US20080263781A1 - Cleaning System Utilizing an Organic Cleaning Solvent and a Pressurized Fluid Solvent - Google Patents
Cleaning System Utilizing an Organic Cleaning Solvent and a Pressurized Fluid Solvent Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20080263781A1 US20080263781A1 US12/109,928 US10992808A US2008263781A1 US 20080263781 A1 US20080263781 A1 US 20080263781A1 US 10992808 A US10992808 A US 10992808A US 2008263781 A1 US2008263781 A1 US 2008263781A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- cleaning
- solvent
- pressurized fluid
- organic solvent
- vessel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 203
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 179
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 122
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 138
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 102
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 51
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 51
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 48
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims description 31
- -1 cyclic terpene Chemical class 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- XMGQYMWWDOXHJM-JTQLQIEISA-N (+)-α-limonene Chemical compound CC(=C)[C@@H]1CCC(C)=CC1 XMGQYMWWDOXHJM-JTQLQIEISA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000007586 terpenes Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010665 pine oil Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- DKPFZGUDAPQIHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl acetate Chemical compound CCCCOC(C)=O DKPFZGUDAPQIHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000007675 alpha-pinene Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007602 hot air drying Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
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- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 14
- ZDRNMODJXFOYMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tridecyl acetate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(C)=O ZDRNMODJXFOYMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
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- 238000005108 dry cleaning Methods 0.000 description 12
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 12
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- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 8
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- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 6
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- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 5
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- NUPSHWCALHZGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Decyl acetate Chemical class CCCCCCCCCCOC(C)=O NUPSHWCALHZGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000274 adsorptive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
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- XMSXQFUHVRWGNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane Chemical compound C[Si]1(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O1 XMSXQFUHVRWGNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910018503 SF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 239000000010 aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 2
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- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 125000000118 dimethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
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- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000005826 halohydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
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- ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCO ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 2
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- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- SFZCNBIFKDRMGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur hexafluoride Chemical compound FS(F)(F)(F)(F)F SFZCNBIFKDRMGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FFJCNSLCJOQHKM-CLFAGFIQSA-N (z)-1-[(z)-octadec-9-enoxy]octadec-9-ene Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCCOCCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC FFJCNSLCJOQHKM-CLFAGFIQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BOSAWIQFTJIYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl BOSAWIQFTJIYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UOCLXMDMGBRAIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trichloroethane Chemical compound CC(Cl)(Cl)Cl UOCLXMDMGBRAIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AJDIZQLSFPQPEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)(Cl)C(F)(Cl)Cl AJDIZQLSFPQPEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LPROEOFOFNXVBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16-octamethyl-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15-octaoxa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16-octasilacyclohexadecane Chemical compound C[SiH]1O[SiH](C)O[SiH](C)O[SiH](C)O[SiH](C)O[SiH](C)O[SiH](C)O[SiH](C)O1 LPROEOFOFNXVBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical class COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- SZKKRCSOSQAJDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Schradan Chemical group CN(C)P(=O)(N(C)C)OP(=O)(N(C)C)N(C)C SZKKRCSOSQAJDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000944 Soxhlet extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002704 decyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
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- 125000004836 hexamethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 235000019645 odor Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 238000000527 sonication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002889 tridecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
- C11D7/22—Organic compounds
- C11D7/26—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C11D7/261—Alcohols; Phenols
- C11D7/262—Alcohols; Phenols fatty or with at least 8 carbon atoms in the alkyl or alkenyl chain
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B08—CLEANING
- B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
- B08B3/00—Cleaning by methods involving the use or presence of liquid or steam
- B08B3/04—Cleaning involving contact with liquid
- B08B3/10—Cleaning involving contact with liquid with additional treatment of the liquid or of the object being cleaned, e.g. by heat, by electricity or by vibration
- B08B3/12—Cleaning involving contact with liquid with additional treatment of the liquid or of the object being cleaned, e.g. by heat, by electricity or by vibration by sonic or ultrasonic vibrations
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B08—CLEANING
- B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
- B08B7/00—Cleaning by methods not provided for in a single other subclass or a single group in this subclass
- B08B7/0021—Cleaning by methods not provided for in a single other subclass or a single group in this subclass by liquid gases or supercritical fluids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
- C11D7/22—Organic compounds
- C11D7/26—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C11D7/261—Alcohols; Phenols
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
- C11D7/50—Solvents
- C11D7/5004—Organic solvents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
- C11D7/50—Solvents
- C11D7/5004—Organic solvents
- C11D7/5022—Organic solvents containing oxygen
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
- D06F43/00—Dry-cleaning apparatus or methods using volatile solvents
- D06F43/007—Dry cleaning methods
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06L—DRY-CLEANING, WASHING OR BLEACHING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR MADE-UP FIBROUS GOODS; BLEACHING LEATHER OR FURS
- D06L1/00—Dry-cleaning or washing fibres, filaments, threads, yarns, fabrics, feathers or made-up fibrous goods
- D06L1/02—Dry-cleaning or washing fibres, filaments, threads, yarns, fabrics, feathers or made-up fibrous goods using organic solvents
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06L—DRY-CLEANING, WASHING OR BLEACHING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR MADE-UP FIBROUS GOODS; BLEACHING LEATHER OR FURS
- D06L1/00—Dry-cleaning or washing fibres, filaments, threads, yarns, fabrics, feathers or made-up fibrous goods
- D06L1/02—Dry-cleaning or washing fibres, filaments, threads, yarns, fabrics, feathers or made-up fibrous goods using organic solvents
- D06L1/08—Multi-step processes
-
- C11D2111/44—
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
- C11D7/22—Organic compounds
- C11D7/26—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C11D7/263—Ethers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
- C11D7/22—Organic compounds
- C11D7/26—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C11D7/264—Aldehydes; Ketones; Acetals or ketals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
- C11D7/22—Organic compounds
- C11D7/26—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C11D7/266—Esters or carbonates
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Detergent Compositions (AREA)
- Cleaning By Liquid Or Steam (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
Abstract
A cleaning system that utilizes an organic cleaning solvent and pressurized fluid solvent is disclosed. The system has no conventional evaporative hot air drying cycle. Instead, the system utilizes the solubility of the organic solvent in pressurized fluid solvent as well as the physical properties of pressurized fluid solvent.
Description
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The present invention relates generally to cleaning systems, and more specifically to substrate cleaning systems, such as textile cleaning systems, utilizing an organic cleaning solvent and a pressurized fluid solvent.
- 2. Related Art
- A variety of methods and systems are known for cleaning substrates such as textiles, as well as other flexible, precision, delicate, or porous structures that are sensitive to soluble and insoluble contaminants. These known methods and systems typically use water, perchloroethylene, petroleum, and other solvents that are liquid at or substantially near atmospheric pressure and room temperature for cleaning the substrate.
- Such conventional methods and systems generally have been considered satisfactory for their intended purpose. Recently, however, the desirability of employing these conventional methods and systems has been questioned due to environmental, hygienic, occupational hazard, and waste disposal concerns, among other things. For example, perchloroethylene frequently is used as a solvent to clean delicate substrates, such as textiles, in a process referred to as “dry cleaning.” Some locales require that the use and disposal of this solvent be regulated by environmental agencies, even when only trace amounts of this solvent are to be introduced into waste streams.
- Furthermore, there are significant regulatory burdens placed on solvents such as perchloroethylene by agencies such as the EPA, OSHA and DOT. Such regulation results in increased costs to the user, which, in turn, are passed to the ultimate consumer. For example, filters that have been used in conventional perchloroethylene dry cleaning systems must be disposed of in accordance with hazardous waste or other environmental regulations. Certain other solvents used in dry cleaning, such as hydrocarbon solvents, are extremely flammable, resulting in greater occupational hazards to the user and increased costs to control their use.
- In addition, textiles that have been cleaned using conventional cleaning methods are typically dried by circulating hot air through the textiles as they are tumbled in a drum. The solvent must have a relatively high vapor pressure and low boiling point to be used effectively in a system utilizing hot air drying. The heat used in drying may permanently set some stains in the textiles. Furthermore, the drying cycle adds significant time to the overall processing time. During the conventional drying process, moisture adsorbed on the textile fibers is often removed in addition to the solvent. This often results in the development of undesirable static electricity and shrinkage in the garments. Also, the textiles are subject to greater wear due to the need to tumble the textiles in hot air for a relatively long time. Conventional drying methods are inefficient and often leave excess residual solvent in the textiles, particularly in heavy textiles, components constructed of multiple fabric layers, and structural components of garments such as shoulder pads. This may result in unpleasant odors and, in extreme cases, may cause irritation to the skin of the wearer. In addition to being time consuming and of limited efficiency, conventional drying results in significant loss of cleaning solvent in the form of fugitive solvent vapor. The heating required to evaporate combustible solvents in a conventional drying process increases the risk of fire and/or explosions. In many cases, heating the solvent will necessitate explosion-proof components and other expensive safety devices to minimize the risk of fire and explosions. Finally, conventional hot air drying is an energy intensive process that results in relatively high utility costs and accelerated equipment wear.
- Traditional cleaning systems may utilize distillation in conjunction with filtration and adsorption to remove soils dissolved and suspended in the cleaning solvent. The filters and adsorptive materials become saturated with solvent, therefore, disposal of some filter waste is regulated by state or federal laws. Solvent evaporation especially during the drying cycle is one of the main sources of solvent loss in conventional systems. Reducing solvent loss improves the environmental and economic aspects of cleaning substrates using cleaning solvents. It is therefore advantageous to provide a method and system for cleaning substrates that utilizes a solvent having less adverse attributes than those solvents currently used and reduces solvent losses.
- As an alternative to conventional cleaning solvents, pressurized fluid solvents or densified fluid solvents have been used for cleaning various substrates, wherein densified fluids are widely understood to encompass gases that are pressurized to either subcritical or supercritical conditions so as to achieve a liquid or a supercritical fluid having a density approaching that of a liquid. In particular, some patents have disclosed the use of a solvent such as carbon dioxide that is maintained in a liquid state or either a subcritical or supercritical condition for cleaning such substrates as textiles, as well as other flexible, precision, delicate, or porous structures that are sensitive to soluble and insoluble contaminants.
- For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,279,615 discloses a process for cleaning textiles using densified carbon dioxide in combination with a non-polar cleaning adjunct. The preferred adjuncts are paraffin oils such as mineral oil or petrolatum. These substances are a mixture of alkanes including a portion of which are C16 or higher hydrocarbons. The process uses a heterogeneous cleaning system formed by the combination of the adjunct which is applied to the textile prior to or substantially at the same time as the application of the densified fluid. According to the data disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,279,615, the cleaning adjunct is not as effective at removing soil from fabric as conventional cleaning solvents or as the solvents described for use in the present invention as disclosed below.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,316,591 discloses a process for cleaning substrates using liquid carbon dioxide or other liquefied gases below their critical temperature. The focus of this patent is on the use of any one of a number of means to effect cavitation to enhance the cleaning performance of the liquid carbon dioxide. In all of the disclosed embodiments, densified carbon dioxide is the cleaning medium. This patent does not describe the use of a solvent other than the liquefied gas for cleaning substrates. While the combination of ultrasonic cavitation and liquid carbon dioxide may be well suited to processing complex hardware and substrates containing extremely hazardous contaminants, this process is too costly for the regular cleaning of textile substrates. Furthermore, the use of ultrasonic cavitation is less effective for removing contaminants from textiles than it is for removing contaminants from hard surfaces.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,377,705, issued to Smith et al., discloses a system designed to clean parts utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide and an environmentally friendly co-solvent. Parts to be cleaned are placed in a cleaning vessel along with the co-solvent. After adding super critical carbon dioxide, mechanical agitation is applied via sonication or brushing. Loosened contaminants are then flushed from the cleaning vessel using additional carbon dioxide. Use of this system in the cleaning of textiles is neither suggested nor disclosed. Furthermore, use of this system for the cleaning of textiles would result in redeposition of loosened soil and damage to some fabrics.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,417,768, issued to Smith et al., discloses a process for precision cleaning of a work piece using a multi-solvent system in which one of the solvents is liquid or supercritical carbon dioxide. The process results in minimal mixing of the solvents and incorporates ultrasonic cavitation in such a way as to prevent the ultrasonic transducers from coming in contact with cleaning solvents that could degrade the piezoelectric transducers. Use of this system in the cleaning of textiles is neither suggested nor disclosed. In fact, its use in cleaning textiles would result in redeposition of loosened soil and damage to some fabrics.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,888,250 discloses the use of a binary azeotrope comprised of propylene glycol tertiary butyl ether and water as an environmentally attractive replacement for perchlorethylene in dry cleaning and degreasing processes. While the use of propylene glycol tertiary butyl ether is attractive from an environmental regulatory point of view, its use as disclosed in this invention is in a conventional dry cleaning process using conventional dry cleaning equipment and a conventional evaporative hot air drying cycle. As a result, it has many of the same disadvantages as conventional dry cleaning processes described above.
- U.S. Pat. No. 6,200,352 discloses a process for cleaning substrates in a cleaning mixture comprising carbon dioxide, water, surfactant, and organic co-solvent. This process uses carbon dioxide as the primary cleaning media with the other components included to enhance the overall cleaning effectiveness of the process. There is no suggestion of a separate, low pressure cleaning step followed by the use of densified fluid to remove the cleaning solvent. As a result, this process has many of the same cost and cleaning performance disadvantages of other liquid carbon dioxide cleaning processes. Additional patents have been issued to the assignee of U.S. Pat. No. 6,200,352 covering related subject matter. All of these patents disclose processes in which liquid carbon dioxide is the cleaning solvent. Consequently, these processes have the same cost and cleaning performance disadvantages.
- Several of the pressurized fluid solvent cleaning methods described in the above patents may lead to recontamination of the substrate and degradation of efficiency because the contaminated solvent is not continuously purified or removed from the system. Furthermore, pressurized fluid solvent alone is not as effective at removing some types of soil as are conventional cleaning solvents. Consequently, pressurized fluid solvent cleaning methods require individual treatment of stains and heavily soiled areas of textiles, which is a labor-intensive process. Furthermore, systems that utilize pressurized fluid solvents for cleaning are more expensive and complex to manufacture and maintain than conventional cleaning systems. Finally, few if any conventional surfactants can be used effectively in pressurized fluid solvents. The surfactants and additives that can be used in pressurized fluid solvent cleaning systems are much more expensive than those used in conventional cleaning systems.
- There thus remains a need for an efficient and economic method and system for cleaning substrates that incorporates the benefits of prior systems, and minimizes the difficulties encountered with each. There also remains a need for a method and system in which the hot air drying time is eliminated, or at least reduced, thereby reducing the wear on the substrate and preventing stains from being permanently set on the substrate.
- In the present invention, certain types of organic solvents, such as terpenes, halohydrocarbons, certain glycol ethers, polyols, ethers, esters of glycol ethers, esters of fatty acids and other long chain carboxylic acids, fatty alcohols and other long-chain alcohols, short-chain alcohols, polar aprotic solvents, siloxanes, hydrofluoroethers, dibasic esters, and aliphatic hydrocarbons solvents or similar solvents or mixtures of such solvents are used in cleaning substrates. Any type of organic solvent that falls within the range of properties disclosed hereinafter may be used to clean substrates. However, unlike conventional cleaning systems, in the present invention, a conventional drying cycle is not performed. Instead, the system utilizes the solubility of the organic solvent in pressurized fluid solvents, as well as the physical properties of pressurized fluid solvents, to dry the substrate being cleaned.
- As used herein, the term “pressurized fluid solvent” refers to both pressurized liquid solvents and densified fluid solvents. The term “pressurized liquid solvent” as used herein refers to solvents that are liquid at between approximately 600 and 1050 pounds per square inch and between approximately 5 and 30 degrees Celsius, but are gas at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. The term “densified fluid solvent” as used herein refers to a gas or gas mixture that is compressed to either subcritical or supercritical conditions so as to achieve either a liquid or a supercritical fluid having density approaching that of a liquid. Preferably, the pressurized fluid solvent used in the present invention is an inorganic substance such as carbon dioxide, xenon, nitrous oxide, or sulfur hexafluoride. Most preferably, the pressurized fluid solvent is densified carbon dioxide.
- The substrates are cleaned in a perforated drum within a vessel in a cleaning cycle using an organic solvent. A perforated drum is preferred to allow for free interchange of solvent between the drum and vessel as well as to transport soil from the substrates to the filter. After substrates have been cleaned in the perforated drum, the organic solvent is extracted from the substrates by rotating the cleaning drum at high speed within the cleaning vessel in the same way conventional solvents are extracted from substrates in conventional cleaning machines. However, instead of proceeding to a conventional evaporative hot air drying cycle, the substrates are immersed in pressurized fluid solvent to extract the residual organic solvent from the substrates. This is possible because the organic solvent is soluble in the pressurized fluid solvent. After the substrates are immersed in pressurized fluid solvent, the pressurized fluid solvent is transferred from the drum. Finally, the vessel is de-pressurized to atmospheric pressure to evaporate any remaining pressurized fluid solvent, yielding clean, solvent-free substrates.
- The solvents used in the present invention tend to be soluble in pressurized fluid solvents such as supercritical or subcritical carbon dioxide so that a conventional hot air drying cycle is not necessary. The types of solvents used in conventional cleaning systems must have reasonably high vapor pressures and low boiling points because they must be removed from the substrates by evaporation in a stream of hot air. However, solvents that have a high vapor pressure and a low boiling point generally also have a low flash point. From a safety standpoint, organic solvents used in cleaning substrates should have a flash point that is as high as possible, or preferably, it should have no flash point. By eliminating the conventional hot air evaporative drying process, a wide range of solvents can be used in the present invention that have much lower evaporation rates, higher boiling points and higher flash points than those used in conventional cleaning systems. For situations where the desired solvent has a relatively low flash point, the elimination of the hot air evaporative drying cycle significantly increases the level of safety with respect to fire and explosions.
- Thus, the cleaning system described herein utilizes solvents that are less regulated and less combustible, and that efficiently remove different soil types typically deposited on textiles through normal use. The cleaning system reduces solvent consumption and waste generation as compared to conventional dry cleaning systems. Machine and operating costs are reduced as compared to currently used pressurized fluid solvent systems, and conventional additives may be used in the cleaning system.
- Furthermore, one of the main sources of solvent loss from conventional dry cleaning systems, which occurs in the evaporative hot air drying step, is substantially reduced or eliminated altogether. Because the conventional evaporative hot air drying process is eliminated, there are no heat set stains on the substrates, risk of fire and/or explosion is reduced, the cleaning cycle time is reduced, and residual solvent in the substrates is substantially reduced or eliminated. Substrates are also subject to less wear, less static electricity build-up and less shrinkage because there is no need to tumble the substrates in a stream of hot air to dry them.
- While systems according to the present invention utilizing pressurized fluid solvent to remove organic solvent can be constructed as wholly new systems, existing conventional solvent systems can also be converted to utilize the present invention. An existing conventional solvent system can be used to clean substrates with organic solvent, and an additional pressurized chamber for drying substrates with pressurized fluid solvent can be added to the existing system.
- Therefore, according to the present invention, textiles to be cleaned are placed in a cleaning drum within a cleaning vessel, adding an organic solvent to the cleaning vessel, cleaning the textiles with the organic solvent, removing a portion of the organic solvent from the cleaning vessel, rotating the cleaning drum to extract a portion of the organic solvent from the textiles, placing the textiles into a drying drum within a pressurizable drying vessel, adding a pressurized fluid solvent to the drying vessel, removing a portion of the pressurized fluid solvent from the drying vessel, rotating the drying drum to extract a portion of the pressurized fluid solvent from the textiles, depressurizing the drying vessel to remove the remainder of the pressurized fluid solvent by evaporation, and removing the textiles from the depressurized vessel.
- These and other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description of the presently preferred embodiment of the invention, taken in conjunction with the claims and appended drawings, as well as will be learned by practice of the invention.
-
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a cleaning system utilizing separate vessels for cleaning and drying. -
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a cleaning system utilizing a single vessel for cleaning and drying. - Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The steps of each method for cleaning and drying a substrate will be described in conjunction with the detailed description of the system.
- The methods and systems presented herein may be used for cleaning a variety of substrates. The present invention is particularly suited for cleaning substrates such as textiles, as well as other flexible, precision, delicate, or porous structures that are sensitive to soluble and insoluble contaminants. The term “textile” is inclusive of, but not limited to, woven or non-woven materials, as well as articles made therefrom. Textiles include, but are not limited to, fabrics, articles of clothing, protective covers, carpets, upholstery, furniture and window treatments. For purposes of explanation and illustration, and not limitation, exemplary embodiments of a system for cleaning textiles in accordance with the invention are shown in
FIGS. 1 and 2 . - As noted above, the pressurized fluid solvent used in the present invention is either a pressurized liquid solvent or a densified fluid solvent. Although a variety of solvents may be used, it is preferred that an inorganic substance such as carbon dioxide, xenon, nitrous oxide, or sulfur hexafluoride, be used as the pressurized fluid solvent. For cost and environmental, reasons, liquid, supercritical, or subcritical carbon dioxide is the preferred pressurized fluid solvent.
- Furthermore, to maintain the pressurized fluid solvent in the appropriate fluid state, the internal temperature and pressure of the system must be appropriately controlled relative to the critical temperature and pressure of the pressurized fluid solvent. For example, the critical temperature and pressure of carbon dioxide is approximately 31 degrees Celsius and approximately 73 atmospheres, respectively. The temperature may be established and regulated in a conventional manner, such as by using a heat exchanger in combination with a thermocouple or similar regulator to control temperature. Likewise, pressurization of the system may be performed using a pressure regulator and a pump and/or compressor in combination with a pressure gauge. These components are conventional and are not shown in
FIGS. 1 and 2 as placement and operation of these components are known in the art. - The system temperature and pressure may be monitored and controlled either manually, or by a conventional automated controller (which may include, for example, an appropriately programmed computer or appropriately constructed microchip) that receives signals from the thermocouple and pressure gauge, and then sends corresponding signals to the heat exchanger and pump and/or compressor, respectively. Unless otherwise noted, the temperature and pressure is appropriately maintained throughout the system during operation. As such, elements contained within the system are constructed of sufficient size and material to withstand the temperature, pressure, and flow parameters required for operation, and may be selected from, or designed using, any of a variety of presently available high pressure hardware.
- In the present invention, the preferred organic solvent should have a flash point of greater than 100 F to allow for increased safety and less governmental regulation, have a low evaporation rate to minimize fugitive emissions, be able to remove soils consisting of insoluble particulate soils and solvent soluble oils and greases, and prevent or reduce redeposition of soil onto the textiles being cleaned.
- Preferably, the organic solvents suitable for use in the present invention include any of the following alone or in combination:
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- 1. Cyclic terpenes, specifically, a-terpene isomers, pine oil, α-pinene isomers, and d-limonene. Additionally, any cyclic terpene exhibiting the following physical characteristics is suitable for use in the present invention; (1) soluble in carbon dioxide at a pressure of between 600 and about 1050 pounds per square inch and at a temperature of between 5 and about 30 degrees Celsius; (2) specific gravity of greater than about 0.800 (the higher the specific gravity the better the organic solvent); (3) Hansen solubility parameters of about 13.0-17.5 (MPa)1/2 for dispersion, about 0.5-9.0 (MPa)1/2 for polar, and about 0.0-10.5 (MPa)1/2 for hydrogen bonding.
- 2. Halocarbons, specifically, chlorinated, fluorinated and brominated hydrocarbons exhibiting the following physical characteristics; (1) soluble in carbon dioxide at a pressure of between 600 and about 1050 pounds per square inch and at a temperature of between 5 and about 30 degrees Celsius; (2) specific gravity of greater than about 1.100 (the higher the specific gravity the better the organic solvent); (3) Hansen solubility parameters of about 10.0-17.0 (MPa)1/2 for dispersion, about 0.0-7.0 (MPa)1/2 for polar, and about 0.0-5.0 (MPa)1/2 for hydrogen bonding.
- 3. Glycol ethers, specifically, mono-, di-, triethylene and mono-, di- and tripropylene glycol ethers exhibiting the following physical characteristics; (1) soluble in carbon dioxide at a pressure of between 600 and about 1050 pounds per square inch and at a temperature of between 5 and about 30 degrees Celsius; (2) specific gravity of greater than about 0.800 (the higher the specific gravity the better the organic solvent); (3) Hansen solubility parameters of about 13.0-19.5 (MPa)1/2 for dispersion, about 3.0-7.5 (MPa)1/2 for polar, and about 8.0-17.0 (MPa)1/2 for hydrogen bonding.
- 4. Polyols, specifically, glycols and other organic compounds containing two or more hydroxyl radicals and exhibiting the following physical characteristics; (1) soluble in carbon dioxide at a pressure of between 600 and about 1050 pounds per square inch and at a temperature of between 5 and about 30 degrees Celsius; (2) specific gravity of greater than about 0.920 (the higher the specific gravity the better the organic solvent); (3) Hansen solubility parameters of about 14.0-18.2 (MPa)1/2 for dispersion, about 4.5-20.5 (MPa)1/2 for polar, and about 15.0-30.0 (MPa)1/2 for hydrogen bonding.
- 5. Ethers, specifically, ethers containing no free hydroxyl radicals and exhibiting the following physical characteristics; (1) soluble in carbon dioxide at a pressure of between 600 and about 1050 pounds per square inch and at a temperature of between 5 and about 30 degrees Celsius; (2) specific gravity of greater than about 0.800 (the higher the specific gravity the better the organic solvent); (3) Hansen solubility parameters of about 14.5-20.0 (MPa)1/2 for dispersion, about 1.5-6.5 (MPa)1/2 for polar, and about 5.0-10.0 (MPa)1/2 for hydrogen bonding.
- 6. Esters of glycol ethers, specifically, esters of glycol ethers exhibiting the following physical characteristics; (1) soluble in carbon dioxide at a pressure of between 600 and about 1050 pounds per square inch and at a temperature of between 5 and about 30 degrees Celsius; (2) specific gravity of greater than about 0.800 (the higher the specific gravity the better the organic solvent); (3) Hansen solubility parameters of about 15.0-20.0 (MPa)1/2 for dispersion, about 3.0-10.0 (MPa)1/2 for polar, and about 8.0-16.0 (MPa)1/2 for hydrogen bonding.
- 7. Esters of monobasic carboxylic acids exhibiting the following physical characteristics; (1) soluble in carbon dioxide at a pressure of between 600 and about 1050 pounds per square inch and at a temperature of between 5 and about 30 degrees Celsius; (2) specific gravity of greater than about 0.800 (the higher the specific gravity the better the organic solvent); (3) Hansen solubility parameters of about 13.0-17.0 (MPa)1/2 for dispersion, about 2.0-7.5 (MPa)1/2 for polar, and about 1.5-6.5 (MPa)1/2 for hydrogen bonding.
- 8. Fatty alcohols, specifically alcohols in which the carbon chain adjacent to the hydroxyl group contains five carbon atoms or more and exhibiting the following physical characteristics; (1) soluble in carbon dioxide at a pressure of between 600 and about 1050 pounds per square inch and at a temperature of between 5 and about 30 degrees Celsius; (2) specific gravity of greater than about 0.800 (the higher the specific gravity the better the organic solvent); (3) Hansen solubility parameters of about 13.3-18.4 (MPa)1/2 for dispersion, about 3.1-18.8 (MPa)1/2 for polar, and about 8.4-22.3 (MPa)1/2 for hydrogen bonding.
- 9. Short chain alcohols in which the carbon chain adjacent to the hydroxyl group contains four or fewer carbon atoms and exhibiting the following physical characteristics; (1) soluble in carbon dioxide at a pressure of between 600 and about 1050 pounds per square inch and at a temperature of between 5 and about 30 degrees Celsius; (2) specific gravity of greater than about 0.800 (the higher the specific gravity the better the organic solvent); (3) Hansen solubility parameters of about 13.5-18.0 (MPa)1/2 for dispersion, about 3.0-9.0 (MPa)1/2 for polar, and about 9.0-16.5 (MPa)1/2 for hydrogen bonding.
- 10. Siloxanes exhibiting the following physical characteristics; (1) soluble in carbon dioxide at a pressure of between 600 and about 1050 pounds per square inch and at a temperature of between 5 and about 30 degrees Celsius; (2) specific gravity of greater than about 0.900 (the higher the specific gravity the better the organic solvent); (3) Hansen solubility parameters of about 14.0-18.0 (MPa)1/2 for dispersion, about 0.0-4.5 (MPa)1/2 for polar, and about 0.0-4.5 (MPa)1/2 for hydrogen bonding.
- 11. Hydrofluoroethers exhibiting the following physical characteristics; (1) soluble in carbon dioxide at a pressure of between 600 and about 1050 pounds per square inch and at a temperature of between 5 and 30 degrees Celsius; (2) specific gravity of greater than about 1.50; (3) total Hansen solubility parameters of about 12.0 to 18.0 (MPa)1/2 for dispersion, about 4.0-10.0 (MPa)1/2 for polar, and about 1.5-9.0 (MPa)1/2 for hydrogen bonding.
- 12. Aliphatic hydrocarbons exhibiting the following physical characteristics; (1) soluble in carbon dioxide at a pressure of between 600 and about 1050 pounds per square inch and at a temperature of between 5 and about 30 degrees Celsius; (2) specific gravity of greater than about 0.700 (the higher the specific gravity the better the organic solvent); (3) Hansen solubility parameters of about 14.0-17.0 (MPa)1/2 for dispersion, about 0.0-2.0 (MPa)1/2 for polar, and about 0.0-2.0 (MPa)1/2 for hydrogen bonding.
- 13. Esters of dibasic carboxylic acids exhibiting the following physical characteristics; (1) soluble in carbon dioxide at a pressure of between 600 and about 1050 pounds per square inch and at a temperature of between 5 and about 30 degrees Celsius; (2) specific gravity of greater than about 0.900 (the higher the specific gravity the better the organic solvent); (3) Hansen solubility parameters of about 13.5-18.0 (MPa)1/2 for dispersion, about 4.0-6.5 (MPa)1/2 for polar, and about 4.0-11.0 (MPa)1/2 for hydrogen bonding.
- 14. Ketones exhibiting the following physical characteristics; (1) soluble in carbon dioxide at a pressure of between 600 and about 1050 pounds per square inch and at a temperature of between 5 and about 30 degrees Celsius; (2) specific gravity of greater than about 0.800 (the higher the specific gravity the better the organic solvent); (3) Hansen solubility parameters of about 13.0-19.0 (MPa)1/2 for dispersion, about 3.0-8.0 (MPa)1/2 for polar, and about 3.0-11.0 (MPa)1/2 for hydrogen bonding.
- 15. Aprotic solvents. These include solvents that do not belong to any of the aforementioned solvent groups, contain no dissociable hydrogens, and exhibit the following physical characteristics; (1) soluble in carbon dioxide at a pressure of between 600 and about 1050 pounds per square inch and at a temperature of between 5 and about 30 degrees Celsius; (2) specific gravity of greater than about 0.900 (the higher the specific gravity the better the organic solvent); (3) Hansen solubility parameters of about 15.0-21.0 (MPa)1/2 for dispersion, about 6.0-17.0 (MPa)1/2 for polar, and about 4.0-13.0 (MPa)1/2 for hydrogen bonding.
- Preferably, in addition to the three physical properties described with respect to each above group, the organic solvent used in the present invention should also exhibit one or more of the following physical properties: (4) flash point greater than about 100 degrees Fahrenheit; and (5) evaporation rate of lower than about 50 (where n-butyl acetate=100). Most preferably, the organic solvent used in the present invention exhibits each of the foregoing characteristics (i.e., those identified as (1) through (5)).
- The Hansen solubility parameters were developed to characterize solvents for the purpose of comparison. Each of the three parameters (i.e., dispersion, polar and hydrogen bonding) represents a different characteristic of solvency. In combination, the three parameters are a measure of the overall strength and selectivity of a solvent. The above Hansen solubility parameter ranges identify solvents that are good solvents for a wide range of substances and also exhibit a degree of solubility in liquid carbon dioxide. The Total Hansen solubility parameter, which is the square root of the sum of the squares of the three parameters mentioned previously, provides a more general description of the solvency of the organic solvents.
- Any organic solvent or mixture of organic solvents from the groups specified and that meet at least properties 1 through 3, and preferably all 5 properties, is suitable for use in the present invention. Furthermore, the organic solvent should also have a low toxicity and a low environmental impact. Table 1 below shows the physical properties of a number of organic solvents that may be suitable for use in is the present invention. In Table 1, the solvents are soluble in carbon dioxide between 570 psig/5° C. and 830 psig/20° C.
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TABLE 1 Evaporation Soluble Rate Hansen Solubility Parameters in Specific Flash (n-butyl Hydrogen carbon Gravity Point acetate = Dispersion Polar Bonding Total Solvent dioxide (20° C./20° C.) (° F.) 100) (MPa)1/2 (MPa)1/2 (MPa)1/2 (MPa)1/2 Terpenes Pine Oil y .929a 193a 0.5a 13.9a 8.0a 10.2a 19.0a d-limonene y .843c 121c 0.5c 16.6c 0.6c 0.0c 16.6c (25° C./25° C.) Halocarbons 1,1,2-trifluoro- y 1.57b noneb 2100b 14.7b 1.6b 0.0b 14.7b trichloroethane n-propyl y 1.35 none 5.8 16.0h 6.5h 4.7h 17.9 bromide (25° C./25° C.) Perfluorohexane y 1.67f nonef 1000d 12.1d 0.0d 0.0d 12.1 Glycol Ethers Triethylene y 0.92@ >200d <1d 13.3a 3.1a 8.4a 16.0a glycol mono- 15.5° C. oleyl ether Ethylan HB4* y 1.12 >200d <0.5d 17.4d 9.2d 13.0d 23.6d Polyols Hexylene y .921b 201b 1.0b 15.8b 8.4b 17.8b 25.2 glycol Ethers Tetraethylene y 1.005b 285b ~<0.5d 15.7b 2.0b 8.2b 17.8b glycol dimethyl ether Esters of Glycol Ethers Ethylene y 1.124b 181b 2.0b 16.4b 10.4b 12.9b 23.3b glycol diacetate Esters of Carboxylic Acids Decyl y 0.869b 212b 0.6b 14.9b 5.7b 3.1b 16.4b acetates** Tridecyl y 0.875b 261b 0.1b 15.1b 5.1b 1.6b 16.1b acetates*** Soy methyl y 0.87c@ 425c <0.5c 16.1c 4.9c 5.9c 17.8 esters* 25° C./25° C. Fatty Alcohols 2-ethyl- y 0.829b 171b 2.0b 15.9b 3.3b 11.9b 20.2b hexanol Aprotic Solvents Dimethyl- y 1.097b 203b 2.6b 18.4b 16.4b 10.2b 26.6b sulfoxide Dimethyl y .94b 136b 20b 17.4b 13.7b 11.2b 24.7b formamide Propylene y 1.185b 270b 0.5b 20.0b 18.0b 4.1b 27.3b carbonate Siloxanes Octamethyl y 0.96g @ 144g <1d 15.1d 0.8d 0.0d 15.1h cyclotetra 25° C./25° C. siloxane/ decamethyl cyclopenta- siloxane++ Hydrofluoroethers 1-methoxy- y 1.52 none 900d 13.7d 6.1d 8.2d 17.1d nonafluoro- butane Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Isoparaffins y 0.77 140 <10 15.7d 0.0d 0.0d 17.1d (DF 2000) Dibasic Esters Dimethyl y 1.084b 225b <0.9b 17.0b 4.7b 9.8b 20.2b glutarate *∝ Phenyl-ω-hydroxy-poly (oxy 1,2 ethanediyl): Akzo Nobel **Exxate 1000; Exxon ***Exxate 1300; Exxon +Soy Gold 1100; AG Environmental Products ++SF 1204; General Electric Silicones aBarton A.F.M.; Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters, 2nd Edition; CRC Press, 1991 (ISBN 0-8493-0176-9) bWypych, George; Handbook of Solvents, 2001; ChemTec (ISBN 1-895198-24-0) cAG Environmental Products, website. dEstimated. eClean Tech Proceedings 1998, pg 92 fFluorochem USA gGE Silicones Fluids Handbook, Bulletin No. 59 (9/91). hFedors Method: R.F. Fedoers, Polymer Engineering and Science, 1974. - Referring now to
FIG. 1 , a block diagram of a cleaning system having separate vessels for cleaning and drying textiles is shown. Thecleaning system 100 generally comprises acleaning machine 102 having a cleaningvessel 110 operatively connected to, via one or more motor activated shafts (not shown), a perforated rotatable cleaning drum orwheel 112 within the cleaningvessel 110 with aninlet 114 to thecleaning vessel 110 and anoutlet 116 from the cleaningvessel 110 through which cleaning fluids can pass. A dryingmachine 104 has a dryingvessel 120 capable of being pressurized. Thepressurizable drying vessel 120 is operatively connected to, via one or more motor activated shafts (not shown), a perforated rotatable drying drum orwheel 122 within the dryingvessel 120 with aninlet 124 to the dryingvessel 120 and anoutlet 126 from the dryingvessel 120 through which pressurized fluid solvent can pass. The cleaningvessel 110 and the dryingvessel 120 can either be parts of the same machine, or they can comprise separate machines. Furthermore, both the cleaning and drying steps of this invention can be performed in the same vessel, as is described with respect toFIG. 2 below. - An organic
solvent tank 130 holds any suitable organic solvent, as previously described, to be introduced to thecleaning vessel 110 through theinlet 114. A pressurized fluidsolvent tank 132 holds pressurized fluid solvent to be added to thepressurizable drying vessel 120 through theinlet 124.Filtration assembly 140 contains one or more filters that continuously remove contaminants from the organic solvent from the cleaningvessel 110 as cleaning occurs. - The components of the
cleaning system 100 are connected with lines 150-156, which transfer organic solvents and vaporized and pressurized fluid solvents between components of the system. The term “line” as used herein is understood to refer to a piping network or similar conduit capable of conveying fluid and, for certain purposes, is capable of being pressurized. The transfer of the organic solvents and vaporized and pressurized fluid solvents through the lines 150-156 is directed by valves 170-176 and pumps 190-193. While pumps 190-193 are shown in the described embodiment, any method of transferring liquid and/or vapor between components can be used, such as adding pressure to the component using a compressor to force the liquid and/or vapor from the component. - The textiles are cleaned with an organic solvent such as those previously described or mixtures thereof. The textiles may also be cleaned with a combination of organic solvent and pressurized fluid solvent, and this combination may be in varying proportions from about 50% by weight to 100% by weight of organic solvent and 0% by weight to 50% by weight of pressurized fluid solvent. In the cleaning process, the textiles are first sorted as necessary to place the textiles into groups suitable to be cleaned together. The textiles may then be spot treated as necessary to remove any stains that may not be removed during the cleaning process. The textiles are then placed into the cleaning
drum 112 of thecleaning system 100. It is preferred that the cleaningdrum 112 be perforated to allow for free interchange of solvent between the cleaningdrum 112 and thecleaning vessel 110 as well as to transport soil from the textiles to thefiltration assembly 140. - After the textiles are placed in the
cleaning drum 112, an organic solvent contained in the organicsolvent tank 130 is added to thecleaning vessel 110 vialine 152 by openingvalve 171, closingvalves pump 190 to pump organic solvent through theinlet 114 of thecleaning vessel 110. The organic solvent may contain one or more co-solvents, water, detergents, or other additives to enhance the cleaning capability of thecleaning system 100. Alternatively, one or more additives may be added directly to thecleaning vessel 110. Pressurized fluid solvent may also be added to thecleaning vessel 110 along with the organic solvent to enhance cleaning. Pressurized fluid solvent can be added to thecleaning vessel 110 vialine 154 by openingvalve 174, closingvalves pump 192 to pump pressurized fluid solvent through theinlet 114 of thecleaning vessel 110. Of course, if pressurized fluid solvent is included in the cleaning cycle, the cleaningvessel 110 will need to be pressurized in the same manner as the dryingvessel 120, as discussed below. - When a sufficient amount of the organic solvent, or combination of organic solvent and pressurized fluid solvent, is added to the
cleaning vessel 110, the motor (not shown) is activated and theperforated cleaning drum 112 is agitated and/or rotated within cleaningvessel 110. During this phase, the organic solvent is continuously cycled through thefiltration assembly 140 by openingvalves valves pump 191.Filtration assembly 140 may include one or more fine mesh filters to remove particulate contaminants from the organic solvent passing therethrough and may alternatively or in addition include one or more absorptive or adsorptive filters to remove water, dyes and other dissolved contaminants from the organic solvent. Exemplary configurations for filter assemblies that can be used to remove contaminants from either the organic solvent or the pressurized fluid solvent are described more fully in U.S. application Ser. No. 08/994,583 incorporated herein by reference. As a result, the organic solvent is pumped throughoutlet 116,valve 172,line 151,filter assembly 140,line 150,valve 170 and re-enters the cleaningvessel 110 viainlet 114. This cycling advantageously removes contaminants, including particulate contaminants and/or soluble contaminants, from the organic solvent and reintroduces filtered organic solvent to thecleaning vessel 110 and agitating orrotating cleaning drum 112. Through this process, contaminants are removed from the textiles. Of course, in the event the cleaningvessel 110 is pressurized, this recirculation system will be maintained at the same pressure/temperature levels as those in cleaningvessel 110. - After sufficient time has passed so that the desired level of contaminants is removed from the textiles and organic solvent, the organic solvent is removed from the cleaning
drum 112 and cleaningvessel 110 by openingvalve 173, closingvalves pump 191 to pump the organic solvent throughoutlet 116 vialine 153. The cleaningdrum 112 is then rotated at a high speed, such as 400-800 rpm, to further remove organic solvent from the textiles. The cleaningdrum 112 is preferably perforated so that, when the textiles are rotated in thecleaning drum 112 at a high speed, the organic solvent can drain from the cleaningdrum 112. Any organic solvent removed from the textiles by rotating the cleaningdrum 112 at high speed is also removed from the cleaningdrum 112 in the manner described above. After the organic solvent is removed from the cleaningdrum 112, it can either be discarded or recovered and decontaminated for reuse using solvent recovery systems known in the art. Furthermore, multiple cleaning cycles can be used if desired, with each cleaning cycle using the same organic solvent or different organic solvents. If multiple cleaning cycles are used, each cleaning cycle can occur in the same cleaning vessel, or a separate cleaning vessel can be used for each cleaning cycle. - After a desired amount of the organic solvent is removed from the textiles by rotating the cleaning
drum 112 at high speed, the textiles are moved from the cleaningdrum 112 to the dryingdrum 122 within the dryingvessel 120 in the same manner textiles are moved between machines in conventional cleaning systems. In an alternate embodiment, a single drum can be used in both the cleaning cycle and the drying cycle, so that, rather than transferring the textiles between the cleaningdrum 112 and the dryingdrum 122, a single drum containing the textiles is transferred between the cleaningvessel 110 and the dryingvessel 120. If thecleaning vessel 110 is pressurized during the cleaning cycle, it must be depressurized before the textiles are removed. Once the textiles have been placed in the dryingdrum 122, pressurized fluid solvent, such as that contained in thecarbon dioxide tank 132, is added to the dryingvessel 120 vialines valve 175, closingvalves pump 192 to pump pressurized fluid solvent through theinlet 124 of the dryingvessel 120 vialines vessel 120, the organic solvent remaining on the textiles dissolves in the pressurized fluid solvent. - After a sufficient amount of pressurized fluid solvent is added so that the desired level of organic solvent has been dissolved, the pressurized fluid solvent and organic solvent combination is removed from the drying
vessel 120, and therefore also from the dryingdrum 122, by openingvalve 176, closingvalve 175 and activatingpump 193 to pump the pressurized fluid solvent and organic solvent combination throughoutlet 126 vialine 156. If desired, this process may be repeated to remove additional organic solvent. The dryingdrum 122 is then rotated at a high speed, such as 150-350 rpm, to further remove the pressurized fluid solvent and organic solvent combination from the textiles. The dryingdrum 122 is preferably perforated so that, when the textiles are rotated in the dryingdrum 122 at a high speed, the pressurized fluid solvent and organic solvent combination can drain from the dryingdrum 122. Any pressurized fluid solvent and organic solvent combination removed from the textiles by spinning the dryingdrum 122 at high speed is also pumped from the dryingvessel 120 in the manner described above. After the pressurized fluid solvent and organic solvent combination is removed from the dryingvessel 120, it can either be discarded or separated and recovered for reuse with solvent recovery systems known in the art. Note that, while preferred, it is not necessary to include a high speed spin cycle to remove pressurized fluid solvent from the textiles. - After a desired amount of the pressurized fluid solvent is removed from the textiles by rotating the drying
drum 122, the dryingvessel 120 is depressurized over a period of about 5-15 minutes. The depressurization of the dryingvessel 120 vaporizes any remaining pressurized fluid solvent, leaving dry, solvent-free textiles in the dryingdrum 122. The pressurized fluid solvent that has been vaporized is then removed from the dryingvessel 120 by openingvalve 176, closingvalve 175, and activatingpump 193. As a result, the vaporized pressurized fluid solvent is pumped through theoutlet 126,line 156 andvalve 176, where it can then either be vented to the atmosphere or recovered and recompressed for reuse. - While the
cleaning system 100 has been described as a complete system, an existing conventional dry cleaning system may be converted for use in accordance with the present invention. To convert a conventional dry cleaning system, the organic solvent described above is used to clean textiles in the conventional system. A separate pressurized vessel is added to the conventional system for drying the textiles with pressurized fluid solvent. Thus, the conventional system is converted for use with a pressurized fluid solvent. For example, the system inFIG. 1 could represent such a converted system, wherein the components of thecleaning machine 102 are conventional, and the pressurized fluidsolvent tank 132 is not in communication with the cleaningvessel 100. In such a situation, the dryingmachine 104 is the add-on part of the conventional cleaning machine. - Furthermore, while the system shown in
FIG. 1 comprises a single cleaning vessel, multiple cleaning vessels could be used, so that the textiles are subjected to multiple cleaning steps, with each cleaning step carried out in a different cleaning vessel using the same or different organic solvents in each step. The description of the single cleaning vessel is merely for purposes of description and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. - Referring now to
FIG. 2 , a block diagram of an alternate embodiment of the present invention, a cleaning system having a single chamber for cleaning and drying the textiles, is shown. Thecleaning system 200 generally comprises a cleaning machine having apressurizable vessel 210. Thevessel 210 is operatively connected to, via one or more motor activated shafts (not shown), a perforated rotatable drum orwheel 212 within thevessel 210 with aninlet 214 to thevessel 210 and anoutlet 216 from thevessel 210 through which dry cleaning fluids can pass. - An organic
solvent tank 220 holds any suitable organic solvent, such as those described above, to be introduced to thevessel 210 through theinlet 214. A pressurized fluidsolvent tank 222 holds pressurized fluid solvent to be added to thevessel 210 through theinlet 214.Filtration assembly 224 contains one or more filters that continuously remove contaminants from the organic solvent from thevessel 210 and drum 212 as cleaning occurs. - The components of the
cleaning system 200 are connected with lines 230-234 that transfer organic solvents and vaporized and pressurized fluid solvent between components of the system. The term “line” as used herein is understood to refer to a piping network or similar conduit capable of conveying fluid and, for certain purposes, is capable of being pressurized. The transfer of the organic solvents and vaporized and pressurized fluid solvent through the lines 230-234 is directed by valves 250-254 and pumps 240-242. While pumps 240-242 are shown in the described embodiment, any method of transferring liquid and/or vapor between components can be used, such as adding pressure to the component using a compressor to force the liquid and/or vapor from the component. - The textiles are cleaned with an organic solvent such as those previously described. The textiles may also be cleaned with a combination of organic solvent and pressurized fluid solvent, and this combination may be in varying proportions of 50-100% by weight organic solvent and 0-50% by weight pressurized fluid solvent. In the cleaning process, the textiles are first sorted as necessary to place the textiles into groups suitable to be cleaned together. The textiles may then be spot treated as necessary to remove any stains that may not be removed during the cleaning process. The textiles are then placed into the
drum 212 within thevessel 210 of thecleaning system 200. It is preferred that thedrum 212 be perforated to allow for free interchange of solvent between thedrum 212 and thevessel 210 as well as to transport soil from the textiles to thefiltration assembly 224. - After the textiles are placed in the
drum 212, an organic solvent contained in the organicsolvent tank 220 is added to thevessel 210 vialine 231 by openingvalve 251, closingvalves pump 242 to pump organic solvent through theinlet 214 of thevessel 210. The organic solvent may contain one or more co-solvents, detergents, water, or other additives to enhance the cleaning capability of thecleaning system 200 or other additives to impart other desirable attributes to the articles being treated. Alternatively, one or more additives may be added directly to the vessel. Pressurized fluid solvent may also be added to thevessel 210 along with the organic solvent to enhance cleaning. The pressurized fluid solvent is added to thevessel 210 vialine 230 by openingvalve 250, closingvalves pump 240 to pump the pressurized fluid solvent through theinlet 214 of thevessel 210. - When the desired amount of the organic solvent, or combination of organic solvent and pressurized fluid solvent as described above, is added to the
vessel 210, the motor (not shown) is activated and thedrum 212 is agitated and/or rotated. During this phase, the organic solvent, as well as pressurized fluid solvent if used in combination, is continuously cycled through thefiltration assembly 224 by openingvalves valves pump 241.Filtration assembly 224 may include one or more fine mesh filters to remove particulate contaminants from the organic solvent and pressurized fluid solvent passing therethrough and may alternatively or in addition include one or more absorptive or adsorptive filters to remove water, dyes, and other dissolved contaminants from the organic solvent. Exemplary configurations for filter assemblies that can be used to remove contaminants from either the organic solvent or the pressurized fluid solvent are described more fully in U.S. application Ser. No. 08/994,583 incorporated herein by reference. As a result, the organic solvent is pumped throughoutlet 216,valve 253,line 233,filter assembly 224,line 232,valve 252 and reenters thevessel 210 viainlet 214. This cycling advantageously removes contaminants, including particulate contaminants and/or soluble contaminants, from the organic solvent and pressurized fluid solvent and reintroduces filtered solvent to thevessel 210. Through this process, contaminants are removed from the textiles. - After sufficient time has passed so that the desired level of contaminants is removed from the textiles and solvents, the organic solvent is removed from the
vessel 210 and drum 212 by openingvalve 254, closingvalves pump 241 to pump the organic solvent throughoutlet 216 andline 234. If pressurized fluid solvent is used in combination with organic solvent, it may be necessary to first separate the pressurized fluid solvent from the organic solvent. The organic solvent can then either be discarded or, preferably, contaminants may be removed from the organic solvent and the organic solvent recovered for further use. Contaminants may be removed from the organic solvent with solvent recovery systems known in the art. Thedrum 212 is then rotated at a high speed, such as 400-800 rpm, to further remove organic solvent from the textiles. Thedrum 212 is preferably perforated so that, when the textiles are rotated in thedrum 212 at a high speed, the organic solvent can drain from the cleaningdrum 212. Any organic solvent removed from the textiles by rotating thedrum 212 at high speed can also either be discarded or recovered for further use. - After a desired amount of organic solvent is removed from the textiles by rotating the
drum 212, pressurized fluid solvent contained in thepressurized fluid tank 222 is added to thevessel 210 by openingvalve 250, closingvalves pump 240 to pump pressurized fluid solvent through theinlet 214 of thepressurizable vessel 210 vialine 230. When pressurized fluid solvent is added to thevessel 210, organic solvent remaining on the textiles dissolves in the pressurized fluid solvent. - After a sufficient amount of pressurized fluid solvent is added so that the desired level of organic solvent has been dissolved, the pressurized fluid solvent and organic solvent combination is removed from the
vessel 210 by openingvalve 254, closingvalves pump 241 to pump the pressurized fluid solvent and organic solvent combination throughoutlet 216 andline 234. Note thatpump 241 may actually require two pumps, one for pumping the low pressure organic solvent in the cleaning cycle and one for pumping the pressurized fluid solvent in the drying cycle. - The pressurized fluid solvent and organic solvent combination can then either be discarded or the combination may be separated and the organic solvent and pressurized fluid solvent separately recovered for further use. The
drum 212 is then rotated at a high speed, such as 150-350 rpm, to further remove pressurized fluid solvent and organic solvent combination from the textiles. Any pressurized fluid solvent and organic solvent combination removed from the textiles by spinning thedrum 212 at high speed can also either be discarded or retained for further use. Note that, while preferred, it is not necessary to include a high speed spin cycle to remove pressurized fluid solvent from the textiles. - After a desired amount of the pressurized fluid solvent is removed from the textiles by rotating the
drum 212, thevessel 210 is depressurized over a period of about 5-15 minutes. The depressurization of thevessel 210 vaporizes the pressurized fluid solvent, leaving dry, solvent-free textiles in thedrum 212. The pressurized fluid solvent that has been vaporized is then removed from thevessel 210 by openingvalve 254, closingvalves pump 241 to pump the vaporized pressurized fluid solvent throughoutlet 216 andline 234. Note that while a single pump is shown aspump 241, separate pumps may be necessary to pump organic solvent, pressurized fluid solvent and pressurized fluid solvent vapors, atpump 241. The remaining vaporized pressurized fluid solvent can then either be vented into the atmosphere or compressed back into pressurized fluid solvent for further use. - As discussed above, terpenes, halohydrocarbons, certain glycol ethers, polyols, ethers, esters of glycol ethers, esters of fatty acids and other long chain carboxylic acids, fatty alcohols and other long-chain alcohols, short-chain alcohols, polar aprotic solvents, cyclic methyl siloxanes, hydrofluoroethers, dibasic esters, and aliphatic hydrocarbons solvents or similar solvents or mixtures of such solvents are organic solvents that can be used in the present invention, as shown in the test results below. Table 2 shows results of detergency testing for each of a number of solvents that may be suitable for use in the present invention. Table 3 shows results of testing of drying and extraction of those solvents using densified carbon dioxide.
- Detergency tests were performed using a number of different solvents without detergents, co-solvents, or other additives. The solvents selected for testing include organic solvents and liquid carbon dioxide. Two aspects of detergency were investigated—soil removal and soil redeposition. The former refers to the ability of a solvent to remove soil from a substrate while the latter refers to the ability of a solvent to prevent soil from being redeposited on a substrate during the cleaning process. Wascherei Forschungs Institute, Krefeld Germany (“WFK”) standard soiled swatches that have been stained with a range of insoluble materials and WFK white cotton swatches, both obtained from TESTFABRICS, Inc., were used to evaluate soil removal and soil redeposition, respectively.
- Soil removal and redeposition for each solvent was quantified using the Delta Whiteness Index. This method entails measuring the Whiteness Index of each swatch before and after processing. The Delta Whiteness Index is calculated by subtracting the Whiteness Index of the swatch before processing from the Whiteness Index of the swatch after processing. The Whiteness Index is a function of the light reflectance of the swatch and in this application is an indication of the amount of soil on the swatch. More soil results in a lower light reflectance and Whiteness Index for the swatch. The Whiteness indices were measured using a reflectometer manufactured by Hunter Laboratories.
- Organic solvent testing was carried out in a Launder-Ometer while the densified carbon dioxide testing was carried out in a Parr Bomb. After measuring their Whiteness Indices, two WFK standard soil swatches and two WFK white cotton swatches were placed in a Launder-Ometer cup with 25 stainless steel ball bearings and 150 mL of the solvent of interest. The cup was then sealed, placed in the Launder-Ometer and agitated for a specified length of time. Afterwards, the swatches were removed and placed in a Parr Bomb equipped with a mesh basket. Approximately 1.5 liters of liquid carbon dioxide between 5° C. and 25° C. and 570 psig and 830 psig was transferred to the Parr Bomb. After several minutes the Parr Bomb was vented and the dry swatches removed and allowed to reach room temperature. Testing of densified carbon dioxide was carried out in the same manner but test swatches were treated for 20 minutes. During this time the liquid carbon dioxide was stirred using an agitator mounted on the inside cover of the Parr bomb. The Whiteness Index of the processed swatches was determined using the reflectometer. The two Delta Whiteness Indices obtained for each pair of swatches were averaged. The results are presented in Table 2.
- Because the Delta Whiteness Index is calculated by subtracting the Whiteness Index of a swatch before processing from the Whiteness Index value after processing, a positive Delta Whiteness Index indicates that there was an increase in Whiteness Index as a result of processing. In practical terms, this means that soil was removed during processing. In fact, the higher the Delta Whiteness Value, the more soil was removed from the swatch during processing. Each of the organic solvents tested exhibited soil removal capabilities. The WFK white cotton swatches exhibited a decrease in Delta Whiteness Indices indicating that the soil was deposited on the swatches during the cleaning process. Therefore, a “less negative” Delta Whiteness Index suggests that less soil was redeposited.
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TABLE 2 Delta Whiteness Values Insoluble Cleaning Soil Insoluble Soil Solvent Time (min.) Removal Redeposition Liquid carbon dioxide (neat) 20 3.36 −1.23 Pine oil 12 8.49 −6.84 d-limonene 12 10.6 −9.2 1,1-2 trichlorotrifluoroethane 12 11.7 −14.46 N-propyl bromide 12 11.18 −9.45 Perfluorohexane 12 2.09 −3.42 triethylene glycol mono-oleyl 12 10.54* −1.86* ether (Volpo 3) α-phenyl-ω-hydroxy-poly 12 1.54** −13.6** (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) Hexylene glycol 12 6.9 −1.4 Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl 12 10.08 −4.94 ether Ethylene glycol diacetate 12 6.29 −3.39 Decyl acetates (Exxate 1000) 12 11.69 −8.6 Tridecyl acetates (Exxate 12 11.24 −4.86 1300) Soy methyl esters (SoyGold 12 5.81 −7.71 1100) 2-ethylhexanol 12 12.6 −3.4 Propylene carbonate 12 2.99 −1.82 Dimethylsulfoxide 12 5.84 −0.22 Dimethylformamide 12 7.24 −10.09 Isoparaffins (DF-2000) 12 11.23 −5.95 Dimethyl glutarate 12 9.04 −1.23 *After two extraction cycles **After three extraction cycles. - To evaluate the ability of densified carbon dioxide to extract organic solvent from a substrate, WFK white cotton swatches were used. One swatch was weighed dry and then immersed in an organic solvent sample. Excess solvent was removed from the swatch using a ringer manufactured by Atlas Electric Devices Company. The damp swatch was re-weighed to determine the amount of solvent retained in the fabric. After placing the damp swatch in a Parr Bomb densified carbon dioxide was transferred to the Parr Bomb. The temperature and pressure of the densified carbon dioxide for all of the trials ranged from 5° C. to 20° C. and from 570 psig-830 psig. After five minutes the Parr Bomb was vented and the swatch removed. The swatch was next subjected to Soxhlet extraction using methylene chloride for a minimum of two hours. This apparatus enables the swatch to be continuously extracted to remove the organic solvent from the swatch. After determining the concentration of the organic solvent in the extract using gas chromatography, the amount of organic solvent remaining on the swatch after exposure to densified carbon dioxide was calculated by multiplying the concentration of the organic solvent in the extract by the volume of the extract. A different swatch was used for each of the tests. The results of these tests are included in Table 3. As the results indicate, the extraction process using densified carbon dioxide is extremely effective.
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TABLE 3 Percentage Weight of Solvent on by Weight Test Swatch (grams) of Solvent Before After Removed Solvent Extraction Extraction from Swatch Pine oil 7.8 0.1835 97.66% d-Limonene 5.8 0.0014 99.98% 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 1.4 0.0005 99.96% n-Propyl bromide 2.8 <0.447 >84% Perfluorohexane 1.0 0.0006 99.94% Triethylene glycol monooleyl 0.8 0.1824 77.88% ether (7) α-phenyl-ω-hydroxy-poly(oxy 16.0 5.7 64.5% 1,2-ethanediyl); (Ethylan HB4) Hexylene glycol 4.9 0.3481 92.87% Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl 5.2 .1310 97.48% ether Ethylene glycol diacetate 5.3 0.0418 99.21% Decyl acetate (2) 2.4 0.0015 99.94% Tridecyl acetate (1) 4.8 0.0605 98.75% Soy methyl esters (8) 4.9 0.0720 98.54% 2-Ethylhexanol 0.5 0.0599 99.09% Propylene carbonate 6.6 0.0599 99.09% Dimethyl sulfoxide 3.3 0.5643 82.69% Dimethylformamide 3.0 0.0635 97.88% Octamethylcyclooctasiloxane/ 5.5 0.0017 99.97% Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (4) 1-Methoxynonofluorobutane 0.7 not ~100% (6) detected Isoparaffins (5) 4.3 0.0019 99.96% Dimethyl glutarate (3)‡ 5.8 0.0090 99.85% Notes on Table 3: (1) Exxate 1300 (Exxon); (2) Exxate 1000 (Exxon); (3) DBE-5 (DuPont); (4) SF1204 (General Electric Silicones); (5) DF-2000 (Exxon); (6) HFE-7100 (3M); (7) Volpo 3 (Croda); (8) Soy Gold 1100 (AG Environmental Products) - It is to be understood that a wide range of changes and modifications to the embodiments described above will be apparent to those skilled in the art and are contemplated. It is, therefore, intended that the foregoing detailed description be regarded as illustrative rather than limiting, and that it be understood that it is the following claims, including all equivalents, that are intended to define the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (5)
1. A process for cleaning substrates comprising:
placing the substrates to be cleaned in a vessel,
adding organic solvent to the vessel;
cleaning the substrates with an organic solvent;
removing a portion of the organic solvent from the vessel;
adding pressurized fluid solvent to the vessel;
removing the pressurized fluid solvent from the vessel; and
removing the substrates from the vessel.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the organic solvent comprises a cyclic terpene.
3. The process of claim 2 wherein the cyclic terpene:
is soluble in carbon dioxide between 600 and 1050 pounds per square inch and between 5 and 30 degrees Celsius;
has a specific gravity of greater than approximately 0.800;
has a dispersion Hansen solubility parameter of between 13.0 (MPa)1/2 and 17.5 (MPa)1/2;
has a polar Hansen solubility parameter of between 0.5 (MPa)1/2 and 9.0 (MPa)1/2; and
has a hydrogen bonding Hansen solubility parameter of between 0.0 (MPa)1/2 and 10.5 (MPa)1/2.
4. The process of claim 3 wherein the cyclic terpene further:
has an evaporation rate of lower than 50 (based on n-butyl acetate=100); and
has a flash point greater than 100 degrees Fahrenheit.
5. The process of claim 4 wherein the cyclic terpene is selected from a group including α-terpene isomers; pine oil; α-pinene isomers; d-limonene; and mixtures thereof.
Priority Applications (1)
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US12/109,928 US20080263781A1 (en) | 1999-10-15 | 2008-04-25 | Cleaning System Utilizing an Organic Cleaning Solvent and a Pressurized Fluid Solvent |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US09/419,345 US6355072B1 (en) | 1999-10-15 | 1999-10-15 | Cleaning system utilizing an organic cleaning solvent and a pressurized fluid solvent |
US09/837,849 US6755871B2 (en) | 1999-10-15 | 2001-04-18 | Cleaning system utilizing an organic cleaning solvent and a pressurized fluid solvent |
US10/804,338 US7435265B2 (en) | 1999-10-15 | 2004-03-18 | Cleaning system utilizing an organic cleaning solvent and a pressurized fluid solvent |
US12/109,928 US20080263781A1 (en) | 1999-10-15 | 2008-04-25 | Cleaning System Utilizing an Organic Cleaning Solvent and a Pressurized Fluid Solvent |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US10/804,338 Continuation US7435265B2 (en) | 1999-10-15 | 2004-03-18 | Cleaning system utilizing an organic cleaning solvent and a pressurized fluid solvent |
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US12/109,928 Abandoned US20080263781A1 (en) | 1999-10-15 | 2008-04-25 | Cleaning System Utilizing an Organic Cleaning Solvent and a Pressurized Fluid Solvent |
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US10/804,338 Expired - Lifetime US7435265B2 (en) | 1999-10-15 | 2004-03-18 | Cleaning system utilizing an organic cleaning solvent and a pressurized fluid solvent |
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BR (1) | BR0209037A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2444807C (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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WO2002086223B1 (en) | 2002-12-19 |
NZ529457A (en) | 2006-08-31 |
AU2002309578B2 (en) | 2007-10-11 |
EP1381728A1 (en) | 2004-01-21 |
CA2444807C (en) | 2010-02-09 |
US20040173246A1 (en) | 2004-09-09 |
WO2002086223A1 (en) | 2002-10-31 |
BR0209037A (en) | 2006-10-10 |
CA2444807A1 (en) | 2002-10-31 |
US6755871B2 (en) | 2004-06-29 |
US7435265B2 (en) | 2008-10-14 |
MXPA03009617A (en) | 2004-12-06 |
US20020011258A1 (en) | 2002-01-31 |
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