US20090150388A1 - NLP-based content recommender - Google Patents
NLP-based content recommender Download PDFInfo
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- US20090150388A1 US20090150388A1 US12/288,349 US28834908A US2009150388A1 US 20090150388 A1 US20090150388 A1 US 20090150388A1 US 28834908 A US28834908 A US 28834908A US 2009150388 A1 US2009150388 A1 US 2009150388A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
- G06F16/30—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of unstructured textual data
- G06F16/33—Querying
- G06F16/338—Presentation of query results
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
- G06F16/30—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of unstructured textual data
- G06F16/33—Querying
- G06F16/3331—Query processing
- G06F16/3332—Query translation
- G06F16/3338—Query expansion
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
- G06F16/30—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of unstructured textual data
- G06F16/33—Querying
- G06F16/3331—Query processing
- G06F16/334—Query execution
- G06F16/3344—Query execution using natural language analysis
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F40/00—Handling natural language data
- G06F40/20—Natural language analysis
- G06F40/205—Parsing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F40/00—Handling natural language data
- G06F40/20—Natural language analysis
- G06F40/279—Recognition of textual entities
- G06F40/289—Phrasal analysis, e.g. finite state techniques or chunking
- G06F40/295—Named entity recognition
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
- G06F16/30—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of unstructured textual data
- G06F16/36—Creation of semantic tools, e.g. ontology or thesauri
- G06F16/367—Ontology
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/048—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI]
- G06F3/0481—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI] based on specific properties of the displayed interaction object or a metaphor-based environment, e.g. interaction with desktop elements like windows or icons, or assisted by a cursor's changing behaviour or appearance
- G06F3/0482—Interaction with lists of selectable items, e.g. menus
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to methods, techniques, and systems for presenting content using natural language processing and, in particular, to methods, techniques, and systems for recognizing named entities using natural language processing and presenting content related thereto.
- FIG. 1A is an example screen display of an example mechanism for invoking a NLP-Based Content Recommender from a web page displayed in a web browser.
- FIG. 1B is an example screen display of an example NLP-Based Content Recommender presented to recommend content relating to underlying text.
- FIG. 1C is an example screen display illustrating the result of selection of one of the named entities in the underlying content.
- FIG. 1D is an example screen display of example refinements of recommendations of an example NLP-Based Content Recommender based upon selection of node in a connections map.
- FIG. 1E is an example screen display of an NLP-Based Content Recommender playing a selected video.
- FIG. 2 is an example screen display of another type of NLP-Based Content Recommender widget presented adjacent to content.
- FIGS. 3A-3E are example screen displays of a named entity profile presented by an example embodiment of an NLP-Based Content Recommender.
- FIGS. 4A-4C are example screen displays of another type of NLP-Based Content Recommender widget presented adjacent to content.
- FIG. 5 is an example code for installing an example embodiment of an NLP-Based Content Recommender in a content creator's Web page.
- FIGS. 6A-6D illustrate example screen displays for an example embodiment of an NLP-Based Content Recommender in the form of links to further information.
- FIGS. 7A and 7B are example screen displays that illustrate use of the widgets shown in FIGS. 1A-1D integrated into an application.
- FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate example screen displays for an example embodiment of an NLP-Based Content Recommender in the form of graphical links that can be used to navigate to further information.
- FIG. 9 is another example screen display of a graphical representation of connections.
- FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate another interface for presenting related content to an underlying named entity.
- FIGS. 11A-11C illustrate another example NCR widget that combines some of the previously described textual and graphical presentations to present related and/or auxiliary information.
- FIGS. 12A-12C illustrates another example NCR widget integrated into a website that provides links to news and blog information.
- FIG. 13 is an example block diagram of an example computing system that may be used to practice embodiments of a NLP-Based Content Recommender.
- Embodiments described herein provide enhanced computer- and network-assisted methods, techniques, and systems for using natural language processing techniques, potentially in conjunction with context or other related information, to locate and provide content related to entities that are recognized in associated material.
- Example embodiments provide one or more NLP-based content recommenders (“NCRs”) that each, based upon a natural language analysis of an underlying text segment, determine which entities are being referred to in the text segment and recommend additional content relating to such entities.
- NCRs NLP-based content recommenders
- NCRs may be useful in environments such as to support a user browsing pages of content on the Web.
- One or more NCRs may be embedded as widgets on such pages to assist users in their perusal and search for information, provided by means of browser plug-ins or other application plug-ins, provided in libraries or in standalone environments, or otherwise integrated into other code, programs, or devices.
- an NCR may be invoked to suggest additional relevant content by recognizing the entities referred to in the article and determining relevant additional content, organized by a number of factors, for example, by frequency of appearance of other information relating to one of the recognized entities in the article, by knowledge of the browse patterns of the reader, etc.
- An NCR might also be invoked to allow the reader to explore the top entities “connected” to one of the entities selected from the entities recognized in the news article. Connectedness in this sense refers to entities which are related to the selected recognized entity typically through one or more actions (verbs). Or an NCR might be invoked to “filter” or otherwise rank or order the content presented to the user.
- FIG. 1A is an example screen display of an example mechanism for invoking a NLP-Based Content Recommender from a web page displayed in a web browser.
- web browser 100 is shown displaying news article 104 .
- An icon 150 labeled “Evri” is display for invoking the NCR.
- FIG. 1B is an example screen display of an example NCR presented to recommend content relating to underlying text.
- the news article web page 104 is shown presented using web browser 100 as described with reference to FIG. 1A .
- An example NLP based content recommender 101 is displayed as a pop-up window 101 accessible from an icon 150 in FIG. 1A .
- the example embodiment of NCR 101 shows an section 103 of “Top Related Articles” and a filter section 102 of focus terms that may be used to filter the top related articles shown in section 103 .
- the NCR may use context information relating to source information that was used to establish and identify the entities (e.g., verbs, related entities, entities within close proximity in the underlying text or in other text, or other clues) in the recommendations.
- algorithms are employed for natural language-based entity recognition and disambiguation to determine which entities are present in the underlying text. For example, these algorithms may be incorporated to display an ordered list of all, or the most important, or the top “n” entities present on a Web page in conjunction with the underlying page. The items on the list can then be used to navigate to additional (related) content, for example, as “links” or other references to the content.
- the example NCR illustrated in FIG. 1B performs extensive NLP-based searching and processing in the background to identify the entities in the underlying article 104 and then to find and order the top related articles that are displayed in section 103 .
- an NLP-Based search mechanism can be incorporated by an NCR to find related (e.g., auxiliary or supplemental) information to recommend.
- Contextual and other information such as information from ontology knowledge base lookups or from other knowledge repositories may also be incorporated in establishing information to recommend.
- InFact® relationship search technology now the Evri relationship search technology
- U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/012,089 filed Dec. 13, 2004, which published on Dec. 1, 2005 as U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0267871A1, and which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- NLP-based processing is used to locate entities and the connections (relationships) between them based upon actions that link a source entity to a target entity, or visa versa (i.e., queries that specify a subject and/or an object, and zero or more verbs that may relate them).
- the InFact®/Evri technology provides a query language called “IQL” (now “EQL”) and a navigation tip system with query templates for generating relationship queries with or without a graphical user interface.
- Query templates and the navigation tip system may be incorporated by other code to automatically generate generalized searches of content that utilize sophisticated linguistics and/or knowledge-based analysis.
- the InFact®D/Evri tip system not only performs the NLP-based search, but can order the results as desired.
- the tip system can dynamically evolve the searches—hence the related entities—as the underlying text is changed, for example by filtering it using focus terms 102 in FIG. 1B . Additional information on the InFact®/Evri navigation tip system is found in U.S.
- NCRs are provided by means of a user interface control displayed adjacent to, approximate to, on or near other displayed content such as illustrated in FIG. 1B .
- a user interface control can be implemented in the form of a “widget” (e.g., a code module, excerpt, script, etc.), which can be made available to third parties and other content providers to associate with content they control.
- a user or other widget consumer (such as a content creator or distributor) can download a widget provided via a URI or URL (uniform resource identifier or locator), web portal, server, etc.
- a content creator may download an NCR widget for installing it as a plug-in in the creator's bogging platform.
- the NCR widget may have one or more associated representations, i.e., icons, images, or graphical symbols, which may take many different forms, and which can be displayed on a display screen and used to invoke the functionality of the widget.
- associated representations i.e., icons, images, or graphical symbols
- customizations such as different UI renderings, color schemes, capabilities, etc. may also be available when the widget is installed.
- NCR widget end users (those using the widgets to display related content) may also be provided with customizations.
- FIG. 5 is an example code for installing an example embodiment of an NCR in a content creator's Web page.
- the script 501 may be integrated to provide a pop-up window NCR widget, such as that illustrated in FIG. 1B .
- the script 501 and installation notes 502 are provided on a Web page controlled by the widget created.
- the particular script 501 is written in html (which includes JavaScript), appropriate other scripting languages (e.g., Ruby, Perl, and Python) can be used in other environments to include an NCR widget.
- a VisualBasic script may be used to provide a similar NCR widget in a Microsoft Office environment.
- NCR widgets need not be limited to displaying related content accessible via a Web browser. Indeed, NCR widgets also may be useful in a variety of other contexts and platforms, such as to create other mechanisms for finding sought after data in large repositories of information (e.g., corporate intelligence data bases, product information, etc.), to perform research or other discovery, to provide learning tools in educational environments, to navigate newsletters and archived articles for a company, etc. NCRs are intended to aid in conveying meaningful information to end users from among a morass of data without them necessarily knowing how to search for that information. They are intended to do a better job at emulating “understanding” the underlying text than a keyword search engine would, so that users can search less and understand more, or discover more with less work.
- a keyword search engine would, so that users can search less and understand more, or discover more with less work.
- NCR widgets present user interfaces that may vary depending upon the context in which they are integrated, their use, etc.
- FIGS. 1B-13 illustrate several different example embodiments of forms for such widgets that contain content summary information, and controls for navigating to related or other contextually-significant information.
- an indicator such as a hypertext link, or hyperlink
- user interface controls are provided to navigate to and among the various supplemental information.
- Many variations for presenting widgets/user interface controls are possible, and the ones presented in FIGS. 1B-13 are merely illustrative and not intended to be exhaustive.
- the name of entity e.g., Barack Obama
- an indication of the type of entity and/or its roles e.g., categories or facets, such as senator, democrat, presidential candidate.
- a list of facts about the entity and/or an overview of further content is displayed.
- an image associated with the named entity is also displayed.
- a link also referred to as a hyperlink, hypertext, or other indicator
- the link may be operated (e.g., selected or navigated to) by a user to navigate to recommended content.
- Other features, including more or different features may be provided or combined in an embodiment of an NCR as helpful in the context.
- the example NCR 101 in FIG. 1B is provided in a pop-window on top of underlying news article content 104 .
- the “Focus On” list in filter section 102 is created using the natural language processing methods described above.
- section 102 lists the “most important” named entities found in the underlying content as determined by NLP-based relationship searching (such as that provided by the InFact®/Evri relationship search technology). Different definitions of “most important” may be used in the NCR, including but not limited to frequency of use in the article, popularity among a set of documents searched, etc.
- FIG. 1C is an example screen display illustrating the result of selection of one of the named entities in the underlying content.
- the link “Barack Obama” 105 which is a named entity found in the underlying content
- the related articles section 109 changes to reflect new recommendations.
- the NCR executes a natural language based relationship query, such as an EQL query, in the background against some body of documents.
- the resulting information can be used to populate various fields in the user interface of the NCR and to find and suggest the recommended content that is displayed to the end user when, for example, the user navigates to such content via a displayed link.
- the related articles section 109 shows the result of executing a query of Barack Obama relating (in one or more ways described by actions/verbs) to one or more of the named entities in the underlying content (the news article 104 ).
- the illustrated NCR 110 also includes a “Connections” section 106 , which provides a graphical map of the entities related to the selected named entity 105 .
- the entities included in the graphical map 106 may be selected by the NCR 110 as the most popular entities, the most frequently described in the top related articles, or using other rules.
- the entities in the connections map 106 are color-coded based upon their base type: for example, whether they are persons, places, or things (which may include organizations, products, etc.).
- An end user may select one of the nodes 107 on the map 106 , to further change the recommendations by refining what is considered “related.”
- FIG. 1D is an example screen display of example refinements of recommendations of an example NCR based upon selection of node in a connections map.
- the user has selected the node “Ohio” 106 , which has caused the NCR to change its background searches to focus the recommendations on articles in which “Barack Obama” is connected (related by action/verb) to then entity “Ohio.” This changed focus is reflected in field 122 .
- the articles now displayed in the recommended articles section 121 reflect the top articles that describe something about Baracks interactions with Ohio.
- Full profiles are obtainable by selection of the links for the named entities in the related articles section 121 ; that is for the entities 124 .
- Example NCRs also may include still and or video images.
- link 123 By selecting link 123 , the user can navigate to recommended videos that relate to the relationship between “Barack Obama” and “Ohio.” Note that these recommendations may also be ordered and/or ranked.
- FIG. 1E is an example screen display of an NCR playing a selected video. A video 132 of Barack Obama is played in response to user selection of the video link 122 . Images, when available, may be displayed similarly.
- FIGS. 1B-1E provide an example of one type of NCR. Many other example, including ones with very different appearing user interfaces, may be implemented.
- FIG. 2 is an example screen display of another type of NCR widget presented adjacent to content.
- the NCR 201 is provided next to news article 200 and comprises and entity information section 202 , a related articles section 203 , and a connections map 206 .
- the related articles section 203 and connections map 206 operate similarly to those described with reference to FIGS. 1B-1E .
- persons e.g., Jennifer Brunner 208
- places e.g., Ohio 207
- things—organizations e.g., social security administration 206
- the entity information section 202 includes named entities from the article 200 , ordered. In the embodiment shown, they are ordered in importance. Other orderings can be similarly incorporated.
- the NCR 201 also displays a link 204 to the profile (description of the named entity) of the most relevant named entity “Jennifer Brunner.”
- FIGS. 3A-3E are example screen displays of a named entity profile presented by an example embodiment of an NCR.
- the user interface and controls are different than those provided in FIGS. 1B and 2 ; however, many of the same capabilities of an NCR are present.
- the example NCR of FIG. 3A provides a connection map 301 and a top articles section 303 that recommends the “top” articles relating to the named entity “Jennifer Brunner.” Again, these articles may be ordered based upon the most current and/or frequency of mentioning Ms. Brunner, popularity of access to articles, most relationships entities connected to Ms. Brunner, or based upon other definitions of topmost.
- the NCR also provides a user interface control 302 for modifying (by filtering based upon action) the articles 303 displayed.
- the NCR includes a recommended images area 307 with links to one or more images; a recommended videos area 308 with links to one or more videos; a section reserved for advertisements 306 (which may also be targeted to the profile being displayed); top connections links 304 to explore profiles of the entities most current and relevant to the displayed profile and to filter the top articles section 303 ; and an about section 305 , which contains a brief description and fast facts regarding the named entity whose profile is being displayed.
- FIG. 3B illustrated details of the connections map shown in FIG. 3A .
- the large central circle (or node) e.g., node 311
- the smaller nodes e.g., node 312
- the lines between the nodes represent the actual connection, which may be presented, for example, when the user hovers an input device over the dot on the line.
- the action e.g., dot 310
- the top articles section is updated to reflect that connection.
- FIG. 3C illustrates the modifications to the articles 303 displayed when the user interface control 302 is select to cause filtering based upon a selected action.
- the user has selected the action (i.e., verb) “governing.”
- the NCR displays the top articles 332 that show the current entity “Jennifer Brunner” in a governing relation with other entities.
- the top recommended images section 333 and videos section 334 have been updated as well.
- the user interface control 302 also includes modifiers of the various named entities, so that the user may follow leads and find more information on, for example, the roles of the various entities.
- the powerful NLP based search processing identifies the topmost entities in the relationship displayed by the articles recommended in section 322 . That is, these are the entities involved in a “governing” relationship with “Jennifer Brunner.”
- FIG. 3D lists these related entities in section 340 , which can be selected to further filter the top articles display. For example, when the user selects the “Oberlin College” link 346 , the filtering (an abbreviate EQL) is shown in area 341 , the articles are changed to reflect the selection in top articles 342 , and the recommended images links 343 and videos links 344 are also updated. By selecting the icon 350 , the user is able to navigate to the profile page for that entity when one is available.
- FIG. 3E is an example of the profile page 351 for Oberlin College displayed when the icon 350 is selected for the Oberlin College link 346 .
- FIGS. 4A-4C are example screen displays of another type of NCR widget presented adjacent to content.
- the NCR 402 is display below the news article 401 .
- the behavior of this NCR widget is similar to that described with reference to FIGS. 1A-1E .
- FIG. 4A illustrates what the NCR looks like when it is invoked.
- FIG. 4B illustrates the results when a user selects the connection node “White House” (in relation to Barack Obama).
- FIG. 4C illustrates example results when the user selects a related named entity.
- the connection map 423 and the related top articles 422 are changed to reflect that entity as the focus.
- Other behaviors are of course possible.
- FIGS. 6-13 are provide a variety of additional forms for the user interfaces of example embodiments of an NCR.
- FIGS. 6A-6D illustrate example screen displays for an example embodiment of an NLP-Based Content Recommender in the form of (hypertext) links to further information.
- the link can be used to navigate to the information, which is based upon the entities recognized in the underlying content.
- FIGS. 6A and 6D several recommendation user interface controls and “tips” are illustrated (and presumed to be based upon the underlying content shown, or resultant from a relationship search).
- tip 609 displays information relating to Al gori
- tip 601 displays information relating to Barack Obama.
- other forms/presentations are displayed beneath them.
- an NCR tip or user interface control may depend upon the information available.
- the name of the entity 602 e.g., Barack Obama
- the entity types and roles relating to the entity 603 e.g., senator, democrat, presidential candidate.
- a list of facts about the entity 604 or 608 , with or without tags, and/or an overview 607 of further content is displayed.
- an image 606 associated with the named entity is also displayed.
- a link 605 (also referred to as a hyperlink, hypertext, or other indicator) may be displayed.
- the link 605 may be further navigated by a user to display recommended content.
- the link 605 may be used to navigate to an NCR widget provided, for example, on a designated website, or transparently.
- a list 660 is displayed of the recognized entities in an underlying text segment. This list 660 presents an indicator of the name of the entity, optionally followed by a symbol 611 of some sort, when further content is available. For example, when “Barack Obama” is selected, one of the tips 601 is displayed as previously described. Similarly, when the “United States of America” is selected, a UI control such as tip 620 is presented.
- the NCR widget presents a set of actions 612 , and, when an action is selected, a list of the relationships 613 .
- selecting the action (or verb) will generate a representation of the subjects or objects related to the selected entity via that verb.
- a list of the most relevant articles 614 to the currently displayed article is also presented. This list can be implemented using the InFact®/Evri search technology described in detail elsewhere. For example, the summary sentence that is displayed for each article may indicate where the specific relationship was found.
- an IQL/EQL query may be performed against the last “W” weeks of news content to return related information.
- “N” results are returned for actions performed by the entity, in this case United States of America, sorted by action (verb) frequency.
- the top “V” verbs are then displayed, as seen in action list 612 .
- actions could be derived from an NLP-based relationship extraction of the context (trigger) text or a set of documents related to the context text, or from other sources.
- FIGS. 7A and 7B are example screen displays that illustrate use of the widgets shown in FIGS. 6A-6D integrated into an application, such as a news content provider site.
- underlying content 700 such as a news article about Barack Obama
- an information widget such as widget 701 is displayed. This widget 701 has similar fields to those described with reference to FIGS. 1B-1D above.
- the progression from FIGS. 7A to 7B shows how the illustrated NCR widget can be dynamically updated as information is found or computed.
- the widget can populate the relationships field 704 based upon the content shown in the most relevant articles field 710 , which in turn is based upon the selected entity from entity list 702 and the selected action from action list 703 .
- the content of these fields is periodically updated, potentially automatically (and transparently) by rerunning the appropriate NLP queries on a periodic or defined schedule.
- FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate example screen displays for an example embodiment of an NLP-Based Content Recommender in the form of graphical links that can be used to navigate to further information.
- relationships are represented as connected nodes, and recommended content is used as “annotations” to the nodes and/or the connectors.
- entities 801 , 802 , 804 , and 805 are shown linked through their relationships. Entities 801 and 802 are person entities; whereas entities 804 and 805 are an organization entity and an event entity, respectively.
- a tip 850 is displayed with initial information 852 similar to that described with reference to FIGS. 6A-6D . Again, part of the displayed tip is a link (here labeled “(read, more)”) to further information.
- a link here labeled “(read, more)”
- a detailed entity page 860 is displayed, which can be populated not just with static information, but with further content accessible via an NCR widget.
- the relationship of entity Kaela Kennelly 801 to the ASP Women's World Tour 2006 event entity 830 is represented in summarized form in tip 831 .
- a more extended form of related content page 830 is displayed.
- the extended form 830 shows a list of categories of related content 834 , for example news & blogs, pictures and video, and a related website.
- An embodiment of an NCR widget can be used to present and drive the content and/or the links displayed in the extended page 830 .
- the user can return to the summary form by selecting a “less” graphical indicator 832 .
- FIGS. 9 , 10 A, 10 B, 11 A- 11 C, and 12 A- 12 C illustrate additional alternatives for providing user interfaces and/or tips via an NCR widget used to provide related or recommended content.
- FIG. 9 is another example screen display of a graphical representation of connections.
- a graphical representation is shown of the connections between a subject entity, here “Keala Kennelly, and all of the entities she interacts with. Entities having more distant connections, for example, as determined by the frequency of the relationships encountered, are displayed as nodes that appear further from the node that represents Keala.
- FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate another interface for presenting related content to an underlying named entity, for example, one either selected by a user directly, or perhaps even indirectly via entity recognition of entities presented on an underlying web page.
- content relating to a named entity 1001 “Arnold Schwarzenegger” is presented.
- Fast facts area 1004 displays a number of tidbits of quick information regarding the named entity 1001 , which may be available as determined by the frequency of information gleaned during the natural language based analysis of related information or other contextual information.
- Roles list 1002 contains a list of all of the roles (facets for or categories) found for the named entity 1001 .
- a detailed entity description 1005 is shown followed by a graphical representation of his roles, which display shows a “weighting” associated with such roles.
- Questions area 1006 illustrates the use of query templates and navigation tips for finding and presenting related information without the user needing to type in a query via a query language such as IQL/EQL.
- Related entities area 1008 also supported by comprehensive NLP based searching and indexing, allows the user to navigate to other related information.
- FIGS. 11A-11C illustrate another example NCR widget that combines some of the previously described textual and graphical presentations to present related and/or auxiliary information.
- the user is presented with an NCR widget 1110 displayed in the foreground of the underlying (news) content 1100 .
- the widget presents a list 1102 with quick summaries of the most relevant similar articles to the underlying content 1100 along with a graphical representation of the “connections” (relationships) 1107 to entities that appear in the article 11011 selected from the related articles list 1102 .
- FIG. 11B shows an alternative graphical representation of the connections 1112 derived from a selected article 1111 of articles list 1102 .
- FIG. 11C is an illustration of an image 1120 rendered in response to user selection of image 1111 from a display of images.
- FIGS. 12A-12C illustrates another example NCR widget integrated into a website that provides links to news and blog information.
- the presentations of this NCR widget focus on timeliness and frequency concepts, and thus the various displays may be organized differently than might be presented elsewhere.
- the article summary list 1200 displayed under the “Related News and Blogs” tab may be beneficial in social networking and/or blogging venues in that they are brief, list the source of the content, and the time when posted.
- FIG. 12B under the “Most Popular Content” tab, the entity names that appear in the most frequent news and blog postings are displayed with graphical indications according to their importance to and frequency found within the documents being searched (for example, in real time).
- FIG. 12C illustrates, under the “Connections” tab, a representation of the connections (relationships) 1210 that may be explored in the articles summarized in article summary list 1200 .
- These connection nodes are the result of relationship queries on the underlying documents summarized in article summary list 1200 .
- representations for presenting recommended content by means of an NLP-Based Content Recommenders are also contemplated. It is notable that many such representations hide the power of the underlying relationship indexing and searching technology by giving the user simple navigation tools and hints for getting more information. Moreover, the information is determined, calculated, and presented in substantially real-time or near real-time, and may be dynamically updated periodically, or at specified intervals, or according to different schedules.
- An NCR widget may be implemented using standard programming techniques that leverage the capabilities of a NLP-based processing engine that can perform indexing and relationship searching. It is to be understood that, although the interfaces illustrated in FIGS. 1B-12 are described as incorporating the powerful capabilities of NLP processing, less sophisticated searching techniques can also take advantage of the user interface designs of such widgets, tips, and user interface controls to the extent they are able to generate a portion of the content.
- FIG. 13 is an example block diagram of an example computing system that may be used to practice embodiments of a NLP-Based Content Recommender. Note that a general purpose or a special purpose computing system may be used to implement an NCR. Further, the NCR may be implemented in software, hardware, firmware, or in some combination to achieve the capabilities described herein.
- Computing system 1300 may comprise one or more server and/or client computing systems and may span distributed locations.
- each block shown may represent one or more such blocks as appropriate to a specific embodiment or may be combined with other blocks.
- the various blocks of the NCR 1310 may physically reside on one or more machines, which use standard (e.g., TCP/IP) or proprietary interprocess communication mechanisms to communicate with each other.
- computer system 1300 comprises a computer memory (“memory”) 1301 , a display 1302 , one or more Central Processing Units (“CPU”) 1303 , Input/Output devices 1304 (e.g., keyboard, mouse, CRT or LCD display, etc.), other computer-readable media 1305 , and network connections 1306 .
- the NCR 1310 is shown residing in memory 1301 . In other embodiments, some portion of the contents, some of, or all of the components of the NCR 1310 may be stored on and/or transmitted over the other computer-readable media 1305 .
- the components of the NCR 1310 preferably execute on one or more CPUs 1303 and perform entity identification and present content recommendations, as described herein.
- code or programs 1330 and potentially other data repositories also reside in the memory 1301 , and preferably execute on one or more CPUs 1303 .
- one or more of the components in FIG. 13 may not be present in any particular implementation.
- some embodiments embedded in other software may not provide means for other user input or display.
- the NCR 1310 includes an entity identification engine 1311 , a knowledge analysis engine 1312 , an NCR user interface support module 1313 , an NLP parsing engine or preprocessor 1314 , an NCR API 1317 , a data repository (or interface thereto) for storing document NLP data 1316 , and a knowledge data repository 1315 , for example, an ontology index, for storing information from a multitude of internal and/or external sources.
- one or more of the NLP parsing engine/preprocessor 1314 , the entity identification engine 1311 , and the knowledge analysis engine 1312 are provided external to the NCR and are available, potentially, over one or more networks 1380 .
- Other and or different modules may be implemented.
- the NCR 1310 may interact via a network 1380 with applications or client code 1355 that uses results computed by the NCR 1310 , one or more client computing systems 1360 , and/or one or more third-party information provider systems 1365 , such as purveyors of information used in knowledge data repository 1315 .
- the knowledge data 1315 and the document data 1316 may be provided external to the NCR as well, for example, and be accessible over one or more networks 1380 to the NCR.
- components/modules of the NCR 1310 are implemented using standard programming techniques.
- a range of programming languages known in the art may be employed for implementing such example embodiments, including representative implementations of various programming language paradigms, including but not limited to, object-oriented (e.g., Java, C++, C#, Smalltalk), functional (e.g., ML, Lisp, Scheme, etc.), procedural (e.g., C, Pascal, Ada, Modula, etc.), scripting (e.g., Perl, Ruby, Python, JavaScript, VBScript, etc.), declarative (e.g., SQL, Prolog, etc.), etc.
- object-oriented e.g., Java, C++, C#, Smalltalk
- functional e.g., ML, Lisp, Scheme, etc.
- procedural e.g., C, Pascal, Ada, Modula, etc.
- scripting e.g., Perl, Ruby, Python, JavaScript, VBScript, etc.
- the embodiments described use well-known or proprietary synchronous or asynchronous client-sever computing techniques.
- the various components may be implemented using more monolithic programming techniques as well, for example, as an executable running on a single CPU computer system, or alternately decomposed using a variety of structuring techniques known in the art, including but not limited to, multiprogramming, multithreading, client-server, or peer-to-peer, running on one or more computer systems each having one or more CPUs.
- Some embodiments are illustrated as executing concurrently and asynchronously and communicating using message passing techniques. Equivalent synchronous embodiments are also supported by an NCR implementation.
- programming interfaces to the data stored as part of the NCR 1310 can be made available by standard means such as through C, C++, C#, and Java APIs; libraries for accessing files, databases, or other data repositories; through scripting languages such as XML; or through Web servers, FTP servers, or other types of servers providing access to stored data.
- the data repositories 1315 and 1316 may be implemented as one or more database systems, file systems, or any other method known in the art for storing such information, or any combination of the above, including implementation using distributed computing techniques.
- the example NCR 1310 may be implemented in a distributed environment comprising multiple, even heterogeneous, computer systems and networks.
- the modules 1311 - 1314 , and 1317 , and the data repositories 1315 and 1316 are all located in physically different computer systems.
- various modules of the NCR 1310 are hosted each on a separate server machine and may be remotely located from the tables which are stored in the data repositories 1315 and 1316 .
- one or more of the modules may themselves be distributed, pooled or otherwise grouped, such as for load balancing, reliability or security reasons. Different configurations and locations of programs and data are contemplated for use with techniques of described herein.
- a variety of distributed computing techniques are appropriate for implementing the components of the illustrated embodiments in a distributed manner including but not limited to TCP/IP sockets, RPC, RMI, HTTP, Web Services (XML-RPC, JAX-RPC, SOAP, etc.). Other variations are possible. Also, other functionality could be provided by each component/module, or existing functionality could be distributed amongst the components/modules in different ways, yet still achieve the functions of an NCR.
- some or all of the components of the NCR may be implemented or provided in other manners, such as at least partially in firmware and/or hardware, including, but not limited to, one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), standard integrated circuits, controllers (e.g., by executing appropriate instructions, and including microcontrollers and/or embedded controllers), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs), etc.
- ASICs application-specific integrated circuits
- controllers e.g., by executing appropriate instructions, and including microcontrollers and/or embedded controllers
- FPGAs field-programmable gate arrays
- CPLDs complex programmable logic devices
- system components and/or data structures may also be stored as contents (e.g., as executable or other machine-readable software instructions or structured data) on a computer-readable medium (e.g., as a hard disk; a memory; a computer network or cellular wireless network or other data transmission medium; or a portable media article to be read by an appropriate drive or via an appropriate connection, such as a DVD or flash memory device) so as to enable or configure the computer-readable medium and/or one or more associated computing systems or devices to execute or otherwise use or provide the contents to perform at least some of the described techniques.
- a computer-readable medium e.g., as a hard disk; a memory; a computer network or cellular wireless network or other data transmission medium; or a portable media article to be read by an appropriate drive or via an appropriate connection, such as a DVD or flash memory device
- system components and data structures may also be transmitted as contents of generated data signals (e.g., by being encoded as part of a carrier wave or otherwise included as part of an analog or digital propagated signal) on a variety of computer-readable transmission mediums, including wireless-based and wired/cable-based mediums, and may take a variety of forms (e.g., as part of a single or multiplexed analog signal, or as multiple discrete digital packets or frames).
- Such computer program products may also take other forms in other embodiments. Accordingly, embodiments of the present disclosure may be practiced with other computer system configurations.
- the methods, techniques, and systems for entity recognition and disambiguation are applicable to other architectures other than a Web-based architecture.
- other systems that are programmed to perform natural language processing can be employed.
- the methods, techniques, and systems discussed herein are applicable to differing query languages, protocols, communication media (optical, wireless, cable, etc.) and devices (such as wireless handsets, electronic organizers, personal digital assistants, portable email machines, game machines, pagers, navigation devices such as GPS receivers, etc.).
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Abstract
Description
- The present disclosure relates to methods, techniques, and systems for presenting content using natural language processing and, in particular, to methods, techniques, and systems for recognizing named entities using natural language processing and presenting content related thereto.
- With more than 15 billion documents on the World Wide Web (the Web) today, it has become very difficult for users to find desired information or to discover relevant information. Typically, a user engages a keyword (Boolean) based search engine to enter terms that s/he thinks relates to the topic of interest. Unfortunately, there could be hundreds of thousands of documents with similar keywords requiring readers to sort out what is relevant. Moreover, once a user has followed links (e.g., hyperlinks, hypertext, indicators, etc.) to more than a few web pages, it is highly likely that the user has navigated to a point that makes it difficult to retrace steps.
- Thus, although the volume of documents on the Web potentially makes a lot more information available to the average person, it takes a fair bit of time to actually find documents that are useful.
- The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawings will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.
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FIG. 1A is an example screen display of an example mechanism for invoking a NLP-Based Content Recommender from a web page displayed in a web browser. -
FIG. 1B is an example screen display of an example NLP-Based Content Recommender presented to recommend content relating to underlying text. -
FIG. 1C is an example screen display illustrating the result of selection of one of the named entities in the underlying content. -
FIG. 1D is an example screen display of example refinements of recommendations of an example NLP-Based Content Recommender based upon selection of node in a connections map. -
FIG. 1E is an example screen display of an NLP-Based Content Recommender playing a selected video. -
FIG. 2 is an example screen display of another type of NLP-Based Content Recommender widget presented adjacent to content. -
FIGS. 3A-3E are example screen displays of a named entity profile presented by an example embodiment of an NLP-Based Content Recommender. -
FIGS. 4A-4C are example screen displays of another type of NLP-Based Content Recommender widget presented adjacent to content. -
FIG. 5 is an example code for installing an example embodiment of an NLP-Based Content Recommender in a content creator's Web page. -
FIGS. 6A-6D illustrate example screen displays for an example embodiment of an NLP-Based Content Recommender in the form of links to further information. -
FIGS. 7A and 7B are example screen displays that illustrate use of the widgets shown inFIGS. 1A-1D integrated into an application. -
FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate example screen displays for an example embodiment of an NLP-Based Content Recommender in the form of graphical links that can be used to navigate to further information. -
FIG. 9 is another example screen display of a graphical representation of connections. -
FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate another interface for presenting related content to an underlying named entity. -
FIGS. 11A-11C illustrate another example NCR widget that combines some of the previously described textual and graphical presentations to present related and/or auxiliary information. -
FIGS. 12A-12C illustrates another example NCR widget integrated into a website that provides links to news and blog information. -
FIG. 13 is an example block diagram of an example computing system that may be used to practice embodiments of a NLP-Based Content Recommender. - Embodiments described herein provide enhanced computer- and network-assisted methods, techniques, and systems for using natural language processing techniques, potentially in conjunction with context or other related information, to locate and provide content related to entities that are recognized in associated material. Example embodiments provide one or more NLP-based content recommenders (“NCRs”) that each, based upon a natural language analysis of an underlying text segment, determine which entities are being referred to in the text segment and recommend additional content relating to such entities.
- NCRs may be useful in environments such as to support a user browsing pages of content on the Web. One or more NCRs may be embedded as widgets on such pages to assist users in their perusal and search for information, provided by means of browser plug-ins or other application plug-ins, provided in libraries or in standalone environments, or otherwise integrated into other code, programs, or devices.
- For example, when a news article is being displayed in a Web browser, an NCR may be invoked to suggest additional relevant content by recognizing the entities referred to in the article and determining relevant additional content, organized by a number of factors, for example, by frequency of appearance of other information relating to one of the recognized entities in the article, by knowledge of the browse patterns of the reader, etc. An NCR might also be invoked to allow the reader to explore the top entities “connected” to one of the entities selected from the entities recognized in the news article. Connectedness in this sense refers to entities which are related to the selected recognized entity typically through one or more actions (verbs). Or an NCR might be invoked to “filter” or otherwise rank or order the content presented to the user.
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FIG. 1A is an example screen display of an example mechanism for invoking a NLP-Based Content Recommender from a web page displayed in a web browser. InFIG. 1A ,web browser 100 is shown displayingnews article 104. Anicon 150 labeled “Evri” is display for invoking the NCR. -
FIG. 1B is an example screen display of an example NCR presented to recommend content relating to underlying text. The newsarticle web page 104 is shown presented usingweb browser 100 as described with reference toFIG. 1A . An example NLP basedcontent recommender 101 is displayed as a pop-upwindow 101 accessible from anicon 150 inFIG. 1A . The example embodiment of NCR 101 shows ansection 103 of “Top Related Articles” and afilter section 102 of focus terms that may be used to filter the top related articles shown insection 103. - In at least some embodiments, the NCR may use context information relating to source information that was used to establish and identify the entities (e.g., verbs, related entities, entities within close proximity in the underlying text or in other text, or other clues) in the recommendations. In some embodiments, algorithms are employed for natural language-based entity recognition and disambiguation to determine which entities are present in the underlying text. For example, these algorithms may be incorporated to display an ordered list of all, or the most important, or the top “n” entities present on a Web page in conjunction with the underlying page. The items on the list can then be used to navigate to additional (related) content, for example, as “links” or other references to the content. The example NCR illustrated in
FIG. 1B performs extensive NLP-based searching and processing in the background to identify the entities in theunderlying article 104 and then to find and order the top related articles that are displayed insection 103. - An example system that supports the generation of an ordered list of entities is described in co-pending U.S. patent application filed concurrently herewith, and titled “NLP-Based Entity Recognition and Disambiguation,” which is incorporated by reference it its entirety.
- In addition, in at least some embodiments, an NLP-Based search mechanism can be incorporated by an NCR to find related (e.g., auxiliary or supplemental) information to recommend. Contextual and other information, such as information from ontology knowledge base lookups or from other knowledge repositories may also be incorporated in establishing information to recommend. One such system and methods for generating related content using relationship searching is encompassed in the InFact® relationship search technology (now the Evri relationship search technology), described in more detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/012,089, filed Dec. 13, 2004, which published on Dec. 1, 2005 as U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0267871A1, and which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In this system, NLP-based processing is used to locate entities and the connections (relationships) between them based upon actions that link a source entity to a target entity, or visa versa (i.e., queries that specify a subject and/or an object, and zero or more verbs that may relate them).
- In addition, the InFact®/Evri technology provides a query language called “IQL” (now “EQL”) and a navigation tip system with query templates for generating relationship queries with or without a graphical user interface. Query templates and the navigation tip system may be incorporated by other code to automatically generate generalized searches of content that utilize sophisticated linguistics and/or knowledge-based analysis. The InFact®D/Evri tip system not only performs the NLP-based search, but can order the results as desired. In addition, the tip system can dynamically evolve the searches—hence the related entities—as the underlying text is changed, for example by filtering it using
focus terms 102 inFIG. 1B . Additional information on the InFact®/Evri navigation tip system is found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/601,602, filed Nov. 16, 2006, which published on Jul. 5, 2007 as U.S. Patent Publication No. 2007/0156669A1, and in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/049,184, filed Mar. 14, 2008, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties. Other and or different NLP-based processing may similarly be incorporated by example embodiments of an NCR. - In at least some embodiments, NCRs are provided by means of a user interface control displayed adjacent to, approximate to, on or near other displayed content such as illustrated in
FIG. 1B . Such an interface control can be implemented in the form of a “widget” (e.g., a code module, excerpt, script, etc.), which can be made available to third parties and other content providers to associate with content they control. In addition, a user or other widget consumer (such as a content creator or distributor) can download a widget provided via a URI or URL (uniform resource identifier or locator), web portal, server, etc. For example, a content creator may download an NCR widget for installing it as a plug-in in the creator's bogging platform. The NCR widget may have one or more associated representations, i.e., icons, images, or graphical symbols, which may take many different forms, and which can be displayed on a display screen and used to invoke the functionality of the widget. In some embodiments, customizations, such as different UI renderings, color schemes, capabilities, etc. may also be available when the widget is installed. Also, in some embodiments, NCR widget end users (those using the widgets to display related content) may also be provided with customizations. -
FIG. 5 is an example code for installing an example embodiment of an NCR in a content creator's Web page. In particular, thescript 501 may be integrated to provide a pop-up window NCR widget, such as that illustrated inFIG. 1B . In this example, thescript 501 and installation notes 502 are provided on a Web page controlled by the widget created. Although theparticular script 501 is written in html (which includes JavaScript), appropriate other scripting languages (e.g., Ruby, Perl, and Python) can be used in other environments to include an NCR widget. For example, a VisualBasic script may be used to provide a similar NCR widget in a Microsoft Office environment. - Such widgets need not be limited to displaying related content accessible via a Web browser. Indeed, NCR widgets also may be useful in a variety of other contexts and platforms, such as to create other mechanisms for finding sought after data in large repositories of information (e.g., corporate intelligence data bases, product information, etc.), to perform research or other discovery, to provide learning tools in educational environments, to navigate newsletters and archived articles for a company, etc. NCRs are intended to aid in conveying meaningful information to end users from among a morass of data without them necessarily knowing how to search for that information. They are intended to do a better job at emulating “understanding” the underlying text than a keyword search engine would, so that users can search less and understand more, or discover more with less work.
- NCR widgets present user interfaces that may vary depending upon the context in which they are integrated, their use, etc.
FIGS. 1B-13 illustrate several different example embodiments of forms for such widgets that contain content summary information, and controls for navigating to related or other contextually-significant information. In at least some embodiments, an indicator (such as a hypertext link, or hyperlink) is displayed proximate to a respective entity if more or recommended related information is available. Also, in some embodiments user interface controls are provided to navigate to and among the various supplemental information. Many variations for presenting widgets/user interface controls are possible, and the ones presented inFIGS. 1B-13 are merely illustrative and not intended to be exhaustive. - In at least some of the NCRs, the name of entity (e.g., Barack Obama) is provided along with an indication of the type of entity and/or its roles (e.g., categories or facets, such as senator, democrat, presidential candidate). Then, for some NCRs, a list of facts about the entity and/or an overview of further content is displayed. In at least some embodiments, an image associated with the named entity is also displayed. Importantly, if more information (as determined by the NCR) is available, then a link (also referred to as a hyperlink, hypertext, or other indicator) may be displayed. The link may be operated (e.g., selected or navigated to) by a user to navigate to recommended content. Other features, including more or different features may be provided or combined in an embodiment of an NCR as helpful in the context.
- For example, as described earlier, the
example NCR 101 inFIG. 1B is provided in a pop-window on top of underlyingnews article content 104. The “Focus On” list infilter section 102 is created using the natural language processing methods described above. In particular,section 102 lists the “most important” named entities found in the underlying content as determined by NLP-based relationship searching (such as that provided by the InFact®/Evri relationship search technology). Different definitions of “most important” may be used in the NCR, including but not limited to frequency of use in the article, popularity among a set of documents searched, etc. -
FIG. 1C is an example screen display illustrating the result of selection of one of the named entities in the underlying content. In particular, when the user selects, from thefilter section 102, the link “Barack Obama” 105, which is a named entity found in the underlying content, therelated articles section 109 changes to reflect new recommendations. In at least some embodiments, the NCR executes a natural language based relationship query, such as an EQL query, in the background against some body of documents. The resulting information can be used to populate various fields in the user interface of the NCR and to find and suggest the recommended content that is displayed to the end user when, for example, the user navigates to such content via a displayed link. Accordingly, therelated articles section 109 shows the result of executing a query of Barack Obama relating (in one or more ways described by actions/verbs) to one or more of the named entities in the underlying content (the news article 104). - The illustrated
NCR 110 also includes a “Connections”section 106, which provides a graphical map of the entities related to the selected namedentity 105. The entities included in thegraphical map 106 may be selected by theNCR 110 as the most popular entities, the most frequently described in the top related articles, or using other rules. In one embodiment, as shown, the entities in the connections map 106 are color-coded based upon their base type: for example, whether they are persons, places, or things (which may include organizations, products, etc.). An end user may select one of thenodes 107 on themap 106, to further change the recommendations by refining what is considered “related.” -
FIG. 1D is an example screen display of example refinements of recommendations of an example NCR based upon selection of node in a connections map. InFIG. 1D , the user has selected the node “Ohio” 106, which has caused the NCR to change its background searches to focus the recommendations on articles in which “Barack Obama” is connected (related by action/verb) to then entity “Ohio.” This changed focus is reflected infield 122. The articles now displayed in the recommendedarticles section 121 reflect the top articles that describe something about Baracks interactions with Ohio. Full profiles (descriptions of useful, related information) are obtainable by selection of the links for the named entities in therelated articles section 121; that is for theentities 124. - Example NCRs also may include still and or video images. By selecting
link 123, the user can navigate to recommended videos that relate to the relationship between “Barack Obama” and “Ohio.” Note that these recommendations may also be ordered and/or ranked.FIG. 1E is an example screen display of an NCR playing a selected video. Avideo 132 of Barack Obama is played in response to user selection of thevideo link 122. Images, when available, may be displayed similarly. - Note that
FIGS. 1B-1E provide an example of one type of NCR. Many other example, including ones with very different appearing user interfaces, may be implemented. -
FIG. 2 is an example screen display of another type of NCR widget presented adjacent to content. TheNCR 201 is provided next tonews article 200 and comprises andentity information section 202, arelated articles section 203, and aconnections map 206. Therelated articles section 203 and connections map 206 operate similarly to those described with reference toFIGS. 1B-1E . As is observable, in thisparticular NCR 201, persons (e.g., Jennifer Brunner 208) are color coded in green, places (e.g., Ohio 207) in blue, and things—organizations (e.g., social security administration 206) in red. Theentity information section 202 includes named entities from thearticle 200, ordered. In the embodiment shown, they are ordered in importance. Other orderings can be similarly incorporated. TheNCR 201 also displays alink 204 to the profile (description of the named entity) of the most relevant named entity “Jennifer Brunner.” -
FIGS. 3A-3E are example screen displays of a named entity profile presented by an example embodiment of an NCR. As can be observed, the user interface and controls are different than those provided inFIGS. 1B and 2 ; however, many of the same capabilities of an NCR are present. In particular, the example NCR ofFIG. 3A provides aconnection map 301 and atop articles section 303 that recommends the “top” articles relating to the named entity “Jennifer Brunner.” Again, these articles may be ordered based upon the most current and/or frequency of mentioning Ms. Brunner, popularity of access to articles, most relationships entities connected to Ms. Brunner, or based upon other definitions of topmost. The NCR also provides auser interface control 302 for modifying (by filtering based upon action) thearticles 303 displayed. In addition, the NCR includes a recommendedimages area 307 with links to one or more images; a recommendedvideos area 308 with links to one or more videos; a section reserved for advertisements 306 (which may also be targeted to the profile being displayed);top connections links 304 to explore profiles of the entities most current and relevant to the displayed profile and to filter thetop articles section 303; and an aboutsection 305, which contains a brief description and fast facts regarding the named entity whose profile is being displayed. -
FIG. 3B illustrated details of the connections map shown inFIG. 3A . In particular, in connections map 320, the large central circle (or node) (e.g., node 311) represents the profiled person, place, or thing. The smaller nodes (e.g., node 312) are its top connections. The lines between the nodes (e.g., line/dot 310) represent the actual connection, which may be presented, for example, when the user hovers an input device over the dot on the line. When a user selects the action (e.g., dot 310), the top articles section is updated to reflect that connection. -
FIG. 3C illustrates the modifications to thearticles 303 displayed when theuser interface control 302 is select to cause filtering based upon a selected action. Here, the user has selected the action (i.e., verb) “governing.” As a result, the NCR displays thetop articles 332 that show the current entity “Jennifer Brunner” in a governing relation with other entities. The top recommendedimages section 333 andvideos section 334 have been updated as well. In some embodiments theuser interface control 302 also includes modifiers of the various named entities, so that the user may follow leads and find more information on, for example, the roles of the various entities. - The powerful NLP based search processing identifies the topmost entities in the relationship displayed by the articles recommended in section 322. That is, these are the entities involved in a “governing” relationship with “Jennifer Brunner.”
FIG. 3D lists these related entities insection 340, which can be selected to further filter the top articles display. For example, when the user selects the “Oberlin College”link 346, the filtering (an abbreviate EQL) is shown inarea 341, the articles are changed to reflect the selection intop articles 342, and the recommendedimages links 343 andvideos links 344 are also updated. By selecting theicon 350, the user is able to navigate to the profile page for that entity when one is available.FIG. 3E is an example of theprofile page 351 for Oberlin College displayed when theicon 350 is selected for the Oberlin College link 346. -
FIGS. 4A-4C are example screen displays of another type of NCR widget presented adjacent to content. In this case, theNCR 402 is display below thenews article 401. The behavior of this NCR widget is similar to that described with reference toFIGS. 1A-1E .FIG. 4A illustrates what the NCR looks like when it is invoked.FIG. 4B illustrates the results when a user selects the connection node “White House” (in relation to Barack Obama).FIG. 4C illustrates example results when the user selects a related named entity. In particular, when the user selects one of the named entities in the recommended articles, here “New York Times”link 421, theconnection map 423 and the relatedtop articles 422 are changed to reflect that entity as the focus. Other behaviors are of course possible. -
FIGS. 6-13 are provide a variety of additional forms for the user interfaces of example embodiments of an NCR. -
FIGS. 6A-6D illustrate example screen displays for an example embodiment of an NLP-Based Content Recommender in the form of (hypertext) links to further information. The link can be used to navigate to the information, which is based upon the entities recognized in the underlying content. For example, inFIGS. 6A and 6D , several recommendation user interface controls and “tips” are illustrated (and presumed to be based upon the underlying content shown, or resultant from a relationship search). In particular,tip 609 displays information relating to Al Qaeda andtip 601 displays information relating to Barack Obama. For each of these NCR tips, other forms/presentations are displayed beneath them. - As described above, the layout of an NCR tip or user interface control (UI control) may depend upon the information available. Generally, in the example illustrated in
FIGS. 6A-6D , the name of the entity 602 (e.g., Barack Obama) is presented, followed by the entity types and roles relating to the entity 603 (e.g., senator, democrat, presidential candidate). Then, for some tips and/or UI controls, a list of facts about theentity overview 607 of further content is displayed. In at least some embodiments, animage 606 associated with the named entity is also displayed. Importantly, if more information (as determined by the NCR) is available, then a link 605 (also referred to as a hyperlink, hypertext, or other indicator) may be displayed. Thelink 605 may be further navigated by a user to display recommended content. - For example, as shown in larger images in
FIGS. 6B and 6C , thelink 605 may be used to navigate to an NCR widget provided, for example, on a designated website, or transparently. InFIGS. 6A and 6C , a list 660 is displayed of the recognized entities in an underlying text segment. This list 660 presents an indicator of the name of the entity, optionally followed by asymbol 611 of some sort, when further content is available. For example, when “Barack Obama” is selected, one of thetips 601 is displayed as previously described. Similarly, when the “United States of America” is selected, a UI control such astip 620 is presented. In addition to the (ordered) list of named entities 660, the NCR widget presents a set ofactions 612, and, when an action is selected, a list of therelationships 613. In NLP terminology, selecting the action (or verb) will generate a representation of the subjects or objects related to the selected entity via that verb. In at least some embodiments, a list of the mostrelevant articles 614 to the currently displayed article is also presented. This list can be implemented using the InFact®/Evri search technology described in detail elsewhere. For example, the summary sentence that is displayed for each article may indicate where the specific relationship was found. - According to one example embodiment, to populate the fields of the tip or UI control, such as
action list 612 and connections list (relationships list) 613, an IQL/EQL query may be performed against the last “W” weeks of news content to return related information. In the illustrated case, “N” results are returned for actions performed by the entity, in this case United States of America, sorted by action (verb) frequency. The top “V” verbs are then displayed, as seen inaction list 612. In other embodiments, actions could be derived from an NLP-based relationship extraction of the context (trigger) text or a set of documents related to the context text, or from other sources. -
FIGS. 7A and 7B are example screen displays that illustrate use of the widgets shown inFIGS. 6A-6D integrated into an application, such as a news content provider site. InFIGS. 7A and 7B ,underlying content 700, such as a news article about Barack Obama, is presented, for example, on a web page. Either automatically, or when explicitly or implicitly indicated by a user (depending upon the news platform implementation), an information widget such aswidget 701 is displayed. Thiswidget 701 has similar fields to those described with reference toFIGS. 1B-1D above. - The progression from
FIGS. 7A to 7B shows how the illustrated NCR widget can be dynamically updated as information is found or computed. For example, the widget can populate therelationships field 704 based upon the content shown in the mostrelevant articles field 710, which in turn is based upon the selected entity fromentity list 702 and the selected action fromaction list 703. In at least some embodiments, the content of these fields is periodically updated, potentially automatically (and transparently) by rerunning the appropriate NLP queries on a periodic or defined schedule. -
FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate example screen displays for an example embodiment of an NLP-Based Content Recommender in the form of graphical links that can be used to navigate to further information. In this user interface paradigm, relationships are represented as connected nodes, and recommended content is used as “annotations” to the nodes and/or the connectors. For example, inFIG. 8A ,several entities Entities entities - When the user hovers over or otherwise selects the named entity “Kaela Kennelly” 801, a
tip 850 is displayed withinitial information 852 similar to that described with reference toFIGS. 6A-6D . Again, part of the displayed tip is a link (here labeled “(read, more)”) to further information. When a user navigates through the link, adetailed entity page 860 is displayed, which can be populated not just with static information, but with further content accessible via an NCR widget. - As shown in larger image in
FIG. 8B , the relationship ofentity Kaela Kennelly 801 to the ASP Women'sWorld Tour 2006event entity 830 is represented in summarized form intip 831. When expanded by selecting a “more”graphical indicator 831, a more extended form ofrelated content page 830 is displayed. Theextended form 830 shows a list of categories ofrelated content 834, for example news & blogs, pictures and video, and a related website. An embodiment of an NCR widget can be used to present and drive the content and/or the links displayed in theextended page 830. The user can return to the summary form by selecting a “less”graphical indicator 832. -
FIGS. 9 , 10A, 10B, 11A-11C, and 12A-12C illustrate additional alternatives for providing user interfaces and/or tips via an NCR widget used to provide related or recommended content. -
FIG. 9 is another example screen display of a graphical representation of connections. A graphical representation is shown of the connections between a subject entity, here “Keala Kennelly, and all of the entities she interacts with. Entities having more distant connections, for example, as determined by the frequency of the relationships encountered, are displayed as nodes that appear further from the node that represents Keala. -
FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate another interface for presenting related content to an underlying named entity, for example, one either selected by a user directly, or perhaps even indirectly via entity recognition of entities presented on an underlying web page. In the illustrated example, content relating to a named entity 1001 “Arnold Schwarzenegger” is presented. Fast facts area 1004 displays a number of tidbits of quick information regarding the named entity 1001, which may be available as determined by the frequency of information gleaned during the natural language based analysis of related information or other contextual information. Roles list 1002 contains a list of all of the roles (facets for or categories) found for the named entity 1001. A detailed entity description 1005 is shown followed by a graphical representation of his roles, which display shows a “weighting” associated with such roles. Questions area 1006 illustrates the use of query templates and navigation tips for finding and presenting related information without the user needing to type in a query via a query language such as IQL/EQL. Related entities area 1008, also supported by comprehensive NLP based searching and indexing, allows the user to navigate to other related information. -
FIGS. 11A-11C illustrate another example NCR widget that combines some of the previously described textual and graphical presentations to present related and/or auxiliary information. For example, inFIG. 11A , the user is presented with anNCR widget 1110 displayed in the foreground of the underlying (news)content 1100. The widget presents alist 1102 with quick summaries of the most relevant similar articles to theunderlying content 1100 along with a graphical representation of the “connections” (relationships) 1107 to entities that appear in the article 11011 selected from the relatedarticles list 1102.FIG. 11B shows an alternative graphical representation of theconnections 1112 derived from a selected article 1111 ofarticles list 1102.FIG. 11C is an illustration of animage 1120 rendered in response to user selection of image 1111 from a display of images. -
FIGS. 12A-12C illustrates another example NCR widget integrated into a website that provides links to news and blog information. The presentations of this NCR widget focus on timeliness and frequency concepts, and thus the various displays may be organized differently than might be presented elsewhere. For example, thearticle summary list 1200 displayed under the “Related News and Blogs” tab may be beneficial in social networking and/or blogging venues in that they are brief, list the source of the content, and the time when posted. In addition, inFIG. 12B , under the “Most Popular Content” tab, the entity names that appear in the most frequent news and blog postings are displayed with graphical indications according to their importance to and frequency found within the documents being searched (for example, in real time). For example some entities inlist 1201 are presented in different size fonts, different colors, etc.FIG. 12C illustrates, under the “Connections” tab, a representation of the connections (relationships) 1210 that may be explored in the articles summarized inarticle summary list 1200. These connection nodes are the result of relationship queries on the underlying documents summarized inarticle summary list 1200. - Other representations for presenting recommended content by means of an NLP-Based Content Recommenders are also contemplated. It is notable that many such representations hide the power of the underlying relationship indexing and searching technology by giving the user simple navigation tools and hints for getting more information. Moreover, the information is determined, calculated, and presented in substantially real-time or near real-time, and may be dynamically updated periodically, or at specified intervals, or according to different schedules.
- An NCR widget may be implemented using standard programming techniques that leverage the capabilities of a NLP-based processing engine that can perform indexing and relationship searching. It is to be understood that, although the interfaces illustrated in
FIGS. 1B-12 are described as incorporating the powerful capabilities of NLP processing, less sophisticated searching techniques can also take advantage of the user interface designs of such widgets, tips, and user interface controls to the extent they are able to generate a portion of the content. For example, using a standard keyword search that pattern matches terms, some number of the entities referred to in an underlying article may be uncovered using frequency counts; however, to the extent the text is complex (and, for example, contains aliases, coreferences, pronouns, ambiguous nouns, etc.) it is not possible to confidently discover and subsequently list all of the named entities in the underlying document. To do this, the document must be “understood.” Accordingly, the sophisticated and powerful natural language technology supporting the content recommenders described herein, can be used to achieve far improved results. - Also, although certain terms are used primarily herein, other terms could be used interchangeably to yield equivalent embodiments and examples. In addition, terms may have alternate spellings which may or may not be explicitly mentioned, and all such variations of terms are intended to be included. In addition, in the following description, numerous specific details are set forth, such as data formats and code sequences, etc., in order to provide a thorough understanding of the described techniques. The embodiments described also can be practiced without some of the specific details described herein, or with other specific details, such as changes with respect to the ordering of the code flow, different code flows, etc. Thus, the scope of the techniques and/or functions described are not limited by the particular order, selection, or decomposition of steps described with reference to any particular routine.
-
FIG. 13 is an example block diagram of an example computing system that may be used to practice embodiments of a NLP-Based Content Recommender. Note that a general purpose or a special purpose computing system may be used to implement an NCR. Further, the NCR may be implemented in software, hardware, firmware, or in some combination to achieve the capabilities described herein. -
Computing system 1300 may comprise one or more server and/or client computing systems and may span distributed locations. In addition, each block shown may represent one or more such blocks as appropriate to a specific embodiment or may be combined with other blocks. Moreover, the various blocks of theNCR 1310 may physically reside on one or more machines, which use standard (e.g., TCP/IP) or proprietary interprocess communication mechanisms to communicate with each other. - In the embodiment shown,
computer system 1300 comprises a computer memory (“memory”) 1301, adisplay 1302, one or more Central Processing Units (“CPU”) 1303, Input/Output devices 1304 (e.g., keyboard, mouse, CRT or LCD display, etc.), other computer-readable media 1305, and network connections 1306. TheNCR 1310 is shown residing inmemory 1301. In other embodiments, some portion of the contents, some of, or all of the components of theNCR 1310 may be stored on and/or transmitted over the other computer-readable media 1305. The components of theNCR 1310 preferably execute on one ormore CPUs 1303 and perform entity identification and present content recommendations, as described herein. Other code orprograms 1330 and potentially other data repositories, such asdata repository 1320, also reside in thememory 1301, and preferably execute on one ormore CPUs 1303. Of note, one or more of the components inFIG. 13 may not be present in any particular implementation. For example, some embodiments embedded in other software may not provide means for other user input or display. - In one embodiment, the
NCR 1310 includes anentity identification engine 1311, aknowledge analysis engine 1312, an NCR userinterface support module 1313, an NLP parsing engine orpreprocessor 1314, anNCR API 1317, a data repository (or interface thereto) for storingdocument NLP data 1316, and aknowledge data repository 1315, for example, an ontology index, for storing information from a multitude of internal and/or external sources. In at least some embodiments, one or more of the NLP parsing engine/preprocessor 1314, theentity identification engine 1311, and theknowledge analysis engine 1312 are provided external to the NCR and are available, potentially, over one ormore networks 1380. Other and or different modules may be implemented. In addition, theNCR 1310 may interact via anetwork 1380 with applications orclient code 1355 that uses results computed by theNCR 1310, one or moreclient computing systems 1360, and/or one or more third-partyinformation provider systems 1365, such as purveyors of information used inknowledge data repository 1315. Also, of note, theknowledge data 1315 and thedocument data 1316 may be provided external to the NCR as well, for example, and be accessible over one ormore networks 1380 to the NCR. - In an example embodiment, components/modules of the
NCR 1310 are implemented using standard programming techniques. However, a range of programming languages known in the art may be employed for implementing such example embodiments, including representative implementations of various programming language paradigms, including but not limited to, object-oriented (e.g., Java, C++, C#, Smalltalk), functional (e.g., ML, Lisp, Scheme, etc.), procedural (e.g., C, Pascal, Ada, Modula, etc.), scripting (e.g., Perl, Ruby, Python, JavaScript, VBScript, etc.), declarative (e.g., SQL, Prolog, etc.), etc. - The embodiments described use well-known or proprietary synchronous or asynchronous client-sever computing techniques. However, the various components may be implemented using more monolithic programming techniques as well, for example, as an executable running on a single CPU computer system, or alternately decomposed using a variety of structuring techniques known in the art, including but not limited to, multiprogramming, multithreading, client-server, or peer-to-peer, running on one or more computer systems each having one or more CPUs. Some embodiments are illustrated as executing concurrently and asynchronously and communicating using message passing techniques. Equivalent synchronous embodiments are also supported by an NCR implementation.
- In addition, programming interfaces to the data stored as part of the NCR 1310 (e.g., in the
data repositories 1315 and 1316) can be made available by standard means such as through C, C++, C#, and Java APIs; libraries for accessing files, databases, or other data repositories; through scripting languages such as XML; or through Web servers, FTP servers, or other types of servers providing access to stored data. Thedata repositories - Also, the
example NCR 1310 may be implemented in a distributed environment comprising multiple, even heterogeneous, computer systems and networks. For example, in one embodiment, the modules 1311-1314, and 1317, and thedata repositories NCR 1310 are hosted each on a separate server machine and may be remotely located from the tables which are stored in thedata repositories - Furthermore, in some embodiments, some or all of the components of the NCR may be implemented or provided in other manners, such as at least partially in firmware and/or hardware, including, but not limited to, one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), standard integrated circuits, controllers (e.g., by executing appropriate instructions, and including microcontrollers and/or embedded controllers), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs), etc. Some or all of the system components and/or data structures may also be stored as contents (e.g., as executable or other machine-readable software instructions or structured data) on a computer-readable medium (e.g., as a hard disk; a memory; a computer network or cellular wireless network or other data transmission medium; or a portable media article to be read by an appropriate drive or via an appropriate connection, such as a DVD or flash memory device) so as to enable or configure the computer-readable medium and/or one or more associated computing systems or devices to execute or otherwise use or provide the contents to perform at least some of the described techniques. Some or all of the system components and data structures may also be transmitted as contents of generated data signals (e.g., by being encoded as part of a carrier wave or otherwise included as part of an analog or digital propagated signal) on a variety of computer-readable transmission mediums, including wireless-based and wired/cable-based mediums, and may take a variety of forms (e.g., as part of a single or multiplexed analog signal, or as multiple discrete digital packets or frames). Such computer program products may also take other forms in other embodiments. Accordingly, embodiments of the present disclosure may be practiced with other computer system configurations.
- All of the above U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet, including but not limited to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/999,559, entitled “NLP-BASED CONTENT RECOMMENDER,” filed Oct. 17, 2007, are incorporated herein by reference, in their entireties.
- From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of this disclosure. For example, the methods, techniques, and systems for entity recognition and disambiguation are applicable to other architectures other than a Web-based architecture. For example, other systems that are programmed to perform natural language processing can be employed. Also, the methods, techniques, and systems discussed herein are applicable to differing query languages, protocols, communication media (optical, wireless, cable, etc.) and devices (such as wireless handsets, electronic organizers, personal digital assistants, portable email machines, game machines, pagers, navigation devices such as GPS receivers, etc.).
Claims (20)
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US8700604B2 (en) | 2014-04-15 |
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CA2702937C (en) | 2014-10-07 |
AU2008312423B2 (en) | 2013-12-19 |
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AU2008312423A1 (en) | 2009-04-23 |
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