US20090127482A1 - Hydraulic rams - Google Patents
Hydraulic rams Download PDFInfo
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- US20090127482A1 US20090127482A1 US11/718,705 US71870505A US2009127482A1 US 20090127482 A1 US20090127482 A1 US 20090127482A1 US 71870505 A US71870505 A US 71870505A US 2009127482 A1 US2009127482 A1 US 2009127482A1
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- Prior art keywords
- actuator
- piston
- hydraulic
- supplementary force
- ram
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
- E21B33/02—Surface sealing or packing
- E21B33/03—Well heads; Setting-up thereof
- E21B33/06—Blow-out preventers, i.e. apparatus closing around a drill pipe, e.g. annular blow-out preventers
- E21B33/061—Ram-type blow-out preventers, e.g. with pivoting rams
- E21B33/062—Ram-type blow-out preventers, e.g. with pivoting rams with sliding rams
- E21B33/063—Ram-type blow-out preventers, e.g. with pivoting rams with sliding rams for shearing drill pipes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to hydraulic rams and in particular, though not exclusively, to an actuator for delivering a supplementary force to the piston of a shear ram in a blowout preventer.
- Each ram typically includes a piston which is driven forward by a hydraulic force.
- hydraulic rams are located in blowout preventers.
- shear rams In an emergency procedure when a well is required to be shut in to prevent a blow-out whilst drilling, two opposing rams are brought together to seal the well bore.
- shear rams In an emergency procedure when a well is required to be shut in to prevent a blow-out whilst drilling, two opposing rams are brought together to seal the well bore.
- shear rams typically referred to as shear rams as they include a shear blade on the front face of the piston used to sever drill pipe or casing in the wellbore.
- the opposing shear blades When the shear rams are actuated by a hydraulic force, the opposing shear blades are brought together to interact, with the blades being driven by the hydraulic pistons.
- the shear blades first crush and then shear the drill string, casing or other tubular in the well.
- the tubulars As wells are drilled to greater depths the tubulars are of increasing diameter, wall thickness and increased steel grades. Consequently shearing the tubular in the well requires more hydraulic force. This calls for a larger actuator piston, hence larger operating fluid volumes and higher closure pressures.
- blowout preventer having a two stage actuator mechanism for improved shearing of drill pipe, casing or other tubular.
- a supplementary force actuator for use on a hydraulic ram, the actuator comprising:
- an actuator body including fixation means to connect the body to a hydraulic ram; first and second chambers located in the body, the chambers isolated from each other by an actuator piston; a rod adapted to be connected to an operating piston of the hydraulic ram, pass through the first chamber and the actuator piston, and extend into at least a portion of the second chamber; the actuator piston being releasably engageable to the rod by gripping means; and wherein the hydraulic ram is operated by a force from movement of the operating piston and by a supplementary force from movement of the actuator piston.
- the actuator piston can be released to provide a supplementary force on the ram.
- the actuator includes a release mechanism to operate the actuator piston.
- the actuator piston can be released at or near the end of the stroke of the operating piston and thereby provide the supplementary force where it is most required.
- a separation element is located between the hydraulic ram and the body. More preferably one or more seals are arranged on the separation element to act upon the rod and prevent the release of hydraulic fluid from the body into a hydraulic fluid chamber of the hydraulic ram.
- the actuator includes energy storage means arranged to provide a force to act upon the actuator piston.
- the energy storage means is a mechanical means.
- the mechanical means is one or more springs held in compression.
- the mechanical means is a plurality of Bellville springs as are known in the art.
- the energy storage means is a hydraulic means.
- the hydraulic means is hydraulic fluid held under pressure.
- the actuator includes resetting means to move the actuator piston back to its original operating position.
- the actuator includes ram setting means to move the operating piston back to its original position. In this way the hydraulic ram may be reset.
- the gripping means comprises a ball-gripping device and may comprise a device of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,062,628 (Yannetta) or U.S. Pat. No. 2,182,797, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by way of reference.
- the ball gripping device may comprise a plurality of balls mounted in a ball mounting element, which may be a ball cage or sleeve, having a plurality of apertures, each aperture associated with a corresponding ball.
- the actuator in particular, the actuator piston may be adapted to urge the balls into engagement with the rod, to grip the rod. This may facilitate application of the supplementary force.
- the actuator piston may define one or more cam surface or ramp for urging one or more of the balls radially into engagement with the rod.
- the ball gripping device may be adapted to grip the rod during movement of the actuator piston in a first direction and to release the rod during movement in a second, opposite direction.
- the device may comprise a ball release mechanism for permitting relative movement between the ball mounting element and the actuator piston.
- the ball release mechanism may comprise a shoulder or the like which, during return movement of the actuator piston, may be adapted to abut the ball mounting element, to exert a force on the ball element to disengage the balls from the rod.
- the ball mounting element may comprise a flange or spring plate, and at least one spring may be provided between the flange and the actuator piston. The spring may facilitate operation of the actuator and may prevent the actuator piston from impacting other components of the actuator following disengagement of the balls from the rod. Following release, the rod may move independently of the actuator piston back to a start position.
- the method includes the step of compressing/pressurizing hydraulic fluid behind the first piston which is then used to operate the first piston.
- the method includes the step of releasably engaging the second piston to the first piston, so that the second piston is stationary when the first piston operates and the second piston also moves the first piston upon operation of the second piston.
- the release mechanism is triggered at or near the end of the stroke of the first piston.
- the method includes the step of resetting the hydraulic ram by moving the first and second pistons back to their original operating positions.
- blow out preventer for use in oil well drilling, the blow out preventer comprising:
- each ram having a shear blade on a leading face; at least one supplementary force actuator according to the first aspect located on at least one of the hydraulic rams.
- a supplementary force actuator is arranged on each of the hydraulic rams.
- the rams will initially crush the tubular by action of the operating piston and then the tubular is sheared by operation of the actuator piston.
- the energy storage means is a hydraulic energy store.
- the blow out preventer can be kept within the dimensions of 5.7 m ⁇ 5.7 m for deployment through a moon pool.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a hydraulic ram including a supplementary force actuator according to a first embodiment of the present invention, shown in a first operating position;
- FIG. 2 is an illustration of the release mechanism of the supplementary force actuator of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the hydraulic ram including a supplementary force actuator of FIG. 1 , shown in a second operating position;
- FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the hydraulic ram including a supplementary force actuator of FIG. 1 , shown in a third operating position;
- FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a hydraulic ram including a supplementary force actuator according to a second embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a hydraulic ram including a supplementary force actuator according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 7 and 8 are schematic cross-sectional views of part of a supplementary force actuator according to a further embodiment of the present invention, shown in second and third operating positions, respectively.
- FIG. 1 of the drawings shows a hydraulic ram, generally indicated by reference numeral 10 , upon which is mounted a supplementary force actuator 12 , according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- the hydraulic ram 10 is part of a blow out preventer 14 .
- Blow out preventer 14 comprises a body 16 having an axial bore 18 therethrough and at least one transverse port 20 accessing the bore 18 .
- Mounted at the transverse port 20 is the hydraulic ram 10 .
- the ram 10 comprises cylindrical shaft 22 having a piston 24 at a first end and a shear blade 26 mounted on an opposing end. The piston is operated by the pressurisation of hydraulic fluid behind the piston 24 , in a ram chamber 36 .
- a drill pipe or tubular 28 is located through the bore 18 .
- the piston 24 is actuated to force the shaft 22 towards the bore 18 .
- two opposing hydraulic rams 10 are mounted across the bore so that the shear blades 26 interact. The shear blades first crush and then shear the tubular 28 .
- the shear blades are arranged such that when they meet, the bore 18 is sealed and blow out is prevented.
- the supplementary force actuator 12 is connected to an existing hydraulic ram 10 .
- the actuator 12 may be retrofitted to existing ram systems.
- An end cap can be removed from the existing ram and the body 30 is then located at this position 32 .
- Body 30 is fixed to the ram, being secured by bolts 34 or other accepted fixation means.
- a separation plate 40 isolates the ram chamber 36 from the inside of the body 30 .
- Body 30 comprises first and second chambers, 38 , 37 respectively.
- these chambers 37 , 38 have a greater diameter than chamber 36 .
- the chambers are divided by a piston 46 .
- the piston 24 of the conventional ram 10 is fitted with an additional connecting rod 42 that extend through seals 44 on the separation plate 40 .
- Said seals 44 contain the full hydraulic pressure that is applied to close the ram 10 .
- the connecting rod 42 travels through the first chamber 38 and through the centre of the piston 46 .
- a gripping device 48 mounted within the piston 46 .
- the gripping device 48 is a ball gripping device of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,062,628, incorporated herein by reference.
- the ball-gripping device 48 is described hereinafter with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6 .
- the device 48 selectively grips the rod 42 such that the piston 46 and rod 42 move together. It will be understood that gripping devices of various different types may be utilised.
- Chamber 38 is arranged to provide only a small distance of possible travel for the piston 46 .
- the purpose of the piston 46 is to compress and retain the Bellville springs 50 arranged in radial fashion around the connecting rod 42 . Pressure applied to chamber 38 acting on piston 46 compresses the Bellville springs 50 .
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a release mechanism, generally indicated by reference numeral 56 .
- the choice of linkage depends on the provision made for safety of personnel in the release of the stored energy.
- a circular plate 54 as illustrated in FIG. 2 has obvious safety advantages.
- a spring loaded linkage arm 58 rotates the “half pin” 52 once the piston 46 has compressed Bellville springs 50 .
- the load is supported on the flattened section of the rotating “half pin” 52 as indicated by the arrow in FIG. 2 .
- the linkage arm 58 is attached to an adjustable collar 60 fixed to the connecting rod 42 so that when it has moved by a pre-adjusted length, the spring operates the rotation of the circular plate 54 and hence the rotating “half pin”.
- the Bellville Springs 50 By changing the position of the adjustable collar 60 , the operator can set at what point in the shear ram closure, the Bellville Springs 50 will discharge their load. This feature would be useful where the properties of steel and other materials to be sheared are changed. Also affecting the optimum discharge point would be the geometry of the pipe or pipes to be sheared. For example pipe in pipe shearing may require an earlier discharge point than single pipe configurations.
- the chambers 36 , 38 are filled with hydraulic fluid so as to move the pistons 24 , 46 away from the bore 18 .
- piston 24 moves it retracts the shear blade 26 of the ram 10 .
- the linkage arm 58 also moves rotating the plate 54 as described above.
- the piston 46 moves independently of the rod 42 to compress the Bellville springs 50 under the force of the hydraulic fluid supplied to the chambers 36 , 38 .
- This operating position is as illustrated in FIG. 1 and the ram 10 and actuator 12 can remain fixed in this position until movement of the ram is required.
- FIG. 3 The operation of the shear ram is illustrated in FIG. 3 .
- the operator functions the controls of the hydraulic piston 24 and shaft 22 as would occur on a conventional ram 10 .
- the piston 24 is urged forward to advance the shaft 22 , so that the shear blades 26 start to crush the pipe 28 to be sheared.
- the linkage arm 58 causes the circular plate 54 and “half pin” 42 to rotate and release the stored energy in the Bellville springs 50 . This is be cause the “half pin” cutaway section is flush with the circular section of the actuator wall.
- the piston 46 moves towards the bore 18 .
- the gripping device 48 forces balls against the rod 42 and the rod 42 is thus forced towards the bore 18 also.
- This movement of the rod 42 is passed onto the shaft 22 and the blades 26 are forced further into the bore 18 .
- the mechanical force from the springs 50 is added to the hydraulic force generated on closure, providing a massive shearing force proportional to the piston area, hydraulic pressure applied and length and configuration of the Bellville springs 50 .
- FIG. 4 shows the configuration when the force of the Bellville Springs 50 has been expended.
- a second ram, referenced 10 a is illustrated to show that the blades 26 , 26 a interact to seal the bore 18 .
- a control system directs hydraulic fluid to chamber 36 on the front face of piston 24 . This immediately starts to compress the Bellville springs 50 .
- the piston 46 with the attached female ball-gripping device 48 makes contact with actuator sleeve 62 , the compression of the Bellville springs 50 is complete.
- Bellville springs 50 could be replaced by an ordinary coil spring to provide an alternative embodiment.
- Other types of ball gripping devices may be employed, such as those of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,182,797 to Dillon, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by way of reference.
- Further embodiments could use alternative mechanical gripping devices instead of the ball-gripper system 48 , for example, based on tapered slips.
- Other spring retaining mechanisms could be used based for example on the ball-gripper mechanisms.
- the automated mechanical linkage of the release mechanism 56 could be changed in subsequent embodiments, for example instead of a conventional spring a small closed hydraulic piston could be used.
- Another embodiment would be to use a proximity switch or some electronic method of pre-determining the point at which the stored mechanical energy in the Bellville spring 58 is discharged.
- the release mechanism 56 would be operated by solenoid.
- Yet another embodiment would provide for a release mechanism based on a pre-set value of hydraulic pressure. Once this hydraulic pressure threshold is reached communication to the release mechanism 56 could be via a pilot hydraulic line, a solenoid or even a pneumatic line in the event the mechanism is deployed at atmospheric pressure.
- FIG. 5 of the drawings illustrates a hydraulic ram, generally indicated by reference numeral 110 , including a supplementary force actuator 112 according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- reference numeral 110 a hydraulic ram, generally indicated by reference numeral 110 , including a supplementary force actuator 112 according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 1 to 4 Like parts to those of FIGS. 1 to 4 have been given the same reference numeral with the addition of 100 .
- the actuator 12 in the first embodiment had a design length of 1.761 metres.
- the overall design length was 7.61 metres.
- the BOP stack must be lowered through a moon pool for sub sea deployment, this size is unacceptable as many moon-pools have dimensions of 6.5 metres by 6.5 metres.
- the length of the actuator can be reduced by re-designing the Bellville springs 50 . So instead of a single stack, there are multiple stacks, typically four in number arranged radially around the rod 42 . However for some BOP's the diameter of the resulting actuator 12 impinged on the space of the next ram which was located in series down the well bore.
- the overall length of the actuator 12 is 1.18 metres which results in a BOP stack with an overall design length of 5.966 metres, just outside the limit set by certain oil companies of 5.7 metres.
- the second embodiment seeks to achieve the same objectives i.e. to reduce the volume of accumulator bottles required for shearing pipe, especially in deepwater, whilst maintaining or enhancing the available stored shearing force, but with a reduced overall length.
- the ram 110 of FIG. 5 has the same arrangement as the ram 10 of FIGS. 1 to 4 .
- the actuator 112 is similar except that the first chamber 138 is narrower than the second chamber 137 so that the body 130 increases in diameter at one end, typically into an 18′′ cylinder.
- the actuator piston 146 is located in the second chamber 137 .
- the piston 146 is connected directly to the ball-gripping device 148 , which is of the type described U.S. Pat. No. 2,062,628.
- the ball gripping device 148 comprises a surface of tapered sections forming cam surfaces or ramps 139 in each of which a ball 141 can travel on the tapered edge.
- a ball mounting element in the form of a ball cage 143 is biased, via springs for example, to constrain the balls 141 within the tapered sections 139 .
- the balls 141 thus travel in the tapers 139 , constrained by the ball cage 143 .
- the ball cage 143 is moved so that the balls can retract into pockets within the tapered sections 141 . In the first embodiment it is contact between the cage 143 and the actuator sleeve 62 which causes movement of the cage 143 to retract the balls 141 .
- the purpose of the actuator piston 146 is to apply a second stage force, once the primary piston 124 has had fluid pressure applied to it and has moved sufficiently to deform and crush the pipe in the well-bore 18 .
- the release of the actuator piston 146 is controlled and actuated by means of a pressure signal from the hydraulic fluid applied to the primary piston 124 or from a position indicator/sensor measuring the desired length of stroke.
- the inlet valve 164 is opened to a separate accumulator bank containing operating fluid, whose pressure is normally stored at 200 bar. Movement of the piston 146 causes the ball-gripping device 148 to engage the rod 142 and apply the full force of the pressure applied over the cross sectional area of the actuator piston 146 . At the same time full operating pressure is applied to the piston 124 in the first chamber 136 . The shear blades 126 will thus engage and shear the tubular 128 , sealing the bore 118 and shutting in the well.
- the small volume of fluid required to operate the actuator piston 146 in chamber 137 means that accumulator pressure will not fall as rapidly as would be the case with a larger volume piston.
- an electric pump operating from a subsea reservoir may be used to ensure maximum applied pressure to the inlet 164 at all times.
- the well may be opened by applying a small pressure at port 170 in the second chamber 138 .
- the seal 172 causes the ball-gripper device 148 to move to the right and allows the balls to be retracted and hence the well may be opened by applying pressure to the front face of piston 124 .
- the length of stroke of the actuator piston 146 is small, generally about 50 mm, which is enough to apply maximum force at the point it is needed to sever the pipe 128 in the well-bore 118 . It is expected that the actuator piston 146 and the chamber 141 it occupies will be typically about 270 mm in length and the ball-gripping device 148 about 250 mm in length. The total length of the actuator 112 should be about 520 mm in length.
- FIG. 6 For very deepwater where the accumulator volumes required are very large an alternate approach to the controls of the system can be implemented. This is illustrated in FIG. 6 . Like parts to those of FIG. 5 have been given the same reference numeral.
- an accumulator 174 of a given volume is filled with nitrogen and kept as close as possible to atmospheric pressure.
- the accumulator 174 is connected to the inlet 166 by a valve 176 .
- the accumulator lines and valve 176 will be rated for a collapse pressure of at least 300 bar.
- the valve 176 is opened. This allows the fluid on the return side of the actuator piston 146 to vent to the accumulator 174 .
- seawater pressure alone may be sufficient to drive the actuator piston 146 to the left and shear the pipe 128 .
- accumulator pressure may be required at inlet 166 to shear the pipe 128 .
- FIG. 7 there is shown a schematic cross-sectional view of part of a supplementary force actuator according to a further embodiment of the present invention, the actuator indicated generally by reference numeral 212 .
- the actuator 212 with the actuator 12 of FIGS. 1 to 4 , and with the actuator 112 of FIGS. 5 and 6 share the same reference numerals incremented by 200 and 100, respectively.
- the actuator 212 is essentially of similar structure to the actuator 112 , and is for use with a ram such as the ram 110 . Accordingly, only the substantial differences between the actuator 212 and the actuator 112 of FIG. 5 will be described herein in detail.
- the actuator 212 is shown in a second operating position similar to that of the actuator 12 shown in FIG. 3 .
- the actuator 212 includes a ball gripping device 248 of similar structure and operation to the device 148 of FIG. 5 , except that the device 248 additionally includes a release mechanism 78 which facilitates release of balls 141 from engagement with a rod 242 .
- the release mechanism 78 comprises a flange or spring plate 80 provided on a ball cage 243 and a number of springs 82 provided between the flange 80 and a shoulder 84 on the actuating piston 246 .
- the release mechanism 78 additionally includes a shoulder 86 formed on or in a body housing the actuator piston 246 .
- the actuator 212 is operated in a similar fashion to the actuator 112 , and is shown in FIG. 8 following movement of the actuator piston 246 towards a bore of a blow out preventer such as the BOP 14 shown in FIG. 1 . As with the actuator 112 , this movement causes the balls 141 to be urged radially inwardly to grip the rod 242 . When the actuator 212 is returned to the start position, to open the BOP bore, the actuator piston 246 , carrying the rod 242 , is moved back towards the position of FIG. 7 .
- the principal advantage of the present invention is that it provides a supplementary force actuator for use with a hydraulic ram to augment the force supplied by the hydraulic ram without requiring large volumes of hydraulic fluids.
- a further advantage of the present invention is that it provides a supplementary force actuator for use with a hydraulic ram in a two stage application of force to shear an object such as a pipe.
- An initial force is delivered by the standard hydraulic ram and a secondary force is discharged at a preset point on the stroke to more or less double the applied force.
- a yet further advantage of the present invention is that it provides a supplementary force actuator for use with a hydraulic ram wherein the preset point where the supplementary force is discharged is adjustable to optimise the pipe severance load at the point of hydraulic stroke where the discharged mechanical force is most effective.
Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to hydraulic rams and in particular, though not exclusively, to an actuator for delivering a supplementary force to the piston of a shear ram in a blowout preventer.
- There are a number of applications where hydraulic rams are used. Each ram typically includes a piston which is driven forward by a hydraulic force. In oil well drilling, hydraulic rams are located in blowout preventers. In an emergency procedure when a well is required to be shut in to prevent a blow-out whilst drilling, two opposing rams are brought together to seal the well bore. These rams are typically referred to as shear rams as they include a shear blade on the front face of the piston used to sever drill pipe or casing in the wellbore.
- When the shear rams are actuated by a hydraulic force, the opposing shear blades are brought together to interact, with the blades being driven by the hydraulic pistons. The shear blades first crush and then shear the drill string, casing or other tubular in the well. As wells are drilled to greater depths the tubulars are of increasing diameter, wall thickness and increased steel grades. Consequently shearing the tubular in the well requires more hydraulic force. This calls for a larger actuator piston, hence larger operating fluid volumes and higher closure pressures.
- For shear rams deployed onshore or on fixed offshore installations, the increasing size is inconvenient but can be accommodated. For shear rams that are deployed subsea, the volume of hydraulic fluid that must be stored under pressure in fluid/gas accumulators increases exponentially with water depth. The volume and weight of these accumulators makes the subsea blowout preventer or shut off system much heavier and therefore more difficult to deploy.
- It is amongst the objects of embodiments of the present invention to provide a supplementary force actuator for use on a hydraulic ram to increase the applied force without substantially increasing the volume of hydraulic fluid required.
- It is also amongst the objects of embodiments of the present invention to provide a two stage method of operating a hydraulic ram.
- It is also amongst the objects of at least one embodiment of the present invention to provide a blowout preventer having a two stage actuator mechanism for improved shearing of drill pipe, casing or other tubular.
- According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a supplementary force actuator for use on a hydraulic ram, the actuator comprising:
- an actuator body including fixation means to connect the body to a hydraulic ram;
first and second chambers located in the body, the chambers isolated from each other by an actuator piston;
a rod adapted to be connected to an operating piston of the hydraulic ram, pass through the first chamber and the actuator piston, and extend into at least a portion of the second chamber;
the actuator piston being releasably engageable to the rod by gripping means; and
wherein the hydraulic ram is operated by a force from movement of the operating piston and by a supplementary force from movement of the actuator piston. - Thus once the normal operating piston has moved the ram to crush an object, the actuator piston can be released to provide a supplementary force on the ram.
- Preferably the actuator includes a release mechanism to operate the actuator piston. In this way the actuator piston can be released at or near the end of the stroke of the operating piston and thereby provide the supplementary force where it is most required.
- Preferably a separation element is located between the hydraulic ram and the body. More preferably one or more seals are arranged on the separation element to act upon the rod and prevent the release of hydraulic fluid from the body into a hydraulic fluid chamber of the hydraulic ram.
- Preferably the actuator includes energy storage means arranged to provide a force to act upon the actuator piston.
- In a first embodiment the energy storage means is a mechanical means. Preferably the mechanical means is one or more springs held in compression. Advantageously the mechanical means is a plurality of Bellville springs as are known in the art.
- In a second embodiment the energy storage means is a hydraulic means. Preferably the hydraulic means is hydraulic fluid held under pressure.
- Preferably also the actuator includes resetting means to move the actuator piston back to its original operating position. Preferably also the actuator includes ram setting means to move the operating piston back to its original position. In this way the hydraulic ram may be reset.
- Preferably, the gripping means comprises a ball-gripping device and may comprise a device of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,062,628 (Yannetta) or U.S. Pat. No. 2,182,797, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by way of reference.
- The ball gripping device may comprise a plurality of balls mounted in a ball mounting element, which may be a ball cage or sleeve, having a plurality of apertures, each aperture associated with a corresponding ball. The actuator, in particular, the actuator piston may be adapted to urge the balls into engagement with the rod, to grip the rod. This may facilitate application of the supplementary force.
- The actuator piston may define one or more cam surface or ramp for urging one or more of the balls radially into engagement with the rod.
- The ball gripping device may be adapted to grip the rod during movement of the actuator piston in a first direction and to release the rod during movement in a second, opposite direction. To facilitate this, the device may comprise a ball release mechanism for permitting relative movement between the ball mounting element and the actuator piston. The ball release mechanism may comprise a shoulder or the like which, during return movement of the actuator piston, may be adapted to abut the ball mounting element, to exert a force on the ball element to disengage the balls from the rod. The ball mounting element may comprise a flange or spring plate, and at least one spring may be provided between the flange and the actuator piston. The spring may facilitate operation of the actuator and may prevent the actuator piston from impacting other components of the actuator following disengagement of the balls from the rod. Following release, the rod may move independently of the actuator piston back to a start position.
- According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of operating a hydraulic ram comprising the steps;
-
- (a) releasing a first piston to act on a ram;
- (b) using the movement of the first piston to trigger a release mechanism;
- (c) releasing a second piston on operation of the release mechanism, to act upon the ram.
- Preferably the method includes the step of compressing/pressurizing hydraulic fluid behind the first piston which is then used to operate the first piston. Preferably the method includes the step of releasably engaging the second piston to the first piston, so that the second piston is stationary when the first piston operates and the second piston also moves the first piston upon operation of the second piston.
- Advantageously the release mechanism is triggered at or near the end of the stroke of the first piston.
- Preferably the method includes the step of resetting the hydraulic ram by moving the first and second pistons back to their original operating positions.
- Further features of the method are defined in relation to the first aspect of the invention.
- According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided a blow out preventer for use in oil well drilling, the blow out preventer comprising:
- a pair of opposing hydraulic rams, each ram having a shear blade on a leading face;
at least one supplementary force actuator according to the first aspect located on at least one of the hydraulic rams. - Preferably a supplementary force actuator is arranged on each of the hydraulic rams. In this way the rams will initially crush the tubular by action of the operating piston and then the tubular is sheared by operation of the actuator piston.
- Preferably the energy storage means is a hydraulic energy store. In this way the blow out preventer can be kept within the dimensions of 5.7 m×5.7 m for deployment through a moon pool.
- Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the following drawings in which:
-
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a hydraulic ram including a supplementary force actuator according to a first embodiment of the present invention, shown in a first operating position; -
FIG. 2 is an illustration of the release mechanism of the supplementary force actuator ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the hydraulic ram including a supplementary force actuator ofFIG. 1 , shown in a second operating position; -
FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the hydraulic ram including a supplementary force actuator ofFIG. 1 , shown in a third operating position; -
FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a hydraulic ram including a supplementary force actuator according to a second embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a hydraulic ram including a supplementary force actuator according to a third embodiment of the present invention; and -
FIGS. 7 and 8 are schematic cross-sectional views of part of a supplementary force actuator according to a further embodiment of the present invention, shown in second and third operating positions, respectively. - Reference is initially made to
FIG. 1 of the drawings which shows a hydraulic ram, generally indicated byreference numeral 10, upon which is mounted asupplementary force actuator 12, according to a first embodiment of the present invention. - The
hydraulic ram 10 is part of a blow outpreventer 14. Blow outpreventer 14 comprises abody 16 having anaxial bore 18 therethrough and at least onetransverse port 20 accessing thebore 18. Mounted at thetransverse port 20 is thehydraulic ram 10. Theram 10 comprisescylindrical shaft 22 having apiston 24 at a first end and ashear blade 26 mounted on an opposing end. The piston is operated by the pressurisation of hydraulic fluid behind thepiston 24, in aram chamber 36. - As is conventional, a drill pipe or tubular 28 is located through the
bore 18. In the event of a blow out, thepiston 24 is actuated to force theshaft 22 towards thebore 18. Typically two opposinghydraulic rams 10 are mounted across the bore so that theshear blades 26 interact. The shear blades first crush and then shear the tubular 28. The shear blades are arranged such that when they meet, thebore 18 is sealed and blow out is prevented. - The
supplementary force actuator 12 is connected to an existinghydraulic ram 10. In this way theactuator 12 may be retrofitted to existing ram systems. An end cap can be removed from the existing ram and the body 30 is then located at thisposition 32. Body 30 is fixed to the ram, being secured bybolts 34 or other accepted fixation means. Aseparation plate 40 isolates theram chamber 36 from the inside of the body 30. - Body 30 comprises first and second chambers, 38,37 respectively. In this embodiment these
chambers chamber 36. The chambers are divided by apiston 46. - The
piston 24 of theconventional ram 10 is fitted with an additional connectingrod 42 that extend throughseals 44 on theseparation plate 40. Said seals 44 contain the full hydraulic pressure that is applied to close theram 10. - The connecting
rod 42 travels through thefirst chamber 38 and through the centre of thepiston 46. Mounted within thepiston 46 is agripping device 48. In the illustrated embodiment, the grippingdevice 48 is a ball gripping device of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,062,628, incorporated herein by reference. The ball-grippingdevice 48 is described hereinafter with reference toFIGS. 5 and 6 . Essentially thedevice 48 selectively grips therod 42 such that thepiston 46 androd 42 move together. It will be understood that gripping devices of various different types may be utilised. - Mounted behind the
piston 46 in thesecond chamber 37 are a stack of Bellville springs 50. Thesesprings 50 can store enormous amounts of energy but the applied force drops off rapidly over a few centimetres of travel. -
Chamber 38 is arranged to provide only a small distance of possible travel for thepiston 46. The purpose of thepiston 46 is to compress and retain the Bellville springs 50 arranged in radial fashion around the connectingrod 42. Pressure applied tochamber 38 acting onpiston 46 compresses the Bellville springs 50. - The load in the compressed Bellville springs 50 is retained by a rotating “half pin” 52. This is constructed of high tensile steel capable of supporting or retaining very high loads in excess of 100 metric tons. The movement of the rotating “half pin” is effected by means of a linkage, lever arm or
circular plate 54 as illustrated inFIG. 2 .FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a release mechanism, generally indicated byreference numeral 56. The choice of linkage depends on the provision made for safety of personnel in the release of the stored energy. Acircular plate 54 as illustrated inFIG. 2 has obvious safety advantages. - A spring loaded
linkage arm 58 rotates the “half pin” 52 once thepiston 46 has compressed Bellville springs 50. The load is supported on the flattened section of the rotating “half pin” 52 as indicated by the arrow inFIG. 2 . Thelinkage arm 58 is attached to anadjustable collar 60 fixed to the connectingrod 42 so that when it has moved by a pre-adjusted length, the spring operates the rotation of thecircular plate 54 and hence the rotating “half pin”. - By changing the position of the
adjustable collar 60, the operator can set at what point in the shear ram closure, theBellville Springs 50 will discharge their load. This feature would be useful where the properties of steel and other materials to be sheared are changed. Also affecting the optimum discharge point would be the geometry of the pipe or pipes to be sheared. For example pipe in pipe shearing may require an earlier discharge point than single pipe configurations. - In use, the
chambers pistons bore 18. Aspiston 24 moves it retracts theshear blade 26 of theram 10. Thelinkage arm 58 also moves rotating theplate 54 as described above. Thepiston 46 moves independently of therod 42 to compress the Bellville springs 50 under the force of the hydraulic fluid supplied to thechambers FIG. 1 and theram 10 andactuator 12 can remain fixed in this position until movement of the ram is required. - The operation of the shear ram is illustrated in
FIG. 3 . The operator functions the controls of thehydraulic piston 24 andshaft 22 as would occur on aconventional ram 10. By supplying hydraulic fluid between a rear face of thepiston 24 andplate 40, thepiston 24 is urged forward to advance theshaft 22, so that theshear blades 26 start to crush thepipe 28 to be sheared. At a critical point in the travel of the connectingrod 42, thelinkage arm 58 causes thecircular plate 54 and “half pin” 42 to rotate and release the stored energy in the Bellville springs 50. This is be cause the “half pin” cutaway section is flush with the circular section of the actuator wall. On release of the stored energy, thepiston 46 moves towards thebore 18. As thepiston 46 moves, the grippingdevice 48 forces balls against therod 42 and therod 42 is thus forced towards thebore 18 also. This movement of therod 42 is passed onto theshaft 22 and theblades 26 are forced further into thebore 18. Thus, the mechanical force from thesprings 50 is added to the hydraulic force generated on closure, providing a massive shearing force proportional to the piston area, hydraulic pressure applied and length and configuration of the Bellville springs 50. -
FIG. 4 shows the configuration when the force of theBellville Springs 50 has been expended. A second ram, referenced 10 a, is illustrated to show that theblades bore 18. To re-set the system, a control system directs hydraulic fluid tochamber 36 on the front face ofpiston 24. This immediately starts to compress the Bellville springs 50. When thepiston 46 with the attached female ball-grippingdevice 48 makes contact withactuator sleeve 62, the compression of the Bellville springs 50 is complete. - At this point the spring loaded “half pin” 52 rotates to retain the stored energy. Further movement of the connecting
rod 42 causes the female ball-grippingdevice 48 to contact the actuator-sleeve 62. This depresses a ball-cage within the ball-grippingdevice 48 and allows the connectingrod 42 to continue its travel until thepiston 46 has fully stroked back. Theactuator sleeve 62 may need to be hydraulically activated to release the ball-cage within the ball-grippingdevice 48 to ensure immediate contact to the connectingrod 42.Fluid ports chambers piston 46. - It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the Bellville springs 50 could be replaced by an ordinary coil spring to provide an alternative embodiment. Other types of ball gripping devices may be employed, such as those of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,182,797 to Dillon, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by way of reference. Further embodiments could use alternative mechanical gripping devices instead of the ball-
gripper system 48, for example, based on tapered slips. Other spring retaining mechanisms could be used based for example on the ball-gripper mechanisms. - The automated mechanical linkage of the
release mechanism 56 could be changed in subsequent embodiments, for example instead of a conventional spring a small closed hydraulic piston could be used. - Another embodiment would be to use a proximity switch or some electronic method of pre-determining the point at which the stored mechanical energy in the
Bellville spring 58 is discharged. In this case therelease mechanism 56 would be operated by solenoid. - Yet another embodiment would provide for a release mechanism based on a pre-set value of hydraulic pressure. Once this hydraulic pressure threshold is reached communication to the
release mechanism 56 could be via a pilot hydraulic line, a solenoid or even a pneumatic line in the event the mechanism is deployed at atmospheric pressure. - Reference is now made to
FIG. 5 of the drawings which illustrates a hydraulic ram, generally indicated byreference numeral 110, including asupplementary force actuator 112 according to a second embodiment of the present invention. Like parts to those ofFIGS. 1 to 4 have been given the same reference numeral with the addition of 100. - The
actuator 12 in the first embodiment had a design length of 1.761 metres. When incorporated into a subsea blow out preventer (BOP) stack, the overall design length was 7.61 metres. As the BOP stack must be lowered through a moon pool for sub sea deployment, this size is unacceptable as many moon-pools have dimensions of 6.5 metres by 6.5 metres. The length of the actuator can be reduced by re-designing the Bellville springs 50. So instead of a single stack, there are multiple stacks, typically four in number arranged radially around therod 42. However for some BOP's the diameter of the resultingactuator 12 impinged on the space of the next ram which was located in series down the well bore. - Even with the redesign, the overall length of the
actuator 12 is 1.18 metres which results in a BOP stack with an overall design length of 5.966 metres, just outside the limit set by certain oil companies of 5.7 metres. - The second embodiment seeks to achieve the same objectives i.e. to reduce the volume of accumulator bottles required for shearing pipe, especially in deepwater, whilst maintaining or enhancing the available stored shearing force, but with a reduced overall length.
- The
ram 110 ofFIG. 5 , has the same arrangement as theram 10 ofFIGS. 1 to 4 . Theactuator 112 is similar except that thefirst chamber 138 is narrower than thesecond chamber 137 so that thebody 130 increases in diameter at one end, typically into an 18″ cylinder. Theactuator piston 146 is located in thesecond chamber 137. Thepiston 146 is connected directly to the ball-grippingdevice 148, which is of the type described U.S. Pat. No. 2,062,628. - The
ball gripping device 148 comprises a surface of tapered sections forming cam surfaces orramps 139 in each of which aball 141 can travel on the tapered edge. A ball mounting element in the form of aball cage 143 is biased, via springs for example, to constrain theballs 141 within the taperedsections 139. Theballs 141 thus travel in thetapers 139, constrained by theball cage 143. When theballs 141 travel down thetapers 139 they grip therod 142. To retract them, theball cage 143 is moved so that the balls can retract into pockets within the taperedsections 141. In the first embodiment it is contact between thecage 143 and theactuator sleeve 62 which causes movement of thecage 143 to retract theballs 141. - The purpose of the
actuator piston 146 is to apply a second stage force, once theprimary piston 124 has had fluid pressure applied to it and has moved sufficiently to deform and crush the pipe in the well-bore 18. - The release of the
actuator piston 146 is controlled and actuated by means of a pressure signal from the hydraulic fluid applied to theprimary piston 124 or from a position indicator/sensor measuring the desired length of stroke. - At the appropriate pressure value or position of the stroke sensor, the
inlet valve 164 is opened to a separate accumulator bank containing operating fluid, whose pressure is normally stored at 200 bar. Movement of thepiston 146 causes the ball-grippingdevice 148 to engage therod 142 and apply the full force of the pressure applied over the cross sectional area of theactuator piston 146. At the same time full operating pressure is applied to thepiston 124 in thefirst chamber 136. The shear blades 126 will thus engage and shear the tubular 128, sealing the bore 118 and shutting in the well. - The small volume of fluid required to operate the
actuator piston 146 inchamber 137 means that accumulator pressure will not fall as rapidly as would be the case with a larger volume piston. Furthermore an electric pump operating from a subsea reservoir may be used to ensure maximum applied pressure to theinlet 164 at all times. - After delivering the combined force applied to the
piston 124 andactuator piston 146, the well may be opened by applying a small pressure atport 170 in thesecond chamber 138. Theseal 172 causes the ball-gripper device 148 to move to the right and allows the balls to be retracted and hence the well may be opened by applying pressure to the front face ofpiston 124. - The length of stroke of the
actuator piston 146 is small, generally about 50 mm, which is enough to apply maximum force at the point it is needed to sever thepipe 128 in the well-bore 118. It is expected that theactuator piston 146 and thechamber 141 it occupies will be typically about 270 mm in length and the ball-grippingdevice 148 about 250 mm in length. The total length of theactuator 112 should be about 520 mm in length. - For very deepwater where the accumulator volumes required are very large an alternate approach to the controls of the system can be implemented. This is illustrated in
FIG. 6 . Like parts to those ofFIG. 5 have been given the same reference numeral. - In this embodiment an
accumulator 174 of a given volume is filled with nitrogen and kept as close as possible to atmospheric pressure. Theaccumulator 174 is connected to theinlet 166 by avalve 176. The accumulator lines andvalve 176 will be rated for a collapse pressure of at least 300 bar. When the required threshold pressure or position is reached to operate theactuator piston 146, thevalve 176 is opened. This allows the fluid on the return side of theactuator piston 146 to vent to theaccumulator 174. - In water depths below 1850 metres the seawater pressure alone may be sufficient to drive the
actuator piston 146 to the left and shear thepipe 128. In water depths less than this, accumulator pressure may be required atinlet 166 to shear thepipe 128. - Turning now to
FIG. 7 , there is shown a schematic cross-sectional view of part of a supplementary force actuator according to a further embodiment of the present invention, the actuator indicated generally byreference numeral 212. Like components of theactuator 212 with theactuator 12 ofFIGS. 1 to 4 , and with theactuator 112 ofFIGS. 5 and 6 share the same reference numerals incremented by 200 and 100, respectively. - The
actuator 212 is essentially of similar structure to theactuator 112, and is for use with a ram such as theram 110. Accordingly, only the substantial differences between the actuator 212 and theactuator 112 ofFIG. 5 will be described herein in detail. - In
FIG. 7 , theactuator 212 is shown in a second operating position similar to that of theactuator 12 shown inFIG. 3 . In this position, anactuator piston 246 is retracted. Theactuator 212 includes aball gripping device 248 of similar structure and operation to thedevice 148 ofFIG. 5 , except that thedevice 248 additionally includes arelease mechanism 78 which facilitates release ofballs 141 from engagement with arod 242. Therelease mechanism 78 comprises a flange orspring plate 80 provided on aball cage 243 and a number ofsprings 82 provided between theflange 80 and ashoulder 84 on theactuating piston 246. Therelease mechanism 78 additionally includes ashoulder 86 formed on or in a body housing theactuator piston 246. - The
actuator 212 is operated in a similar fashion to theactuator 112, and is shown inFIG. 8 following movement of theactuator piston 246 towards a bore of a blow out preventer such as theBOP 14 shown inFIG. 1 . As with theactuator 112, this movement causes theballs 141 to be urged radially inwardly to grip therod 242. When theactuator 212 is returned to the start position, to open the BOP bore, theactuator piston 246, carrying therod 242, is moved back towards the position ofFIG. 7 . - During this movement, the
ball cage flange 80 comes into contact with theshoulder 86 before theactuator piston 246 has fully returned to its start position. - Accordingly, continued movement of the
actuator piston 246 towards theFIG. 7 position causes theballs 141 to disengage therod 242, through abutment between theball cage flange 80 and theshoulder 86, as theballs 141 are them permitted to move radially outwardly and along thesurfaces 239. Further movement of theactuator piston 246 closes the distance between thepiston shoulder 84 and theflange 80, compressing thesprings 82. In this fashion, thesprings 82 prevent theactuator piston 246 from impacting other components of theactuator 212 following release of theballs 141, such as abase 88 on which theshoulder 86 is provided. - The principal advantage of the present invention is that it provides a supplementary force actuator for use with a hydraulic ram to augment the force supplied by the hydraulic ram without requiring large volumes of hydraulic fluids.
- A further advantage of the present invention is that it provides a supplementary force actuator for use with a hydraulic ram in a two stage application of force to shear an object such as a pipe. An initial force is delivered by the standard hydraulic ram and a secondary force is discharged at a preset point on the stroke to more or less double the applied force.
- A yet further advantage of the present invention is that it provides a supplementary force actuator for use with a hydraulic ram wherein the preset point where the supplementary force is discharged is adjustable to optimise the pipe severance load at the point of hydraulic stroke where the discharged mechanical force is most effective.
- It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications may be made to the invention herein described without departing from the scope thereof. For example, multiple chambers may be arranged transversely to the bore to provide stepped increases in actuator force. As described herein, any release mechanism may be chosen to set and release the actuator piston.
- Alternative gripper mechanisms may also be incorporated.
Claims (26)
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB0424401A GB0424401D0 (en) | 2004-11-04 | 2004-11-04 | HM blowout preventers |
GB0424401.8 | 2004-11-04 | ||
GB0512995.2 | 2005-06-25 | ||
GB0512995A GB0512995D0 (en) | 2005-06-25 | 2005-06-25 | Improvements in or relating to hydraulic rams |
PCT/GB2005/004272 WO2006048669A1 (en) | 2004-11-04 | 2005-11-04 | Improvements in or relating to hydraulic rams |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20090127482A1 true US20090127482A1 (en) | 2009-05-21 |
Family
ID=35539617
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/718,705 Abandoned US20090127482A1 (en) | 2004-11-04 | 2005-11-04 | Hydraulic rams |
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Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20090127482A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1809858B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE469287T1 (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0517055A2 (en) |
DE (1) | DE602005021532D1 (en) |
NO (1) | NO20072782L (en) |
RU (1) | RU2370627C2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2006048669A1 (en) |
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US20110147002A1 (en) * | 2008-08-04 | 2011-06-23 | Cameron International Corporation | Subsea Differential-Area Accumulator |
US20140061522A1 (en) * | 2012-09-05 | 2014-03-06 | Vetco Gray Inc. | Valve Actuator with Degressive Characteristic Spring |
US20140124211A1 (en) * | 2011-03-09 | 2014-05-08 | Roger Warnock, JR. | Pump system |
WO2014074600A1 (en) * | 2012-11-08 | 2014-05-15 | Cameron International Corporation | Measurement system |
WO2015017662A1 (en) * | 2013-08-01 | 2015-02-05 | Bop Technologies, Inc. | Intensifier ram blowout preventer |
CN105298428A (en) * | 2015-09-16 | 2016-02-03 | 盐城市大冈石油工具厂有限责任公司 | Single-screw self-shearing high temperature well sealer |
US9494007B2 (en) | 2012-11-07 | 2016-11-15 | Transocean Sedco Forex Ventures Limited | Subsea energy storage for blow out preventers (BOP) |
CN106194096A (en) * | 2016-08-04 | 2016-12-07 | 中国石油大学(华东) | A kind of offshore platform has the compound wellhead assembly of bar oil recovery |
WO2017069999A1 (en) * | 2015-10-20 | 2017-04-27 | Worldwide Oilfield Machine, Inc. | Bop booster piston assembly and method |
US10018009B2 (en) * | 2015-02-26 | 2018-07-10 | Cameron International Corporation | Locking apparatus |
CN112983331A (en) * | 2021-03-24 | 2021-06-18 | 大庆市天德忠石油科技有限公司 | Hydraulic double-gate plate well plugging device |
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US8220773B2 (en) | 2008-12-18 | 2012-07-17 | Hydril Usa Manufacturing Llc | Rechargeable subsea force generating device and method |
US8602109B2 (en) * | 2008-12-18 | 2013-12-10 | Hydril Usa Manufacturing Llc | Subsea force generating device and method |
GB2484741B (en) * | 2010-10-22 | 2017-03-01 | Weatherford Tech Holdings Llc | Apparatus and methods for restricting flow in a bore |
US11156055B2 (en) | 2014-10-20 | 2021-10-26 | Worldwide Oilfield Machine, Inc. | Locking mechanism for subsea compact cutting device (CCD) |
US10954738B2 (en) | 2014-10-20 | 2021-03-23 | Worldwide Oilfield Machine, Inc. | Dual compact cutting device intervention system |
US9732576B2 (en) * | 2014-10-20 | 2017-08-15 | Worldwide Oilfield Machine, Inc. | Compact cutting system and method |
US10655421B2 (en) | 2014-10-20 | 2020-05-19 | Worldwide Oilfield Machine, Inc. | Compact cutting system and method |
WO2017120101A1 (en) * | 2016-01-05 | 2017-07-13 | Noble Drilling Services Inc. | Pressure assisted motor operated ram actuator for well pressure control device |
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CN112983331A (en) * | 2021-03-24 | 2021-06-18 | 大庆市天德忠石油科技有限公司 | Hydraulic double-gate plate well plugging device |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
RU2007120581A (en) | 2008-12-10 |
BRPI0517055A2 (en) | 2011-08-02 |
RU2370627C2 (en) | 2009-10-20 |
WO2006048669A1 (en) | 2006-05-11 |
DE602005021532D1 (en) | 2010-07-08 |
EP1809858B1 (en) | 2010-05-26 |
ATE469287T1 (en) | 2010-06-15 |
NO20072782L (en) | 2007-08-01 |
EP1809858A1 (en) | 2007-07-25 |
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