US20080211367A1 - Refrigerator Case Wall Structure - Google Patents
Refrigerator Case Wall Structure Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20080211367A1 US20080211367A1 US11/911,114 US91111405A US2008211367A1 US 20080211367 A1 US20080211367 A1 US 20080211367A1 US 91111405 A US91111405 A US 91111405A US 2008211367 A1 US2008211367 A1 US 2008211367A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- uprights
- supports
- panel
- polymeric member
- individually
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F25D23/00—General constructional features
- F25D23/06—Walls
- F25D23/062—Walls defining a cabinet
- F25D23/063—Walls defining a cabinet formed by an assembly of panels
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47F—SPECIAL FURNITURE, FITTINGS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR SHOPS, STOREHOUSES, BARS, RESTAURANTS OR THE LIKE; PAYING COUNTERS
- A47F3/00—Show cases or show cabinets
- A47F3/04—Show cases or show cabinets air-conditioned, refrigerated
- A47F3/0439—Cases or cabinets of the open type
- A47F3/0443—Cases or cabinets of the open type with forced air circulation
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47F—SPECIAL FURNITURE, FITTINGS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR SHOPS, STOREHOUSES, BARS, RESTAURANTS OR THE LIKE; PAYING COUNTERS
- A47F3/00—Show cases or show cabinets
- A47F3/04—Show cases or show cabinets air-conditioned, refrigerated
- A47F3/0482—Details common to both closed and open types
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F25D2317/00—Details or arrangements for circulating cooling fluids; Details or arrangements for circulating gas, e.g. air, within refrigerated spaces, not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- F25D2317/06—Details or arrangements for circulating cooling fluids; Details or arrangements for circulating gas, e.g. air, within refrigerated spaces, not provided for in other groups of this subclass with forced air circulation
- F25D2317/066—Details or arrangements for circulating cooling fluids; Details or arrangements for circulating gas, e.g. air, within refrigerated spaces, not provided for in other groups of this subclass with forced air circulation characterised by the air supply
- F25D2317/0665—Details or arrangements for circulating cooling fluids; Details or arrangements for circulating gas, e.g. air, within refrigerated spaces, not provided for in other groups of this subclass with forced air circulation characterised by the air supply from the top
Abstract
A refrigerated case has a base and a number of supports extending upward from the base. A number of structural uprights are coupled to the supports. At least one insulated panel is positioned between the uprights and the supports and is secured to the uprights and the supports. A refrigeration apparatus is positioned to cool an interior of the case. At least the first of the panels has front and rear liner sheets. A transversely extending polymeric layer is at least partially between the liner sheets. An insulative foam layer is between the front and rear liner sheets. A number of fasteners secure at least some of the supports to the polymeric member and at least some of the uprights to the polymeric member.
Description
- The invention relates to refrigerator cases. More particularly, the invention relates to structural integration of insulated panels in walls of such cases.
- Refrigerator cases (generically including freezers) are used in a variety of commercial situations. One key use is for retail display and vending. Many such cases include a closed rear wall and either an open front or a glass door front.
- Insulation of the compartment of such cases relative to their external structure is important for a number of reasons. In addition to basic efficiency concerns, insulation may be appropriate to avoid or control condensation on components external to the compartment. This may be motivated by sanitary considerations in addition to refrigerator case longevity.
- In refrigerator case engineering and manufacturing, modularity has been a relevant consideration. It is advantageous to be able to use at least some of the same components when producing a variety of sizes and/or configurations of case. Configurations have been developed that include combinations of external and internal structural components. These components can be coupled to each other through insulated panels. An exemplary configuration is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,517,826. In that patent, one or more insulated panels intervene between external and internal structural members. Studded dog bone-shaped mounting elements are embedded within the foam panels with the studs protruding from surfaces of the panels. The studs may be engaged to internal and external structural members to structurally couple such members.
- Accordingly, one aspect of the invention involves a refrigerated case having a base and a number of supports extending upward from the base. A number of structural uprights are coupled to the supports. At least one insulated panel is positioned between the uprights and the supports and is secured to the uprights and the supports. A refrigeration apparatus is positioned to cool an interior of the case. At least the first of the panels has front and rear liner sheets. A transversely extending polymeric layer is at least partially between the liner sheets. An insulative foam layer is between the front and rear liner sheets. A number of fasteners secure at least some of the supports to the polymeric member and at least some of the uprights to the polymeric member.
- The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
-
FIG. 1 is a view of a refrigerator case. -
FIG. 2 is a partially schematic side sectional view of the case ofFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 3 is a transverse horizontal sectional view of the case ofFIG. 2 . -
FIG. 4 is a back view of the case ofFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of an insulated panel junction of the case ofFIG. 2 . -
FIG. 6 is an exploded view of an insulated panel. -
FIG. 7 is a partially schematic side sectional view of an alternative refrigerator case. - Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements.
-
FIG. 1 shows arefrigerator case 20 having afront 22, aback 24, and left andright ends base structure 30, arear wall structure 32, and atop structure 34. The case has a cooled interior volume orcompartment 36. The exemplary case has a series of vertical groups ofshelves 38. The exemplary case is a closed case having a sliding or hinged glass doorfront structure 40 and patch end orpartition structures - The
exemplary base 30 includes front and backtransverse rails exemplary base 30 contains the refrigeration equipment (e.g., an evaporator, and the like shown schematically as 60 inFIG. 2 ). The evaporator may be connected to a central compressor and condenser elsewhere in the facility. Alternatively, the case equipment could be self-contained.FIG. 2 further schematically shows an air flowpath having afirst portion 510 carrying cooled air from theequipment 60 to a rear air flowpath section orduct 62. Asecond portion 512 flows upward through therear duct 62. Athird portion 514 flows forward from the top ofrear duct 62 through atop duct 64. Afourth portion 516 exits the top duct near the forward end of thetop 34 and is discharged downward along thefront 22. Areturn portion 518 is drawn back into theequipment 60 through agrate 66 near the forward top portion of thebase 30 immediately in front of abase cover member 68. -
FIG. 3 shows further details of therear duct 62. Theduct 62 is segmented by a series of interior uprights including a left upright 70, a right upright 72, and a series ofintermediate uprights 74. Forwardly, the duct segments are each bounded by an associated duct panel 80 (e.g., mounted byfasteners 81 to side portions offorward flanges 82 of the adjacent two uprights). As is discussed in further detail below, eachshelf 38 may be mounted to these uprights (e.g., a single width shelf spanning and mounted to exactly two adjacent such uprights via mounting apertures in root portions of the flanges 82). Rearwardly, the duct segments are collectively bounded by the forward surfaces of panels of aninsulated panel assembly 84.FIG. 2 shows thepanel assembly 84 as including anupper panel 86 and alower panel 88. -
FIGS. 2 and 3 further show thebase 30 as including a series of support brackets orbraces 90 extending front-to-back spanning therails brace 90 is a rearexternal support 92. Eachsupport 92 has alower end 94 mounted to the rear end portion 96 of the associatedbrace 90 and has anupper end 98. As is discussed in further detail below, thepanel assembly 84 is sandwiched between theuprights supports 92 along the rear. - It is advantageous to structurally couple the
supports 90 to theuprights shelves 38. Advantageously, however, the coupling limits heat transmission from the supports to the uprights or otherwise through thepanel assembly 84. -
FIG. 5 shows theupper panel 86 as including aninsert 100 along alower edge 102. Theinsert 100 is of a relatively rigid polymeric material (e.g., cellular PVC) between fore andaft face sheets 104 and 106 (described further below). Thepanel 86 includes a foam core 108 (e.g., of expanded polyurethane).Fasteners insert 100. The relative rigidity of theinsert 100 is effective to maintain engagement with the fasteners and transmit force between the uprights and braces. Exemplary fasteners are screws such as self-boring/drilling, self-tapping sheet metal-type screws. Theexemplary insert 100 may be manufactured by the Celuka process. Theexemplary insert 100 has a cross-section generally rectangular (e.g., with rounded corners) with its longer dimension between thesheets central recess 114. Therecess 114 serves to provide increased surface area to promote adhesion and mechanical interlocking of the core 108 to theinsert 100. In the exemplary embodiment, the other long side is substantially unrecessed. -
FIG. 3 shows the left 70 and right 72 uprights as approximately inwardly-open C-sectioned members having asingle fastener 110 extending through theirrear flanges 120. Exemplaryintermediate uprights 74 are generally I-sectioned, having a pair ofscrews 110 extending through arear flange 122 generally on opposite sides of a central web orleg 124. The supports 92 have a generally rearwardly-open C-section and each have a pair of thescrews 112 extending through their central forward web/leg 126. Other sheet metal screws 127 (FIG. 4 ) may each extend into one of the panel face sheets from either theuprights 74 or supports 92. The exemplary uprights and supports are out of phase so that each upright is transversely offset from the adjacent supports (or vice versa). As noted above, the transverse upright spacing may correspond to a shelf width/pitch. The exemplary uprights, supports, and braces are unitarily formed of a metal such as steel. -
FIG. 6 shows further details of theexemplary panel 86. Thepanel 86 and itssheets FIG. 5 ) is 4-6 cm. Exemplary sheet thickness (not shown) is 1.0 mm or less. - Opposite the
insert 100 along the panel upper edge are a pair of end-to-end aligned insert strips 130 and 132. Along the left and right edges of the panel between theinsert 100 and the insert strips 130 and 132 are lateral edge insert strips 134 and 136. The exemplary insert strips have a rectangular section elongate between the sheets and are formed of a polystyrene foam. The strips and insert 100 may be assembled to the sheets by applying adhesive between the strips and insert and the inboard faces of the sheets adjacent the perimeter of each sheet. This may leave an empty interior volume between the sheets. A gap may be left between thestrips filler block 138 may then be inserted into the gap and secured by adhesive. In alternative embodiments, one or more holes may be drilled in the insert and/or strips through which one or more guns are inserted to introduce the foam. - The
lower panel 88 may be identical to theupper panel 86. This may be so even if no fasteners are secured through theinsert 100 of the lower panel. This use of the lower panel may be justified by economy of scale manufacturing considerations. Alternatively, in thelower panel 88, thestrip 100 may be replaced by one or more polystyrene foam strips (e.g., identical to thestrips strip 130 is shown shorter than thestrip 132. This is merely another artifact of economy of scale manufacture. By providing strips of two different lengths, different combinations of such strips may be used to assembly panels of different lengths. For example, the panel length may be associated with the length of two of the shorter strips, two of the longer strips, or one of either strip. With such permutations, theblock 138 may serve to facilitate panel length not exactly the length of a given strip or combination. -
FIG. 7 shows an alternate configuration of acase 200 wherein thesupports 202 are substantially full height. For greater structural integrity, theupper panel 86 is flipped (relative to its use in the case 20) so that theinsert 100 falls along the upper edge. Fasteners may secure the uprights and supports to the insert as previously discussed. - One or more embodiments of the present invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the foregoing teachings may be applied in the reengineering of an existing case configuration. In such a reengineering, details of the existing configuration will influence or dictate details of any particular implementation. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.
Claims (16)
1. A refrigerated case apparatus (20) comprising:
a base (30);
a plurality of supports (92) extending upward from the base;
a plurality of structural uprights (70; 72; 74) coupled to the supports;
at least one insulated panel (86; 88) between the uprights and the supports and secured to the uprights and the supports; and
a refrigeration apparatus (60) positioned to cool an interior (36) of the case,
wherein:
at least a first (86) of the panels comprises:
a front liner sheet (104);
a rear liner sheet (106);
a transversely extending polymeric member (100) at least partially between the front and rear liner sheets; and
an insulative foam layer (108) between the front and rear liner sheets; and
a plurality of fasteners (110; 112) secure at least some of the supports to the polymeric member and at least some of the uprights to the polymeric member.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein:
the polymeric member (100) consists essentially of cellular PVC;
the insulative foam layer (108) consists essentially of polyurethane;
the front (104) and rear (106) liner sheets comprise steel; and
the fasteners (110; 112) comprise screws.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein:
the polymeric member extends along a majority of a transverse length of the first panel.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein:
the first panel has only a single said polymeric member, although optionally including one or more other polymeric members differing from the polymeric member (100) in at least one of composition and configuration.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein:
the first panel (86) individually is transversely elongate and essentially rectangular;
the first panel (86) individually has a thickness of 2-10 cm.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein:
the first panel (86) individually is transversely elongate and essentially rectangular;
the first panel (86) individually has a length of at least 60 cm, a height of at least 50 cm, and thickness of 4-6 cm.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein:
the first panel (86) individually is transversely elongate and essentially rectangular;
the first panel (86) individually has a length of 1.5-4.0 m, a height of 0.8-1.0 m, and thickness of 4-6 cm.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein a transverse cross-section of the polymeric member (100) is substantially characterized by a rectangle centrally recessed (114) along a single long side, said single long side being an inboard side.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the platform comprises:
a plurality of transverse base rails (50; 52); and
a plurality of front-to-back braces (90) secured atop the base rails.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein each support (92) has a height no greater than 60% of a height of the apparatus.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein each support (92) has a height no greater than 80% of a height of each upright.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein:
said plurality of supports (92) include:
a left support;
a right support; and
a plurality of intermediate supports;
said plurality of uprights include:
a left upright (70);
a right upright (72); and
a plurality of intermediate uprights (74); and
said plurality of fasteners (110; 112) include:
a single screw securing the left upright to the polymeric member;
a single screw securing the right upright to the polymeric member; and
a plurality of pairs of screws, each remaining upright being secured to the polymeric member by a single such pair and each support being secured to the polymeric member by a single such pair.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:
a plurality of shelves, each shelf mounted to at least two of the uprights.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein:
at least some of the uprights are not transversely aligned with any of the supports; and
at least some of the supports are not transversely aligned with any of the uprights.
15. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein:
at least some of the supports have a rearwardly-open channel cross-section; and
at least some of the uprights have a generally I-shaped cross-section.
16.-22. (canceled)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2005/014627 WO2006115501A2 (en) | 2005-04-27 | 2005-04-27 | Refrigerator case wall structure |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20080211367A1 true US20080211367A1 (en) | 2008-09-04 |
Family
ID=37215158
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/911,114 Abandoned US20080211367A1 (en) | 2005-04-27 | 2005-04-27 | Refrigerator Case Wall Structure |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20080211367A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1753326A4 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101179964A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2006115501A2 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20130088135A1 (en) * | 2010-06-30 | 2013-04-11 | Lg Electronics Inc. | Refrigerator |
US20150137670A1 (en) * | 2013-11-18 | 2015-05-21 | Heatcraft Refrigeration Products Llc | Insulated Foam Panels for Refrigerated Display Cases |
JP2016120013A (en) * | 2014-12-24 | 2016-07-07 | 株式会社岡村製作所 | Freezing/refrigerating show case, and method for installing the same |
US10117525B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2018-11-06 | Hussmann Corporation | Uni-body merchandiser |
Citations (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2068532A (en) * | 1935-06-06 | 1937-01-19 | Gen Electric | Refrigerator cabinet |
US3989328A (en) * | 1975-05-02 | 1976-11-02 | Whirlpool Corporation | Refrigerator cabinet construction |
US4141611A (en) * | 1977-12-16 | 1979-02-27 | Leon John N De | Cover for display type refrigerating cabinet |
US4482589A (en) * | 1981-12-10 | 1984-11-13 | Additainer Ab | Metal covered cellular PVC |
US4855567A (en) * | 1988-01-15 | 1989-08-08 | Rytec Corporation | Frost control system for high-speed horizontal folding doors |
US5086627A (en) * | 1990-11-19 | 1992-02-11 | Margaret Platt Borgen | Removable cooling unit for display case and method for using same |
US5201191A (en) * | 1991-09-06 | 1993-04-13 | Leggett & Platt, Inc. | Refrigerated merchandiser |
US5357767A (en) * | 1993-05-07 | 1994-10-25 | Hussmann Corporation | Low temperature display merchandiser |
US5475987A (en) * | 1994-11-17 | 1995-12-19 | Delaware Medical Formation, Inc. | Refrigerated display case apparatus with enhanced airflow and improved insulation construction |
US5517826A (en) * | 1995-03-14 | 1996-05-21 | Hussmann Corporation | Refrigerated merchandiser with modular external frame structure |
US6109712A (en) * | 1998-07-16 | 2000-08-29 | Maytag Corporation | Integrated vacuum panel insulation for thermal cabinet structures |
US7032401B2 (en) * | 2003-11-05 | 2006-04-25 | Leer Limited Partnership | Break down ice merchandiser shroud |
US7162885B2 (en) * | 2003-11-28 | 2007-01-16 | Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. | Showcase |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2219814B (en) * | 1988-06-15 | 1992-08-19 | Steel Shield Limited | Improvements in,or relating to panels |
US6068802A (en) * | 1998-07-24 | 2000-05-30 | The Stanley Works | Method for making foam filled doors and apparatus therefor |
EP1143215B1 (en) * | 2000-04-01 | 2005-07-27 | Seven-Air Gebr. Meyer AG | Thermally insulated double wall |
-
2005
- 2005-04-27 WO PCT/US2005/014627 patent/WO2006115501A2/en active Application Filing
- 2005-04-27 US US11/911,114 patent/US20080211367A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-04-27 EP EP05741316A patent/EP1753326A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-04-27 CN CNA2005800496114A patent/CN101179964A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2068532A (en) * | 1935-06-06 | 1937-01-19 | Gen Electric | Refrigerator cabinet |
US3989328A (en) * | 1975-05-02 | 1976-11-02 | Whirlpool Corporation | Refrigerator cabinet construction |
US4141611A (en) * | 1977-12-16 | 1979-02-27 | Leon John N De | Cover for display type refrigerating cabinet |
US4482589A (en) * | 1981-12-10 | 1984-11-13 | Additainer Ab | Metal covered cellular PVC |
US4855567A (en) * | 1988-01-15 | 1989-08-08 | Rytec Corporation | Frost control system for high-speed horizontal folding doors |
US5086627A (en) * | 1990-11-19 | 1992-02-11 | Margaret Platt Borgen | Removable cooling unit for display case and method for using same |
US5201191A (en) * | 1991-09-06 | 1993-04-13 | Leggett & Platt, Inc. | Refrigerated merchandiser |
US5357767A (en) * | 1993-05-07 | 1994-10-25 | Hussmann Corporation | Low temperature display merchandiser |
US5475987A (en) * | 1994-11-17 | 1995-12-19 | Delaware Medical Formation, Inc. | Refrigerated display case apparatus with enhanced airflow and improved insulation construction |
US5517826A (en) * | 1995-03-14 | 1996-05-21 | Hussmann Corporation | Refrigerated merchandiser with modular external frame structure |
US6109712A (en) * | 1998-07-16 | 2000-08-29 | Maytag Corporation | Integrated vacuum panel insulation for thermal cabinet structures |
US7032401B2 (en) * | 2003-11-05 | 2006-04-25 | Leer Limited Partnership | Break down ice merchandiser shroud |
US7162885B2 (en) * | 2003-11-28 | 2007-01-16 | Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. | Showcase |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20130088135A1 (en) * | 2010-06-30 | 2013-04-11 | Lg Electronics Inc. | Refrigerator |
US10117525B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2018-11-06 | Hussmann Corporation | Uni-body merchandiser |
US20150137670A1 (en) * | 2013-11-18 | 2015-05-21 | Heatcraft Refrigeration Products Llc | Insulated Foam Panels for Refrigerated Display Cases |
US9687089B2 (en) * | 2013-11-18 | 2017-06-27 | Heatcraft Refrigeration Products Llc | Insulated foam panels for refrigerated display cases |
JP2016120013A (en) * | 2014-12-24 | 2016-07-07 | 株式会社岡村製作所 | Freezing/refrigerating show case, and method for installing the same |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN101179964A (en) | 2008-05-14 |
EP1753326A4 (en) | 2009-06-03 |
EP1753326A2 (en) | 2007-02-21 |
WO2006115501A3 (en) | 2007-01-11 |
WO2006115501A2 (en) | 2006-11-02 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: CARRIER CORPORATION, CONNECTICUT Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:DECKER, DAREN M.;LORZADEH, JAMIE;REEL/FRAME:016075/0016;SIGNING DATES FROM 20050520 TO 20050522 Owner name: CARRIER CORPORATION, CONNECTICUT Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:DECKER, DAREN M.;LORZADEH, JAMIE;SIGNING DATES FROM 20050520 TO 20050522;REEL/FRAME:016075/0016 |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |