at a level suitable for administration to a mammal. Preferably the salt or buffering agent is present at a roughly isotonic concentration of about 150 mM to about 300 mM.
  • The pharmaceutical composition may additionally contain one or more conventional additives. Some examples of such additives include a solubilizer such as, for example, glycerol; an antioxidant such as for example, benzalkonium chloride (a mixture of quaternary ammonium compounds, known as “quart”), benzyl alcohol, chloretone or chlorobutanol; anaesthetic agent such as for example a morphine derivative; or an isotonic agent etc., such as those described above. As a further precaution against oxidation or other spoilage, the compound may be stored under nitrogen gas in vials sealed with impermeable stoppers.
    • EXAMPLES Example 1 Tilorone Analogues R-10,874-DA, R-11,567-DA, and R-9536-DA Enhances Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 in the Nervous System
  • HT22 murine hippocampal cells were stably transfected with an enolase 1 promoter-luciferase reporter construct and selected with puromycin. Tilorone analogues R-10,874-DA, R-11,567-DA, and R-9536-DA were tested for their ability to activate a HIF-luciferase reporter. Luciferase activity was measured using a Luciferase Assay System (PROMEGA) according to the manufacture's protocol.
  • HIF-1α protein levels were determined in nuclear extracts using a monoclonal anti-HIF-1a antibody (NOVUS Biologicals). Real time RT-PCR was performed in a ABI-7500 instruments using commercial Taqman gene expression assays (Applied BioSystems).
  • Male Sprague Dawley rats, weighing 275-350 gm, were used in these experiments. For surgical procedures, anesthesia was induced with 5% isofluorane delivered in oxygen and maintained at 1.5% throughout surgery. Core body temperature was maintained at 37° C. by a homeothermic heating blanket.
  • Animals were subjected to MCAo by the intraluminal filament method. The right external carotid artery was ligated, cauterized, and cut, and its branches were coagulated. A 35 mm length of 4-0 nylon monofilament (Ethicon) with a rounded tip was then inserted into the internal carotid artery via the proximal end of the external carotid artery stump. The filament was advanced 20 mm beyond the carotid artery bifurcation with slight resistance was encountered. The tilorone analogues R-10,874-DA, R-11,567-DA, and R-9536-DA were injected 100 mg/kg i.p. 24 h pre-MCAo. Equivalent volume of saline was injected i.p. to control rats. Animals were sacrificed 24 h post-MCAo.
  • FIG. 3 shows that tilorone analogues R-10,874-DA, R-11,567-DA, and R-9536-DA increase HIF-1 transcriptional activity. Tilorone analogues R-10,874-DA, R-11,567-DA, and R-9536-DA induce the expression of HIF-1 target genes (FIG. 4) in the rat cerebral cortex.
    • Example 2 HIF1α/Carrier Peptide Fusion Protein Enhances HIF Activity
  • The peptide designated HIF/ODD/wt contains part of the oxygen dependent domain, including the C-terminal hydroxylation site of human HIF-1α at proline 564 (DDLDEMLAPYIPMDDDFQL; bold P=praline 564). The HIF/ODD/wt peptide and the peptide control with mutation of both prolines to alanine (HIF/ODD/mut; DDLEMLAAYIAMDDDFQL) were rendered cell permeant by fusing each of these peptides to the cell-membrane transduction domain of the human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 tat protein (YGRKKKRRQRR) to obtain two 30 amino acid peptides Tat-HIF/ODD/wt and Tat-HIF/ODD/mut.
  • To evaluate the ability of Tat-HIF/ODD peptide to be delivered to cortical neurons efficiently and without toxicity, the chromophore fluorescein isothiocyanate was conjugated to the tat-HIF/ODD/Wt peptide. Tat-HIF/ODD/Wt/FITC peptides (10 μM) were bath applied to rat cortical neuronal cultures from E17 rat embryos. These cultures are approximately 90% neurons after one day in vitro. The balance of the cells in the culture is glial in origin.
  • Twenty-four hours after addition of the peptide to the bathing medium, the level of intracellular accumulation of the peptide was monitored by fluorescence microscopy. In every field examined (>10), each cell nucleus, identified by DNA intercalating chromophore DAPI, was found to be associated with fluorescein label in its cell bodies and processes reflecting the uptake of the Tat-HIF/ODD/wt FITC peptide. Similar high efficiency transduction was observed when cortical neuronal cultures were incubated with the Tat-HIF/ODD/mut FITC peptide. In parallel, viability measurements verified that the Tat-HIF/ODD peptides do not negatively alter basal viability in our cortical neuronal cultures.
  • To determine whether the Tat-HIF/ODD/wt peptide stabilizes HIF-1 leading to activation of HIF-1 dependent gene expression, the levels of a luciferase reporter gene that is regulated by a hypoxia response element found in the enolase gene promoter was monitored. The addition of Tat-HIF/ODD/wt peptide significantly enhanced levels of a hypoxia response element regulated reporter gene in a concentration dependent manner.
  • The level of induction of the HIF-dependent reporter gene by 100 μM Tat-HIF/ODD/wt peptide was similar to that stimulated by 40 μM FG-0041, a low molecular weight inhibitor of the prolyl hydroxylase (FIG. 5). By contrast, 100 μM Tat-HIF/ODD/mut peptide with proline 564 and its adjacent praline mutated to alanine did not induce the HIF-dependent reporter gene.
  • To verify that the changes in the HIF-dependent reporter gene reflect changes in endogenous HIF-dependent genes, enolase, p21 waf/cip1, and VEGF were monitored by RT-PCR. β-actin was measured as a control. As expected, the Tat-HIF/ODD/wt peptide increased levels of enolase, p21 waf1/Cip1 and VEGF message but did not alter levels of β-actin. The Tat-HIF/ODD/mut did not affect levels of p21 waf1/cip or β-actin and actually diminished the basal levels of enolase and VEGF, two known HIF-dependent genes. Taken together, these results establish that the Tat-HIF/ODD wt peptide can be delivered to neurons and can enhance the transcriptional activity of well characterized HIF target genes. By contrast, a Tat/HIF/ODD mut in which the conserved proline hydroxylation site (proline 564) and an adjacent proline have been mutated to alanine does not upregulate a HIF-dependent reporter gene or endogenous HIF regulated genes (e.g., enolase, p21 waf1/cip1/or VEGF).
  • To test whether Tat-HIF/ODD/wt can prevent oxidative neuronal death in cortical neurons induced the glutamate analog, HCA, the peptides were applied 24 hours prior to the addition of HCA. Addition of tat-HIF/ODD/wt peptide but not its mutant control (tat-HIF/ODD/mut) protected cortical neurons from oxidative glutamate toxicity in a concentration dependent manner as assessed by MTT assay (FIG. 6). The morphology of the neurons that were protected from oxidative glutamate toxicity by Tat-HIF/ODD/wt was indistinguishable from the morphology of control neurons as assessed by phase contrast microscopy or calcein/ethidium homodimer staining (not shown). These results suggest that inhibition of HIF Prolyl 4 Hydroxylases prevents oxidative neuronal death in cortical neurons in vitro dioxygenase.

Claims (8)

1. A method for enhancing HIF activity in a cell in need thereof, the method comprising contacting the cell with any one of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, indoprofen, ciclopiroxolamine, tryptophan, ansindione, nabumetone, oxybendazole, albendazole, tropicamide, pramoxine hydrochloride, atenolol, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, zomepirac, biochanin A, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepine, triprolidine hydrochloride, daidzein, tripelennamine citrate, colchicines, aminopyridine, trimethoprim, helenine, hydroxyurea, amiodarone hydrochloride, clindamycin hydrochloride, sulfachlorpyridazine, mephenesin, semustine, clofivric acid, clofibrate, ibuprofen, hyoscyamime, nafcillin sodium, piperin, clidinium bromide, trioxsalen, hydralazine and HIF alpha protein fused to a carrier peptide.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the carrier peptide is tat.
3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the carrier peptide is an aromatic-cationic peptide.
4. A method for treating a neurodegenerative disease or condition in a mammal in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammal any one of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, ciclopiroxolamine, ansindione, oxybendazole, tropicamide, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepine, triprolidine hydrochloride, tripelennamine citrate, colchicines, trimethoprim, helenine, sulfachlorpyridazine, mephenesin, semustine, clofibrate, hyoscyamime, nafcillin sodium, piperin, clidinium bromide, trioxsalen and hydralazine.
5. A method for treating hypoxia in a mammal in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammal any one of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, ciclopiroxolamine, tryptophan, anisindione, oxybendazole, albendazole, tropicamide, pramoxine hydrochloride, atenolol, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, biochanin A, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepine, triprolidine, hydrochloride, daidzein, tripelennamine citrate, colchicine, aminopyridine, trimethoprim, hydroxyurea, amiodarone hydrochloride, clindamycin hydrochloride, sulfachlorpyridazine, mephenesin, semustine, clofibric acid, clofibrate, ibuprofen, hyoscyamime, nafcillin sodium, piperin, clidinium bromide, trioxsalen and hydralazine.
6. A method for treating stroke in a mammal in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammal any one of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, ciclopiroxolamime, anisindione, oxybendazole, tropicamide, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, biochanin A, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepine, triprolidine hydrochloride, tripelennamine, colchicines, aminopyridine, helenine, sulfachlorpyridazine, mephenesin, semustine, clofibrate, hyoscyamime, nafcillin sodium, piperin, clidinium bromide, trioxalen, and hydralazine.
7. A method for treating spinal cord injury in a mammal in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammal any one of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9 onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, indoprofen, ciclopiroxolamine, anisindione, nabumetone, oxybendazole, tropicamide, pramoxine hydrochloride, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, zomepirac, biochanin A, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepine, triprolidine hydrochloride, tripelennamine citrate, colchicines, trimethoprim, helenine, sulfachlorpyridazine, mephenesin, semustine, clofibric acid, clofibrate, deferoxamine mesylate, ibuprofen, hyoscyamime, nafcillin sodium, piperin, clidinium bromide, trioxsalen, and hydralazine.
8. A method for treating ischemia in a mammal in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammal any one of the following compounds: 3,6-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-9h-xanthen-9-onedihydrochloride, 2,8-bis[dimethylaminoacetyl]dibenzofurin dihydrochloride hydrate, tilorone analogue R-9536-DA, ciclopiroxolamine, tryptophan, anisindione, oxybendazole, tropicamide, pramoxine hydrochloride, mebendazole, carbetapentane citrate, monensin sodium, methoxyvone, hydroxyzine, phenazopyridine, clofoctol, ipraflavone, biochanin A, xylometazoline hydrochloride, fenbendazole, pirenzepine, triprolidine hydrochloride, tripelennamine citrate, colchicine, aminopyridine, hydroxyurea, sulfachlorpyridazine, mephenesin, semustine, clofibrate, hyoscyamime, nafcillin sodium, piperin, clidinium bromide, trioxsalen and hydralazine.
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