US20080110764A1 - Electrolytic Reduction of Metal Oxides - Google Patents
Electrolytic Reduction of Metal Oxides Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20080110764A1 US20080110764A1 US11/924,808 US92480807A US2008110764A1 US 20080110764 A1 US20080110764 A1 US 20080110764A1 US 92480807 A US92480807 A US 92480807A US 2008110764 A1 US2008110764 A1 US 2008110764A1
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- Prior art keywords
- metal
- electrolyte
- cell
- metal oxide
- method defined
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/04—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of magnesium
Definitions
- the present invention relates to electrolytic reduction of metal oxides to produce substantially pure metals.
- the present invention relates to electrolytic reduction of aluminum and magnesium oxides using a CaCl 2 electrolyte.
- the present invention was made during the course of an on-going research project on the electrolytic reduction of metal oxides using CaCl 2 -based electrolyte being carried out by the applicant.
- the research project investigated electrolytic reduction of a range of metal oxides in electrolyte cells based on the use of using CaCl 2 electrolyte.
- the CaCl 2 electrolyte was a commercially available source of CaCl 2 , namely calcium chloride dihydrate, that decomposed on heating and produced a very small amount of CaO.
- the applicant operated the electrolytic cells at a potential above the decomposition potential of CaO and below the decomposition potential of CaCl 2 .
- the present invention provides, in broad terms, a method of electrolytically reducing a metal oxide to produce a metal in an electrolytic cell, which method includes electrolytically reducing the metal oxide in an electrolytic cell that includes (a) a pool of molten metal, the metal being the metal of the metal oxide to be reduced, the molten metal pool forming a cathode of the cell, (b) a pool of molten electrolyte in contact with the molten metal, the electrolyte containing alkali and/or alkaline earth halides, (c) an anode extending into the electrolyte, and (d) a body of metal oxide to reduced in contact with the molten metal and the electrolyte.
- electrolytic reduction of metal oxide takes place where there is contact between (i) the molten metal, (ii) the metal oxide, and (iii) the electrolyte.
- the metal oxide body has a geometric shape that maximizes contact between (i) the molten metal, (ii) the metal oxide, and (iii) the electrolyte.
- the method includes feeding the metal oxide body into the electrolytic cell to maintain contact of the metal oxide and the molten metal.
- the metal oxide body may be in many forms, including rods, plates, blocks and the like, which can be readily immersed into the electrolyte and brought into contact with the molten metal.
- the method includes maintaining the cell temperature above the melting points of the electrolyte and the metal of the metal oxide to be reduced.
- the method includes operating the cell at a potential that is above a decomposition potential of at least one constituent of the electrolyte so that there are cations of a metal other than that of the cathode metal oxide in the electrolyte.
- the metal oxide is an aluminum oxide or a magnesium oxide.
- the electrolyte be a CaCl 2 -based electrolyte that includes CaO as one of the constituents.
- the cell potential be above the decomposition potential for CaO.
- the cell potential be below the decomposition potential for CaCl 2 .
- the cell potential be less than 3.0V.
- the cell potential be below 2.5V.
- the cell potential be below 2.0V.
- the cell potential be at least 1.5V.
- the CaCl 2 -based electrolyte may be a commercially available source of CaCl 2 , such as calcium chloride dihydrate, that partially decomposes on heating and produces CaO or otherwise includes CaO.
- the CaCl 2 -based electrolyte may include CaCl 2 and CaO that are added separately or pre-mixed to form the electrolyte.
- the applicant does not have a clear understanding of the electrolytic cell mechanism when the cell is operated at a potential at which CaCl 2 -based electrolyte partially decomposes. Nevertheless, whilst not wishing to be bound by the comments in this paragraph, the applicant offers the following comments by way of an outline of a possible cell mechanism. The applicant believes that operating the electrolytic cell above a potential at which CaCl 2 -based electrolyte partially decomposes produces Ca ++ cations that migrate to the vicinity of the metal oxide in contact with the molten metal cathode and provide a driving force that facilitates extraction of O ⁇ anions produced by electrolytic reduction to metal of metal oxide in contact with the molten metal cathode.
- the applicant also believes that the O ⁇ anions, once extracted from the metal oxide, migrate to the anode and react with anode carbon and produce CO and release electrons that facilitate electrolytic reduction of metal oxide to metal.
- the experimental work carried out by the applicant produced evidence of Ca metal in the electrolyte.
- the applicant believes that the Ca metal was the result of electrodeposition of Ca ++ cations as Ca metal on electrically conductive sections of the cathode and that at least part of the Ca metal dissolved in the electrolyte and migrated to the vicinity of the metal oxide in the cathode and participated in chemical reduction of oxides.
- the anode be graphite.
- the cell includes a base and side walls extending upwardly from the base formed from graphite.
- the cell includes at least one tap hole for molten metal in one of the side walls and the method includes removing molten metal continuously or periodically.
- the above-described method may be started-up in a number of ways.
- One option is to introduce the (pure) metal and the electrolyte in solid state into the cell and subsequently heat the entire system to melt the metal and the electrolyte.
- Another option is to introduce molten metal and molten electrolyte separately into the cell.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an electrolytic cell 5 that can be scaled-up in application of the present invention.
- the following example illustrates an application of the invention in the process of reducing aluminum oxide (alumina) into substantially pure aluminum using an electrolytic cell as illustrated in FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an electrolytic cell 5 that can be scaled-up in application of the present invention.
- the electrolytic cell 5 of FIG. 1 includes a graphite crucible 10 that has a base 21 , side walls 31 , and a tapping/discharge opening indicated as 12 in one of the side walls 31 .
- the electrolytic cell 5 further includes a bath of molten CaCl 2 electrolyte 13 in the crucible and a graphite electrode 11 immersed in the molten electrolyte 13 .
- the graphite electrode 11 forms the anode of the cell 5 .
- the electrolytic cell 5 further includes a pool 15 of molten aluminum in a lower section of the crucible 10 .
- the molten aluminum pool 15 forms the cathode of the cell.
- the electrolytic cell further includes a body 14 that consists of or incorporates alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) to be reduced and extends into the electrolyte 13 and contacts the molten aluminum cathode 15 .
- the alumina is shaped as a rod, sheet or prismatic body. Alumina body 14 is held in an appropriate manner to allow controlled movement into and away from the crucible interior as indicated by the arrow 16 .
- the electrolytic cell 5 further includes a suitable power source 18 connected to the anode 11 and to the molten aluminum cathode 15 .
- the molten aluminum cathode 15 is required in order to initiate electrolytic reduction of the alumina in the alumina body 14 to aluminum.
- the electrolytic reduction process is carried out at an elevated temperature of around 950° C. at which the CaCl 2 electrolyte is and remains molten.
- reduction of the alumina takes place. Since the process temperatures are above the melting point of aluminum, the latter will melt into the bath 15 and the bath level within crucible 10 will tend to rise.
- the alumina body 14 is moved at a rate commensurate with the melting-off rate of aluminum from the alumina body 14 and the build-up of aluminum so that immersion of the alumina body 14 in the molten aluminum is kept at a minimum.
- the process may be operated in a continuous mode by removing molten aluminum through tap hole 12 and positioning additional alumina bodies 14 in the electrolyte 13 to replace bodies 14 that are consumed in the reduction process.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
Abstract
A method of electrolytically reducing a metal oxide (such as aluminium and magnesium oxides) to produce a metal in an electrolytic call is disclosed. The method includes electrolytically reducing the metal oxide in an electrolytic cell that includes a pool of molten metal, the metal being the metal of the metal oxide to be reduced, and the molten metal pool forming a cathode of the cell. The electrolytic cell also includes a pool of molten electrolyte in contact with the molten metal, the electrolyte containing alkali and/or alkaline earth halides. The electrolytic cell also includes an anode extending into the electrolyte and a body of metal oxide to reduced in contact with the molten metal and the electrolyte.
Description
- This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/474,746 filed Apr. 21, 2004, now abandoned, which claims the benefit of and priority to International Application No. PCT/AU02/00456, filed Apr. 10, 2002, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
- The present invention relates to electrolytic reduction of metal oxides to produce substantially pure metals.
- In particular, the present invention relates to electrolytic reduction of aluminum and magnesium oxides using a CaCl2 electrolyte.
- The present invention was made during the course of an on-going research project on the electrolytic reduction of metal oxides using CaCl2-based electrolyte being carried out by the applicant.
- The research project investigated electrolytic reduction of a range of metal oxides in electrolyte cells based on the use of using CaCl2 electrolyte.
- The CaCl2 electrolyte was a commercially available source of CaCl2, namely calcium chloride dihydrate, that decomposed on heating and produced a very small amount of CaO.
- The applicant operated the electrolytic cells at a potential above the decomposition potential of CaO and below the decomposition potential of CaCl2.
- The applicant found that the cells could electrolytically reduce a range of metal oxides to metals with very low concentrations of oxygen.
- The present invention provides, in broad terms, a method of electrolytically reducing a metal oxide to produce a metal in an electrolytic cell, which method includes electrolytically reducing the metal oxide in an electrolytic cell that includes (a) a pool of molten metal, the metal being the metal of the metal oxide to be reduced, the molten metal pool forming a cathode of the cell, (b) a pool of molten electrolyte in contact with the molten metal, the electrolyte containing alkali and/or alkaline earth halides, (c) an anode extending into the electrolyte, and (d) a body of metal oxide to reduced in contact with the molten metal and the electrolyte.
- In the above method electrolytic reduction of metal oxide takes place where there is contact between (i) the molten metal, (ii) the metal oxide, and (iii) the electrolyte.
- Preferably the metal oxide body has a geometric shape that maximizes contact between (i) the molten metal, (ii) the metal oxide, and (iii) the electrolyte.
- Preferably the method includes feeding the metal oxide body into the electrolytic cell to maintain contact of the metal oxide and the molten metal.
- The metal oxide body may be in many forms, including rods, plates, blocks and the like, which can be readily immersed into the electrolyte and brought into contact with the molten metal.
- Preferably the method includes maintaining the cell temperature above the melting points of the electrolyte and the metal of the metal oxide to be reduced.
- Preferably the method includes operating the cell at a potential that is above a decomposition potential of at least one constituent of the electrolyte so that there are cations of a metal other than that of the cathode metal oxide in the electrolyte.
- Preferably the metal oxide is an aluminum oxide or a magnesium oxide.
- In a situation in which the metal oxide is a aluminum oxide or magnesium oxide it is preferred that the electrolyte be a CaCl2-based electrolyte that includes CaO as one of the constituents.
- In such a situation it is preferred that the cell potential be above the decomposition potential for CaO.
- It is also preferred that the cell potential be below the decomposition potential for CaCl2.
- It is preferred that the cell potential be less than 3.0V.
- It is preferred particularly that the cell potential be below 2.5V.
- It is preferred more particularly that the cell potential be below 2.0V.
- It is preferred that the cell potential be at least 1.5V.
- The CaCl2-based electrolyte may be a commercially available source of CaCl2, such as calcium chloride dihydrate, that partially decomposes on heating and produces CaO or otherwise includes CaO.
- Alternatively, or in addition, the CaCl2-based electrolyte may include CaCl2 and CaO that are added separately or pre-mixed to form the electrolyte.
- At this stage, the applicant does not have a clear understanding of the electrolytic cell mechanism when the cell is operated at a potential at which CaCl2-based electrolyte partially decomposes. Nevertheless, whilst not wishing to be bound by the comments in this paragraph, the applicant offers the following comments by way of an outline of a possible cell mechanism. The applicant believes that operating the electrolytic cell above a potential at which CaCl2-based electrolyte partially decomposes produces Ca++ cations that migrate to the vicinity of the metal oxide in contact with the molten metal cathode and provide a driving force that facilitates extraction of O−− anions produced by electrolytic reduction to metal of metal oxide in contact with the molten metal cathode. The applicant also believes that the O−− anions, once extracted from the metal oxide, migrate to the anode and react with anode carbon and produce CO and release electrons that facilitate electrolytic reduction of metal oxide to metal. The experimental work carried out by the applicant produced evidence of Ca metal in the electrolyte. The applicant believes that the Ca metal was the result of electrodeposition of Ca++ cations as Ca metal on electrically conductive sections of the cathode and that at least part of the Ca metal dissolved in the electrolyte and migrated to the vicinity of the metal oxide in the cathode and participated in chemical reduction of oxides.
- It is preferred that the anode be graphite.
- Preferably the cell includes a base and side walls extending upwardly from the base formed from graphite.
- Preferably the cell includes at least one tap hole for molten metal in one of the side walls and the method includes removing molten metal continuously or periodically.
- The above-described method may be started-up in a number of ways.
- One option is to introduce the (pure) metal and the electrolyte in solid state into the cell and subsequently heat the entire system to melt the metal and the electrolyte.
- Another option is to introduce molten metal and molten electrolyte separately into the cell.
-
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of anelectrolytic cell 5 that can be scaled-up in application of the present invention. - The following example illustrates an application of the invention in the process of reducing aluminum oxide (alumina) into substantially pure aluminum using an electrolytic cell as illustrated in
FIG. 1 . -
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of anelectrolytic cell 5 that can be scaled-up in application of the present invention. - Whilst the example described below relates to the reduction of alumina, the basic principle is equally applicable to other metals, particularly low melting point metals, more particularly magnesium.
- The
electrolytic cell 5 ofFIG. 1 includes agraphite crucible 10 that has abase 21,side walls 31, and a tapping/discharge opening indicated as 12 in one of theside walls 31. - The
electrolytic cell 5 further includes a bath of molten CaCl2 electrolyte 13 in the crucible and agraphite electrode 11 immersed in themolten electrolyte 13. Thegraphite electrode 11 forms the anode of thecell 5. - The
electrolytic cell 5 further includes apool 15 of molten aluminum in a lower section of thecrucible 10. Themolten aluminum pool 15 forms the cathode of the cell. - The electrolytic cell further includes a
body 14 that consists of or incorporates alumina (Al2O3) to be reduced and extends into theelectrolyte 13 and contacts themolten aluminum cathode 15. The alumina is shaped as a rod, sheet or prismatic body.Alumina body 14 is held in an appropriate manner to allow controlled movement into and away from the crucible interior as indicated by thearrow 16. - The
electrolytic cell 5 further includes asuitable power source 18 connected to theanode 11 and to themolten aluminum cathode 15. - The
molten aluminum cathode 15 is required in order to initiate electrolytic reduction of the alumina in thealumina body 14 to aluminum. The electrolytic reduction process is carried out at an elevated temperature of around 950° C. at which the CaCl2 electrolyte is and remains molten. On immersion of thealumina body 14 into theelectrolyte 13 and subsequent contact of thealumina body 14 with themolten aluminum cathode 15, reduction of the alumina takes place. Since the process temperatures are above the melting point of aluminum, the latter will melt into thebath 15 and the bath level withincrucible 10 will tend to rise. - In order to maintain optimum reduction conditions, the
alumina body 14 is moved at a rate commensurate with the melting-off rate of aluminum from thealumina body 14 and the build-up of aluminum so that immersion of thealumina body 14 in the molten aluminum is kept at a minimum. - The process may be operated in a continuous mode by removing molten aluminum through
tap hole 12 and positioningadditional alumina bodies 14 in theelectrolyte 13 to replacebodies 14 that are consumed in the reduction process. - Many modifications may be made to the embodiment of the present invention described above without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Claims (15)
1. A method of electrolytically reducing a metal oxide to produce a metal in an electrolytic cell, which method includes electrolytically reducing the metal oxide in an electrolytic cell that includes a pool of molten metal, the metal being the metal of the metal oxide to be reduced, the molten metal pool forming a cathode of the cell, a pool of molten electrolyte in contact with the molten metal, the electrolyte containing alkali and/or alkaline earth halides, an anode extending into the electrolyte, and a body of metal oxide to be reduced in contact with the molten metal and the electrolyte.
2. The method defined in claim 1 wherein the metal oxide body has a geometric shape that maximises contact between (i) the molten metal, (ii) the metal oxide, and (iii) the electrolyte.
3. The method defined in claim 1 including feeding the metal oxide body into the electrolytic cell to maintain contact of the metal oxide and the molten metal.
4. The method defined in claim 1 wherein the metal oxide body includes one or more of rods, plates and blocks that can be readily immersed into the electrolyte and brought into contact with the molten metal.
5. The method defined in claim 1 including maintaining the cell temperature above the melting points of the electrolyte and the metal of the metal oxide to be reduced.
6. The method defined in claim 1 including operating the cell at a potential that is above a decomposition potential of at least one constituent of the electrolyte so that there are cations of a metal other than that of the cathode metal oxide in the electrolyte.
7. The method defined in claim 1 wherein the metal oxide is an aluminium oxide or a magnesium oxide.
8. The method defined in claim 7 wherein the electrolyte is a CaCl2-based electrolyte that includes CaO as one of the constituents.
9. The method defined in claim 8 including maintaining the cell potential above the decomposition potential for CaO.
10. The method defined in claim 8 including maintaining the cell potential below the decomposition potential for CaCl2.
11. The method defined in claim 10 including maintaining the cell potential less than 3.0V.
12. The method defined in claim 10 including maintaining the cell potential less than 2.5V.
13. The method defined in claim 10 including maintaining the cell potential less than 2.0V.
14. The method defined in claim 8 including maintaining the cell potential to be at least 1.5V.
15. The method defined in claim 1 wherein the cell includes at least one tap hole for molten metal and the method includes removing molten metal continuously or periodically via the tap hole.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/924,808 US20080110764A1 (en) | 2001-04-10 | 2007-10-26 | Electrolytic Reduction of Metal Oxides |
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AUPR4439 | 2001-04-10 | ||
AUPR4439A AUPR443901A0 (en) | 2001-04-10 | 2001-04-10 | Method for reduction of metal oxides to pure metals |
US10/474,746 US20040237710A1 (en) | 2001-04-10 | 2002-04-10 | Electrolytic reducion of metal oxides |
PCT/AU2002/000456 WO2002083989A1 (en) | 2001-04-10 | 2002-04-10 | Electrolytic reduction of metal oxides |
US11/924,808 US20080110764A1 (en) | 2001-04-10 | 2007-10-26 | Electrolytic Reduction of Metal Oxides |
Related Parent Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/474,746 Continuation US20040237710A1 (en) | 2001-04-10 | 2002-04-10 | Electrolytic reducion of metal oxides |
PCT/AU2002/000456 Continuation WO2002083989A1 (en) | 2001-04-10 | 2002-04-10 | Electrolytic reduction of metal oxides |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20080110764A1 true US20080110764A1 (en) | 2008-05-15 |
Family
ID=3828435
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/474,746 Abandoned US20040237710A1 (en) | 2001-04-10 | 2002-04-10 | Electrolytic reducion of metal oxides |
US11/924,808 Abandoned US20080110764A1 (en) | 2001-04-10 | 2007-10-26 | Electrolytic Reduction of Metal Oxides |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US10/474,746 Abandoned US20040237710A1 (en) | 2001-04-10 | 2002-04-10 | Electrolytic reducion of metal oxides |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US20040237710A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1392890A4 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2004523662A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1509346A (en) |
AU (1) | AUPR443901A0 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2443953A1 (en) |
NO (1) | NO20034548L (en) |
WO (1) | WO2002083989A1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA200307978B (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20100233017A1 (en) * | 2003-04-23 | 2010-09-16 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Production of magnesium metal |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AU2002951962A0 (en) * | 2002-10-09 | 2002-10-24 | Bhp Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd | Electrolytic reduction of metal oxides |
AU2002952083A0 (en) | 2002-10-16 | 2002-10-31 | Bhp Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd | Minimising carbon transfer in an electrolytic cell |
US20100323253A1 (en) * | 2006-02-22 | 2010-12-23 | University Of Utah Resarch Foundation | Systems and Methods for Hydrogen Storage and Generation from Water Using Lithium Based Materials |
EP2469969A1 (en) | 2010-12-24 | 2012-06-27 | Philip Morris Products S.A. | Reduced ceramic heating element |
KR101655143B1 (en) * | 2013-12-20 | 2016-09-07 | 현대자동차 주식회사 | Regeneration method of raw materials for hydrogen supply system of fuel cell |
CN109055985B (en) * | 2018-09-12 | 2019-09-27 | 郑州大学 | A kind of electrolytic oxidation magnesium molten salt system, preparation method and applications |
KR102004920B1 (en) * | 2019-01-28 | 2019-07-29 | 한국지질자원연구원 | Metal refining method by using liquid metal cathode |
CN110219021A (en) * | 2019-06-19 | 2019-09-10 | 李运雄 | A kind of closing down magnesium electrolysis bath and magnesium eletrolysis technique |
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US4431491A (en) * | 1980-07-23 | 1984-02-14 | Pechiney | Process and apparatus for accurately controlling the rate of introduction and the content of alumina in an igneous electrolysis tank in the production of aluminium |
US4455202A (en) * | 1982-08-02 | 1984-06-19 | Standard Oil Company (Indiana) | Electrolytic production of lithium metal |
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US4650552A (en) * | 1981-07-01 | 1987-03-17 | Eltech Systems Corporation | Electrolytic production of aluminum |
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US5593566A (en) * | 1995-06-09 | 1997-01-14 | General Motors Corporation | Electrolytic production process for magnesium and its alloys |
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GB8707781D0 (en) * | 1987-04-01 | 1987-05-07 | Shell Int Research | Electrolytic production of metals |
-
2001
- 2001-04-10 AU AUPR4439A patent/AUPR443901A0/en not_active Abandoned
-
2002
- 2002-04-10 EP EP02713941A patent/EP1392890A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-04-10 CN CNA028100840A patent/CN1509346A/en active Pending
- 2002-04-10 CA CA002443953A patent/CA2443953A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-04-10 JP JP2002581721A patent/JP2004523662A/en active Pending
- 2002-04-10 WO PCT/AU2002/000456 patent/WO2002083989A1/en active Application Filing
- 2002-04-10 US US10/474,746 patent/US20040237710A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2003
- 2003-10-09 NO NO20034548A patent/NO20034548L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-10-14 ZA ZA200307978A patent/ZA200307978B/en unknown
-
2007
- 2007-10-26 US US11/924,808 patent/US20080110764A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (10)
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US3951763A (en) * | 1973-06-28 | 1976-04-20 | Aluminum Company Of America | Aluminum smelting temperature selection |
US4431491A (en) * | 1980-07-23 | 1984-02-14 | Pechiney | Process and apparatus for accurately controlling the rate of introduction and the content of alumina in an igneous electrolysis tank in the production of aluminium |
US4650552A (en) * | 1981-07-01 | 1987-03-17 | Eltech Systems Corporation | Electrolytic production of aluminum |
US4455202A (en) * | 1982-08-02 | 1984-06-19 | Standard Oil Company (Indiana) | Electrolytic production of lithium metal |
US4597839A (en) * | 1983-12-14 | 1986-07-01 | Atlantic Richfield Company | Method and apparatus for production of a metal from metallic oxide ore |
US4973390A (en) * | 1988-07-11 | 1990-11-27 | Aluminum Company Of America | Process and apparatus for producing lithium from aluminum-lithium alloy scrap in a three-layered lithium transport cell |
US5279715A (en) * | 1991-09-17 | 1994-01-18 | Aluminum Company Of America | Process and apparatus for low temperature electrolysis of oxides |
US5378325A (en) * | 1991-09-17 | 1995-01-03 | Aluminum Company Of America | Process for low temperature electrolysis of metals in a chloride salt bath |
US5593566A (en) * | 1995-06-09 | 1997-01-14 | General Motors Corporation | Electrolytic production process for magnesium and its alloys |
US7504017B2 (en) * | 2001-11-22 | 2009-03-17 | Qit-Fer Et Titane Inc. | Method for electrowinning of titanium metal or alloy from titanium oxide containing compound in the liquid state |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20100233017A1 (en) * | 2003-04-23 | 2010-09-16 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Production of magnesium metal |
US8152895B2 (en) | 2003-04-23 | 2012-04-10 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Production of magnesium metal |
WO2011103540A2 (en) * | 2010-02-22 | 2011-08-25 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Production of magnesium metal |
WO2011103540A3 (en) * | 2010-02-22 | 2011-12-22 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Production of magnesium metal |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1392890A4 (en) | 2004-10-06 |
JP2004523662A (en) | 2004-08-05 |
NO20034548L (en) | 2003-12-01 |
CN1509346A (en) | 2004-06-30 |
EP1392890A1 (en) | 2004-03-03 |
WO2002083989A1 (en) | 2002-10-24 |
AUPR443901A0 (en) | 2001-05-17 |
CA2443953A1 (en) | 2002-10-24 |
US20040237710A1 (en) | 2004-12-02 |
ZA200307978B (en) | 2004-09-03 |
NO20034548D0 (en) | 2003-10-09 |
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