US20090208217A1 - Radiation modulation by reflection from controlled composite material - Google Patents
Radiation modulation by reflection from controlled composite material Download PDFInfo
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- US20090208217A1 US20090208217A1 US11/581,193 US58119306A US2009208217A1 US 20090208217 A1 US20090208217 A1 US 20090208217A1 US 58119306 A US58119306 A US 58119306A US 2009208217 A1 US2009208217 A1 US 2009208217A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
- G02F1/31—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
- H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
- H01Q15/0086—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices having materials with a synthesized negative refractive index, e.g. metamaterials or left-handed materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
- H01Q3/44—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the electric or magnetic characteristics of reflecting, refracting, or diffracting devices associated with the radiating element
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2202/00—Materials and properties
- G02F2202/42—Materials having a particular dielectric constant
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2203/00—Function characteristic
- G02F2203/15—Function characteristic involving resonance effects, e.g. resonantly enhanced interaction
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2203/00—Function characteristic
- G02F2203/58—Multi-wavelength, e.g. operation of the device at a plurality of wavelengths
- G02F2203/585—Add/drop devices
Definitions
- This patent specification relates to the modulation of electromagnetic radiation, with particular applicability to electromagnetic radiation in the microwave and/or optical frequency ranges.
- Modulation refers to the variation of a property in an electromagnetic wave or signal, such as amplitude, frequency, phase, spectral content, or any other measurable characteristic.
- modulation further refers to the tuning or adjustment, whether it be static or dynamic, of a system or device that varies any such measurable characteristic of the radiation.
- modulation is often achieved in solid state devices by variation of inputs and/or operating parameters for electrical components such as heterojunction bipolar transistors, metal-semiconductor field effect transistors, and Gunn diodes, and/or in vacuum tube based devices such as magnetrons, klystrons, and traveling wave tubes, in each case in conjunction with associated passive electrical components.
- modulation is often achieved using devices based on electrooptic and/or magnetooptic materials such as calcite, quartz, and lithium niobate that change their refractive index responsive to applied control signals, the materials being arranged into Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) or similar devices converting induced phase changes into amplitude changes by interference effects.
- Other electrooptical modulators include electroabsorption modulators variably absorbing the incident signal according to an applied electric field, and acoustic wave modulators using high-frequency sound traveling within a crystal or a planar wave guide to deflect light from one place to another.
- a method for modulating electromagnetic radiation comprising directing an incident radiation beam toward a surface of a composite material, the composite material having an arrangement of electromagnetically reactive cells of small dimension relative to a wavelength of the incident radiation beam. At least one of an effective permeability and an effective permittivity of the composite material is negative for at least one frequency.
- the method further includes receiving a reflected radiation beam resulting from at least partial reflection of the incident radiation beam from the surface, and applying a modulation signal to the composite material to cause a variation in at least one of the effective permeability and the effective permittivity. At least one characteristic of the reflected radiation beam is thereby modulated according to the modulation signal.
- a device for modulating radiation comprising a composite material formed by an arrangement of electromagnetically reactive cells of small dimension relative to a wavelength of an incident radiation beam.
- the composite material has a surface from which the incident radiation beam at least partially reflects to result in a reflected radiation beam.
- the composite material has at least one of a negative effective permeability and a negative effective permittivity for at least one frequency.
- At least one of an inductive property and a capacitive property of the electromagnetically reactive cells is controlled by application of a modulation signal such that at least one characteristic of the reflected radiation beam is modulated according to the modulation signal.
- the tunable add-drop multiplexer comprises a plurality of add-drop stages disposed in serial radiative communication relative to the radiation beam, each add-drop stage being configured to drop a channel at a drop frequency and to pass at least one channel at a pass frequency different than the drop frequency.
- Each add-drop stage comprises a composite material formed by an arrangement of electromagnetically reactive cells of small dimension relative to a wavelength of the radiation beam, the composite material having both a positive effective permeability and a positive effective permittivity at the pass frequency and having at least one of a negative effective permeability and a negative effective permittivity at the drop frequency.
- the composite material has a surface that passes the at least one channel at the pass frequency by reflection therefrom and that drops the drop channel at the drop frequency by refraction thereinto.
- the tunable add-drop multiplexer further comprises, for each add-drop stage, a modulation signal application device for applying a modulation signal to the composite material that varies the drop frequency by varying at least one of a capacitive property and inductive property of the arrangement of electromagnetically reactive cells.
- the Mach-Zehnder apparatus comprises a radiation splitter that splits the incident radiation beam into a plurality of substantially equal split beams and directs each split beam along a distinct propagation path and a plurality of phase modulators positioned along respective ones of the distinct propagation paths.
- Each of the phase modulators comprises a composite material modulating the phase of the split beam by reflection from a surface thereof.
- the composite material comprises an arrangement of electromagnetically reactive cells of small dimension relative to a wavelength of the incident radiation beam, and has at least one of a negative effective permeability and a negative effective permittivity at a frequency of the split beam.
- the Mach-Zehnder apparatus further comprises, for each of the phase modulators, a modulation signal application device for applying a modulation signal that varies at least one of a capacitive property and inductive property of the arrangement of electromagnetically reactive cells to correspondingly vary the phase of the split beam.
- the Mach-Zehnder apparatus further comprises a radiation combiner that combines the plurality of phase-modulated split beams into an output radiation beam.
- FIGS. 1A-1B illustrate a modulation device according to an embodiment for different states of a modulation signal
- FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate a modulation device according to an embodiment for different states of a modulation signal
- FIG. 3 illustrates a modulation device according to an embodiment and related time plots of a modulation signal and an output intensity signal
- FIG. 4A illustrates a modulation device according to an embodiment
- FIG. 4B illustrates a related time plot of a modulation signal, and related frequency spectrum plots of an output signal corresponding to the modulation device of FIG. 4A ;
- FIG. 5 illustrates an add-drop multiplexer according to an embodiment
- FIG. 6 illustrates a modulation device according to an embodiment and related time plots of a modulation signal and an output phase signal
- FIG. 7 illustrates a Mach-Zehnder interferometer according to an embodiment
- FIGS. 8A-8B illustrate a modulation device according to an embodiment for different states of a modulation signal.
- FIGS. 1A-1B illustrate a modulation device 100 according to an embodiment, comprising an input 102 , a composite material 104 having a surface 103 , an output 106 , and a modulation signal application device 108 .
- the input 102 receives an incident radiation beam IN and directs it toward the surface 103 of the composite material 104 . At least a portion of the radiation reflects from the surface to form a reflected radiation beam that is collected at the output 106 for transfer to downstream radiation processing devices.
- the composite material 104 comprises an arrangement of electromagnetically reactive cells of small dimension (e.g., 20 percent or less) relative to a wavelength of the incident radiation beam, and exhibits at least one of a negative effective permeability and negative effective permittivity for at least one frequency that is at least in a general spectral neighborhood of the incident radiation beam IN.
- the modulation signal application device 108 applies a modulation signal CTL to the composite material 104 that alters at least one of a capacitive and inductive property of the arrangement of electromagnetically reactive cells such that at least one characteristic of the reflected radiation beam is modulated according to the modulation signal CTL.
- the composite material 104 can be selected from a variety of judiciously engineered artificial materials or metamaterials having a large population of small cells, each cell having one or more electrical conductors, that begin to oscillate or resonate at particular frequencies termed resonant frequencies.
- Resonant cells are known in the art, and examples of two-dimensional and three-dimensional resonant cells can be found, for example, in WO 2003/044897 A1 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,791,432 B2.
- the resonant cells can be disposed on a semiconductor substrate having an electrical carrier population that is externally controlled by application of a control radiation beam, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,106,494, supra.
- the presence of carriers e.g., electrons or holes
- the resonant cells can contain optical gain elements, such as quantum dots, that can vary the effective permeability ⁇ eff and/or the effective permittivity ⁇ eff while also providing gain for the radiation beam, as described in Ser. No. 11/285,910, supra.
- the resonant cells can contain split-ring conductive patterns with small transistor circuits or electromechanical switches extended across the gaps thereof, with electrical control signals being applied to partially or fully short out the split-ring conductive element across the gap, thereby varying a capacitive and/or inductive property of the resonant cell.
- the control signal CTL is an applied to the composite material as an optical signal.
- any of a variety of other devices and strategies can be used to modulate the effective permeability ⁇ eff and/or the effective permittivity ⁇ eff of the composite material 104 without departing from the scope of the present teachings.
- the incident radiation beam IN will generally reflect from the surface 103 toward the output 106 in accordance with known reflection principles, as it would from an ordinary surface that is fully or partially metallic.
- the reflection can be specular or diffuse depending on the particular surface characteristics, with specular reflection of smoother surfaces at relatively shallow angles of incidence (e.g., less than 45 degrees) being more preferable as more of the energy will be collectible at the output 106 .
- the effective permeability ⁇ eff and/or the effective permittivity ⁇ eff approach negative values, at least some portion of the incident radiation beam IN begins to refract into the composite material 104 and at least one characteristic of the reflected radiation beam becomes affected, such as intensity, phase, frequency, spectral content, or combinations thereof. According to an embodiment, this behavior is harnessed to achieve modulation of the incident radiation beam through modulation of the effective permeability ⁇ eff and/or the effective permittivity ⁇ eff , which in turn are modulated by the modulation signal CTL.
- modulation schemes are thereby provided, and the modulation can be digital/switchable in nature (e.g., on/off, left/right, channel 1/channel 2) or can be analog in nature (e.g., by analog variations in ⁇ eff and ⁇ eff in the negative and/or positive regimes).
- the particular type of modulation e.g., phase, intensity, spectral content, etc.
- affectation of the phase, intensity, spectral content, etc. will be more pronounced for frequencies near the resonant frequency.
- Such modulation can be implemented, using different resonant cell sizes, at a variety of different frequencies ranging from the microwave regime to the optical regime without departing from the scope of the present teachings.
- FIGS. 1A-1B represents perhaps the simplest type of modulation in which the modulation device 100 operates as an on-off gate for a monochromatic carrier signal that corresponds to a resonant frequency of the composite material 104 .
- the composite material significantly negatively refracts the incident beam such that the reflected radiation beam has a relatively low intensity (designated more simply as OFF in FIG. 1B ).
- the negatively refracting behavior of the composite material 104 is destroyed such that the reflected radiation beam has a relatively high intensity (designated more simply as ON in FIG. 1A ).
- FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate a modulation device 200 according to an embodiment, comprising a composite material 204 having a surface 203 receiving an incident radiation beam from an input 202 .
- the composite material 204 either reflectively directs the radiation beam toward a first output 206 when both ⁇ eff and ⁇ eff are positive ( FIG. 2A ), or refractively directs the radiation beam toward a second output 210 when one or both of ⁇ eff and ⁇ eff are negative ( FIG. 2B ).
- the modulation device 200 is therefore operable as a switching device.
- FIG. 3 illustrates a modulation device 300 according to an embodiment and related time plots 314 and 316 of a modulation signal and an output intensity signal, respectively.
- the modulation device 300 comprises a composite material 304 having a surface 303 receiving an incident radiation beam from an input 302 .
- the composite material 304 reflectively directs the radiation beam toward an output 306 such that an intensity of the reflected radiation beam is a controlled percentage of the intensity of the incident radiation beam that varies according to an analog value of a modulation signal CTL from a modulation signal application device 308 .
- the modulation device 300 is therefore operable as an analog intensity modulator. If gain material such as a distribution of pumped quantum dots is incorporated into the composite material 304 , the controlled percentage can be greater than one hundred percent and the modulation device 300 thus operable as a transistor amplifier.
- FIG. 4A illustrates a modulation device 400 according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 4B illustrates a related frequency plot 413 of an incident radiation beam, a related time plot 415 of a modulation signal CTL, and related frequency spectrum plots 416 and 418 of a reflected radiation beam corresponding to the modulation device 400 of FIG. 4A .
- the modulation device 400 is similar in structure to the modulation device 300 of FIG. 3 , comprising an input 402 , a composite material 404 having a surface 403 , an output 406 , and a modulation signal application device 408 , except that the composite material 404 is configured and controlled such that the spectral response is modulated (i.e., tuned) by the modulation signal CTL.
- the composite material 404 primarily reflects for frequencies f 1 , f 3 , and f 4 and primarily refracts for frequency f 2 , thereby removing the frequency f 2 from the reflected radiation beam while maintaining the frequencies f 1 , f 3 , and f 4 .
- the composite material 404 For a second time interval (which, again, can range anywhere from sub-milliseconds to years) the composite material 404 primarily reflects for frequencies f 1 , f 2 , and f 4 and primarily refracts for frequency f 3 , thereby removing the frequency f 3 from the reflected radiation beam while maintaining the frequencies f 1 , f 2 , and f 4 .
- the modulation device 400 is thus operable as a tunable drop filter.
- FIG. 5 illustrates a tunable add-drop multiplexer 500 according to an embodiment that harnesses the tunable drop filter capability of the modulation device 400 of FIG. 4A .
- the tunable add-drop multiplexer 500 comprises several stages 500 a, 500 b, and 500 c, each stage being similar to the modulation device 400 of FIG. 4A and comprising a composite material 504 a, 504 b, and 504 c , respectively, that is similar to the composite material 404 of FIG. 4A .
- each stage 500 a - 500 c removes a respective channel DROP 1 , DROP 2 , and DROP 3 at a respective frequency from a wavelength division multiplexed radiation beam and replaces that channel with a respective replacement channel ADD 1 , ADD 2 , and ADD 3 .
- the frequencies at which the channels are dropped are tunable by virtue of the modulation (tuning) signals CTL 1 , CTL 2 , and CTL 3 as illustrated.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a modulation device 600 according to an embodiment and related time plots 614 and 616 of a modulation signal and an output phase signal, respectively.
- the modulation device 600 is similar in structure to the modulation device 300 of FIG. 3 , comprising an input 602 , a composite material 604 having a surface 603 , an output 606 , and a modulation signal application device 608 , except that the composite material 604 is configured and controlled such that the phase of the incident radiation beam is modulated by the modulation signal CTL.
- the composite material 604 reflectively directs the radiation beam toward an output 606 such that a phase of the reflected radiation beam relative to the incident radiation beam varies according to an analog (or digital) value of a modulation signal CTL.
- the modulation device 600 is therefore operable as a phase modulator which, of course, can be used to modulate frequency as well.
- FIG. 7 illustrates a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) 702 according to an embodiment that harnesses the phase modulation capability of the modulation device 600 of FIG. 6 , comprising a radiation splitter 711 that splits the incident radiation beam into two substantially equal split beams and directs each split beam along a distinct propagation path toward a respective phase modulator 700 a and 700 b, each being similar to the modulation device 600 of FIG. 6 and comprising composite materials 704 a and 704 b, respectively.
- MZI 702 further comprises a radiation combiner 713 that combines the phase-modulated split beams into an output radiation beam.
- the phase modulators 700 a and 700 b are driven by coordinated control signals CTL 1 and CTL 2 , usually in a push-pull fashion, to result in an intensity-modulated output which can be digital or analog in nature.
- FIGS. 8A-8B illustrate a modulation device 800 according to an embodiment for different states of a modulation signal CTL.
- the modulation device 800 is similar in structure to the previously described modulation devices, comprising an input 802 , a composite material 804 having a surface 803 , an output 806 , and a modulation signal application device 808 , except that the composite material 804 is anisotropic such that the resonant behavior giving rise to the negative values for ⁇ eff and ⁇ eff is obtainable for certain polarizations but not others. This polarization selective behavior can be used to achieve useful results.
- the composite material comprises alternating layers including layers 810 of split-ring resonator cells 807 and layers 812 of wire grids.
- the split-ring resonator cells 807 are oriented to resonate when the magnetic field H is along the z-direction, while the wire grid cells are oriented to resonate when the electric field E is parallel to the x-y plane.
- radiation having the polarization P 2 will primarily be refracted into the composite material for a first state of the modulation signal ( FIG. 8B ), and will be reflected toward the output 806 for a second state of the modulation signal CTL ( FIG. 8A ).
- radiation having the polarization P 1 will tend to reflect toward the output 806 regardless of the value of the modulation signal CTL.
- the modulation device 800 can be operable as a polarization-selective switch or, with a second output attached to capture the refracted radiation, can serve as a controllably birefringent material.
- the modulation device 800 can be operable as a polarization-selective switch or, with a second output attached to capture the refracted radiation, can serve as a controllably birefringent material.
- FIGS. 1-7 are most easily understood in the context of isotropic composite materials (i.e., radiation traveling along each of the x, y, and z axes is treated the same), and are therefore described as such without reference to polarization for purposes of clarity, it is to be appreciated (i) that each of the embodiments of FIGS. 1-7 can be implemented with anisotropic composite materials as well, (ii) that the features and advantages of polarization selectivity can be incorporated into each such embodiment, and (iii) that the resultant devices and methods are all within the scope of the present teachings. As a general observation, it is to be noted that many typical negative-index materials tend toward being anisotropic in practice.
- the modulation signal can be mechanical, acoustic, thermal, etc., without departing from the scope of the present teachings.
- the modulation signals applied to the composite material are not limited to scalar quantities, such as single voltages or single control beam intensities, but rather can also comprise vector or matrix quantities representative of combined control signals, spatial intensity distributions, or even holographic modulation signals.
- the radiation beam being modulated can be at a radio frequency in contexts such as for large-scale radio telescope arrays, or even in the x-ray regime, without departing from the scope of the preferred embodiments.
- reference to the details of the described embodiments are not intended to limit their scope.
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Abstract
Description
- This invention was made with Government support under Agreement No. HR0011-05-3-0002, awarded by DARPA. The Government has certain rights in the invention.
- This patent specification relates to the modulation of electromagnetic radiation, with particular applicability to electromagnetic radiation in the microwave and/or optical frequency ranges.
- Devices for modulating electromagnetic radiation represent fundamental building blocks for many technological endeavors. Modulation refers to the variation of a property in an electromagnetic wave or signal, such as amplitude, frequency, phase, spectral content, or any other measurable characteristic. In addition to dynamic modulation processes that are operable in real time relative to a period of the radiation, modulation further refers to the tuning or adjustment, whether it be static or dynamic, of a system or device that varies any such measurable characteristic of the radiation.
- For frequencies in the microwave range, modulation is often achieved in solid state devices by variation of inputs and/or operating parameters for electrical components such as heterojunction bipolar transistors, metal-semiconductor field effect transistors, and Gunn diodes, and/or in vacuum tube based devices such as magnetrons, klystrons, and traveling wave tubes, in each case in conjunction with associated passive electrical components. For optical frequencies, modulation is often achieved using devices based on electrooptic and/or magnetooptic materials such as calcite, quartz, and lithium niobate that change their refractive index responsive to applied control signals, the materials being arranged into Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) or similar devices converting induced phase changes into amplitude changes by interference effects. Other electrooptical modulators include electroabsorption modulators variably absorbing the incident signal according to an applied electric field, and acoustic wave modulators using high-frequency sound traveling within a crystal or a planar wave guide to deflect light from one place to another.
- For each of the above schemes, practical issues arise in regard to one or more of modulation speed, dynamic range, spectral range of operation, noise performance, channel selectivity, device cost, heat dissipation, device size, tunability, and device power consumption. It would be desirable to increase the number of device solutions available for any particular radiation modulation requirement, and/or to provide for improved radiation modulation with respect to one or more of the above practical issues. Other issues arise as would be apparent to one skilled in the art in view of the present disclosure.
- In one embodiment, a method for modulating electromagnetic radiation is provided, comprising directing an incident radiation beam toward a surface of a composite material, the composite material having an arrangement of electromagnetically reactive cells of small dimension relative to a wavelength of the incident radiation beam. At least one of an effective permeability and an effective permittivity of the composite material is negative for at least one frequency. The method further includes receiving a reflected radiation beam resulting from at least partial reflection of the incident radiation beam from the surface, and applying a modulation signal to the composite material to cause a variation in at least one of the effective permeability and the effective permittivity. At least one characteristic of the reflected radiation beam is thereby modulated according to the modulation signal.
- Also provided is a device for modulating radiation, comprising a composite material formed by an arrangement of electromagnetically reactive cells of small dimension relative to a wavelength of an incident radiation beam. The composite material has a surface from which the incident radiation beam at least partially reflects to result in a reflected radiation beam. The composite material has at least one of a negative effective permeability and a negative effective permittivity for at least one frequency. At least one of an inductive property and a capacitive property of the electromagnetically reactive cells is controlled by application of a modulation signal such that at least one characteristic of the reflected radiation beam is modulated according to the modulation signal.
- Also provided is a tunable add-drop multiplexer for adding channels to a radiation beam and removing channels from the radiation beam. The tunable add-drop multiplexer comprises a plurality of add-drop stages disposed in serial radiative communication relative to the radiation beam, each add-drop stage being configured to drop a channel at a drop frequency and to pass at least one channel at a pass frequency different than the drop frequency. Each add-drop stage comprises a composite material formed by an arrangement of electromagnetically reactive cells of small dimension relative to a wavelength of the radiation beam, the composite material having both a positive effective permeability and a positive effective permittivity at the pass frequency and having at least one of a negative effective permeability and a negative effective permittivity at the drop frequency. The composite material has a surface that passes the at least one channel at the pass frequency by reflection therefrom and that drops the drop channel at the drop frequency by refraction thereinto. The tunable add-drop multiplexer further comprises, for each add-drop stage, a modulation signal application device for applying a modulation signal to the composite material that varies the drop frequency by varying at least one of a capacitive property and inductive property of the arrangement of electromagnetically reactive cells.
- Also provided is a Mach-Zehnder apparatus for modulating an incident radiation beam. The Mach-Zehnder apparatus comprises a radiation splitter that splits the incident radiation beam into a plurality of substantially equal split beams and directs each split beam along a distinct propagation path and a plurality of phase modulators positioned along respective ones of the distinct propagation paths. Each of the phase modulators comprises a composite material modulating the phase of the split beam by reflection from a surface thereof. The composite material comprises an arrangement of electromagnetically reactive cells of small dimension relative to a wavelength of the incident radiation beam, and has at least one of a negative effective permeability and a negative effective permittivity at a frequency of the split beam. The Mach-Zehnder apparatus further comprises, for each of the phase modulators, a modulation signal application device for applying a modulation signal that varies at least one of a capacitive property and inductive property of the arrangement of electromagnetically reactive cells to correspondingly vary the phase of the split beam. The Mach-Zehnder apparatus further comprises a radiation combiner that combines the plurality of phase-modulated split beams into an output radiation beam.
-
FIGS. 1A-1B illustrate a modulation device according to an embodiment for different states of a modulation signal; -
FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate a modulation device according to an embodiment for different states of a modulation signal; -
FIG. 3 illustrates a modulation device according to an embodiment and related time plots of a modulation signal and an output intensity signal; -
FIG. 4A illustrates a modulation device according to an embodiment; -
FIG. 4B illustrates a related time plot of a modulation signal, and related frequency spectrum plots of an output signal corresponding to the modulation device ofFIG. 4A ; -
FIG. 5 illustrates an add-drop multiplexer according to an embodiment; -
FIG. 6 illustrates a modulation device according to an embodiment and related time plots of a modulation signal and an output phase signal; -
FIG. 7 illustrates a Mach-Zehnder interferometer according to an embodiment; and -
FIGS. 8A-8B illustrate a modulation device according to an embodiment for different states of a modulation signal. -
FIGS. 1A-1B illustrate amodulation device 100 according to an embodiment, comprising aninput 102, acomposite material 104 having a surface 103, anoutput 106, and a modulationsignal application device 108. Theinput 102 receives an incident radiation beam IN and directs it toward the surface 103 of thecomposite material 104. At least a portion of the radiation reflects from the surface to form a reflected radiation beam that is collected at theoutput 106 for transfer to downstream radiation processing devices. - The
composite material 104 comprises an arrangement of electromagnetically reactive cells of small dimension (e.g., 20 percent or less) relative to a wavelength of the incident radiation beam, and exhibits at least one of a negative effective permeability and negative effective permittivity for at least one frequency that is at least in a general spectral neighborhood of the incident radiation beam IN. The modulationsignal application device 108 applies a modulation signal CTL to thecomposite material 104 that alters at least one of a capacitive and inductive property of the arrangement of electromagnetically reactive cells such that at least one characteristic of the reflected radiation beam is modulated according to the modulation signal CTL. - The
composite material 104 can be selected from a variety of judiciously engineered artificial materials or metamaterials having a large population of small cells, each cell having one or more electrical conductors, that begin to oscillate or resonate at particular frequencies termed resonant frequencies. Resonant cells are known in the art, and examples of two-dimensional and three-dimensional resonant cells can be found, for example, in WO 2003/044897 A1 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,791,432 B2. Near such resonant frequencies, although the individual response of any particular resonant cell can be quite complicated, the aggregate behavior of the population of resonating cells can often be described macroscopically, as if the composite material were a continuous material, except that the permeability term is replaced by an effective permeability μeff and the permittivity term is replaced by an effective permittivity εeff. For particular structures and arrangements of the resonant cells, it has been found that the propagation of the electromagnetic radiation is consistent with negative values of the effective permeability μeff and/or the effective permittivity εeff at or near the resonant frequencies. - It has been found that externally controlled variations in the inductive and/or capacitive properties of the resonant cells, even relatively small controlled variations, can substantially vary the macroscopic response of such composite materials. This allows for external control of the effective permeability μeff and/or the effective permittivity εeff, on either a local or global basis across the composite material, and on either a timewise static basis or timewise dynamic basis, as dictated by the applied external controls. Examples of the application of external controls to composite materials comprising resonant cells can be found in one or more of the following commonly assigned applications, each of which are incorporated by reference herein: US 2006/0044212A1; US2006/0109540A1; U.S. Pat. No. 7,106,494; and Ser. No. 11/285,910, Attorney Docket No. 200503281-1 filed Nov. 23, 2005.
- By way of example, and not by way of limitation, the resonant cells can be disposed on a semiconductor substrate having an electrical carrier population that is externally controlled by application of a control radiation beam, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,106,494, supra. The presence of carriers (e.g., electrons or holes) affects the capacitive and/or inductive properties by amounts sufficient to alter, and optionally to destroy, the resonance condition so that substantial and useful control of the effective permeability μeff and/or the effective permittivity εeff is achieved. By way of further example, the resonant cells can contain optical gain elements, such as quantum dots, that can vary the effective permeability μeff and/or the effective permittivity εeff while also providing gain for the radiation beam, as described in Ser. No. 11/285,910, supra. By way of further example, the resonant cells can contain split-ring conductive patterns with small transistor circuits or electromechanical switches extended across the gaps thereof, with electrical control signals being applied to partially or fully short out the split-ring conductive element across the gap, thereby varying a capacitive and/or inductive property of the resonant cell. In the particular embodiment of
FIGS. 1A-1B , the control signal CTL is an applied to the composite material as an optical signal. However, any of a variety of other devices and strategies can be used to modulate the effective permeability μeff and/or the effective permittivity εeff of thecomposite material 104 without departing from the scope of the present teachings. - As illustrated in
FIG. 1A , when both the effective permeability μeff and the effective permittivity εeff are positive, the incident radiation beam IN will generally reflect from the surface 103 toward theoutput 106 in accordance with known reflection principles, as it would from an ordinary surface that is fully or partially metallic. The reflection can be specular or diffuse depending on the particular surface characteristics, with specular reflection of smoother surfaces at relatively shallow angles of incidence (e.g., less than 45 degrees) being more preferable as more of the energy will be collectible at theoutput 106. - However, as the effective permeability μeff and/or the effective permittivity εeff approach negative values, at least some portion of the incident radiation beam IN begins to refract into the
composite material 104 and at least one characteristic of the reflected radiation beam becomes affected, such as intensity, phase, frequency, spectral content, or combinations thereof. According to an embodiment, this behavior is harnessed to achieve modulation of the incident radiation beam through modulation of the effective permeability μeff and/or the effective permittivity εeff, which in turn are modulated by the modulation signal CTL. A rich variety of modulation schemes are thereby provided, and the modulation can be digital/switchable in nature (e.g., on/off, left/right,channel 1/channel 2) or can be analog in nature (e.g., by analog variations in μeff and εeff in the negative and/or positive regimes). Generally speaking, the particular type of modulation (e.g., phase, intensity, spectral content, etc.) that is achievable by a particular composite material can be empirically determined without undue experimentation. Generally speaking, affectation of the phase, intensity, spectral content, etc., will be more pronounced for frequencies near the resonant frequency. Such modulation can be implemented, using different resonant cell sizes, at a variety of different frequencies ranging from the microwave regime to the optical regime without departing from the scope of the present teachings. - The example of
FIGS. 1A-1B represents perhaps the simplest type of modulation in which themodulation device 100 operates as an on-off gate for a monochromatic carrier signal that corresponds to a resonant frequency of thecomposite material 104. Thus, when no control radiation is applied (FIG. 1B ), the composite material significantly negatively refracts the incident beam such that the reflected radiation beam has a relatively low intensity (designated more simply as OFF inFIG. 1B ). When control radiation is applied (FIG. 1A ), the negatively refracting behavior of thecomposite material 104 is destroyed such that the reflected radiation beam has a relatively high intensity (designated more simply as ON inFIG. 1A ). -
FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate amodulation device 200 according to an embodiment, comprising acomposite material 204 having asurface 203 receiving an incident radiation beam from aninput 202. Depending on the state of a modulation signal CTL from a modulationsignal application device 208, thecomposite material 204 either reflectively directs the radiation beam toward afirst output 206 when both μeff and εeff are positive (FIG. 2A ), or refractively directs the radiation beam toward asecond output 210 when one or both of μeff and εeff are negative (FIG. 2B ). Themodulation device 200 is therefore operable as a switching device. -
FIG. 3 illustrates amodulation device 300 according to an embodiment and related time plots 314 and 316 of a modulation signal and an output intensity signal, respectively. Themodulation device 300 comprises acomposite material 304 having asurface 303 receiving an incident radiation beam from aninput 302. Thecomposite material 304 reflectively directs the radiation beam toward anoutput 306 such that an intensity of the reflected radiation beam is a controlled percentage of the intensity of the incident radiation beam that varies according to an analog value of a modulation signal CTL from a modulationsignal application device 308. Themodulation device 300 is therefore operable as an analog intensity modulator. If gain material such as a distribution of pumped quantum dots is incorporated into thecomposite material 304, the controlled percentage can be greater than one hundred percent and themodulation device 300 thus operable as a transistor amplifier. -
FIG. 4A illustrates amodulation device 400 according to an embodiment.FIG. 4B illustrates arelated frequency plot 413 of an incident radiation beam, arelated time plot 415 of a modulation signal CTL, and related frequency spectrum plots 416 and 418 of a reflected radiation beam corresponding to themodulation device 400 ofFIG. 4A . Themodulation device 400 is similar in structure to themodulation device 300 ofFIG. 3 , comprising aninput 402, acomposite material 404 having asurface 403, anoutput 406, and a modulationsignal application device 408, except that thecomposite material 404 is configured and controlled such that the spectral response is modulated (i.e., tuned) by the modulation signal CTL. For a first time interval (which can range anywhere from sub-milliseconds to years without departing from the scope of the present teachings), thecomposite material 404 primarily reflects for frequencies f1, f3, and f4 and primarily refracts for frequency f2, thereby removing the frequency f2 from the reflected radiation beam while maintaining the frequencies f1, f3, and f4. For a second time interval (which, again, can range anywhere from sub-milliseconds to years) thecomposite material 404 primarily reflects for frequencies f1, f2, and f4 and primarily refracts for frequency f3, thereby removing the frequency f3 from the reflected radiation beam while maintaining the frequencies f1, f2, and f4. Themodulation device 400 is thus operable as a tunable drop filter. -
FIG. 5 illustrates a tunable add-drop multiplexer 500 according to an embodiment that harnesses the tunable drop filter capability of themodulation device 400 ofFIG. 4A . The tunable add-drop multiplexer 500 comprisesseveral stages modulation device 400 ofFIG. 4A and comprising acomposite material composite material 404 ofFIG. 4A . Thestages coated mirrors stages 500 a-500 c in serial radiative communication and for adding channels are within the scope of the present teachings. In operation, eachstage 500 a-500 c removes a respective channel DROP1, DROP2, and DROP3 at a respective frequency from a wavelength division multiplexed radiation beam and replaces that channel with a respective replacement channel ADD1, ADD2, and ADD3. Advantageously, the frequencies at which the channels are dropped are tunable by virtue of the modulation (tuning) signals CTL1, CTL2, and CTL3 as illustrated. -
FIG. 6 illustrates a modulation device 600 according to an embodiment and related time plots 614 and 616 of a modulation signal and an output phase signal, respectively. The modulation device 600 is similar in structure to themodulation device 300 ofFIG. 3 , comprising an input 602, a composite material 604 having a surface 603, an output 606, and a modulation signal application device 608, except that the composite material 604 is configured and controlled such that the phase of the incident radiation beam is modulated by the modulation signal CTL. The composite material 604 reflectively directs the radiation beam toward an output 606 such that a phase of the reflected radiation beam relative to the incident radiation beam varies according to an analog (or digital) value of a modulation signal CTL. The modulation device 600 is therefore operable as a phase modulator which, of course, can be used to modulate frequency as well. -
FIG. 7 illustrates a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) 702 according to an embodiment that harnesses the phase modulation capability of the modulation device 600 ofFIG. 6 , comprising a radiation splitter 711 that splits the incident radiation beam into two substantially equal split beams and directs each split beam along a distinct propagation path toward a respective phase modulator 700 a and 700 b, each being similar to the modulation device 600 ofFIG. 6 and comprising composite materials 704 a and 704 b, respectively. MZI 702 further comprises a radiation combiner 713 that combines the phase-modulated split beams into an output radiation beam. The phase modulators 700 a and 700 b are driven by coordinated control signals CTL1 and CTL2, usually in a push-pull fashion, to result in an intensity-modulated output which can be digital or analog in nature. -
FIGS. 8A-8B illustrate amodulation device 800 according to an embodiment for different states of a modulation signal CTL. Themodulation device 800 is similar in structure to the previously described modulation devices, comprising aninput 802, acomposite material 804 having asurface 803, anoutput 806, and a modulationsignal application device 808, except that thecomposite material 804 is anisotropic such that the resonant behavior giving rise to the negative values for μeff and εeff is obtainable for certain polarizations but not others. This polarization selective behavior can be used to achieve useful results. - For the example of
FIGS. 8A-8B , the composite material comprises alternatinglayers including layers 810 of split-ring resonator cells 807 andlayers 812 of wire grids. The split-ring resonator cells 807 are oriented to resonate when the magnetic field H is along the z-direction, while the wire grid cells are oriented to resonate when the electric field E is parallel to the x-y plane. Accordingly, assuming for simplicity that the radiation beam approaches thesurface 803 at a near-glazing angle, radiation having the polarization P2 will primarily be refracted into the composite material for a first state of the modulation signal (FIG. 8B ), and will be reflected toward theoutput 806 for a second state of the modulation signal CTL (FIG. 8A ). However, radiation having the polarization P1 will tend to reflect toward theoutput 806 regardless of the value of the modulation signal CTL. - Stated more loosely, radiation having the polarization P2 will tend to “see” the negative values for μeff and εeff while the polarization P1 will tend not to “see” the negative values for μeff and εeff. This polarization selective behavior can be used advantageously. For example, the
modulation device 800 can be operable as a polarization-selective switch or, with a second output attached to capture the refracted radiation, can serve as a controllably birefringent material. Importantly, although the previously described embodiments ofFIGS. 1-7 are most easily understood in the context of isotropic composite materials (i.e., radiation traveling along each of the x, y, and z axes is treated the same), and are therefore described as such without reference to polarization for purposes of clarity, it is to be appreciated (i) that each of the embodiments ofFIGS. 1-7 can be implemented with anisotropic composite materials as well, (ii) that the features and advantages of polarization selectivity can be incorporated into each such embodiment, and (iii) that the resultant devices and methods are all within the scope of the present teachings. As a general observation, it is to be noted that many typical negative-index materials tend toward being anisotropic in practice. - Whereas many alterations and modifications of the embodiments will no doubt become apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art after having read the foregoing description, it is to be understood that the particular embodiments shown and described by way of illustration are in no way intended to be considered limiting. By way of example, although described supra as an electrical and/or optical signal in one or more embodiments, the modulation signal can be mechanical, acoustic, thermal, etc., without departing from the scope of the present teachings. By way of further example, the modulation signals applied to the composite material are not limited to scalar quantities, such as single voltages or single control beam intensities, but rather can also comprise vector or matrix quantities representative of combined control signals, spatial intensity distributions, or even holographic modulation signals.
- By way of still further example, although described supra as being an optical frequency (including infrared, visible, and ultraviolet) or microwave frequency in one or more embodiments, the radiation beam being modulated can be at a radio frequency in contexts such as for large-scale radio telescope arrays, or even in the x-ray regime, without departing from the scope of the preferred embodiments. Thus, reference to the details of the described embodiments are not intended to limit their scope.
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