US20080050087A1 - Fiberoptic luminaire with scattering and specular side-light extractor patterns - Google Patents
Fiberoptic luminaire with scattering and specular side-light extractor patterns Download PDFInfo
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- US20080050087A1 US20080050087A1 US11/466,645 US46664506A US2008050087A1 US 20080050087 A1 US20080050087 A1 US 20080050087A1 US 46664506 A US46664506 A US 46664506A US 2008050087 A1 US2008050087 A1 US 2008050087A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47F—SPECIAL FURNITURE, FITTINGS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR SHOPS, STOREHOUSES, BARS, RESTAURANTS OR THE LIKE; PAYING COUNTERS
- A47F3/00—Show cases or show cabinets
- A47F3/001—Devices for lighting, humidifying, heating, ventilation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- G02B6/0005—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being of the fibre type
- G02B6/001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being of the fibre type the light being emitted along at least a portion of the lateral surface of the fibre
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21W—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO USES OR APPLICATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
- F21W2131/00—Use or application of lighting devices or systems not provided for in codes F21W2102/00-F21W2121/00
- F21W2131/40—Lighting for industrial, commercial, recreational or military use
- F21W2131/405—Lighting for industrial, commercial, recreational or military use for shop-windows or displays
Definitions
- the present invention relates to fiberoptic luminaires with scattering and specular side-light extractor patterns. More particularly, the invention relates to such a fiberoptic luminaire wherein a scattering extractor pattern provides more side light than a specular extractor pattern, but wherein the specular extractor pattern allows more control in directing extracted light in a desired direction.
- fiberoptic luminaires with extractor patterns for extracting light from the side of the luminaires.
- the extractor patterns may comprise light-scattering particles or a textured pattern on the surface of a luminaires by way of example.
- fiberoptic luminaire includes an acrylic rod luminaire that receives light directly from a light source as well as indirectly through a fiberoptic cable or other structure.
- the foregoing paint or textured-pattern surfaces comprise a scattering-type extractor pattern, as opposed to a specular-type extractor pattern.
- an extractor pattern of either the scattering or specular type, produces a continuous swath of light on a target area.
- some extractor patterns are categorized as “scattering” extractor patterns and others are categorized as “specular” extractor patterns. These terms are in more detail below in the detailed description below.
- a scattering extractor pattern of light on an elongated luminaire tends to provide light onto a target area, along the length of the luminaires with a moderate degree of directional control over the light in the length direction.
- the scattering extractor pattern density and the cross sectional shape of the elongated luminaire provide a smooth target distribution that is free of localized spatial structure but still provides good directional control.
- Scattering extractor patterns are relatively insensitive to fabrication errors.
- a specular extractor pattern can provide light along the length of a luminaire with more localized control than can a scattering extractor pattern.
- this longitudinal directional control can provide more localized control over the target distribution, thereby enabling improved uniformity and a reduction in the fraction of light that spills outside of the target area.
- the luminaire comprises a fiberoptic light pipe having a light-carrying core.
- the light pipe has, in addition to a main axis, an elongate side-light emitting portion of the light pipe which emits light from the side of the light pipe to illuminate a target area.
- the light pipe emits light from the side by a side-light extractor pattern arrangement comprising a scattering and specular extractor pattern of light, each of which directs light onto the target area.
- the scattering and specular extractor patterns are positioned on the side-light emitting portion to extract light from the side-light emitting portion over a radial angle, orthogonal to the main axis, of less than 180°.
- the scattering extractor pattern comprises a Lambertian type of extractor pattern and the specular extractor pattern comprises some or all of the surface areas of one or more notches in the side-light emitting portion.
- Each notch has a pair of main faces parallel to within 10° of each other.
- the specular extractor pattern extends over less than 20% of a length of the side-light extractor pattern arrangement along the said main axis.
- the scattering and specular extractor patterns differ from each other in shape and type.
- the scattering extractor pattern may provide greater than 50% of light.
- the foregoing embodiments of the invention utilize both scattering and specular extractor patterns of fight to illuminate an elongated target area. This allows a higher degree of directional control over some of the light emitted by a luminaire than by using only a scattering extractor pattern. In some cases, the higher longitudinal directional control provides more localized control over the target distribution, thereby enabling improved uniformity and a reduction in the fraction of light that spills outside of the target area.
- FIG. 1A is a simplified side view of two pairs of fiberoptic luminaires, partially covered by respective reflectors, one of which is partially cut away, together with a target area and phantom illustration of doors of a display case.
- FIG. 1B is a simplified cross-sectional view of the luminaires, reflectors and target area of FIG. 1A taken at Arrows 1 B- 1 B in FIG. 1A .
- FIG. 2 is an upper perspective view of a fiberoptic luminaire with a scattering extractor pattern of light, showing light rays reaching a target area.
- FIG. 3 is a plot of light source intensity and encircled flux versus a cone angle ⁇ with respect to a main axis of light propagation from the light source.
- FIG. 4A is a plot of scatter distribution and encircled flux versus a cone angle ⁇ with respect to the specular direction
- FIG. 4B shows the same plot but with ⁇ varying over a wider range.
- FIGS. 4C and 4D are plots of scatter distribution and encircled flux versus a cone angle ⁇ with respect to the specular direction for the respective cases of a scattering extractor pattern and a borderline between specular and scattering extractor patterns.
- FIG. 5 is a simplified side view of a part of a luminaire with a specular extractor pattern notch of light and a light source, with tracings of light rays from the light source.
- FIGS. 6A , 6 B and 6 C are, respectively, top view, side view and top perspective view, partially in block form, of a portion of a luminaire near its input end and a light source.
- FIGS. 7A and 7B each show illuminance profiles in association with a respective, simplified luminaire whose side view is shown, together with a light source.
- FIG. 7C is similar to FIG. 7B , but shows a different illuminance profile when using a specular extractor pattern.
- FIG. 7D is also similar to FIG. 7B , but shows a different illuminance profile when using specular extractor pattern notches near both an inlet and an outlet of a luminaire.
- FIG. 7E is also similar to FIG. 7B , but shows a different illuminance profile when using a specular extractor pattern notch in a central region of a luminaire.
- FIG. 8A is a simplified side view of a part of a luminaire showing a single specular extractor pattern notch of light and a scattering extractor pattern of light.
- FIG. 8B is similar to FIG. 8A , but shows multiple specular extractor pattern notches of light in addition to a scattering extractor pattern of light.
- FIG. 8C is also similar to FIG. 8A , but shows a specular extractor pattern notch on the lower side of a luminaire.
- FIG. 8D is also similar to FIG. 5A , but shows a specular extractor pattern notch tunneling through the body of a luminaires
- This description covers the three topics of (1) general considerations, (2) exemplary embodiments, and (3) variations in specular and scattering extractor patterns.
- FIGS. 1A and 1B show an arrangement 10 of pairs of luminaires 12 a , 12 b and 13 a , 13 b .
- Pair of luminaires 12 a , 12 b may be provided with a reflector 16
- pair of luminaires 13 a , 13 b may be provided with a similar reflector 18 .
- Luminaires 12 a , 12 b are provided with light from a light source 14 a via the direction shown by an arrow 14 b
- luminaires 13 a and 13 b are provided with light from a light source 14 c —which may coincide with light source 14 a —from the direction shown by an arrow 14 d .
- Luminaire 12 b and luminaire 13 a illuminate a rectangular target area 15 between them, the target area extending higher than an upper end of the side-light emitting portion of the luminaires along a main axis of one of the luminaires.
- Target area 15 may be food or other contents of a display case (not shown), which is usually placed on shelves in the display case.
- Shown in phantom in FIG. 1A are exemplary doors 17 a and 17 b of the display case, which usually have hinges (not shown) extending vertically in front of the luminaires that are preferably mounted within the case
- the display case may be refrigerated, if desired, to a temperature below 7C, in which case fiberoptic light delivery means (not shown) typically supplies light to the luminaires from above.
- FIG. 1B shows light rays 20 a , 20 b , 20 c and 20 d .
- Exemplary rays 20 b and 20 c from luminaires 12 b and 13 a , respectively, converge at a point 22 on target area 15 .
- many other rays (not shown) from luminaires 12 b and 13 a converge on other points of target area 15 , whereby the output from these luminaires combine to illuminate the target area.
- FIG. 1A shows section 24 , cross-hatched for convenience, as an exemplary section on which additional light is desired.
- an extractor pattern of either the scattering or specular type produces a continuous swath of light on a target area.
- FIG. 2 illustrates the lack of a high degree of directionality for light extracted from a luminaire by a scattering extractor pattern. That figure shows an arrangement 30 of a single luminaire 32 employing a scattering extractor pattern 32 a on a light-carrying member 32 b .
- Scattering extractor pattern 32 a may comprise paint having titanium dioxide or other light-scattering particles, or may comprise a laser-etched pattern, by way of example.
- Light-carrying member 32 b may comprise an acrylic rod. More particularly, luminaire 32 may be formed as described in the above-noted U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/366,711 and 11/108,279.
- a light source 33 supplies light to luminaire 32 .
- Scattering extractor pattern 32 a in FIG. 2 illuminates a target area 34 along the length of luminaire 32 .
- Exemplary light rays 38 from a single longitudinal position 36 reach target area 34 along a lengthwise line 39
- exemplary light rays 40 from such position 36 reach target area 34 along crosswise line 41 .
- the extent of crosswise line 41 that receives light rays 40 depends on the circumferential coverage of luminaire 32 by extractor pattern 32 a . Both the circumferential coverage of the extractor patterns and the cross sectional shape of the light carrying member wilt affect the radial angle of light exiting the luminaire.
- extractor pattern 32 is preferably arranged to extract light from the luminaire over a radial angle, orthogonal to a main (i.e., lengthwise) axis of the luminaire, of less than 180°.
- a main (i.e., lengthwise) axis of the luminaire of less than 180°.
- light rays 38 disperse from position 36 of the luminaire in a substantially Lambertian manner along lengthwise line 39 , but in a more directional manner in along the crosswise line 41 .
- scattering extractor pattern 32 a lacks a high degree of directional control of light it extracts in the longitudinal direction of the luminaire.
- FIGS. 3 and 4 A- 4 D help define the difference between a scattering extractor pattern and a specular extractor pattern. Extractor patterns will not only redirect the light so that the light can escape the luminaires but the extractor patterns wilt also change the angular distribution of the redirected light.
- the distinction between these two types of extractor patterns is related to the angular distribution of a source of light coupled into a side-light emitting portion of a luminaire.
- the source of light can be a length of the luminaire lacking a side-light emitting portion. For a given source, 50% of the light will be contained within an X-degree cone angle.
- scattering extractor patterns are defined herein such that less than 50% of encircled scattered flux from the extractor pattern is contained within X degrees.
- specular extractor patterns are defined herein as having more than 50% of the encircled scattered flux from the extractor pattern contained within X degrees. For both scattering and specular extractor patterns, the density of the extractor patterns is adjusted to match the desired target illumination distribution.
- light extracted by a scattering extractor pattern has a weak dependence upon the source's angular distribution and light extracted by a specular extractor pattern has a strong dependence on the source's angular distribution.
- curve 42 a shows source intensity for a light source that provides light to a side-light emitting portion of a luminaire with a relatively constant cross section along its length.
- Curve 42 b shows the encircled flux according to the angle ⁇ with respect to a main axis of light propagation.
- encircled flux curve 42 b For use in ascertaining the foregoing distinction between specular and scattering extractor patterns, one considers encircled flux curve 42 b to determine the angle ⁇ containing 50% of the encircled flux. Such angle ⁇ in FIG. 3 can be determined to be about 21°.
- FIG. 4A shows a scatter distribution curve 43 a for light reflected in the specular direction from an extractor pattern of light.
- Curve 43 a represents the average scatter distribution for the whole extractor pattern.
- Curve 43 b shows the flux within the cone angle ⁇ .
- FIG. 4A the angle at which 50% of the light is contained is about 2.2°.
- FIG. 4B shows the same curves 43 a and 43 b as in FIG. 4A , but with ⁇ varying over a wider range of angles, i.e., from 0 to 90°.
- FIGS. 4C and 4D show plots similar to FIG. 48 for the respective cases of a scattering extractor pattern and a borderline between specular and scattering extractor patterns.
- FIG. 4C shows a scatter distribution curve 44 a and a flux within cone angle (curve 44 b for a scattering extractor pattern, wherein the distribution is Lambertian.
- this figure represents a borderline case between a specular extractor pattern and a scattering extractor pattern, as those terms are defined herein.
- FIG. 5 shows a luminaire 46 that is supplied with light by a light source 48 and that includes a specular extractor pattern notch 50 of light.
- Extractor pattern notch 50 may comprise a notch with sides 50 a and 50 c and notch end face 50 b .
- Surfaces 50 a , 50 b and 50 c are assumed sufficiently smooth and planar to make notch 50 of the specular type, as defined above in connection with FIGS. 3 and 4 A- 4 D.
- the specular extractor pattern notch 50 of FIG. 5 is described as having planar surfaces, other embodiments could use a notch (not shown) with non-planar surfaces. Further, if surfaces of a notch lack the requisite smoothness, then part or all of the notch surfaces will be a scattering extractor pattern (as defined above).
- FIG. 5 shows light rays in the fan 52 passing from light source 48 into luminaire 46 via input end 46 a of the luminaire.
- Some of the light rays in the fan 52 totally internally reflect on surface 50 a of notch 50 , and are directly downwardly as light rays 54 with a relatively high degree of directional control.
- Some of the light rays in the fan 52 refract at surfaces 50 a and 50 b before totally internally reflecting as light rays 56 on the lower surface of the luminaire and propagating along the luminaire.
- Some of the light rays 56 can be extracted from the light pipe by a further extractor pattern (not shown) in the luminaire.
- one of the light rays 52 refracts at surfaces 50 a and 50 c and continues to propagate along the luminaire as light ray 58 .
- Surfaces 50 a and 50 c of specular extractor pattern notch 50 are preferably parallel to each other, or at least within about 10° of parallel to each other. This helps control the light (e.g., the angle of light ray 58 ) that passes through surfaces 50 a and 50 c and then propagates along the luminaire, where such light does not totally internally reflect downwardly in the manner of light rays 54 .
- the location and tilt angle 60 ( FIG. 5 ) of notch 50 can be adjusted to control where the region of increased illuminance in the target area occurs.
- the region of increased illuminance does not have to be directly ‘below’ the notch—that is, differing from light rays 54 .
- the increased-illuminance region can be decentered, along the length of luminaire 46 , with respect to the location of the notch.
- TIR total internal reflection
- the surface of the notch can have a specular reflective coating applied to provide more control over where the light is redirected.
- FIGS. 6A , 6 B and 6 C show a luminaire 70 containing both scattering and specular extractor patterns.
- a light source 71 supplies light to an input end 70 a of the luminaire.
- a scattering extractor pattern 72 may comprise strips of paint, which may be applied according to the above-noted U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/366,711 and 11/108,279, and a specular extractor pattern 74 comprises a notch. The notch may be as described with respect to notch 50 of FIG. 5 .
- Scattering extractor pattern 72 and specular extractor pattern 74 are each arranged to extract light from the luminaire over a radial angle of less than 180° with respect to the circumference of the luminaire.
- Specular extractor pattern 74 of FIGS. 6A , 6 B and 6 C overlaps scattering extractor pattern 72 .
- Specular extractor pattern 74 preferably extends over less than 20% of the length of scattering extractor pattern 72 , such as over less than 5% of the foregoing length.
- each scattering extractor pattern 72 and specular extractor pattern 74 may or may not be aligned. If the scattering and specular extractor patterns are not circumferentially aligned with each other, then the extractors may preferentially illuminate different parts of the target area.
- FIGS. 7A-7D show various beneficial illuminance curves for a target area that can be achieved by incorporating one or more specular extractor patterns in a luminaire that also has a scattering extractor pattern.
- FIG. 7A shares reference numerals in common with FIGS. 6A-6C .
- Luminaire 70 in FIG. 7A provides an illuminance profile 76 for a target area (not shown) beneath the luminaire in the absence of specular extractor pattern 74 ; illuminance profile 76 has a relatively low illuminance in region 76 a .
- luminaire 70 provides illuminance profile 78 with a relatively high peak 78 a associated with the specular extractor pattern.
- Peak 78 a may be a local peak in illuminance profile 78 , or it may be a global peak—i.e. maximum value—of the profile. This shows that, by causing illuminance peak 78 a , the specular extractor pattern can guide the light it extracts to a compact portion of the target area.
- the scattering extractor pattern preferably provides greater than 50% of light on a target area (not shown).
- the specular extractor pattern preferably produces an illuminance on a selected portion of the target area that is greater than 5%—and more preferably greater than 10%—of the illuminance produced on the mentioned “selected portion” by the scattering extractor pattern alone.
- a “selected portion” of the target area corresponds to an area that contains the peak 78 a of the illustrated illuminance profile and the increased illuminance on either side of the peak.
- FIG. 7B shows a luminaire 80 that produces a more concentrated peak 84 a of an illuminance profile 84 compared to peak 78 a of FIG. 7A .
- luminaire 80 has a tapered input section 82 , and a section 83 having a constant cross section along its length.
- section 83 has scattering extractor pattern 72 and specular extractor pattern 74 .
- Tapered input section 82 functions as an area-to-angle converter, such that the light received by section 83 at angles relative to the longitudinal axis of the luminaire decreases in value.
- the light received by section 83 at outlet 82 b is more collimated—relative to the longitudinal axis of the luminaire—than light received by tapered section 80 at inlet 82 a .
- light rays (not shown) from light source 71 are more narrowly redirected downwardly towards some section of a target area (not shown) so as to create peak 84 a of illuminance profile 84 .
- an illuminance profile 76 is produced, and with specular extractor pattern 74 , the mentioned peak 84 a in profile 84 is created.
- FIG. 7B illustrates the terminology “source of light” used in the definition of “specular” and “scattering” extractor patterns in Paragraph [00035] above.
- the “source of light” is the light provided to cylindrical section 83 of luminaire 80 through tapered section 82 , with right-hand section 83 of the luminaire having a relatively constant cross section compared to tapered luminaire section 82 .
- FIG. 7C shows a luminaire 90 , which like luminaire 80 of FIG. 7B , includes a scattering extractor pattern 92 and a specular extractor pattern 93 . These extractor patterns may differ from the corresponding extractor patterns in luminaire 80 , although the simplified view of FIG. 7C portrays them as alike.
- Illuminance profile 95 shows illuminance resulting only from scattering extractor pattern 92 .
- specular extractor pattern 93 causes an illuminance profile 96 with increased illuminance in region 97 a .
- Region 97 a together with region 97 b , comprises a target area.
- the first 20% of length of the target area along the sidelight emitting portion of the luminaire 90 i.e., to the right of outlet 91 a of a tapered section 91 b and specifically where light extractor patterns are located—from a light-receiving end of the luminaire, preferably receives sufficient light from specular extractor pattern 93 that the average illuminance on the foregoing length of the target area is at least a factor about 0.3 times the average illuminance along the full length of the target area along the side-light emitting portion of the luminaire.
- the foregoing factor is about 0.7.
- FIG. 7D shows a luminaire 100 , which like luminaire 90 of FIG. 7C , includes a scattering extractor pattern 102 and a specular extractor pattern 103 . Additionally, luminaire 100 includes a second specular extractor pattern 104 near end 100 a of the luminaire distant from light source 71 . As compared with an illuminance curve 106 resulting only from scattering extractor pattern 102 , illuminance curve 108 resulting from all extractor patterns has a pair of regions 109 a and 109 b with an increase in illuminance. Regions 109 a and 109 b , together with intermediate region 109 c , comprise a target area.
- both the first and last 20% of length of the target area along the side-light emitting portion of the luminaire 100 from a light-receiving end of the luminaire preferably receives a significant amount of light from specular extractor pattern 103 .
- significant is meant that the average illuminance on the foregoing length of the target area is at least a factor about 0.3 times the average illuminance along the full length of the target area along the side-light emitting portion of the luminaire.
- the foregoing factor is about 0.7.
- the side-light emitting portion of luminaire 100 is located to the right of outlet 101 a of a tapered section 101 b and specifically located where the extractor patterns are positioned.
- FIG. 7E shows a luminaire 110 , which like luminaire 80 of FIG. 7B , includes a scattering extractor pattern 72 and a specular extractor pattern 111 .
- specular extractor pattern 111 results in a distinct illuminance profile 112 .
- Profile 112 has a peak 112 a that is aligned with some portion of central section 113 of the length of the side-light emitting portion along the main axis of the luminaire.
- peak 112 a may be selectively positioned at one of various points in a target surface (not shown) along a direction orthogonal to the main axis of the luminaire.
- Central section 113 may comprise 60% of the length of the side-light emitting portion along the main axis of the luminaire, for instance.
- peak 112 a is a global peak of illuminance from luminaire 110 .
- FIGS. 8A-8B and 9 A- 9 C show various configurations of specular extractor pattern notches that may be used.
- FIG. 8A shows a luminaire 120 having a single specular extractor pattern notch 122 in addition to a scattering extractor pattern 116 .
- the scattering extractor pattern 116 covers an exemplary angle about the circumference of luminaire 120 of 60°, whereas the corresponding angle for scattering extractor pattern 72 of FIGS. 6A-6C is 30°. These are typical angles of circumferential coverage.
- more than one specular extractor pattern notch 132 may be used instead of a single specular extractor pattern notch 122 ( FIG. 8A ) in a specified region of the luminaire.
- typically one large single specular extractor pattern notch 122 can be used instead of multiple, smaller specular extractor pattern notches 132 .
- FIG. 8C shows a luminaire 140 having a single specular extractor pattern notch 142 in addition to a scattering extractor pattern 116 .
- Specular extractor pattern 142 is located on the lower side of the luminaire, in contrast to specular extractor pattern 122 in FIG. 8A .
- FIG. 8D shows a luminaire 150 having a single specular extractor pattern notch 152 that tunnels through the body of the luminaire, preferably all the way through. More than one specular extractor pattern notch 152 can be used along the length of the luminaire, and such notches can also be offset in the vertical direction illustrated.
- the luminaire with the specular tunneling feature 152 can be formed by a molding operation. Or, by way of example, a luminaire can be severed at an angle of 45°, for instance, and then material removed from the severed end(s) to create a specular extractor pattern notch when the severed ends are then joined together with an optical index-matching adhesive.
- FIGS. 8A-8D shows specular extractor pattern notches (e.g., 122) that do not result in removal of part of scattering extractor pattern 116 .
- FIGS. 6A-6C show a specular extractor pattern notch 74 that results in removal of part of scattering extractor pattern 72 . Either situation is acceptable.
- a specular extractor pattern can be formed from light-extraction material oriented in many ways.
- the light-extraction material for a scattering extractor pattern can be formed from random rectangles, random dots (i.e., non polygonal shapes), or longitudinal stripes.
- the lateral and longitudinal light-extraction efficiencies of a scattering extractor pattern may follow the teachings of above mentioned U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/366,711 and 11/108,279.
- specular extractor pattern can be formed in many shapes other than the notches designated herein.
- specular extractor patterns can comprise pyramids, curved surfaces, and holograms. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true scope and spirit of the invention.
Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to fiberoptic luminaires with scattering and specular side-light extractor patterns. More particularly, the invention relates to such a fiberoptic luminaire wherein a scattering extractor pattern provides more side light than a specular extractor pattern, but wherein the specular extractor pattern allows more control in directing extracted light in a desired direction.
- The following two U.S. patent applications describe the use of fiberoptic luminaires that may be used for lighting refrigerated or other types of cases for displaying food or other contents: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/39,997 filed 24 Apr. 2006 for Lighted Refrigerated Display Case with Remote Light Source by Roger Buelow et al., and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/39,999 filed 24 Apr. 2006 for Lighted Display Case with Remote Light Source by Roger Buelow et al. The foregoing applications have some common inventors with the present application, and they are assigned to the same joint owners as the present application: the joint owners are Fiberstars, Inc. and Optical Research Associates. The entireties of the disclosures of the foregoing applications are hereby incorporated by reference.
- The foregoing U.S. patent applications disclose fiberoptic luminaires with extractor patterns for extracting light from the side of the luminaires. The extractor patterns may comprise light-scattering particles or a textured pattern on the surface of a luminaires by way of example. As used herein, “fiberoptic luminaire” includes an acrylic rod luminaire that receives light directly from a light source as well as indirectly through a fiberoptic cable or other structure. Typically, the foregoing paint or textured-pattern surfaces comprise a scattering-type extractor pattern, as opposed to a specular-type extractor pattern.
- As used herein, an extractor pattern, of either the scattering or specular type, produces a continuous swath of light on a target area.
- As used herein, some extractor patterns are categorized as “scattering” extractor patterns and others are categorized as “specular” extractor patterns. These terms are in more detail below in the detailed description below. Generally, a scattering extractor pattern of light on an elongated luminaire tends to provide light onto a target area, along the length of the luminaires with a moderate degree of directional control over the light in the length direction. In the direction orthogonal to the length, the scattering extractor pattern density and the cross sectional shape of the elongated luminaire provide a smooth target distribution that is free of localized spatial structure but still provides good directional control. Scattering extractor patterns are relatively insensitive to fabrication errors.
- In contrast, a specular extractor pattern can provide light along the length of a luminaire with more localized control than can a scattering extractor pattern.
- Sometimes, it would be desired to not only utilize a scattering extractor pattern on a luminaire but also be able to exert a higher degree of longitudinal directional control over some of the light emitted by the luminaire. In some cases, this longitudinal directional control can provide more localized control over the target distribution, thereby enabling improved uniformity and a reduction in the fraction of light that spills outside of the target area.
- One embodiment of the present invention provides a luminaire with scattering and specular side-light extractor patterns. The luminaire comprises a fiberoptic light pipe having a light-carrying core. The light pipe has, in addition to a main axis, an elongate side-light emitting portion of the light pipe which emits light from the side of the light pipe to illuminate a target area. The light pipe emits light from the side by a side-light extractor pattern arrangement comprising a scattering and specular extractor pattern of light, each of which directs light onto the target area. The scattering and specular extractor patterns are positioned on the side-light emitting portion to extract light from the side-light emitting portion over a radial angle, orthogonal to the main axis, of less than 180°.
- In one embodiment, the scattering extractor pattern comprises a Lambertian type of extractor pattern and the specular extractor pattern comprises some or all of the surface areas of one or more notches in the side-light emitting portion. Each notch has a pair of main faces parallel to within 10° of each other. For this embodiment, the specular extractor pattern extends over less than 20% of a length of the side-light extractor pattern arrangement along the said main axis.
- In another embodiment, the scattering and specular extractor patterns differ from each other in shape and type. Lastly, the scattering extractor pattern may provide greater than 50% of light.
- The foregoing embodiments of the invention utilize both scattering and specular extractor patterns of fight to illuminate an elongated target area. This allows a higher degree of directional control over some of the light emitted by a luminaire than by using only a scattering extractor pattern. In some cases, the higher longitudinal directional control provides more localized control over the target distribution, thereby enabling improved uniformity and a reduction in the fraction of light that spills outside of the target area.
- Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following specification in connection with the appended drawings in which same reference numerals refer to like parts.
-
FIG. 1A is a simplified side view of two pairs of fiberoptic luminaires, partially covered by respective reflectors, one of which is partially cut away, together with a target area and phantom illustration of doors of a display case. -
FIG. 1B is a simplified cross-sectional view of the luminaires, reflectors and target area ofFIG. 1A taken atArrows 1B-1B inFIG. 1A . -
FIG. 2 is an upper perspective view of a fiberoptic luminaire with a scattering extractor pattern of light, showing light rays reaching a target area. -
FIG. 3 is a plot of light source intensity and encircled flux versus a cone angle φ with respect to a main axis of light propagation from the light source. -
FIG. 4A is a plot of scatter distribution and encircled flux versus a cone angle φ with respect to the specular direction, andFIG. 4B shows the same plot but with φ varying over a wider range. -
FIGS. 4C and 4D are plots of scatter distribution and encircled flux versus a cone angle φ with respect to the specular direction for the respective cases of a scattering extractor pattern and a borderline between specular and scattering extractor patterns. -
FIG. 5 is a simplified side view of a part of a luminaire with a specular extractor pattern notch of light and a light source, with tracings of light rays from the light source. -
FIGS. 6A , 6B and 6C are, respectively, top view, side view and top perspective view, partially in block form, of a portion of a luminaire near its input end and a light source. -
FIGS. 7A and 7B each show illuminance profiles in association with a respective, simplified luminaire whose side view is shown, together with a light source. -
FIG. 7C is similar toFIG. 7B , but shows a different illuminance profile when using a specular extractor pattern. -
FIG. 7D is also similar toFIG. 7B , but shows a different illuminance profile when using specular extractor pattern notches near both an inlet and an outlet of a luminaire. -
FIG. 7E is also similar toFIG. 7B , but shows a different illuminance profile when using a specular extractor pattern notch in a central region of a luminaire. -
FIG. 8A is a simplified side view of a part of a luminaire showing a single specular extractor pattern notch of light and a scattering extractor pattern of light. -
FIG. 8B is similar toFIG. 8A , but shows multiple specular extractor pattern notches of light in addition to a scattering extractor pattern of light. -
FIG. 8C is also similar toFIG. 8A , but shows a specular extractor pattern notch on the lower side of a luminaire. -
FIG. 8D is also similar toFIG. 5A , but shows a specular extractor pattern notch tunneling through the body of a luminaires - This description covers the three topics of (1) general considerations, (2) exemplary embodiments, and (3) variations in specular and scattering extractor patterns.
-
FIGS. 1A and 1B show anarrangement 10 of pairs ofluminaires luminaires reflector 16, and pair ofluminaires similar reflector 18.Luminaires light source 14 a via the direction shown by anarrow 14 b. Similarly,luminaires light source 14 a—from the direction shown by an arrow 14 d.Luminaire 12 b and luminaire 13 a illuminate arectangular target area 15 between them, the target area extending higher than an upper end of the side-light emitting portion of the luminaires along a main axis of one of the luminaires.Target area 15 may be food or other contents of a display case (not shown), which is usually placed on shelves in the display case. Shown in phantom inFIG. 1A areexemplary doors -
FIG. 1B shows light rays 20 a, 20 b, 20 c and 20 d.Exemplary rays luminaires point 22 ontarget area 15. Of course many other rays (not shown) fromluminaires target area 15, whereby the output from these luminaires combine to illuminate the target area. - It is occasionally desirable to provide a section of
target area 15 with additional light beyond that which a scattering extractor pattern on a luminaire can provide.FIG. 1A showssection 24, cross-hatched for convenience, as an exemplary section on which additional light is desired. As mentioned above, an extractor pattern of either the scattering or specular type, produces a continuous swath of light on a target area. -
FIG. 2 illustrates the lack of a high degree of directionality for light extracted from a luminaire by a scattering extractor pattern. That figure shows anarrangement 30 of asingle luminaire 32 employing ascattering extractor pattern 32 a on a light-carryingmember 32 b.Scattering extractor pattern 32 a, whose thickness is shown exaggerated, may comprise paint having titanium dioxide or other light-scattering particles, or may comprise a laser-etched pattern, by way of example. Light-carryingmember 32 b may comprise an acrylic rod. More particularly,luminaire 32 may be formed as described in the above-noted U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/366,711 and 11/108,279. Alight source 33 supplies light toluminaire 32. -
Scattering extractor pattern 32 a inFIG. 2 illuminates atarget area 34 along the length ofluminaire 32. Exemplary light rays 38 from a singlelongitudinal position 36reach target area 34 along alengthwise line 39, and exemplary light rays 40 fromsuch position 36reach target area 34 along crosswiseline 41. The extent ofcrosswise line 41 that receives light rays 40 depends on the circumferential coverage ofluminaire 32 byextractor pattern 32 a. Both the circumferential coverage of the extractor patterns and the cross sectional shape of the light carrying member wilt affect the radial angle of light exiting the luminaire. For a given rod shape,extractor pattern 32 is preferably arranged to extract light from the luminaire over a radial angle, orthogonal to a main (i.e., lengthwise) axis of the luminaire, of less than 180°. Of particular concern for the present invention is thatlight rays 38 disperse fromposition 36 of the luminaire in a substantially Lambertian manner along lengthwiseline 39, but in a more directional manner in along thecrosswise line 41. As such, scatteringextractor pattern 32 a lacks a high degree of directional control of light it extracts in the longitudinal direction of the luminaire. - FIGS. 3 and 4A-4D help define the difference between a scattering extractor pattern and a specular extractor pattern. Extractor patterns will not only redirect the light so that the light can escape the luminaires but the extractor patterns wilt also change the angular distribution of the redirected light. The distinction between these two types of extractor patterns is related to the angular distribution of a source of light coupled into a side-light emitting portion of a luminaire. The source of light can be a length of the luminaire lacking a side-light emitting portion. For a given source, 50% of the light will be contained within an X-degree cone angle. Similarly, light at a given angle will produce a distribution of light exiting an extractor pattern and the distribution can also be characterized with an encircled scattered light distribution. Scattering extractor patterns are defined herein such that less than 50% of encircled scattered flux from the extractor pattern is contained within X degrees. Conversely, “specular” extractor patterns are defined herein as having more than 50% of the encircled scattered flux from the extractor pattern contained within X degrees. For both scattering and specular extractor patterns, the density of the extractor patterns is adjusted to match the desired target illumination distribution. In less precise terms, and only to illustrate the foregoing definitions, light extracted by a scattering extractor pattern has a weak dependence upon the source's angular distribution and light extracted by a specular extractor pattern has a strong dependence on the source's angular distribution.
- In
FIG. 3 ,curve 42 a shows source intensity for a light source that provides light to a side-light emitting portion of a luminaire with a relatively constant cross section along its length.Curve 42 b shows the encircled flux according to the angle φ with respect to a main axis of light propagation. For use in ascertaining the foregoing distinction between specular and scattering extractor patterns, one considers encircledflux curve 42 b to determine the angle φ containing 50% of the encircled flux. Such angle φ inFIG. 3 can be determined to be about 21°. In generating the plot ofFIG. 3 , the scatter distribution, I(θ), is integrated relative to the main direction of light propagation from the light source, to compute the portion of the flux that is within a given cone angle Phi=Φ: -
- For the specific case of a Gaussian distribution:
-
- Next, employment of the foregoing equation can be used for generating the plots of
FIGS. 4A-4D , which relate to light reflecting from an extractor pattern of light. When using the foregoing equation, the scatter distribution, I(θ), is integrated relative to the specular direction of light reflection. -
FIG. 4A shows ascatter distribution curve 43 a for light reflected in the specular direction from an extractor pattern of light.Curve 43 a represents the average scatter distribution for the whole extractor pattern.Curve 43 b shows the flux within the cone angle Φ. The plot ofFIG. 4A is for 0<Φ<7°, and for σ=5°/2.33=2.15°, where the Gaussian scatter is given by: -
Gaussian Scatter ∞e−0.5*(θ/a)2 - In
FIG. 4A , the angle at which 50% of the light is contained is about 2.2°.FIG. 4B shows thesame curves FIG. 4A , but with Φ varying over a wider range of angles, i.e., from 0 to 90°. -
FIGS. 4C and 4D show plots similar toFIG. 48 for the respective cases of a scattering extractor pattern and a borderline between specular and scattering extractor patterns. -
FIG. 4C shows ascatter distribution curve 44 a and a flux within cone angle (curve 44 b for a scattering extractor pattern, wherein the distribution is Lambertian. A Lambertian scatter distribution is I(Φ)=cos(Φ). -
FIG. 4D shows ascatter distribution curve 45 a and a flux within coneangle Φ curve 45 b for a “borderline” Gaussian extractor pattern, wherein =20′. In particular, this figure represents a borderline case between a specular extractor pattern and a scattering extractor pattern, as those terms are defined herein. - To illustrate optical properties of a specular extractor pattern,
FIG. 5 shows aluminaire 46 that is supplied with light by alight source 48 and that includes a specularextractor pattern notch 50 of light.Extractor pattern notch 50 may comprise a notch withsides end face 50 b.Surfaces notch 50 of the specular type, as defined above in connection with FIGS. 3 and 4A-4D. Although the specularextractor pattern notch 50 ofFIG. 5 is described as having planar surfaces, other embodiments could use a notch (not shown) with non-planar surfaces. Further, if surfaces of a notch lack the requisite smoothness, then part or all of the notch surfaces will be a scattering extractor pattern (as defined above). -
FIG. 5 shows light rays in thefan 52 passing fromlight source 48 intoluminaire 46 via input end 46 a of the luminaire. Some of the light rays in thefan 52 totally internally reflect onsurface 50 a ofnotch 50, and are directly downwardly aslight rays 54 with a relatively high degree of directional control. Some of the light rays in thefan 52 refract atsurfaces light rays 56 on the lower surface of the luminaire and propagating along the luminaire. Some of the light rays 56 can be extracted from the light pipe by a further extractor pattern (not shown) in the luminaire. Similarly, one of the light rays 52 refracts atsurfaces -
Surfaces extractor pattern notch 50 are preferably parallel to each other, or at least within about 10° of parallel to each other. This helps control the light (e.g., the angle of light ray 58) that passes throughsurfaces light rays 54. - The location and tilt angle 60 (
FIG. 5 ) ofnotch 50 can be adjusted to control where the region of increased illuminance in the target area occurs. By changing thetilt angle 60, the region of increased illuminance does not have to be directly ‘below’ the notch—that is, differing fromlight rays 54. Instead, the increased-illuminance region can be decentered, along the length ofluminaire 46, with respect to the location of the notch. For fabrication simplicity, light is redirected by the notch using total internal reflection (TIR), which imposes limits on how much light flux can be redirected since some of the light will propagate through the notch surface rather than being TIRed. In some embodiments, the surface of the notch can have a specular reflective coating applied to provide more control over where the light is redirected. -
FIGS. 6A , 6B and 6C show aluminaire 70 containing both scattering and specular extractor patterns. Alight source 71 supplies light to aninput end 70 a of the luminaire. Ascattering extractor pattern 72 may comprise strips of paint, which may be applied according to the above-noted U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/366,711 and 11/108,279, and aspecular extractor pattern 74 comprises a notch. The notch may be as described with respect to notch 50 ofFIG. 5 .Scattering extractor pattern 72 andspecular extractor pattern 74 are each arranged to extract light from the luminaire over a radial angle of less than 180° with respect to the circumference of the luminaire.Specular extractor pattern 74 ofFIGS. 6A , 6B and 6C overlaps scatteringextractor pattern 72.Specular extractor pattern 74 preferably extends over less than 20% of the length of scatteringextractor pattern 72, such as over less than 5% of the foregoing length. - In
FIGS. 6A , 6B and 6C the respective circumferential center of each scatteringextractor pattern 72 andspecular extractor pattern 74, along the main axis ofluminaire 70, may or may not be aligned. If the scattering and specular extractor patterns are not circumferentially aligned with each other, then the extractors may preferentially illuminate different parts of the target area. -
FIGS. 7A-7D show various beneficial illuminance curves for a target area that can be achieved by incorporating one or more specular extractor patterns in a luminaire that also has a scattering extractor pattern. -
FIG. 7A shares reference numerals in common withFIGS. 6A-6C .Luminaire 70 inFIG. 7A provides anilluminance profile 76 for a target area (not shown) beneath the luminaire in the absence ofspecular extractor pattern 74;illuminance profile 76 has a relatively low illuminance inregion 76 a. In the presence ofspecular extractor pattern 74,luminaire 70 providesilluminance profile 78 with a relatively high peak 78 a associated with the specular extractor pattern. Peak 78 a may be a local peak inilluminance profile 78, or it may be a global peak—i.e. maximum value—of the profile. This shows that, by causing illuminance peak 78 a, the specular extractor pattern can guide the light it extracts to a compact portion of the target area. - In the embodiment of
FIG. 7A , as between scatteringextractor pattern 72 andspecular extractor pattern 74, the scattering extractor pattern preferably provides greater than 50% of light on a target area (not shown). The specular extractor pattern preferably produces an illuminance on a selected portion of the target area that is greater than 5%—and more preferably greater than 10%—of the illuminance produced on the mentioned “selected portion” by the scattering extractor pattern alone. InFIG. 7A , a “selected portion” of the target area corresponds to an area that contains the peak 78 a of the illustrated illuminance profile and the increased illuminance on either side of the peak. -
FIG. 7B shows aluminaire 80 that produces a moreconcentrated peak 84 a of anilluminance profile 84 compared to peak 78 a ofFIG. 7A . InFIG. 7B ,luminaire 80 has a taperedinput section 82, and asection 83 having a constant cross section along its length. Likeluminaire 70 ofFIG. 7A ,section 83 hasscattering extractor pattern 72 andspecular extractor pattern 74.Tapered input section 82 functions as an area-to-angle converter, such that the light received bysection 83 at angles relative to the longitudinal axis of the luminaire decreases in value. In other words, the light received bysection 83 atoutlet 82 b is more collimated—relative to the longitudinal axis of the luminaire—than light received by taperedsection 80 atinlet 82 a. As such, light rays (not shown) fromlight source 71 are more narrowly redirected downwardly towards some section of a target area (not shown) so as to create peak 84 a ofilluminance profile 84. As withluminaire 70 ofFIG. 7A , withoutspecular extractor pattern 74, anilluminance profile 76 is produced, and withspecular extractor pattern 74, the mentionedpeak 84 a inprofile 84 is created. -
FIG. 7B illustrates the terminology “source of light” used in the definition of “specular” and “scattering” extractor patterns in Paragraph [00035] above. In particular, the “source of light” is the light provided tocylindrical section 83 ofluminaire 80 through taperedsection 82, with right-hand section 83 of the luminaire having a relatively constant cross section compared to taperedluminaire section 82. -
FIG. 7C shows aluminaire 90, which likeluminaire 80 ofFIG. 7B , includes a scattering extractor pattern 92 and aspecular extractor pattern 93. These extractor patterns may differ from the corresponding extractor patterns inluminaire 80, although the simplified view ofFIG. 7C portrays them as alike.Illuminance profile 95 shows illuminance resulting only from scattering extractor pattern 92. The addition ofspecular extractor pattern 93 causes anilluminance profile 96 with increased illuminance inregion 97 a.Region 97 a, together withregion 97 b, comprises a target area. In particular, the first 20% of length of the target area along the sidelight emitting portion of theluminaire 90—i.e., to the right ofoutlet 91 a of a taperedsection 91 b and specifically where light extractor patterns are located—from a light-receiving end of the luminaire, preferably receives sufficient light fromspecular extractor pattern 93 that the average illuminance on the foregoing length of the target area is at least a factor about 0.3 times the average illuminance along the full length of the target area along the side-light emitting portion of the luminaire. Preferably, the foregoing factor is about 0.7. -
FIG. 7D shows aluminaire 100, which likeluminaire 90 ofFIG. 7C , includes ascattering extractor pattern 102 and aspecular extractor pattern 103. Additionally,luminaire 100 includes a secondspecular extractor pattern 104near end 100 a of the luminaire distant fromlight source 71. As compared with anilluminance curve 106 resulting only from scatteringextractor pattern 102,illuminance curve 108 resulting from all extractor patterns has a pair ofregions Regions luminaire 100 from a light-receiving end of the luminaire, preferably receives a significant amount of light fromspecular extractor pattern 103. By “significant” is meant that the average illuminance on the foregoing length of the target area is at least a factor about 0.3 times the average illuminance along the full length of the target area along the side-light emitting portion of the luminaire. Preferably, the foregoing factor is about 0.7. The side-light emitting portion ofluminaire 100 is located to the right ofoutlet 101 a of a tapered section 101 b and specifically located where the extractor patterns are positioned. -
FIG. 7E shows aluminaire 110, which likeluminaire 80 ofFIG. 7B , includes ascattering extractor pattern 72 and aspecular extractor pattern 111. However,specular extractor pattern 111 results in adistinct illuminance profile 112.Profile 112 has a peak 112 a that is aligned with some portion ofcentral section 113 of the length of the side-light emitting portion along the main axis of the luminaire. By selecting a radial orientation ofspecular extractor pattern 111 about the longitudinal axis of the luminaires peak 112 a may be selectively positioned at one of various points in a target surface (not shown) along a direction orthogonal to the main axis of the luminaire. Such an arrangement is useful for providing a spotlight effect on the portion (not shown) of a target area associated withpeak 112 a.Central section 113 may comprise 60% of the length of the side-light emitting portion along the main axis of the luminaire, for instance. As shown, peak 112 a is a global peak of illuminance fromluminaire 110. -
FIGS. 8A-8B and 9A-9C show various configurations of specular extractor pattern notches that may be used. -
FIG. 8A shows aluminaire 120 having a single specularextractor pattern notch 122 in addition to ascattering extractor pattern 116. Thescattering extractor pattern 116 covers an exemplary angle about the circumference ofluminaire 120 of 60°, whereas the corresponding angle for scatteringextractor pattern 72 ofFIGS. 6A-6C is 30°. These are typical angles of circumferential coverage. - As shown in
FIG. 8B , more than one specularextractor pattern notch 132 may be used instead of a single specular extractor pattern notch 122 (FIG. 8A ) in a specified region of the luminaire. Referring to bothFIGS. 8A and 8B , typically one large single specularextractor pattern notch 122 can be used instead of multiple, smaller specularextractor pattern notches 132. -
FIG. 8C shows aluminaire 140 having a single specularextractor pattern notch 142 in addition to ascattering extractor pattern 116.Specular extractor pattern 142 is located on the lower side of the luminaire, in contrast tospecular extractor pattern 122 inFIG. 8A . - Finally,
FIG. 8D shows aluminaire 150 having a single specularextractor pattern notch 152 that tunnels through the body of the luminaire, preferably all the way through. More than one specularextractor pattern notch 152 can be used along the length of the luminaire, and such notches can also be offset in the vertical direction illustrated. The luminaire with thespecular tunneling feature 152 can be formed by a molding operation. Or, by way of example, a luminaire can be severed at an angle of 45°, for instance, and then material removed from the severed end(s) to create a specular extractor pattern notch when the severed ends are then joined together with an optical index-matching adhesive. - On the other hand,
FIGS. 8A-8D shows specular extractor pattern notches (e.g., 122) that do not result in removal of part of scatteringextractor pattern 116.FIGS. 6A-6C show a specularextractor pattern notch 74 that results in removal of part of scatteringextractor pattern 72. Either situation is acceptable. - Further, whereas the specular extractor pattern described above is formed from strips of light-extraction material oriented laterally across a luminaire, a specular extractor pattern can be formed from light-extraction material oriented in many ways. For instance, the light-extraction material for a scattering extractor pattern can be formed from random rectangles, random dots (i.e., non polygonal shapes), or longitudinal stripes. The lateral and longitudinal light-extraction efficiencies of a scattering extractor pattern may follow the teachings of above mentioned U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/366,711 and 11/108,279.
- The foregoing describes the use of both scattering and specular extractor patterns of light to illuminate an elongated target area. This allows enhanced directional control over some of the light emitted by a luminaire, compared to using only a scattering extractor pattern.
- While the invention has been described with respect to specific embodiments by way of illustration, many modifications and changes will occur to those skilled in the art. For instance, the specular extractor pattern can be formed in many shapes other than the notches designated herein. For instance, specular extractor patterns can comprise pyramids, curved surfaces, and holograms. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true scope and spirit of the invention.
Claims (24)
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US20060152931A1 (en) * | 2001-12-14 | 2006-07-13 | Digital Optics International Corporation | Uniform illumination system |
US20060140562A1 (en) * | 2002-09-06 | 2006-06-29 | Joseph Edmond K | Side-scattering light guides |
Also Published As
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WO2008024733A3 (en) | 2008-04-10 |
US7330632B1 (en) | 2008-02-12 |
WO2008024733A2 (en) | 2008-02-28 |
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