US20080038402A1 - Ruminant animal feed formulations and methods of formulating same - Google Patents

Ruminant animal feed formulations and methods of formulating same Download PDF

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US20080038402A1
US20080038402A1 US11/610,228 US61022806A US2008038402A1 US 20080038402 A1 US20080038402 A1 US 20080038402A1 US 61022806 A US61022806 A US 61022806A US 2008038402 A1 US2008038402 A1 US 2008038402A1
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Prior art keywords
feedstuff
feed
rafa
nutrient
monensin
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J. David Steckley
John A. Metcalf
Douglas F. Waterman
Dwain Lowry
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Nutreco Canada Inc
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Maple Leaf Foods Inc
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Assigned to MAPLE LEAF FOODS, INC. reassignment MAPLE LEAF FOODS, INC. CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE ADDITION OF DWAIN D. LOWRY AS AN ASSIGNOR PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ON REEL 018953 FRAME 0078. ASSIGNOR(S) HEREBY CONFIRMS THE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS' INTEREST. Assignors: LOWRY, DWAIN D., STECKLEY, J. DAVID, METCALF, JOHN A., WATERMAN, DOUGLAS F.
Assigned to NUTRECO CANADA INC. reassignment NUTRECO CANADA INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MAPLE LEAF FOODS INC.
Publication of US20080038402A1 publication Critical patent/US20080038402A1/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/195—Antibiotics
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
    • Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
    • Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production

Definitions

  • This invention relates to ruminant animal feed formulations. Specifically, the invention relates to formulations that take into account the effects of rumen active feed additives, and methods of formulating such ruminant animal feed formulations.
  • ruminant many agriculturally-important animals, such as dairy cows, are ruminant, meaning that their digestive system includes a rumen.
  • the rumen is a complex fermentation environment in which feedstuffs are broken down by microbial action to provide energy and protein nutrition for the ruminant animal. Different kinds of feedstuffs are broken down at different rates, and to different degrees of efficiency, depending on the characteristics of the animal, as well as the general properties of the rumen.
  • the methods can further be combined with information regarding the cost and availability of each feedstuff, to determine the least cost formulation comprising the optimum combination of feedstuffs (given their availability and cost) to obtain the desired minimum dietary requirement for any particular ruminant animal.
  • Such methods that can determine the least cost formulation are referred to as “methods for determination of least cost feed formulation” or “methods for determination of LCF”.
  • methods for determination of LCF have been used commercially to ensure that the desired nutritional requirements are met at the lowest possible feedstuff cost.
  • Complex methods combine both determination of Milk and LCF.
  • LCF LCF
  • the methods contain known information about the nutrient composition of a variety of feedstuffs.
  • the methods are also able to simulate the efficiency and timing of the breakdown of any given feedstuff given information about a certain rumen animal.
  • the methods are also able to simulate rumen effects on the nutrients, for example, by utilizing the degradation of carbohydrates as a predictor for the amount of microbial protein, which may be produced on a given diet. Similar assumptions are made for protein degradation. Volatile fatty acid production from carbohydrates may also be predicted in more complex methods, as a more accurate approximation of the energy supply from the rumen.
  • Feedstuffs that are considered by the model typically include corn, soy, alfalfa, vitamins, minerals, molasses, fat sources, amino acid sources, undegradable intake protein, and a variety of other feedstuffs.
  • a method might contain nutrient information for 100 different feedstuffs. Nutrient information may include the nutrient composition, the degradation rates of that particular feedstuff e.g. Crude Protein, Ash, Fibre, Fat, Vitamins and mineral concentrations, with rates of degradation for protein and fibre.
  • a person using the method would have certain feedstuffs available or desired for use in the formulation, for example, only 10 specific feedstuffs (corn silage, haylage, corn distillers grains, corn, roasted soybeans, wheat shorts, Hi-Pro Soybean meal, porcine meat meal, whole cottonseeds, and feather meal, for example) might be available or desired to be used in the formulation.
  • the person using the method would therefore select those 10 feedstuffs as a selection of desired feedstuffs ( 10 ).
  • rumen active feed additives As an optional step, available in some of the more sophisticated methods, the person using the method would then select which rumen active feed additives would be added to the formulation, in a selection of rumen active feed additives step ( 12 ). Rumen active feed additives, and their use, will be further elucidated below.
  • the person using the method would then typically input a selection of feedstuff constraints ( 14 ).
  • the person may only have a certain amount of corn silage available, in which case, the person would input a feedstuff constraint on the maximum allowable corn silage used in the formulation.
  • a person may wish to use all of the haylage available to them over a period of time, and thus the person using the method would select a feedstuff constraint on the minimum amount of haylage used in the formulation.
  • the person using the method would then input a definition of the animal nutrient requirements ( 16 ) for a particular animal. For example, it might be known that, for a specific ruminant animal, x kg of protein, y kg of fat, etc. per day, are required to produce the desired quantity and quality of milk. Alternatively, the person might input certain known parameters about the animal (Animal Data ( 17 )), which would typically include the days in lactation, the milk yield, the weight of the animal, expected feed intake and the percentage of milk fat and protein found in the milk produced by the animal. These Animal Data would be used by the model to determine the animal nutrient requirements ( 16 ).
  • Animal Data 17
  • the person could (optionally) select nutrient constraints ( 18 ) for certain nutrients.
  • the person may desire to place maximum limits on fat content of the diet, or a minimum constraint on protein content in the diet.
  • the prior art method could formulate a least cost formulation ( 19 ) of feed ration which accurately meets the ruminant animal's nutrient requirements to support a desired level of growth or milk production, while taking into account available and desirable feedstuffs to be used in the formulation.
  • Rumen active feed additives are non-nutritive substances (i.e. substances other than known nutrients) added to feeds that directly or indirectly affect the rumen flora and fauna, or otherwise improve the efficiency of rumen digestion (Cheeke, 1999). Many feed additives are known to be rumen active, and as such, change the benefits that the ruminant animal derives from the feedstuffs it consumes (Enjalbert et al, 1994; Wallace et al, 1994; Evans and Martin, 1997; Hoover et al, 1998; Eun et al, 2000; Julien 200; Mackintosh et al, 2002). Examples of RAFA include yeast culture, live yeast, buffers, fermentation solubles, essential oils, surface active agents, monensin sodium, organic acids, and supplementary enzymes.
  • RAFA are also known to have interrelated metabolic effects.
  • two RAFA that work through different mechanisms may have an additive, or sometimes even synergistic effect on the efficiency of rumen digestion.
  • two RAFA that act on the same mechanism may only have marginally different effects than the use of one, or the other feed additive on its own.
  • the complexity of the effects of multiple RAFA on the digestion of the feedstuffs in the rumen of a ruminant animal increases exponentially as the number of RAFA in the feed increase.
  • the effects of using multiple RAFA are not well known, and such effects can be surprising.
  • FIG. 1 is a flow chart describing the prior art method for determining least cost feed formulations.
  • FIG. 2 is a flow chart describing an aspect of the present invention for determining least cost feed formulations.
  • One embodiment of the present invention is a method for preparing a feed formulation for a ruminant animal, comprising: selecting at least one desired feedstuff to be fed to the ruminant animal, said at least one desired feedstuff having a nutrient composition and a cost, said nutrient composition having a quantity of nutrient for a multiplicity of nutrients; providing a definition of animal nutrient requirements for the ruminant animal, said definition of animal nutrient requirements having a minimum nutrient requirement and/or a maximum nutrient requirement for a multiplicity of nutrients; selecting at least one potential Rumen Active Feed Additive (RAFA); determining the effect of the selection of said potential RAFA to the nutrient composition of each desired feedstuff; calculating the revised nutrient composition of each desired feedstuff from the effect of said potential RAFA and from the nutrient composition of said desired feedstuff; determining the least cost feed formulation by calculating a feedstuff mix comprising a quantity for each desired feedst
  • the definition of animal nutrient requirements is calculated using a selection of animal data for the ruminant animal.
  • the animal data may comprise, for example, the lactation data, days in milk data, milk yield data, milk fat percentage data, milk protein percentage data, and/or liveweight data for the animal.
  • the effect of the at least one potential Rumen Active Feed Additive (RAFA) to the nutrient composition of each desired feedstuff is a cumulative effect of more than one RAFA.
  • the RAFA is one or more of a surfactant, an ionophore, a bioactive peptide, an additive which stimulates microbial activity, an additive which inhibit microbial activity, a direct fed live microbial culture, a high phenolic plant extract, a sarsaponin, a natural extract, an unprotected fat, an unprotected oil, a synthetic flavoring substance, an oleoresin, a mixed branched chain volatile fatty acid, a buffer, a surface active agent, an antibiotic, an organic acid, or a supplementary enzyme.
  • the ionophore may be monensin sodium.
  • the additive, which stimulates microbial activity is yeast culture, live yeast, a botanical, or a fermentation soluble.
  • the additive, which inhibits microbial activity is monensin sodium or an essential oil.
  • the high phenolic plant extract is a botanical.
  • the natural extract is a botanical.
  • the flavoring substance is a botanical or an essential oil
  • the method further comprises the step of providing at least one feedstuff constraint, wherein said feedstuff constraint limits either a minimum or a maximum quantity of a feedstuff in the feedstuff mix.
  • the method further comprises the step of providing at least one nutrient constraint, wherein said nutrient constraint limits either a minimum or a maximum quantity of a nutrient in the feedstuff mix.
  • the nutrient composition and cost of the at least one desired foodstuff is located in a database.
  • Such database may be updated automatically.
  • one or more of the steps of the method are done by a computer, for example, determining the least cost feed formulation by calculating a feedstuff mix comprising a quantity for each desired feedstuff, and/or calculating the true nutrient composition of each desired feedstuff from the effect of the selection of at least one potential RAFA and from the nutrient composition of said desired feedstuff can be done by a computer.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention is a feed formulation prepared by any of the methods outlined herein.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention is the use of any of the methods outlined herein for the preparation of a least cost feed formulation.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention is a method of feed preparation for providing the required nutrition to a ruminant animal, said method comprising adding a combination of monensin sodium and calcium salt of soy oil to the feed preparation.
  • a feed preparation may be a least cost feed preparation.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention is a feed preparation comprising monensin sodium and calcium salt of soy oil.
  • a feed preparation may be a least cost feed preparation.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention is a method of feed preparation for providing the required nutrition to a ruminant animal, said method comprising adding a combination of fermentation solubles, organic acid and surfactant to the feed preparation.
  • a feed preparation may be a least cost feed preparation.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention is a feed preparation comprising fermentation solubles, organic acid, and surfactant.
  • a feed preparation may be a least cost feed preparation.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention is a method of feed preparation for providing the required nutrition to a ruminant animal, said method comprising adding a combination of monensin sodium and organic acid to the feed preparation.
  • a feed preparation may be a least cost feed preparation.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention is a feed preparation comprising monensin sodium and organic acid.
  • a feed preparation may be a least cost feed preparation.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention is a method of feed preparation for providing the required nutrition to a ruminant animal, said method comprising adding a combination of yeast culture and monensin sodium to the feed preparation.
  • a feed preparation may be a least cost feed preparation.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention is a feed preparation comprising yeast culture and monensin sodium.
  • a feed preparation may be a least cost feed preparation.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention is a method of feed preparation for providing the required nutrition to a ruminant animal, said method comprising adding a combination of monensin sodium, organic acid, fermentation solubles, and yeast culture to the feed preparation.
  • a feed preparation may be a least cost feed preparation.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention is a feed preparation comprising monensin sodium, organic acid, fermentation solubles, and yeast culture.
  • a feed preparation may be a least cost feed preparation.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention is a method of feed preparation providing the required nutrition to a ruminant animal, said method comprising adding a combination of monensin sodium and soy oil to the feed preparation.
  • a feed preparation may be a least cost feed preparation.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention is a feed preparation comprising monensin sodium and soy oil.
  • a feed preparation may be a least cost feed preparation.
  • FIG. 1 A prior art method for determining LCF (Evans and Patterson 1987) was used as the basis of the method described herein, is described in FIG. 1 , and is incorporated herein in its entirety.
  • the prior art method utilizes several kinetic parameters, including rate of protein degradation, rate of soluble fibre degradation, rate of hydration, rate of starch degradation, rate of methane production, and the cation exchange capacity. These and other kinetic parameters are utilized by the least cost formulation module of the method to calculate the supply of rumen available carbohydrate and protein from the selection of desired feedstuffs ( 10 ), as well as from other selections entered by the user, including the selection of feedstuff constraints ( 14 ), animal data ( 16 ), and selection of nutrient constraints ( 18 ).
  • the prior art methods include a feedstuff database, that provides nutrient values for each feedstuff, as described above. These nutrient values were characterized by laboratory analysis.
  • the prior art methods do not include a selection of RAFA ( 12 ) component, or, optionally, use a rudimentary RAFA selection component.
  • RAFA studied and incorporated into the method disclosed herein include yeast culture, fermentation solubles, essential oils, surface active agents, monensin sodium and organic acids, though it would be evident to a person skilled in the art that the method could equally be applied to other RAFA through minimal experimentation.
  • each individual additive was determined as relating to one or more of the kinetic parameters of the prior art method (Evans and Patterson 1987), such as rate of protein degradation, rate of soluble fibre degradation, rate of hydration, rate of starch degradation, rate of methane production and the cation exchange capacity. This effect was calculated based on what was previously known in the art.
  • a method of determining LCF taking into account the effects of RAFA is described below, and illustrated in FIG. 2 .
  • RAFA loop 20 , 22 , and 24 .
  • the method determines whether there is one or more RAFA to be added ( 20 ). If there are more than one RAFA to be added to the formulation, the method calculates the final RAFA effects ( 22 ) on the feedstuff nutrient information. If there is only one RAFA to be added to the formulation, the method utilizes the effect of that RAFA on the feedstuff nutrient information as the final RAFA effect on the feedstuff nutrient information.
  • RAFA calculates the final RAFA effects ( 22 ) on the feedstuffs.
  • the method applies the RAFA effects to the feedstuff nutrient information ( 24 ) and this is incorporated by the method into the calculation of nutrient supply from all of the ingredients selected in the selection of desired feedstuffs ( 10 ), as previously selected by the user of the method.
  • a RAFA has an overall positive effect, i.e., it will increase the availability or effective quantity of nutrient supply in a feedstuff.
  • the method will allow for lower density feedstuffs to be used to meet the nutrient requirements for the animal. If the cost of the RAFA outweighs the cost savings from the use of the lower nutrient density ingredients, then the net result will be a higher ration cost, compared to the solution without rumen additive effects.
  • the effect of feed additives on the appropriate parameters can be determined, using routine experimentation, or the current knowledge in the art.
  • the present invention can be applied to any existing formulation method once the effect of feed additives on the appropriate parameters has been determined.
  • the present invention provides a more scientific and cost effective diet formulation. This approach benefits any farmer of ruminant species purchasing feed, because it allows the benefit of feed additives to be incorporated into the LCF process.
  • Protein is defined in most known methods by five factors, which are used in conjunction with the crude protein and animal defined factors to estimate the amount of escape protein (EP—protein which reaches the small intestine and is available for digestion and absorption by the animal) provided by any given feedstuff.
  • the method factors are the A, B and C fractions, representing the rumen available, escape and indigestible fractions of the protein ( ⁇ rskov and McDonald, 1979), and the rates at which fractions A and B are degraded, named K A and K B .
  • the other factor required is the rumen solid outflow rate, represented as K S .
  • Essential oils which are recognized rumen modifiers, are known to affect the K B , and this has been quantified through published literature (Wallace et al, 2002).
  • the K B rate for each ingredient is multiplied by the appropriate factor to change the K B to account for the effect of the essential oil.
  • the calculation of the EP is then made using the modified K B resulting in a higher EP value. This higher value would then be used in the LCF calculation.
  • the resulting calculation of protein available to the cow would thus be represented as:
  • RAFA RAFA-derived Monensin sodium, surface active agents (surfactant), and an essential oil. The effects of these RAFA were determined, in order to determine the appropriate adjustments on the slowly degradable protein rate function in the Perfo-Lact model when the RAFA are available.
  • RAFA RAFA
  • a four by four latin square design was used, employing four rumen-fistulated cows. Cows were fed a standard TMR (total mixed ration) for at least 7 days prior to the start of the experiment, and were assigned to one of the following four 21 day ration sequences: ABCD, BCDA, CDAB, and DABC, where A, B, C, and D are as follows: (A) control (standard TMR); (B) Monensin (control diet plus 200 mg/kg monensin); (C) Surfactant (control diet plus 316 mg/kg Surfactant); (D) Essential Oil (control diet plus 5 mg/kg Essential Oil).
  • Rumen fluid was sampled via the fistula using the Geishawer probe according to standard methodology, with sampling done 2 hours pre-feeding, and again at 2, 4, and 6 hours post-feeding at day 19 , 20 or 21 of a 21 day feeding period. Fluid was strained through 4 ply cheesecloth into duplicate containers treated with phosphoric acid (preservative). At the end of each feeding period, rumen fluid from the 2 hours pre-feeding sample was placed into a pre-warmed half litre vacuum flask and forwarded for in vitro studies, described below. The vacuum flask was filled and covered immediately after sampling.
  • Rumen fluid pH and volatile fatty acids were measured. Rumen pH and VFA were summarized in tables 1, 2 and 3, below.
  • VFA production can be used as an adjustment factor to express the benefit of additives on protein degradability.
  • rumen fluid was incubated for 6 hours at 39° C. with (1) control 0.13 g soybean meal (SBM) and 0.13 g TMR food sample; and (2) test 0 . 13 g Top Soy and 0.13 g TMR. Samples were analyzed for ammonia concentration and substrate disappearance.
  • VFA volatile fatty acids
  • monensin sodium, Surfactant, or Essential Oil all stimulated rumen microbial activity as indicated by gas production response, and VFA profile both in vivo and in vitro. Rumen fluid from cows exposed to one of the three additives resulted in incubations yielding significantly higher molar percentages of propionic acid over the control treatment. This is consistent with other fistulated cow studies involving monensin sodium.
  • Monensin sodium has been recognized as a RAFA that improves feed efficiency and results in a shift from methane production towards increased propionate production as a result of altered microbial populations.
  • soy oil and calcium salts of soy oil have been fed to influence milk fat percentage and milk fatty acid profile.
  • methane production and VEA yields have been reported quite extensively in the literature, there is little or no similarly derived information about the effects of calcium salts of soy oil in the same rumen environment.
  • the measurement of rumen gas production over time is a well described technique (Minson 1998) and is subject to small variation between laboratories.
  • the substrate employed in all experiments was based on a dried TMR sample.
  • Data from gas measurement observations using two replicates was analyzed by ANOVA with time, treatment, and replicate as main effects in the model.
  • the interaction of time by treatment by replicate was used as the error term.
  • Dry matter digestibility was analyzed by ANOVA with treatment as the main effect in the model and treatment by replicate interaction as the error term.
  • VFA parameters were analyzed by ANOVA with treatment as the main effect in the model and treatment by replicate interaction as the error term.
  • VFA data for oil and monensin sodium treatments showed differential effects on acetate, propionate, i-butyrate and i-valerate for different treatment combinations.
  • Monensin sodium in combination with Ca salts depressed acetate but increased propionate compare to other treatments while soy oil in combination with monensin sodium showed a stimulation of both acetate and propionate at the expense of i-butyrate and i-valerate (comparison with soy oil or monensin treatments). This suggests that the actions of soy oil and monensin sodium would be additive in the rumen.
  • Digestibility and fermentative output will not be compromised if a rumen protected source of long chained fatty acids (such as Soylac, protected soy oil) is fed.
  • a rumen protected source of long chained fatty acids such as Soylac, protected soy oil
  • monensin sodium is not compromised in the presence of a protected source of long chained fatty acids such as soy oil.
  • K B can be adjusted by the following factors:
  • Fermentation solubles increased gas production volume compared to other treatments, due to the higher level of inclusion and nutrients in this product. There was no significant increase in gas production over the negative control when surfactant was included with any of the treatments singly or in a combination (Table 14).
  • DMD was examined, there was no significant effect of the combination of Fermentation solubles with surfactant, compared to fermentation solubles alone.
  • surfactant and organic acid or yeast culture alone, although a 3-way combination of surfactant, yeast and organic acid showed a significantly lower (P ⁇ 0.05) DMD compared to all individual and combination results except for yeast culture alone (Table 15).
  • VFA data (Table 16) showed no additive effects of the different combinations of RAFA with surfactant on VFA yield.
  • the only statistically significant affect of a combination of RAFA on VFA profile was a decrease in n-valeric acid concentration when surfactant and Organic acid were combined (P ⁇ 0.01).
  • K B K B for Organic acid and Surfactant using the ratio of rumen active feed additive valerate production (i-Valeric acid plus n-Valeric acid) in the combination treatment to that of either control (Organic acid or Surfactant alone).
  • K B K B can be adjusted by the following factors:
  • Example 3a The protocol used in Example 3a was also used in 3c to investigate the additive effects of other RAFA
  • Fermentation solubles increased gas production volume compared to other treatments, due to the higher level of inclusion and nutrients in this product. There was no significant change in gas production over the negative control when other RAFA were included either singly or in a combination (Table 18).
  • VFA data showed no synergistic effects of the different combinations of RAFA with surfactant on VFA yield, although treatments containing fermentation solubles were significantly higher in VFA production than the other treatments, probably due to the nutrients added in the fermentation solubles.
  • the combination of Monensin and Organic acid significantly depressed concentrations of i-valeric and n-valeric acids compared to either RAFA alone.
  • the combination of yeast culture and monensin decreased i-valeric and n-valeric acid concentrations more than when the two RAFA were included separately.
  • K B K B for Organic acid with Monensin as well as yeast culture with Monensin using the ratio of rumen active feed additive valerate production (i-Valeric acid plus n-Valeric acid) in the combination treatment to that of either control (Organic acid, Monensin or Yeast culture alone).
  • K B K B can be adjusted by the following factors:

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US20090099883A1 (en) * 2007-10-15 2009-04-16 Oracle International Corporation Process manufacturing with least cost formulation
CN106163268A (zh) * 2014-01-02 2016-11-23 全技术公司 用于估计产乳动物的饲料效率和碳足迹的系统和方法
EP3089595A4 (de) * 2014-01-02 2017-11-15 Alltech, Inc. Systeme und verfahren zur schätzung der futtereffizienz und des co2-fussabdrucks für fleischerzeugende tiere

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US20220030913A1 (en) * 2020-08-03 2022-02-03 Hoxie Feedyard, LLC Supplement for livestock

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ATE424729T1 (de) 2009-03-15

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