US20080285042A1

US20080285042A1 - System for Finding Integer Solutions

Info

Publication number: US20080285042A1
Application number: US12/183,314
Authority: US
Inventors: Edward W. Blakey
Original assignee: International Business Machines Corp
Current assignee: International Business Machines Corp
Priority date: 2006-01-04
Filing date: 2008-07-31
Publication date: 2008-11-20
Also published as: US20070165313A1; US7453574B2; GB0600036D0

Abstract

A system and a method for finding integer solutions of equations whose graphs are conic sections. The system provides a physical implementation of a geometric formulation of integer solutions of conic sections. The system includes a first source of waves and an arrangement of a plurality of reflectors to provide a lattice of interference patterns of standing waves in a plane, the lattice representing intersections at integer values. The system also includes a second source of waves and a detector provided along a curve that, with the second source, defines a cone of waves, which intersects with the plane of the lattice to provide a conic section. The detector finds points of intersection of the lattice and the conic section to determine integer solutions of the conic section. The conic section may be y=N/x, in which case the integer solutions provide a factorization into integers of N.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/619,284, now pending, and is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Technical Field
This invention relates to the field of finding integer solutions of equations whose graphs are conic sections.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Integer solutions are required to equations whose graphs are conic sections or parts thereof. Conic sections are parabolas, hyperbolae, circles or ellipses. Factorization is the most obviously useful such context and is chosen for illustration. Factorization is the task of, given an integer N, finding the (unique) primes whose product is N.
The task of factorization of a given integer is notoriously difficult, to the extent of rendering computationally infeasible the extraction of factors of numbers beyond a certain size. This infeasibility is what makes some cryptographic systems secure; for example, RSA cryptography.
There are many existing algorithms to perform the task of factorization, but each suffers from an increase in computation time as the input integer increases. This increase in computation time suffered by existing algorithms is inherent in tacit assumptions made about the model of computation in which these algorithms run. Crucially, it is assumed that instructions must be executed sequentially and this seems to be responsible for the algorithms' computational complexity.
An exception to this assumption of sequential execution is a factorization algorithm run in a quantum computing environment, where parallel execution of commands avoids the calculation time problem. However, technological limitations tightly constrain the input values able to be factorized.
It is an aim of the present invention to provide a fast method of finding integer solutions of conic equations. One embodiment of this provides a fast method of factorization. Just as with traditional algorithms, there is a limit to the size of numbers that can be factorized; however, in contrast with traditional algorithms, the proposed solution suffers no increase in calculation time as the input number approaches this limit.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention described exploits a physical implementation of a geometric formulation of the problem of factorization. This allows factors of numbers within the allowed range to be read off (or primarily guaranteed) instantly.
In one aspect of the present invention there is provided a system for providing a physical implementation of a geometric formulation of integer solutions of conic sections. A first source of waves is provided. An arrangement of a plurality of reflectors provides a lattice of interference patterns of the first source of waves in a plane. The lattice represents intersections at integer values. A second source of waves is provided. In addition, a detector is provided along a curve that, with the second source, defines a cone that intersects with the plane of the lattice to provide a conic section. The detector detects points of intersection of the lattice and the conic section to determine an integer solution of the conic section.
In another aspect of the present invention there is provided a system for providing a physical implementation of a geometric formulation of integer solutions of conic sections. A first source of waves is provided. An arrangement of a plurality of reflectors provides a lattice of interference patterns of the first source of waves in a plane. The lattice represents intersections at integer values. A second source of waves is provided. In addition, a detector is provided along a curve that, with the second source, defines a cone that intersects with the plane of the lattice to provide a conic section. The detector detects points of intersection of the lattice and the conic section to determine an integer solution of the conic section. In one embodiment, the conic section is part of the curve y=N/x, wherein N is an integer. The defined curve provides a factorization into N.
Other feature and advantage of this invention will become apparent form the following description of the presently preferred embodiments of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of examples only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating factorization of an integer by representation as a curve with intersections in an integer grid in accordance with the present invention;

FIGS. 2A and 2B are figures illustrating the implementation of the provision of a lattice in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a figure illustrating the implementation of the provision of the curve in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a diagram of an apparatus in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a method of providing a geometric formulation of integer solutions of conic sections in accordance with the present invention; and

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of a method of factorization in accordance with the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)

The described system physically implements a geometric formulation of the task of finding integer solutions to conic equations, including the task of factorization.
The geometric formulation for factorization is based on the fact that finding a pair (a,b) of factors of a given integer N (such that ab=N) is equivalent to locating a point (a,b) that lies both on the curve y=N/x and in the lattice of points whose coordinates are both integers. That the point is on the curve ensures that ab=N, and that it is in the lattice ensures that the factorization is into integers. The curve alone would give desired solutions (12=6×2, for example), but also an infinite number of non-integer solutions (12=(9/2)×(8/3), for example).
The task of finding factors of a given natural number N is equivalent to that of finding points that lie both in the integer lattice Z×Z (that is, the lattice of points (a,b) where a and b are both integers) and on the curve y=N/x.
A point (a,b) is on the curve y=N/x if and only if N=ab; it is in the lattice Z×Z if and only if a,bεZ. Hence (a,b) is both on the curve and in the lattice if and only if a and b offer a factorization into integers of N.
Since, by hypothesis, N is positive, the curve y=N/x exists only in quadrants x,y≧0 and x,y≦0. Further, since only positive factors of N (specifically, primes) are sought, only the former quadrant need be considered, namely quadrant x,y≧0.
Similarly, by the symmetry of the curve and of the lattice (specifically because each is symmetric about the line y=x), only one octant within this quadrant need be considered (since (a,b) is both on the curve and in the lattice if and only if (b,a) is, and both points correspond to the same factorization of N due to commutativity of multiplication). Accordingly, only the octant 0≦x≦y is considered.
In three-dimensional space, the curve y=N/x, z=0 can be expressed as the intersection of the x,y-plane and a cone. This is exploited by the physical implementation of the proposed system.
The physical implementation of the lattice relies on a system of standing waves set up by reflectors and a wave source. The lattice results from the interference pattern so generated, and the regularity of the lattice spacing stems from the fixed wavelength of the source. Transverse waves are required for the lattice to ensure that the interference pattern of the waves is not limited to the x,y-plane.
The technology used to implement the idea may be one of various types. In a first embodiment, electromagnetic waves are used with reflectors in the form of mirrors. In a second embodiment, the lattice is generated by forming interference waves on the surface of a liquid with reflectors in the form of solid walls in the liquid. Other forms of waves may also be used and each choice may have its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of computable range, size of apparatus, etc.
The implementation of the curve exploits the fact that the curve is a conic section. The curve can thus be expressed as the intersection of the lattice's plane and a certain cone. In the first embodiment, the cone, as well as the lattice, is constructed from electromagnetic waves. In the second embodiment, the cone is constructed from visible light, which shines through the lattice formed of waves in the liquid. The way in which the lattice interferes with the cone allows points of intersection to be identified.
As y=N/x is an example of a hyperbola, and hence of a conic section, the interference of the lattice and the cone enables integer solutions of the equation, i.e. factors of N, to be found. Entering the input value to be factorized is done by way of altering the lattice source's wavelength (e.g. with a variable resistor) and the position of the cone. In other words, N may be varied by varying the wavelength of the waves, the position of a source of the waves forming the cone, and the position of a detector for detecting point of intersection.
Referring to FIG. 1, the task of factorizing a given natural number N has an equivalent, geometric formulation. Consider the graph y=N/x; in particular, consider the part of the graph where both x and y are positive as shown in FIG. 1. The quadrant (100) of the graph where both x and y are positive is shown, with the curve y=N/x 101 shown. An integer lattice (102) is shown in the form of intersections of a grid. Points (103), (104), (105), (106) shown as black dots both on the curve (101) and in the lattice (102) offer a factorization of N.
By the definition of the graph, each point (x,y) on this curve (101), and none off the curve, satisfies xy=N. Any such point whose coordinates are integers, then, gives rise to a factorization of N, where the factors are the coordinates x and y. Of interest, then, are the points both on the curve (101) and in the integer lattice (102) (i.e. the lattice of points whose coordinates are both integers—in fact, both positive integers, since only this quadrant of the graph is considered).
It is noted that both the curve (101) and the lattice (102) are symmetrical about the line x=y (107), so only one half of the curve (the proposal uses that with x≦y) need be considered. Any point of interest (a,b) in the rejected half has a partner (b,a) in the considered half. Further, the lattice has, by definition, no points in the strip 0<x<1, so only the triangular region 1≦x≦y≦N need be considered. However, for ease of implementation, all of the region 0≦x≦y≦N (108) is considered.
In FIG. 1, N=6 and points (1,6) (103), (2,3) (104), (3,2) (105), and (6,1) (106) are located on both the curve (101) and the integer lattice (102). As only region (108) is considered, of specific interest are points (1,6) (103) and (2,3) (104). The coordinates of these points (103), (104) offer a factorization of N (i.e. for N=6, factors=1, 2, 3, 6).
The factorization of N corresponding to a point in the lattice and on the curve is not necessarily a full decomposition of N into primes (it may even be no more informative than to demonstrate that N=1. N). However, each prime factor p of N has a corresponding point
$(p, \frac{N}{p})$
in the lattice and on the curve; thus, all prime factors are represented by at fewest one such point each.
One embodiment of the system is now described using electromagnetic waves. A physical implementation of the lattice using electromagnetic waves is described with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B. Unless stated otherwise, components described are in the x,y-plane with a z-coordinate of zero.
a) Let N be the natural number to be factorized. Assume that N is odd.
b) Let ε be a small, positive, fixed real (0<ε<<1).
c) Let M1 be a parabolic mirror (201), reflective on the concave side of the curve:
${(x, - \frac{1}{2 (1 + ɛ)} x^{2} + x + (1 + ɛ), 0)  0 \leq x \leq 1}$
d) Let M2 be a plane mirror (202), reflective on the x<y side of:
{(x,x,0)|0≦x≦1}
e) Let M3 be a plane mirror (203), reflective on the x>0 side of:
{(0,y,0)|0≦y≦1}
f) Let S be a source (204) at (1+ε, 1+ε) of electromagnetic radiation with wavelength λ:=2/N.
Note that S (204) lies at the focus of the parabola of which M1 (201) is part. Suppose that S 204 is shielded such that its radiation stays within the plane z=0.
g) Let B be a triangular blackbody (205) that absorbs radiation arriving from S.
B:={(x,y,0)|1≦x≦y≦1+ε}
It is assumed that the number N to be factorized is odd. Should a factorization be required of an even number, it is computationally trivial to divide iteratively by two until an odd number is obtained. This is because, for ease of implementation, the reduced lattice
${(a, b)  a, b, \frac{a + b}{2} \in Z}$
(that is, pairs (a,b) of integers where the parity of a is that of b) is implemented instead of the full lattice Z×Z {(a,b)|a,bεZ}. Any factorization of N (which is odd) into integers a and b will be such that a and b are both odd, so this reduced lattice suffices.
Further, consideration need be made only of that part of the reduced lattice with 0≦x≦y≦N (since no factor of N is greater than N); only this part of the lattice is implemented.
Radiation incident on M1 from S is reflected by M1 as a beam of waves parallel to the y-axis, in the band 0≦x≦1 (which is entirely spanned by such waves), and travelling in the direction of decreasing y.
Radiation from S not incident on M1 is not of interest here; it is either absorbed by B or completely leaves the apparatus.
The beam of waves parallel to the y-axis is reflected by M2 to form a beam parallel to the x-axis, in the band 0≦y≦1 (which is entirely spanned by the reflected beam), and travelling in the direction of decreasing x.
Radiation incident on M3 from S (via M1 and M2) is reflected by M3 back along itself, producing a standing wave.
A ray from S that is of interest (that is, that falls on mirror M1 rather than leaving the apparatus or hitting B) meets M1 at
$(a, - \frac{1}{2 (1 + ɛ)} a^{2} + a + (1 + ɛ), 0)$
for some 0≦a≦1 (conversely, each such a has a corresponding ray). It is then reflected by M1 vertically down to (a,a,0), where M2 reflects it horizontally across to (0,a,0). M3 then reflects the ray back along itself via M2 and M1 to S, setting up a standing wave.
In the triangular region R:={(x,y,0)|0≦x≦y≦1}, the interference pattern produced by the standing waves mentioned above is such that a point (a,b,0) is at maximum amplitude (specifically, four times the amplitude of the original radiation from S) if and only if Na and Nb are integers of the same parity.
Since S is at the focus of the parabola containing M1, a beam of waves parallel to the x-axis and in the band 0≦x≦1 is reflected from M1, which is then reflected from M2 so as to be parallel to the y-axis and in the band 0≦y≦1, and then reflected back along itself by M3. This sets up a standing wave with points of inactivity separated by distances of 1/N, and points of activity with twice the amplitude of source S in between. In its horizontal component, the standing wave interferes with other such standing waves (in their vertical components), to produce a lattice of points of maximum amplitude (namely four times that of the wave from S) within the region R:={(x,y)|0≦x≦y≦1};the set of these points is LN:={(x,y) in R|Nx and Ny are integers of the same parity}. Region R is shown as the shaded region (206) in FIGS. 2A and 2B.
LN is the implementation of the integer lattice as shown in FIG. 2B. Note, then, that a point (a,b) in the geometric formulation corresponds to the point (a/N,b/N) in the physical implementation. This conversion is necessary if the apparatus described is to maintain its structure regardless of the choice of N. FIG. 2B shows N=5 with LN shown as black dots (207) in the context of R (206) shown as the shaded triangle.
Physical implementation of the curve y=N/x using electromagnetic waves is provided with reference to FIG. 3.
a) Let PN be a source (301) at
$(0, 0, \sqrt{\frac{2}{N}})$
of electromagnetic radiation.
b) Let CN be a detector (302) along the curve
${(x, 2 - x, z)  2 {(x - 1)}^{2} + {(z - \sqrt{\frac{2}{N}})}^{2} = 2 ⋀ z \leq \frac{1 - N}{1 + N} \sqrt{\frac{2}{N}} ⋀ 2 - x \geq 1}$
CN (302) is the circular arc produced by projecting
$\begin{matrix} G_{N} := {(x, y, 0) \in R  \frac{1}{xy} = N} & (304) \end{matrix}$
onto the plane y=2−x from PN (301). Hence, radiation arriving from PN at a point on CN passes through the plane z=0 at a point (x,y,0) such that 1/xy=N.
Then the cone (303) with tip PN (301) and curved surface passing through the circle containing CN (302) is that which, in conjunction with R, describes the curve GN.
The reading of results is as follows. The radiation arriving from PN (301) at a point on CN (302) will be weakest where the point (x,y,0) of R (206) through which it passed offers a factorization of N (in that (1/x)(1/y)=N), since such points (x,y,0) display high-amplitude interference because of the standing wave from S (204). Thus, a prime p can be recognized as such by its having only one pair of factors (itself and one), and hence only one weak point on CN (302). A composite number N will have further pairs of weak points, as described above.
It is a matter of simple geometry to convert the coordinates of such a point on the sensor via those of a point on the implementation of the curve into a factorization of N.
As a by-product of this, primes within the computable range can be identified quickly. N can be changed continuously (via continuous alteration of λ and repositioning of PN and CN)—when not an integer, no factors will be displayed. Primes can be easily identified: each has only one high-amplitude interference (i.e. weak) point.
Radiation from PN incident on a point (a,2-a,c) on CN has passed through
$(\sqrt{\frac{a}{N (2 - a)}}, \sqrt{\frac{2 - a}{Na}}, 0) in R (206) .$
If the radiation from PN at (a,2-a,c) on CN displays high-amplitude interference (i.e. is weak), then
$\sqrt{\frac{Na}{2 - a}} and \sqrt{\frac{N (2 - a)}{a}}$
are factors of N; conversely, all factors of N have an analogous such point on CN.
Having set up the apparatus as described with reference to FIGS. 2A, 2B and 3, the factors of N are found. Since all factors are represented by points on CN displaying high-amplitude interference (and since there are no other such points), a value of N produces:
a) no such points if and only if N is not an integer,
b) a single such point (corresponding to the factorization N=1.N) if and only if N is prime, and
c) two or more such points if and only if N is composite.
In particular, by sweeping continuously through a range of values of N (by continuously altering the wavelength of S, for example with a variable resistor, and the height (that is, z-coordinate) of PN and CN), primes can be quickly identified.
Referring to FIG. 4, an example apparatus (400) is provided for implementing the described system in the form of electromagnetic waves. The reference numbers used in FIGS. 2A, 2B and 3 are also used in this figure for consistency.
The scale of the diagram is given by the three arrows x, y and z (401), which show the axes' directions and are each 1/10 of a unit in length. The choice of actual size of the apparatus has to balance ease of reading (which favors larger apparatus) with cost of materials and bulkiness (which favor smaller apparatus). In this example, 1 cm for each arrow may be used as an illustration (so that one unit, and hence for example the length of M₂, is 10 cm).
The origin (which is defined so that points can be easily described by their coordinates) is taken to be the midpoint of the line at which M₂(202) and M₃(203) meet.
The mirrors M₁(201), M₂(202), M₃(203) and the blackbody B (205) are shown here with a slight height (0.5 cm). In practice, this height would be as small as possible without the mirrors becoming too weak. The smaller the height can be made, the larger N can be.
In FIG. 4, the reflective sides of mirrors M₁(201) and M₃(203) are facing and the reflective side of mirror M₂(202) is away.
ε is taken to be 0.1.
A section of CN is used as a detector depending on N. In the example shown in FIG. 4, a detector (402) is provided at a section of CN shown when N=15.
The value of N can be changed. FIG. 4 shows the example N=15; other values of N can be entered with the following two steps. The order in which the steps are executed is not important.

- Step 1. The wavelength of radiation from source S (204) needs changing to

$\frac{2}{N} units (\frac{20}{N} cm) .$

- Step 2. The height of P_N(301) and C_N(302) needs changing such that source P_N(301) has z-coordinate

$\sqrt{\frac{2}{N}} units (\sqrt{\frac{200}{N}} cm),$
as does the centre of the circle of which detector C_N(302) is part.
On completion of step 1, the interference pattern that implements the integer lattice is produced in the triangle between M₂(202) and M₃(203).
On completion of step 2, radiation reaching C_N(302) from P_N(301) will have passed through G_N(304) (which is the implementation of the graph
$y - \frac{N}{x}) .$
The results are read from the apparatus as follows. The points on C_N(302) where radiation from P_N(301) is weakest are those corresponding to pairs of factors of N. If such a point has an x-coordinate of a units (that is, 10 a cm), then
$\sqrt{\frac{Na}{2 - a}} and \sqrt{\frac{N (2 - a)}{a}}$
are factors of N. Calculating these two values for all such a will yield all factors, prime or otherwise, of N.
Referring to FIG. 5, a flow diagram (500) is provided showing the method of providing a geometric formulation of integer solutions of conic sections. A lattice is provided (501) of interference patterns of standing waves in a plane, the lattice representing intersections at integer values. A cone of waves is provided (502) and the cone of waves is intersected with the plane of the lattice to provide a conic section (503). Points of intersection of the lattice and the conic section are detected (504). The coordinates of the detected points are converted (505) to points in the geometric formulation.
Referring to FIG. 6, a flow diagram (600) is provided showing the method of factorization. An integer N is selected (601). The wavelength of the source of waves of the lattice is varied to 2/N units (602). The height of the source of the cone and the detector are varied (603) in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the lattice so as to be distant from this plane by
$\sqrt{\frac{2}{N}}$
units, where a unit is defined as a unit of length for the system. Steps (602) and (603) can be carried out in either order.

Alternative Embodiments

It will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. In particular, the described system is provided using non-electromagnetic waves. This embodiment illustrates that it is not necessary that the two sources S and P_Nbe of the same type. The requirements are:
(1) that S produce transverse waves (else the wave activity that simulates the lattice would be confined to the x,y-plane, and would not in particular interfere with radiation going from P_Nto C_N); and
(2) that radiation from P_Nbe affected by the interference pattern from S in such a way that presence of interference can be distinguished at C_Nfrom absence.
In this embodiment, source S makes waves of the required wavelength on the surface of a liquid (by beating the surface with the required frequency). Reflectors are provided by solid walls in the liquid. P_Nis a source of visible light, which shines into the liquid. A submerged sensor C_N(suitably positioned to allow for refraction) sees either steady light (indicating no lattice wave activity) or on-off light (indicating lattice wave activity, which refracts to varying degrees the light from P_N, thus making it only occasionally hit C_N); the latter corresponds to weak radiation arriving at C_Nin the first embodiment.
It is clear that in both described embodiments of the system, by repositioning PN and CN so as to implement a different cone, a similar method allows computation of integer solutions of different conic section graphs (parabolae, hyperbolae, circles and ellipses) or parts thereof. So, while factorization is chosen for discussion because of its wide range of applications and its notoriety as a difficult problem, the task is an illustration of a larger class of problems that the general method presented here can be used to solve.
In one embodiment the first and second sources of waves are sources of electromagnetic waves, the plurality of reflectors is in the form of a plurality of mirrors, and the detector is in the form of an electromagnetic sensor. The plurality of mirrors may have a height as small as possible while maintaining sufficient physical strength. A variable resistor may be provided to vary the wavelength of the first source to scan through a range of values of wavelength.
In another embodiment, the detector may be submerged in the liquid and may detect visible light to determine points of intersection of the lattice and the conic section.

Advantages Over the Prior Art

The present proposal addresses the computational difficulty encountered when using traditional algorithms to find integer solutions to certain equations (e.g. when factorizing integers). The proposed method of factorization is qualitatively different from existing processes because it uses a direct physical implementation of the problem in preference to the standard model of computation. This allows for much improved calculation times.
The embodiments disclosed herein enables values sufficiently small may be factorized instantly. Traditional methods take longer and longer as the value increases, until a time which is deemed to be too long is surpassed. Another advantage is that, by “sweeping through” the range of sufficiently small input values, primes within this range can be quickly identified.
This ability to find primes of the same magnitude as those numbers that can be factorized means that the proposed method poses no threat to RSA or similar systems. If it is supposed that the method can reliably factorize n-digit numbers and hence decrypt information encoded with RSA using an n-digit key, then, by the proposed method, n-digit primes can be found, and, by multiplying two such, a 2n−1 digit or 2n digit RSA key can be formed.
Improvements and modifications can be made to the foregoing without departing from the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A system for providing a physical implementation of a geometric formulation of integer solutions of conic sections, comprising:

a first source of waves;

an arrangement of a plurality of reflectors to provide a lattice of interference patterns of said waves in a plane;

a second source of waves; and

a detector provided along a curve that, with the second source of waves, defines a cone that intersects with the plane of the lattice to provide a conic section, and detects points of intersection of the lattice and the conic section to determine an integer solution of the conic section.

2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a conic equation to determine the integer solution of the conic section.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the first source of waves is a source of transverse waves.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the conic section is part of the graph of y=N/x and the integer solution provides a factorization into N, where N is an integer.

5. The system of in claim 4, wherein N is changed by varying a wavelength of the first source of waves, varying a position of the second source of waves, and varying a position of the detector.

6. The system of claim 5, wherein the wavelength of the first source is provided as 2/N units, where a unit is defined as a unit of length for the system.

7. The system of claim 5, wherein the position of the second source of waves and the position of the detector are varied in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the lattice so as to be distant from a plane by

\sqrt{\frac{2}{N}}

units, where a unit is defined as a unit of length for the system.

8. The system of claims 4, wherein the detector detects points on the detector where radiation from the second source is weakest.

9. The system of claim 8, wherein if the lattice plane is in the x,y-plane and a detected point has an x-coordinate of a units, then

\sqrt{\frac{Na}{2 - a}} and \sqrt{\frac{N (2 - a)}{a}}

are factors of N.

10. The system of claim 1, wherein the first and second sources of waves are sources of electromagnetic waves, a plurality of reflectors is in the form of a plurality of mirrors, and the detector is in the form of an electromagnetic sensor.

11. The system of claim 10, wherein the plurality of mirrors have a height as small as possible while maintaining sufficient physical strength.

12. The system of claim 10, wherein a variable resistor is provided to vary the wavelength of the first source of waves to scan through a range of values of wavelength.

13. The system of claim 1, wherein the first source of waves generates waves on the surface of a liquid and the second source of waves is a source of visible light.

14. The system of claim 13, wherein the detector is submerged in the liquid and detects visible light to determine points of intersection of the lattice and the conic section.

15. A system for providing a physical implementation of a geometric formulation of integer solutions of conic sections, comprising:

a first source of waves;

a second source of waves; and

a detector provided along a curve that, with the second source of waves, defines a cone that intersects with the plane of the lattice to provide a conic section, and detects points of intersection of the lattice and the conic section to determine an integer solution of the conic section, wherein the conic section is part of the curve y=N/x and the integer solution provides a factorization into N, wherein N is an integer.

16. The system of claim 15, wherein the first source of waves is a source of transverse waves.

17. The system of claim 15, wherein the first and second source of waves are sources of electromagnetic waves, the plurality of reflectors is in the form of a plurality of mirrors, and the detector is in the form of an electromagnetic sensor.

18. The system of claim 17, wherein the plurality of mirrors have a height as small as possible while maintaining sufficient physical strength.

19. The system of claim 17, further comprising a variable resistor to vary the wavelength of the first source of waves.

20. The system of claim 19, wherein said variable resistor scans through a range of values of wavelength.