US20080006793A1 - Valve for Controlling Gas Exchange, Especially in Internal Combustion Engines - Google Patents

Valve for Controlling Gas Exchange, Especially in Internal Combustion Engines Download PDF

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Publication number
US20080006793A1
US20080006793A1 US11/831,964 US83196407A US2008006793A1 US 20080006793 A1 US20080006793 A1 US 20080006793A1 US 83196407 A US83196407 A US 83196407A US 2008006793 A1 US2008006793 A1 US 2008006793A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
valve
metal
metal foam
foam
valve according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US11/831,964
Inventor
Udo Hirnschal
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Maerkisches Werk GmbH
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Maerkisches Werk GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Maerkisches Werk GmbH filed Critical Maerkisches Werk GmbH
Assigned to MARKISCHES WERK GMBH reassignment MARKISCHES WERK GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HIRNSCHAL, UDO
Publication of US20080006793A1 publication Critical patent/US20080006793A1/en
Priority to US12/339,049 priority Critical patent/US20090094830A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L3/00—Lift-valve, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces; Parts or accessories thereof
    • F01L3/02—Selecting particular materials for valve-members or valve-seats; Valve-members or valve-seats composed of two or more materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21K—MAKING FORGED OR PRESSED METAL PRODUCTS, e.g. HORSE-SHOES, RIVETS, BOLTS OR WHEELS
    • B21K1/00—Making machine elements
    • B21K1/20—Making machine elements valve parts
    • B21K1/22—Making machine elements valve parts poppet valves, e.g. for internal-combustion engines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
    • B23P15/001—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass valves or valve housings
    • B23P15/002—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass valves or valve housings poppet valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L3/00—Lift-valve, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces; Parts or accessories thereof
    • F01L3/12—Cooling of valves
    • F01L3/14—Cooling of valves by means of a liquid or solid coolant, e.g. sodium, in a closed chamber in a valve
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49229—Prime mover or fluid pump making
    • Y10T29/49298—Poppet or I.C. engine valve or valve seat making
    • Y10T29/49307—Composite or hollow valve stem or head making

Definitions

  • valves are preferably used as lightweight valves, as described in German Offenlegungsschrift [Unexamined Application] DE 19804053.
  • the valve cone and valve sealing plug together form a cavity; for weight reasons, the wall thicknesses of these hollow parts are chosen such that they correspond to less than one third of the stem diameter.
  • the valve sealing plug in the known lightweight valve is braced against the valve stem inside a radially interior region, and the valve cone is fixed with its upper end to the outside of the stem.
  • This known structural form successfully improves the deformation stiffness of the valve head compared with valves in which a hollow valve stem is made in one piece with the valve cone.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide lightweight valves of the type mentioned hereinabove, which valves can be manufactured from less expensive material and otherwise satisfy the requirements of high-speed machines, especially internal combustion engines. Because of the danger of high vibrational loads in such high-speed engines, special value is placed on achieving good damping characteristics and at the same time minimizing the wall thickness in order to save weight.
  • valve-forming hollow parts are completely or partly filled with metal foam, a high stiffening effect is achieved, thus making it possible to operate with thin wall thicknesses of the hollow parts forming the valve.
  • the hollow parts forming the valve are bonded metallically at the molecular level over their entire surface with the metal foam.
  • Options for the metal foam include embodiments both with closed and with open pores.
  • the closed-pore metal foam offers higher strength, for example when the individual cells have substantially spherical shape
  • a particular advantage of the open-pore embodiment is that filling with coolant, for example based on sodium, is possible.
  • the metal foam has a metal matrix comprising between 5 and 20 vol %, preferably between approximately 8 and 10 vol %.
  • Suitable materials for this purpose are Al, Zn and Fe foams or the like, a metal matrix based on AlSi7 being preferred.
  • an average density of approximately 0.5 g/cm 3 is desirable for the metal foam.
  • suitable starting material for the metal foam there can be chosen a powder mixture such that a blowing agent will generate a foam volume of approximately five times that of the starting material under the effect of heat.
  • the entire hollow body comprising valve stem and valve head is filled with metal foam.
  • the starting material for the metal foam is introduced through one open end of the valve stem in such a way that the metal foam completely fills the valve cavity under the effect of heat, and its quantity is adjusted to swell beyond the filling end, after which the excess quantity of metal foam is removed and the filling opening is sealed by welding.
  • the swelling direction for propagation of the metal foam can be chosen as desired, for example via an opening at the stem end of the valve stem in the direction of the valve head, or by filling the swelling powder through an opening of the valve bottom, for example with the valve sealing plug removed, so that the powder flows toward the closed stem end.
  • the powder is foamed under the effect of heat, until it swells beyond the existing filling opening in the manner of the method suggested in the foregoing.
  • the temperature is to be selected such that the metal foam becomes permanently bonded to the inside face of the hollow body of the valve.
  • the invention further proposes that the metal envelope forming the valve be welded together from a plurality of portions, which can be made of like or unlike materials.
  • the valve head comprises a valve cone made in one piece with the valve stem as well as a valve sealing plug, joined to one another by electric welding.
  • the valve stem can be advantageous for the valve stem to comprise a portion of Nimonic80A at the head end of the valve as well as an end portion of hardenable material surrounding the stem end of the valve, the two portions being joined to one another by friction welding.
  • the end portion which is to be kept as short as possible, is usually made of X45CrSi93 (DIN 1.4718).
  • FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal section through a valve comprising a hollow valve stem 1 , a valve cone 2 formed thereon, a valve sealing plug 3 joined to valve cone 2 on the outer circumference by means of a weld 7 made by electric welding, as well as a stem end 4 at the other end of valve stem 1 .
  • solid stem end 4 is joined by means of a weld 5 to hollow valve stem 1 , for which purpose there is used a friction weld.
  • the entire valve cavity is filled with a metal-foam body 6 , and the metal foam at its interfaces with the hollow body of the valve forms a molecular bond in the manner of a monolithic structure.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Lift Valve (AREA)
  • Output Control And Ontrol Of Special Type Engine (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)

Abstract

A valve for controlling gas exchange, especially in internal combustion engines, comprises, at a valve stem, a stem end and at the other end thereof a valve cone. The valve cone and/or the valve stem are configured as hollow metal elements in such a manner that the hollow elements are entirely or partially filled with a metal foam. The interfaces between the metal and the metal foam are interlinked on the molecular level

Description

  • This is a continuation of PCT/EP2006/000485, filed Jan. 20, 2006, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • This invention relates to a valve according to the preamble of claim 1. Such valves are preferably used as lightweight valves, as described in German Offenlegungsschrift [Unexamined Application] DE 19804053. Therein the valve cone and valve sealing plug together form a cavity; for weight reasons, the wall thicknesses of these hollow parts are chosen such that they correspond to less than one third of the stem diameter. However, in order to assure sufficient strength, the valve sealing plug in the known lightweight valve is braced against the valve stem inside a radially interior region, and the valve cone is fixed with its upper end to the outside of the stem. This known structural form successfully improves the deformation stiffness of the valve head compared with valves in which a hollow valve stem is made in one piece with the valve cone. In order that all strength requirements can also be satisfied under ignition conditions in the engine, it is necessary in the known lightweight valves to use expensive hardenable materials having high temperature stability.
  • In contrast, the object of the present invention is to provide lightweight valves of the type mentioned hereinabove, which valves can be manufactured from less expensive material and otherwise satisfy the requirements of high-speed machines, especially internal combustion engines. Because of the danger of high vibrational loads in such high-speed engines, special value is placed on achieving good damping characteristics and at the same time minimizing the wall thickness in order to save weight.
  • This object is achieved by a valve of the type mentioned hereinabove according to the body of claim 1. By the fact that the valve-forming hollow parts are completely or partly filled with metal foam, a high stiffening effect is achieved, thus making it possible to operate with thin wall thicknesses of the hollow parts forming the valve. To achieve both high strength values and good damping characteristics, it is of substantial importance that the hollow parts forming the valve are bonded metallically at the molecular level over their entire surface with the metal foam.
  • Options for the metal foam include embodiments both with closed and with open pores. Whereas the closed-pore metal foam offers higher strength, for example when the individual cells have substantially spherical shape, a particular advantage of the open-pore embodiment is that filling with coolant, for example based on sodium, is possible.
  • In an expedient embodiment, the metal foam has a metal matrix comprising between 5 and 20 vol %, preferably between approximately 8 and 10 vol %. Suitable materials for this purpose are Al, Zn and Fe foams or the like, a metal matrix based on AlSi7 being preferred.
  • In order to satisfy the requirements of low valve weight, an average density of approximately 0.5 g/cm3 is desirable for the metal foam. In the case of an AlSi7 foam, this would correspond to values of approximately 50 GPa for the modulus of elasticity and 185 MPa for the tensile strength.
  • As suitable starting material for the metal foam there can be chosen a powder mixture such that a blowing agent will generate a foam volume of approximately five times that of the starting material under the effect of heat.
  • Advantageously the entire hollow body comprising valve stem and valve head is filled with metal foam. According to an advantageous method for this purpose, it is provided that the starting material for the metal foam is introduced through one open end of the valve stem in such a way that the metal foam completely fills the valve cavity under the effect of heat, and its quantity is adjusted to swell beyond the filling end, after which the excess quantity of metal foam is removed and the filling opening is sealed by welding.
  • Thus the swelling direction for propagation of the metal foam can be chosen as desired, for example via an opening at the stem end of the valve stem in the direction of the valve head, or by filling the swelling powder through an opening of the valve bottom, for example with the valve sealing plug removed, so that the powder flows toward the closed stem end. After the filling operation, the powder is foamed under the effect of heat, until it swells beyond the existing filling opening in the manner of the method suggested in the foregoing. The temperature is to be selected such that the metal foam becomes permanently bonded to the inside face of the hollow body of the valve.
  • In order to be able to economize on expensive material, the invention further proposes that the metal envelope forming the valve be welded together from a plurality of portions, which can be made of like or unlike materials.
  • In an advantageous embodiment, the valve head comprises a valve cone made in one piece with the valve stem as well as a valve sealing plug, joined to one another by electric welding. In this case it can be advantageous for the valve stem to comprise a portion of Nimonic80A at the head end of the valve as well as an end portion of hardenable material surrounding the stem end of the valve, the two portions being joined to one another by friction welding. The end portion, which is to be kept as short as possible, is usually made of X45CrSi93 (DIN 1.4718).
  • A practical example of the invention is explained hereinafter on the basis of FIG. 1. FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal section through a valve comprising a hollow valve stem 1, a valve cone 2 formed thereon, a valve sealing plug 3 joined to valve cone 2 on the outer circumference by means of a weld 7 made by electric welding, as well as a stem end 4 at the other end of valve stem 1. It is evident that solid stem end 4 is joined by means of a weld 5 to hollow valve stem 1, for which purpose there is used a friction weld. The entire valve cavity is filled with a metal-foam body 6, and the metal foam at its interfaces with the hollow body of the valve forms a molecular bond in the manner of a monolithic structure.

Claims (13)

1. A valve for control of gas exchange, especially in internal combustion engines, comprising a valve cone at one end of a valve stem, the valve stem and/or valve cone being formed as hollow metal parts having a cavity filled at least partly with metal foam to form a metal-foam body, wherein the metal-foam body formed in the valve cavity is bonded metallically at the molecular level at the interfaces with the hollow metal parts forming the valve.
2. A valve according to claim 1, wherein the metal foam is processed in such a way that it has closed or open pores.
3. A valve according to claim 1, wherein the metal foam has a metal matrix comprising between 5 and 20 volume percent.
4. A valve according to claim 3, wherein the metal foam has a metal matrix comprising between 8 and 10 volume percent.
5. A valve according to claim 1, wherein the metal foam is formed by a metal matrix based on AlSi7.
6. A valve according to claim 5, wherein the average density of the metal foam is approximately 0.5 g/cm3.
7. A valve according to claim 5, wherein as starting material for the metal foam there is chosen a powder mixture such that a blowing agent will generate a foam volume of approximately five times that of the starting material under the effect of heat.
8. A valve according to claim 1, wherein the valve stem and the valve cone are completely filled with metal foam.
9. A valve according to claim 1, wherein a metal envelope forming the valve is welded together from a plurality of portions, which are made of like or unlike materials.
10. A valve according to claim 9, wherein a valve head comprises the valve cone made in one piece with the valve stem as well as a valve sealing plug, joined to one another by electric welding.
11. A valve according to claim 9, wherein the valve stem comprises a portion of Nimonic80A at the head end of the valve as well as an end portion of hardenable material surrounding the stem end of the valve, the two portions being joined to one another by friction welding.
12. A valve according to claim 11, wherein the end portion is made of X45CrSi93 (DIN 1.4718).
13. A method for manufacturing a valve according to claim 1, comprising introducing starting material for the metal foam through one open end of the valve stem in such a way that the metal foam completely fills the valve cavity under the effect of heat, and its quantity is adjusted to swell beyond the filling end, after which the excess quantity of metal foam is removed and the filling opening is sealed by welding.
US11/831,964 2005-02-03 2007-08-01 Valve for Controlling Gas Exchange, Especially in Internal Combustion Engines Abandoned US20080006793A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US12/339,049 US20090094830A1 (en) 2005-02-03 2008-12-19 Valve for Controlling Gas Exchange, Especially in Internal Combustion Engines

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

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DE102005005041.7 2005-02-03
DE102005005041A DE102005005041A1 (en) 2005-02-03 2005-02-03 Valve for controlling the gas exchange, in particular in internal combustion engines
PCT/EP2006/000485 WO2006081951A1 (en) 2005-02-03 2006-01-20 Valve for controlling gas exchange, especially in internal combustion engines

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PCT/EP2006/000485 Continuation WO2006081951A1 (en) 2005-02-03 2006-01-20 Valve for controlling gas exchange, especially in internal combustion engines

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US12/339,049 Division US20090094830A1 (en) 2005-02-03 2008-12-19 Valve for Controlling Gas Exchange, Especially in Internal Combustion Engines

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US12/339,049 Abandoned US20090094830A1 (en) 2005-02-03 2008-12-19 Valve for Controlling Gas Exchange, Especially in Internal Combustion Engines

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EP (1) EP1844217B1 (en)
JP (1) JP2008528873A (en)
KR (1) KR20070100304A (en)
CN (1) CN101107429B (en)
AT (1) ATE439505T1 (en)
DE (2) DE102005005041A1 (en)
WO (1) WO2006081951A1 (en)

Cited By (11)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20100029733A1 (en) * 2008-07-17 2010-02-04 Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation Bicyclic nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds
US20130313463A1 (en) * 2008-09-18 2013-11-28 Yoshimura Company Method for Production of Valve Head Portion of Hollow Engine Valve and Hollow Engine Valve
US20140338630A1 (en) * 2012-02-03 2014-11-20 Emitec Gesellschaft Fuer Emissionstechnologie Mbh Dosing valve for additives at risk of freezing, method for producing a dosing valve and motor vehicle
US20150354727A1 (en) * 2013-03-14 2015-12-10 Nittan Valve Co., Ltd. Hollow poppet valve
US9255559B2 (en) 2013-02-28 2016-02-09 Mahle International Gmbh Metallic hollow valve
USD749715S1 (en) 2012-08-06 2016-02-16 Iff Gmbh Electric heating apparatus
US9920663B2 (en) 2013-04-11 2018-03-20 Nittan Valve Co., Ltd. Hollow poppet valve
US10071441B2 (en) 2012-11-19 2018-09-11 Bertwin R. Geist Immobilien + Erneuerbare Energien E.K. Method for producing a hollow body which is pressure-tight to a predetermined medium
US11300018B2 (en) 2018-03-20 2022-04-12 Nittan Valve Co., Ltd. Hollow exhaust poppet valve
US11536167B2 (en) 2018-11-12 2022-12-27 Nittan Valve Co., Ltd. Method for manufacturing engine poppet valve
US11850690B2 (en) 2020-03-30 2023-12-26 Nittan Corporation Method for manufacturing engine poppet valve

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DE102007039867B4 (en) * 2007-05-21 2010-04-29 Fmp Technology Gmbh Fluid Measurements & Projects An outlet device for coating a substrate with a liquid
JP4526097B1 (en) * 2009-12-24 2010-08-18 株式会社 吉村カンパニー Method for manufacturing valve head part of hollow engine valve, press device for valve head part of hollow engine valve, and hollow engine valve
DE102013203443A1 (en) * 2013-02-28 2014-08-28 Mahle International Gmbh Metallic hollow valve
DE102016117698A1 (en) 2016-09-20 2018-03-22 Man Diesel & Turbo Se Valve body of a gas exchange valve, gas exchange valve and internal combustion engine
DE102019207536A1 (en) * 2019-05-23 2020-11-26 Mahle International Gmbh Gas exchange valve

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US4406046A (en) * 1979-09-08 1983-09-27 Mtu Motoren- Und Turbinen-Union Munchen, Gmbh Process for the production of a sodium-filled valve
US6090232A (en) * 1996-03-29 2000-07-18 Wilhelm Karmann Gmbh Component made from a metallic foam material
US6354258B1 (en) * 1998-02-03 2002-03-12 Mahle Ventiltrieb Gmbh Lightweight valve

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20100029733A1 (en) * 2008-07-17 2010-02-04 Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation Bicyclic nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds
US20130313463A1 (en) * 2008-09-18 2013-11-28 Yoshimura Company Method for Production of Valve Head Portion of Hollow Engine Valve and Hollow Engine Valve
US9194263B2 (en) 2008-09-18 2015-11-24 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Method for production of valve head portion of hollow engine valve and hollow engine valve
US9447711B2 (en) * 2008-09-18 2016-09-20 Fuji Hollow Valve Inc. Method for production of valve head portion of hollow engine valve and hollow engine valve
US20140338630A1 (en) * 2012-02-03 2014-11-20 Emitec Gesellschaft Fuer Emissionstechnologie Mbh Dosing valve for additives at risk of freezing, method for producing a dosing valve and motor vehicle
US9982583B2 (en) * 2012-02-03 2018-05-29 Emitec Gesellschaft Fuer Emissionstechnologie Mbh Dosing valve for additives at risk of freezing, method for producing a dosing valve and motor vehicle
USD749715S1 (en) 2012-08-06 2016-02-16 Iff Gmbh Electric heating apparatus
US10071441B2 (en) 2012-11-19 2018-09-11 Bertwin R. Geist Immobilien + Erneuerbare Energien E.K. Method for producing a hollow body which is pressure-tight to a predetermined medium
US9255559B2 (en) 2013-02-28 2016-02-09 Mahle International Gmbh Metallic hollow valve
US9611953B2 (en) * 2013-03-14 2017-04-04 Nittan Valve Co., Ltd. Hollow poppet valve
US20150354727A1 (en) * 2013-03-14 2015-12-10 Nittan Valve Co., Ltd. Hollow poppet valve
US9920663B2 (en) 2013-04-11 2018-03-20 Nittan Valve Co., Ltd. Hollow poppet valve
US11300018B2 (en) 2018-03-20 2022-04-12 Nittan Valve Co., Ltd. Hollow exhaust poppet valve
US11536167B2 (en) 2018-11-12 2022-12-27 Nittan Valve Co., Ltd. Method for manufacturing engine poppet valve
US11850690B2 (en) 2020-03-30 2023-12-26 Nittan Corporation Method for manufacturing engine poppet valve

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EP1844217B1 (en) 2009-08-12
JP2008528873A (en) 2008-07-31
US20090094830A1 (en) 2009-04-16
EP1844217A1 (en) 2007-10-17
DE102005005041A1 (en) 2006-08-10
CN101107429B (en) 2010-05-19
ATE439505T1 (en) 2009-08-15
WO2006081951A1 (en) 2006-08-10
KR20070100304A (en) 2007-10-10
CN101107429A (en) 2008-01-16

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