Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
  • C07D231/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D231/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D231/44—Oxygen and nitrogen or sulfur and nitrogen atoms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
  • A61P33/10—Anthelmintics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
  • A61P33/14—Ectoparasiticides, e.g. scabicides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D411/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D411/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D411/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Definitions

• Another object of the invention is to provide new pesticides which may be used in lower dose than existing pesticides.
• Another object of the invention is to provide new pesticides which are substantially non-emetic.
• Another object of the invention is to provide new pesticides which provide effective pest control over an extended period with a single oral application.
• the present invention provides a compound which is a 5-(substituted dithio- and dioxy-alkylamino)pyrazole derivative of formula (I): wherein: R 1 is CN, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, CF 3 , halogen, CSNH 2 or C( ⁇ N—V)—S(O) r -Q; R 2 is halogen; W is N or C-halogen; R 3 is CF 3 , OCF 3 or SF 5 ; R 4 is H, CO 2 —(C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, CO 2 —(C 1 -C 6 )-haloalkyl, CO 2 —(C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, CO 2 —(C 2 -C 6 )-alkynyl, CO 2 —(CH 2 ) m R 8 , (CH 2 ) q R 8 , COR 9 , (CH 2 ) q R 10 or SO
• the invention also encompasses any stereoisomer, enantiomer or geometric isomer, and mixtures thereof.
• Suitable salts with bases include alkali metal (e.g. sodium and potassium), alkaline earth metal (e.g. calcium and magnesium), ammonium and amine (e.g. diethanolamine, triethanolamine, octylamine, morpholine and dioctylmethylamine) salts.
• Suitable acid addition salts e.g. formed by compounds of formula (I) containing an amino group, include salts with inorganic acids, for example hydrochlorides, sulphates, phosphates and nitrates and salts with organic acids for example acetic acid.
• Halogen atom means fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
• halo before the name of a radical means that this radical is partially or completely halogenated, that is to say, substituted by F, Cl, Br, or I, in any combination, preferably by F or Cl.
• Alkyl groups and portions thereof may be straight- or branched-chain.
• (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl is to be understood as meaning an unbranched or branched hydrocarbon radical having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, such as, for example a methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, 1-butyl, 2-butyl, 2-methylpropyl or tert-butyl radical.
• (C 1 -C 6 )Haloalkyl means an alkyl group mentioned under the expression “(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl” in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by the same number of identical or different halogen atoms, such as monohaloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, CF 3 , CHF 2 , CH 2 F, CHFCH 3 , CF 3 CH 2 , CF 3 CF 2 , CHF 2 CF 2 , CH 2 FCHCl, CH 2 Cl, CCl 3 , CHCl 2 or CH 2 CH 2 Cl.
• (C 1 -C 6 )Alkoxy means an alkoxy group whose carbon chain has the meaning given under the expression “(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl”. “Haloalkoxy” is, for example, OCF 3 , OCHF 2 , OCH 2 F, CF 3 CF 2 O, OCH 2 CF 3 or OCH 2 CH 2 Cl.
• (C 2 -C 6 )Alkenyl means an unbranched or branched non-cyclic carbon chain having a number of carbon atoms which corresponds to this stated range and which contains at least one double bond which can be located in any position of the respective unsaturated radical.
• “(C 2 -C 6 )Alkenyl” accordingly denotes, for example, the vinyl, allyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 2-butenyl, pentenyl, 2-methylpentenyl or the hexenyl group.
• (C 2 -C 6 )Alkynyl means an unbranched or branched non-cyclic carbon chain having a number of carbon atoms which corresponds to this stated range and which contains one triple bond which can be located in any position of the respective unsaturated radical.
• “(C 2 -C 6 )Alkynyl” accordingly denotes, for example, the propargyl, 1-methyl-2-propynyl, 2-butynyl or 3-butynyl group.
• Cycloalkyl groups preferably have from three to seven carbon atoms in the ring and are optionally substituted by halogen or alkyl.
• (C 3 -C 6 )-Cycloalkyl-(C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl means a (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl group which is substituted by a (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl ring.
• alkyl substituted by cycloalkyl is cyclopropylmethyl
• alkyl substituted by alkoxy is methoxymethyl (CH 2 OCH 3 );
• alkyl substituted by alkylthio is methylthiomethyl (CH 2 SCH 3 ).
• heterocyclyl group can be saturated, unsaturated or heteroaromatic; it preferably contains one or more, in particular 1, 2 or 3, hetero atoms in the heterocyclic ring, preferably selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; it is preferably an aliphatic heterocyclyl radical having 3 to 7 ring atoms or a heteroaromatic radical having 5 to 7 ring atoms.
• the “heterocyclyl” group may be unsubstituted or substituted, preferably by one or more radicals (preferably 1, 2 or 3 radicals) selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, hydroxyl, amino, nitro, carboxyl, cyano, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, formyl, carbamoyl, mono- and dialkylaminocarbonyl, substituted amino such as acylamino, mono- and dialkylamino, and alkylsulfinyl, haloalkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, alkyl and haloalkyl, and additionally also oxo.
• the oxo group can also be present at those hetero ring atoms where various oxidation numbers are possible, for example in the case of N and S.
• pests means arthropod pests (including insects and arachnids), and helminths (including nematodes).
• R 1 is CN or CSNH 2 (more preferably R 1 is CN).
• R 2 is Cl.
• W is C—Cl or N (more preferably W is C—Cl).
• R 4 is H, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-haloalkynyl, (C 3 -C 7 )-cycloalkyl, CO 2 —(C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, CO 2 —(C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, CO 2 —(C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, CO 2 (CH 2 ) m R 8 , (CH 2 ) q R 9 , COR 9 , (CH 2 ) q R 10 or SO 2 R 11 ; or (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl or CO—(C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, which last 3 mentioned groups are unsubstituted or substituted by one or more R 12 radicals. More preferably R 4 is (C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl. Most preferably R 4 is (
• R 6 and R 7 are each independently (C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl; or
• R 6 and R 7 together with the connecting X—C—Y moiety form a ring of formula (A-1), wherein u is 0 or 1 and R a , R b , R c , R d , R e and R f are each H; or R 6 and R 7 together with the connecting X—C—Y moiety form a ring of formula (A-2) or (A-4), wherein R g , R h , R i and R j are each H.
• s is 1 or 2.
• R 9 is H or (C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl.
• R 11 is (C 3 -C 7 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 4 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 4 )-haloalkenyl, (C 3 -C 4 )-alkynyl, (C 3 -C 4 )-haloalkynyl, (CH 2 ) q R 5 or (CH 2 ) q R 10 ; or is (C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by one or more R 12 radicals.
• R 12 is halogen, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkoxy, (C 1 -C 3 )-haloalkoxy, (C 3 -C 7 )-cycloalkyl, S(O) p R 16 , CN, NO 2 , OH, COR 13 , NR 9 R 14 , R 8 or CO 2 R 13 , wherein R 13 and R 16 are each independently (C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, and R 9 and R 14 are each independently H or (C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl.
• a preferred class of compounds of formula (I) for use in the invention are those in which:
• R 1 is CN
• R 2 is Cl
• R 4 is H, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-haloalkynyl, (C 3 -C 7 )-cycloalkyl, CO 2 —(C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, CO 2 —(C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, CO 2 —(C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, CO 2 (CH 2 ) m R 8 , (CH 2 ) q R 8 , COR 9 , (CH 2 ) q R 10 or SO 2 R 11 ; or (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl or CO—(C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, which last 3 mentioned groups are unsubstituted or substituted by one or more R 12 radicals.
• R 5 and R 5a are each independently H or (C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl
• R 6 and R 7 are each independently (C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl; or
• R 6 and R 7 together with the connecting X—C—Y moiety form a ring of formula (A-1), wherein u is 0 or 1 and R a , R b , R c , R d , R e and R f are each H; or R 6 and R 7 together with the connecting X—C—Y moiety form a ring of formula (A-2) or (A-4), wherein R g , R h , R i and R j are each H;
• R 8 is phenyl unsubstituted or substituted by one or more radicals selected from the group consisting of halogen, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )-haloalkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkoxy, (C 1 -C 3 )-haloalkoxy, CN, NO 2 , OH, S(O) p —(C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, S(O) p —(C 1 -C 3 )-haloalkyl and NR 14 R 15 , wherein R 14 and R 15 are each independently H or (C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl;
• R 9 is H or (C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl
• R 11 is (C 3 -C 7 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 4 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 4 )-haloalkenyl, (C 3 -C 4 )-alkynyl, (C 3 -C 4 )-haloalkynyl, (CH 2 ) q R 8 or (CH 2 ) q R 10 ; or is (C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by one or more R 12 radicals;
• R 12 is halogen, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkoxy, (C 1 -C 3 )-haloalkoxy, (C 3 -C 7 )-cycloalkyl, S(O) p R 16 , CN, NO 2 , OH, COR 13 , NR 9 R 14 , OR 8 or CO 2 R 13 , wherein R 13 and R 16 are each independently (C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, and R 9 and R 14 are each independently H or (C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl; and
• s 1 or 2.
• R 1 is CN
• R 3 is CF 3 ;
• R 4 is (C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl
• R 5 and R 5a are each H
• R 6 and R 7 are each independently (C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl; or
• R 6 and R 7 together with the connecting X—C—Y moiety form a ring of formula (A-1), wherein u is 0 or 1 and R a , R b , R c , R d , R e and R f are each H; or R 6 and R 7 together with the connecting X—C—Y moiety form a ring of formula (A-2) or (A-4), wherein R g , R h , R i and R j are each H; and
• s 1 or 2.
• a further preferred class of compounds of formula (I) are those wherein:
• R 1 is CN
• R 2 is Cl
• W is C—Cl
• R 3 is CF 3 ;
• R 4 is methyl
• R 5 and R 5a are each H
• X and Y are each independently S(O) t ;
• R 6 and R 7 are each independently (C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl; or R 6 and R 7 together with the connecting X—C—Y moiety form a ring of formula (A-1), wherein u is 0 or 1 and R a , R b , R c , R d , R e and R f are each H; and
• s 1 or 2.
• a further preferred class of compounds of formula (I) are those wherein:
• R 1 is CN
• R 2 is Cl
• W is C—Cl
• R 3 is CF 3 ;
• R 4 is methyl
• R 5 and R 5a are each H
• X is S(O) t ;
• Y is O
• R 6 and R 7 together with the connecting X—C—Y moiety form a ring of formula (A-1), wherein u is 0 and R a , R b , R c and R d are each H; and
• s 1 or 2.
• R 2 is Cl
• W is C—Cl
• R 3 is CF 3 ;
• R 4 is methyl
• R 5 and R 5a are each H
• X and Y are each O;
• R 6 and R 7 are each independently (C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl; or
• R 6 and R 7 together with the connecting X—C—Y moiety form a ring of formula (A-1), wherein u is 0 or 1 and R a , R b , R c , R d , R e and R f are each H; or R 6 and R 7 together with the connecting X—C—Y moiety form a ring of formula (A-2) or (A-4), wherein R 9 , R h , R i and R j are each H; and
• s 1 or 2.
• a further preferred class of compounds of formula (I) are those wherein:
• R 1 is CN
• R 2 is Cl
• W is C—Cl
• R 3 is CF 3 ;
• R 4 is methyl
• R 5 and R 5a are each H
• X and Y are each independently S(O) t or O;
• R 6 and R 7 are each independently (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl, phenyl or benzyl; or R 6 and R 7 together with the connecting X—C—Y moiety form a ring of formula (A-1), wherein u is 0 or 1 and R a , R b , R c , R d , R e and R f are each H, methyl or halomethyl;
• n 0, 1 or 2;
• s 1 or 2.
• a further preferred class of compounds of formula (I) are those wherein:
• R 1 is CN
• W is C—Cl
• R 3 is CF 3 ;
• R 4 is CO 2 —(C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, SO 2 -benzyl or COCH 2 —(C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy;
• R 5 and R 5a are each H
• X and Y are each independently S or O;
• R 6 and R 7 are each independently (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl; or R 6 and R 7 together with the connecting X—C—Y moiety form a ring of formula (A-1), wherein u is 0 or 1 and R a , R b , R c , R d , R e and R f are each H, methyl or halomethyl;
• n 2;
• a further preferred class of compounds of formula (I) are those wherein:
• R 2 is Cl
• W is C—Cl
• R 4 is methyl
• R 5 and R 5a are each H
• X and Y are each independently S(O) t ;
• n 0, 1 or 2;
• the compounds of general formula (I) can be prepared by the application or adaptation of known methods (i.e. methods heretofore used or described in the chemical literature.
• compounds of formula (I) wherein R 1 is CN, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, CF 3 or halogen, and the other values are as defined above may be prepared by the reaction of a compound of formula (II): wherein R 1 is CN, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, CF 3 or halogen, L is a leaving group generally halogen and preferably Br, and the other values are as defined above, with a compound of formula (III): wherein the various values are as defined above.
• the reaction is generally performed in the presence of a base, preferably an alkali metal phosphate such as potassium phosphate, in an inert solvent such as acetonitrile at a temperature of from 0° C. to 100° C.
• compounds of formula (I) wherein R 1 is CN, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, CF 3 or halogen, and the other values are as defined above may also be prepared by the reaction of a compound of formula (IV): wherein R 1 is CN, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, CF 3 or halogen, and the other values are as defined above, with a compound of formula (V): wherein L 1 is a leaving group generally halogen and preferably Br, and the other values are as defined above.
• the reaction is generally performed in the presence of a base, preferably an alkali metal carbonate such as potassium carbonate, or an alkali metal phosphate such as potassium phosphate, in an inert solvent such as acetonitrile at a temperature of from 0° C. to 100° C.
• a base preferably an alkali metal carbonate such as potassium carbonate, or an alkali metal phosphate such as potassium phosphate
• an inert solvent such as acetonitrile
• compounds of formula (I) wherein R 1 is CN, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, CF 3 or halogen, X and Y are each O, and the other values are as defined above may also be prepared by the reaction of a compound of formula (VII): wherein R 1 is CN, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, CF 3 or halogen, and the other values are as defined above, with a compound of formula (VIII) or (IX): R 6 O—H (VIII) R 7 O—H (IX) wherein R 6 and R 7 are as defined above.
• compounds of formula (I) wherein R 1 is CN, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, CF 3 or halogen, X and Y are each S, and the other values are as defined above, may also be prepared by the reaction of a compound of formula (VII) as defined above, with a compound of formula (X) or (XI): R 6 S—H (X) R 7 S—H (XI) wherein R 6 and R 7 are as defined above.
• the reaction is generally performed in the presence of a halogenating agent such as N-bromosuccinimide, tellurium tetrachloride, bismuth trichloride, lithium perchlorate or trifluoroacetic anhydride, in a solvent such as dichloromethane, acetonitrile, 1,2-dichloroethane or toluene, at a temperature of from 20° C. to the reflux temperature of the solvent.
• a halogenating agent such as N-bromosuccinimide, tellurium tetrachloride, bismuth trichloride, lithium perchlorate or trifluoroacetic anhydride
• compounds of formula (I) wherein R 1 is CN, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, CF 3 or halogen, X and Y are each S, and the other values are as defined above may also be prepared by the reaction of a compound of formula (VII) as defined above, with a compound of formula (XII) or (XIII): R 6 S—SR 6 (XII) R 7 S—SR 7 (XIII) wherein R 6 and R 7 are as defined above, in the presence of a trialkylphosphine such as tri-n-butylphosphine, in a solvent such as dioxan, at a temperature of from 20° C. to the reflux temperature of the solvent.
• a trialkylphosphine such as tri-n-butylphosphine
• compounds of formula (I) wherein R 1 is CN, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, CF 3 or halogen, X is O and Y is S, or X is S and Y is O, and the other values are as defined above, may be prepared by the reaction of a compound of formula (VII) as defined above, with equimolar amounts of compounds of formula (VIII) and (XI), or in the case of a cyclic hemithioacetal with the corresponding hydroxyalkanethiol compound, in a solvent such as dichloromethane in the presence of a catalyst such as N-bromosuccinimide, at a temperature of from 20° C. to the reflux temperature of the solvent.
• a catalyst such as N-bromosuccinimide
• compounds of formula (I) wherein R 1 is CN, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, CF 3 or halogen, n or t is 1 or 2, and the other values are as defined above, may be prepared by oxidising a corresponding compound in which n or t is 0 or 1.
• the oxidation is generally performed using a peracid such as 3-chloroperbenzoic acid in a solvent such as dichloromethane or 1,2-dichloroethane, at a temperature of from 0° C. to the reflux temperature of the solvent.
• n and t values it is possible to prepare compounds in which n and t have the desired oxidation level. In certain cases it may be necessary to separate the mixture of oxidised compounds thus formed in order to obtain the pure products.
• compounds of formula (I) wherein R 1 is CSNH 2 may be prepared by the reaction of the corresponding compound of formula (I) wherein R 1 is CN, with an alkali or alkaline earth metal hydrosulfide, such as lithium, potassium, calcium or preferably sodium hydrosulfide, in an inert solvent for example N,N-dimethylformamide, pyridine, dioxan, tetrahydrofuran, sulfolane, dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol or ethanol at a temperature from ⁇ 35° C. to 50° C. preferably 0° C. to 30° C.
• an alkali or alkaline earth metal hydrosulfide such as lithium, potassium, calcium or preferably sodium hydrosulfide
• the hydrosulfide may be generated in situ, by treatment with H 2 S in the presence of an organic base, such as a metal alkoxide or trialkylamine or an inorganic base, such as an alkaline or alkaline earth metal hydroxide or a carbonate, such as sodium, potassium or ammonium carbonate.
• an organic base such as a metal alkoxide or trialkylamine or an inorganic base, such as an alkaline or alkaline earth metal hydroxide or a carbonate, such as sodium, potassium or ammonium carbonate.
• a metal complexing agent such as a crown ether, can be of benefit in accelerating the reaction.
• the reaction of hydrosulfide salt with the compound of formula (I) can also be conducted in a two-phase water/organic solvent system using a phase transfer catalyst such as a crown ether or a tetraalkylammonium salt such as tetra-n-butylammonium bromide or benzyltrimethylammonium chloride.
• a phase transfer catalyst such as a crown ether or a tetraalkylammonium salt such as tetra-n-butylammonium bromide or benzyltrimethylammonium chloride.
• Organic solvents suitable for use in a two-phase system with water include benzene, toluene, dichloromethane, 1-chlorobutane and methyl tertiary-butyl ether.
• compounds of formula (I) wherein R 1 is CSNH 2 may be prepared by the reaction of the corresponding compound of formula (I) wherein R 1 is CN, with a bis(trialkylsilyl)sulfide, preferably bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfide, in the presence of a base generally an alkali metal alkoxide such as sodium methoxide, in a solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide, at a temperature of from 0° C. to 60° C.
• a base generally an alkali metal alkoxide such as sodium methoxide
• solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide
• the reaction is generally performed in the presence of a base, for example an alkali metal hydride such as sodium hydride, or an alkali metal alkoxide such as potassium tert-butoxide, in an inert solvent such as tetrahydrofuran at a temperature from 0 to 60° C.
• a base for example an alkali metal hydride such as sodium hydride, or an alkali metal alkoxide such as potassium tert-butoxide
• an inert solvent such as tetrahydrofuran
• an alkali metal carbonate such as potassium carbonate
• an organic base such as a trialkylamine, for example triethylamine or N,N-diisopropylethylamine may be used, in an inert solvent such as acetone, at a temperature from 0° C. to the reflux temperature of the solvent.
• the base is preferably an alkali metal bicarbonate such as sodium bicarbonate
• the solvent is for example dichloromethane
• the temperature is from 0° C. to the reflux temperature of the solvent.
• L 4 is preferably halogen, alkylsulfonyloxy or arylsulfonyloxy (more preferably chlorine, bromine, iodine, methylsulfonyloxy or p-toluenesulfonyloxy).
• a base is optionally present in the reaction which is generally performed in an inert solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxan, acetonitrile, toluene, diethyl ether, dichloromethane, dimethylsulfoxide or N,N-dimethylformamide, at a temperature of from ⁇ 30° C. to 200° C., preferably at 20° C. to 100° C.
• an inert solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxan, acetonitrile, toluene, diethyl ether, dichloromethane, dimethylsulfoxide or N,N-dimethylformamide
• the base is generally an alkali metal hydroxide such as potassium hydroxide, an alkali metal hydride such as sodium hydride, an alkali metal carbonate such as potassium carbonate or sodium carbonate, an alkali metal alkoxide such as sodium methoxide, an alkaline earth metal carbonate such as calcium carbonate, or an organic base such as a tertiary amine, for example triethylamine or ethyldiisopropylamine, or pyridine, or 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-en (DBU).
• alkali metal hydroxide such as potassium hydroxide
• an alkali metal hydride such as sodium hydride
• an alkali metal carbonate such as potassium carbonate or sodium carbonate
• an alkali metal alkoxide such as sodium methoxide
• an alkaline earth metal carbonate such as calcium carbonate
• organic base such as a tertiary amine, for example triethy
• (XVI) is preferably an acid halide where L 4 is preferably chlorine or bromine (more preferably chlorine).
• a base is optionally present in the reaction, which is generally performed using similar bases, solvents and temperatures as employed for the alkylations.
• (XVI) is preferably a sulfonyl halide where L 4 is preferably chlorine or bromine (more preferably chlorine).
• a base is optionally present in the reaction, which is generally performed using similar bases, solvents and temperatures as employed for the alkylations.
• Intermediates of formula (VII) wherein the various values are as defined above may be prepared by the reaction of a compound of formula (I) as defined above, with an acid, generally a mineral acid for example hydrochloric acid, or with a trialkylsilyl iodide, for example trimethylsilyl iodide in an inert solvent such as dichloromethane, at a temperature of from 0° C. to the reflux temperature.
• an acid generally a mineral acid for example hydrochloric acid
• a trialkylsilyl iodide for example trimethylsilyl iodide in an inert solvent such as dichloromethane
• Collections of compounds of the formula (I) which can be synthesized by the above mentioned process may also be prepared in a parallel manner, and this may be effected manually or in a semiautomated or fully automated manner. In this case, it is possible, for example, to automate the procedure of the reaction, work-up or purification of the products or of the intermediates. In total, this is to be understood as meaning a procedure as is described, for example, by S. H. DeWitt in “Annual Reports in Combinatorial Chemistry and Molecular Diversity: Automated Synthesis”, Volume 1, Verlag Escom 1997, pages 69 to 77.
• the apparatuses mentioned lead to a modular procedure in which the individual process steps are automated, but manual operations must be performed between the process steps. This can be prevented by employing semi-integrated or fully integrated automation systems where the automation modules in question are operated by, for example, robots.
• Such automation systems can be obtained, for example, from Zymark Corporation, Zymark Center, Hopkinton, Mass. 01748, USA.
• compounds of the formula (I) may be prepared in part or fully by solid-phase-supported methods.
• individual intermediate steps or all intermediate steps of the synthesis or of a synthesis adapted to suit the procedure in question are bound to a synthetic resin.
• Solid-phase-supported synthesis methods are described extensively in the specialist literature, for example Barry A. Bunin in “The Combinatorial Index”, Academic Press, 1998.
• solid-phase-supported synthesis methods permits a series of protocols which are known from the literature and which, in turn, can be performed manually or in an automated manner.
• the “tea-bag method” (Houghten, U.S. Pat. No. 4,631,211; Houghten et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, 1985, 82, 5131-5135), in which products by IRORI, 11149 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, Calif. 92037, USA, are employed, may be semiautomated.
• the automation of solid-phase-supported parallel syntheses is performed successfully, for example, by apparatuses by Argonaut Technologies, Inc., 887 Industrial Road, San Carlos, Calif. 94070, USA or MultiSynTech GmbH, Wullener Feld 4, 58454 Witten, Germany.
• the preparation of the processes described herein yields compounds of the formula (I) in the form of substance collections which are termed libraries.
• the present invention also relates to libraries which comprise at least two compounds of the formula (I).
• Compounds of formula (II) and (IV) may be prepared according to known procedures, for example as described in WO 8703781 and EP295117.
• Compounds of formula (III), (V), (VI), (VII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV) and (XVI) are known or may be prepared by known methods.
• Tri-n-butylphosphine (46 mg, 0.2 mmol) was added to a mixture of dimethyldisulfide (20 mg, 0.2 mmol) and freshly prepared 1-(2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3-cyano-5-N-formylmethyl-N-methylamino-4-trifluoromethylsulfonylpyrazole (0.1 g, 0.2 mmol), and stirred at 20° C. for 25 minutes. The mixture was diluted (ethyl acetate), concentrated and the residue purified by chromatography eluting with 9:1 heptane:ethyl acetate gave an oil (58.9 mg).
• N-Bromosuccinimide (11 mg, 0.06 mmol) was added to a solution of freshly prepared 1-(2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3-cyano-5-N-formylmethyl-N-methylamino-4-trifluoromethylsulfonylpyrazole (0.1 g, 0.2 mmol) in dichloromethane.
• ethanethiol (19 mg, 0.59 mmol) and stirred at 20° C. for 2.25 hours and then under heated under reflux for 1.5 hours.
• N-Bromosuccinimide (11 mg, 0.06 mmol) was added to a solution of freshly prepared 1-(2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3-cyano-5-N-formylmethyl-N-methylamino-4-trifluoromethylsulfonylpyrazole (0.1 g, 0.2 mmol) in dichloromethane. To the resulting mixture was added 2-mercaptoethanol (23 mg 0.29 mmol) and then stirred at 20° C. for 1 hour.
• 2-Bromoethyl-1,3-dioxolane (0.54 g, 3.0 mmol) was added to a mixture of 1-(2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3-cyano-5-N-methylamino-4-trifluoromethylthiopyrazole (1.00 g, 2.3 mmol) and sodium hydride (0.129 g, 60%, 3.2 mmol) in dioxane (10 ml) under an inert atmosphere, and the mixture heated to reflux for 8 hours.
• Iodotrimethylsilane (0.156 g, 0.8 mmol) was added to a solution of 1-(2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3-cyano-5-N-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-5-N-methylamino-4-trifluoromethylsulfonylpyrazole (0.35 g, 0.6 mmol) in dichloromethane (15 ml), under nitrogen at 20° C. After stirring for 15 minutes, the mixture was poured into half saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. The layers were separated and the organic phase washed with sodium bisulfite solution (10 ml).
• a method for the control of pests at a locus which comprises applying thereto an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof.
• the said compound is normally used in the form of a pesticidal composition (i.e. in association with compatible diluents or carriers and/or surface active agents suitable for use in pesticidal compositions), for example as hereinafter described.
• compound of the invention as used hereinafter embraces a 5-(substituted dithio- and dioxy-alkylamino)pyrazole of formula (I) as defined above and a pesticidally acceptable salt thereof.
• One aspect of the present invention as defined above is a method for the control of pests at a locus.
• the locus includes, for example, the pest itself, the place (plant, field, forest, orchard, waterway, soil, plant product, or the like) where the pest resides or feeds, or a place susceptible to future infestation by the pest.
• the compound of the invention may therefore be applied directly to the pest, to the place where the pest resides or feeds, or to the place susceptible to future infestation by the pest.
• the compounds of the invention may be used for example in the following applications and on the following pests:
• the compounds are especially useful in the control of many insects, especially filth flies or other Dipteran pests, such as houseflies, stableflies, soldierflies, hornflies, deerflies, horseflies, midges, punkies, blackflies, or mosquitoes.
• filth flies or other Dipteran pests such as houseflies, stableflies, soldierflies, hornflies, deerflies, horseflies, midges, punkies, blackflies, or mosquitoes.
• compounds of the invention are useful against attack by arthropods, more especially beetles, including weevils, moths or mites, for example Ephestia spp. (flour moths), Anthrenus spp. (carpet beetles), Tribolium spp. (flour beetles), Sitophilus spp. (grain weevils) or Acarus spp. (mites).
• Reticulitermes spp. For the treatment of foundations, structures or soil in the prevention of the attack on building by termites, for example, Reticulitermes spp., Heterotermes spp., Coptotermes spp.
• Heliothis spp. such as Heliothis virescens (tobacco budworm), Heliothis armigera and Heliothis zea .
• Against adults and larvae of Coleoptera (beetles) e.g. Anthonomus spp. e.g. grandis (cotton boll weevil), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle), Diabrotica spp. (corn rootworms).
• Heteroptera Hemiptera and Homoptera
• Thysanoptera such as Thrips tabaci.
• Orthoptera such as Locusta and Schistocerca spp., (locusts and crickets) e.g. Gryllus spp., and Acheta spp. for example, Blafta orientalis, Periplaneta americana, Blatella germanica, Locusta migratoria migratorioides , and Schistocerca gregaria .
• Orthoptera such as Locusta and Schistocerca spp., (locusts and crickets) e.g. Gryllus spp., and Acheta spp. for example, Blafta orientalis, Periplaneta americana, Blatella germanica, Locusta migratoria migratorioides , and Schistocerca gregaria .
• Collembola e.g. Periplaneta spp. and Blatella spp. (roaches).
• arthropods of agricultural significance such as Acari (mites) e.g. Tetranychus spp., and Panonychus spp.
• root-knot nematodes such as Meloidogyne spp. (e.g. M. incognita ).
• mites e.g. Dam
• a method for example, comprises applying to the plants or to the medium in which they grow an effective amount of a compound of the invention.
• the compound of the invention is generally applied to the locus in which the arthropod or nematode infestation is to be controlled at an effective rate in the range of about 2 g to about 1 kg of the active compound per hectare of locus treated.
• a lower rate may offer adequate protection.
• adverse weather conditions, resistance of the pest or other factors may require that the active ingredient be used at higher rates.
• an effective rate range of the active compound is from about 10 g/ha to about 400 g/ha, more preferably from about 50 g/ha to about 200 g/ha.
• the active compound When a pest is soil-borne, the active compound generally in a formulated composition, is distributed evenly over the area to be treated (ie, for example broadcast or band treatment) in any convenient manner and is applied at rates from about 10 g/ha to about 400 g ai/ha, preferably from about 50 g/ha to about 200 g ai/ha.
• the liquid solution or suspension When applied as a root dip to seedlings or drip irrigation to plants the liquid solution or suspension contains from about 0.075 to about 1000 mg ai/l, preferably from about 25 to about 200 mg ai/l.
• Application may be made, if desired, to the field or crop-growing area generally or in close proximity to the seed or plant to be protected from attack.
• the compound of the invention can be washed into the soil by spraying with water over the area or can be left to the natural action of rainfall.
• the formulated compound can, if desired, be distributed mechanically in the soil, for example by ploughing, disking, or use of drag chains.
• Application can be prior to planting, at planting, after planting but before sprouting has taken place, or after sprouting.
• the compound of the invention and methods of control of pests therewith are of particular value in the protection of field, forage, plantation, glasshouse, orchard or vineyard crops, of ornamentals, or of plantation or forest trees, for example: cereals (such as wheat or rice), cotton, vegetables (such as peppers), field crops (such as sugar beets, soybeans or oil seed rape), grassland or forage crops (such as maize or sorghum), orchards or groves (such as of stone or pit fruit or citrus), ornamental plants, flowers or vegetables or shrubs under glass or in gardens or parks, or forest trees (both deciduous and evergreen) in forests, plantations or nurseries. They are also valuable in the protection of timber (standing, felled, converted, stored or structural) from attack, for example, by sawflies or beetles or termites.
• stored products such as grains, fruits, nuts, spices or tobacco, whether whole, milled or compounded into products, from moth, beetle, mite or grain weevil attack.
• stored animal products such as skins, hair, wool or feathers in natural or converted form (e.g. as carpets or textiles) from moth or beetle attack as well as stored meat, fish or grains from beetle, mite or fly attack.
• the compound of the invention and methods of use thereof are of particular value in the control of arthropods or helminths which are injurious to, or spread or act as vectors of diseases domestic animals, for example those hereinbefore mentioned, and more especially in the control of ticks, mites, lice, fleas, midges, or biting, nuisance or myiasis flies.
• the compounds of the invention are particularly useful in controlling arthropods or helminths which are present inside domestic host animals or which feed in or on the skin or suck the blood of the animal, for which purpose they may be administered orally, parenterally, percutaneously or topically.
• compositions hereinafter described for application to growing crops or crop growing loci or as a seed dressing may, in general, alternatively be employed in the protection of stored products, household goods, property or areas of the general environment.
• Suitable means of applying the compounds of the invention include: to growing crops as foliar sprays (for example as an in-furrow spray), dusts, granules, fogs or foams or also as suspensions of finely divided or encapsulated compositions as soil or root treatments by liquid drenches, dusts, granules, smokes or foams; to seeds of crops via application as seed dressings, e.g. by liquid slurries or dusts;
• compositions in which the active ingredient exhibits an immediate and/or prolonged action over a period of time against the arthropods or helminths for example by incorporation in feed or suitable orally-ingestible pharmaceutical formulations, edible baits, salt licks, dietary supplements, pour-on formulations, sprays, baths, dips, showers, jets, dusts, greases, shampoos, creams, wax smears or livestock self-treatment systems;
• the compounds of formula (I) are particularly useful for the control of parasites of animals when applied orally, and in a further preferred aspect of the invention the compounds of formula (I) are used for the control of parasites of animals by oral application.
• the compounds of the formula (I) or salts thereof may be administered before, during or after meals.
• the compounds of the formula (I) or salts thereof may be mixed with a carrier and/or foodstuff.
• the compound of the formula (I) or salt thereof is administered orally in a dose to the animal in a dose range generally from 0.1 to 500 mg/kg of the compound of the formula (I) or salt thereof per kilogram of animal body weight (mg/kg).
• the frequency of treatment of the animal, preferably the domestic animal to be treated by the compound of the formula (I) or salt thereof is generally from about once per week to about once per year, preferably from about once every two weeks to once every three months.
• the compounds of formula (I) are used to provide a long period of effective control of parasites of animals following a single oral application.
• the compounds of the invention may be administered most advantageously with another parasiticidally effective material, such as an endoparasiticide, and/or an ectoparasiticide, and/or an endectoparasiticide.
• another parasiticidally effective material such as an endoparasiticide, and/or an ectoparasiticide, and/or an endectoparasiticide.
• such compounds include macrocyclic lactones such as avermectins or milbemycins e.g., ivermectin, pyratel or an insect growth regulator such as lufenuron or methoprene.
• the compounds of the formula (I) can also be employed for controlling harmful organisms in crops of known genetically engineered plants or genetically engineered plants yet to be developed.
• the transgenic plants are distinguished by especially advantageous properties, for example by resistances to particular crop protection agents, resistances to plant diseases or pathogens of plant diseases, such as particular insects or microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria or viruses.
• Other particular properties concern, for example, the harvested material with regard to quantity, quality, storage properties, composition and specific constituents.
• transgenic plants are known where the starch content is increased, or the starch quality is altered, or where the harvested material has a different fatty acid composition.
• cereals such as wheat, barley, rye, oats, millet, rice, cassaya and maize or else crops of sugar beet, cotton, soya, oilseed rape, potatoes, tomatoes, peas and other types of vegetables.
• the invention therefore also relates to the use of compounds of the formula (I) for controlling harmful organisms in transgenic crop plants.
• a pesticidal composition comprising one or more compounds of the invention as defined above, in association with, and preferably homogeneously dispersed in one or more compatible pesticidally acceptable diluents or carriers and/or surface active agents [i.e. diluents or carriers and/or surface active agents of the type generally accepted in the art as being suitable for use in pesticidal compositions and which are compatible with compounds of the invention].
• compositions In practice, the compounds of the invention most frequently form parts of compositions. These compositions can be employed to control arthropods, especially insects, or plant nematodes or mites.
• the compositions may be of any type known in the art suitable for application to the desired pest in any premises or indoor or outdoor area.
• These compositions contain at least one compound of the invention as the active ingredient in combination or association with one or more other compatible components which are for example, solid or liquid carriers or diluents, adjuvants, surface-active-agents, or the like appropriate for the intended use and which are agronomically or medicinally acceptable.
• These compositions which may be prepared by any manner known in the art, likewise form a part of this invention.
• the compounds of the invention in their commercially available formulations and in the use forms prepared from these formulations may be present in mixtures with other active substances such as insecticides, attractants, sterilants, acaricides, nematicides, fungicides, growth regulatory substances or herbicides.
• the pesticides include, for example, phosphoric esters, carbamates, carboxylic esters, formamidines, tin compounds and materials produced by microorganisms.
• carbamates for example alanycarb, aldicarb, aldoxycarb, allyxycarb, aminocarb, azamethiphos, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, bufencarb, butacarb, butocarboxim, butoxycarboxim, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbosulfan, chloethocarb, coumaphos, cyanofenphos, cyanophos, dimetilan, ethiofencarb, fenobucarb, fenothiocarb, formetanate, furathiocarb, isoprocarb, metam-sodium, methiocarb, methomyl, metolcarb, oxamyl, pirimicarb, promecarb, propoxur, thiodicarb, thiofanox, triazamate, trimethacarb, XMC, xylylcarb)
• organophosphates for example acephate, azamethiphos, azinphos (-methyl, -ethyl), bromophos-ethyl, bromfenvinfos (-methyl), butathiofos, cadusafos, carbophenothion, chlorethoxyfos, chlorfenvinphos, chlormephos, chlorpyrifos (-methyl/-ethyl), coumaphos, cyanofenphos, cyanophos, demeton-s-methyl, demeton-s-methylsulphon, dialifos, diazinon, dichlofenthion, dichlorvos/DDVP, dicrotophos, dimethoate, dimethylvinphos, dioxabenzofos, disulfoton, EPN, ethion, ethoprophos, etrimfos, famphur, fenamiphos, fenitrothion, fens
• pyrethroids for example acrinathrin, allethrin (d-cis-trans, d-trans), beta-cyfluthrin, bifenthrin, bioallethrin, bioallethrin-s-cyclopentyl-isomer, bioethanomethrin, biopermethrin, bioresmethrin, chlovaporthrin, cis-cypermethrin, cis-resmethrin, cis-permethrin, clocythrin, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin (alpha-, beta-, theta-, zeta-), cyphenothrin, DDT, deltamethrin, empenthrin (1R-isomer), esfenvalerate, etofenprox, fenfluthr
• chloronicotinyls/neonicotinoids for example acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, nithiazine, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam
• cyclodiene organochlorines for example camphechlor, chlordane, endosulfan, gamma-HCH, HCH, heptachlor, lindane, methoxychlor
• fiproles for example acetoprole, ethiprole, fipronil, vaniliprole
• mectins for example abamectin, avermectin, emamectin, emamectin-benzoate, ivermectin, milbemectin, milbemycin
• diacylhydrazines for example chromafenozide, halofenozide, methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide
• benzoylureas for example bistrifluoron, chlofluazuron, diflubenzuron, fluazuron, flucycloxuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, novaluron, noviflumuron, penfluoron, teflubenzuron, triflumuron
• organotins for example azocyclotin, cyhexatin, fenbutatin-oxide
• METIs for example fenazaquin, fenpyroximate, pyrimidifen, pyridaben, tebufenpyrad, tolfenpyrad
• fumigants for example aluminium phosphide, methyl bromide, sulphuryl fluoride
• fungicide mixing partners may be selected in the following list:
• CIII azoxystrobin, cyazofamid, dimoxystrobin, enestrobin, famoxadone, fenamidone, fluoxastrobin, kresoxim-methyl, metominostrobin, orysastrobin, pyraclostrobin, picoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin,
• captafol, captan, chlorothalonil copper preparations such as: copper hydroxide, copper naphthenate, copper oxychloride, copper sulphate, copper oxide, oxine-copper and Bordeaux mixture, dichlofluanid, dithianon, dodine, dodine free base, ferbam, fluorofolpet, folpet, guazatine, guazatien acetate, iminoctadine, iminoctadine albesilate, iminoctadine triacetate, mancopper, mancozeb, maneb, metiram, metiram zinc, propineb, sulphur and sulphur preparations including calcium polysulphide, thiram, tolylfluanid, zineb, ziram,
• amibromdole benthiazole, bethoxazin, capsimycin, carvone, chinomethionat, chloropicrin, cufraneb, cyflufenamid, cymoxanil, dazomet, debacarb, diclomezine, dichlorophen, dicloran, difenzoquat, difenzoquat methylsulphate, diphenylamine, ethaboxam, ferimzone, flumetover, flusulfamide, fosetyl-aluminium, fosetyl-calcium, fosetyl-sodium, fluopicolide, fluoroimide, hexachlorobenzene, 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate, irumamycin, methasulphocarb, metrafenone, methyl isothiocyanate, mildiomycin, natamycin, nickel dimethyldithiocarbamate, nitrothal-isopropyl
• compositions according to the invention usually contain about 0.05 to about 95% (by weight) of one or more active ingredients according to the invention, about 1 to about 95% of one or more solid or liquid carriers and, optionally, about 0.1 to about 50% of one or more other compatible components, such as surface-active agents or the like.
• carrier denotes an organic or inorganic ingredient, natural or synthetic, with which the active ingredient is combined to facilitate its application, for example, to the plant, to seeds or to the soil.
• This carrier is therefore generally inert and it must be acceptable (for example, agronomically acceptable, particularly to the treated plant).
• the carrier may be a solid, for example, clays, natural or synthetic silicates, silica, resins, waxes, solid fertilizers (for example ammonium salts), ground natural minerals, such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, aftapulgite, montmorillonite, bentonite or diatomaceous earth, or ground synthetic minerals, such as silica, alumina, or silicates especially aluminium or magnesium silicates.
• solid carriers for granules the following are suitable: crushed or fractionated natural rocks such as calcite, marble, pumice, sepiolite and dolomite; synthetic granules of inorganic or organic meals; granules of organic material such as sawdust, coconut shells, corn cobs, corn husks or tobacco stalks; kieselguhr, tricalcium phosphate, powdered cork, or absorbent carbon black; water soluble polymers, resins, waxes; or solid fertilizers.
• Such solid compositions may, if desired, contain one or more compatible wetting, dispersing, emulsifying or colouring agents which, when solid, may also serve as a diluent.
• the carrier may also be liquid, for example: water; alcohols, particularly butanol or glycol, as well as their ethers or esters, particularly methylglycol acetate; ketones, particularly acetone, cyclohexanone, methylethyl ketone, methylisobutylketone, or isophorone; petroleum fractions such as paraffinic or aromatic hydrocarbons, particularly xylenes or alkyl naphthalenes; mineral or vegetable oils; aliphatic chlorinated hydrocarbons, particularly trichloroethane or methylene chloride; aromatic chlorinated hydrocarbons, particularly chlorobenzenes; water-soluble or strongly polar solvents such as dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulphoxide, or N-methylpyrrolidone; liquefied gases; or the like or a mixture thereof.
• water for example: water; alcohols, particularly butanol or glycol, as well as their ethers or esters, particularly methylglycol
• the surface-active agent may be an emulsifying agent, dispersing agent or wetting agent of the ionic or non-ionic type or a mixture of such surface-active agents.
• these are e.g., salts of polyacrylic acids, salts of lignosulphonic acids, salts of phenolsulphonic or naphthalenesulphonic acids, polycondensates of ethylene oxide with fatty alcohols or fatty acids or fatty esters or fatty amines, substituted phenols (particularly alkylphenols or arylphenols), salts of sulphosuccinic acid esters, taurine derivatives (particularly alkyltaurates), phosphoric esters of alcohols or of polycondensates of ethylene oxide with phenols, esters of fatty acids with polyols, or sulphate, sulphonate or phosphate functional derivatives of the above compounds.
• the presence of at least one surface-active agent is generally essential when the active ingredient and/or the in
• compositions of the invention may further contain other additives such as adhesives or colorants.
• Adhesives such as carboxymethylcellulose or natural or synthetic polymers in the form of powders, granules or lattices, such as arabic gum, polyvinyl alcohol or polyvinyl acetate, natural phospholipids, such as cephalins or lecithins, or synthetic phospholipids can be used in the formulations.
• colorants such as inorganic pigments, for example: iron oxides, titanium oxides or Prussian Blue; organic dyestuffs, such as alizarin dyestuffs, azo dyestuffs or metal phthalocyanine dyestuffs; or trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum or zinc.
• inorganic pigments for example: iron oxides, titanium oxides or Prussian Blue
• organic dyestuffs such as alizarin dyestuffs, azo dyestuffs or metal phthalocyanine dyestuffs
• trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum or zinc.
• the compounds of the invention are therefore generally in the form of compositions, which are in various solid or liquid forms.
• Solid forms of compositions which can be used are dusting powders (with a content of the compound of the invention, ranging up to 80%), wettable powders or granules (including water dispersible granules), particularly those obtained by extrusion, compacting, impregnation of a granular carrier, or granulation starting from a powder (the content of the compound of the invention, in these wettable powders or granules being between about 0.5 and about 80%).
• Solid homogenous or heterogenous compositions containing one or more compounds of the invention may be used to treat standing or running water over a period of time. A similar effect may be achieved using trickle or intermittent feeds of water dispersible concentrates as described herein.
• Liquid compositions for example, include aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions (such as emulsifiable concentrates, emulsions, flowables, dispersions, or solutions) or aerosols.
• Liquid compositions also include, in particular, emulsifiable concentrates, dispersions, emulsions, flowables, aerosols, wettable powders (or powder for spraying), dry flowables or pastes as forms of compositions which are liquid or intended to form liquid compositions when applied, for example as aqueous sprays (including low and ultra-low volume) or as fogs or aerosols.
• Liquid compositions for example, in the form of emulsifiable or soluble concentrates most frequently comprise about 5 to about 80% by weight of the active ingredient, while the emulsions or solutions which are ready for application contain, in their case, about 0.01 to about 20% of the active ingredient.
• the emulsifiable or soluble concentrates may contain, when required, about 2 to about 50% of suitable additives, such as stabilizers, surface-active agents, penetrating agents, corrosion inhibitors, colorants or adhesives.
• suitable additives such as stabilizers, surface-active agents, penetrating agents, corrosion inhibitors, colorants or adhesives.
• Emulsions of any required concentration which are particularly suitable for application, for example, to plants, may be obtained from these concentrates by dilution with water.
• the emulsions may be in the form of water-in-oil or oil-in-water type and they may have a thick consistency.
• liquid compositions of this invention may, in addition to normal agricultural use applications be used for example to treat substrates or sites infested or liable to infestation by arthropods (or other pests controlled by compounds of this invention) including premises, outdoor or indoor storage or processing areas, containers or equipment or standing or running water.
• aqueous dispersions or emulsions or spraying mixtures can be applied, for example, to crops by any suitable means, chiefly by spraying, at rates which are generally of the order of about 100 to about 1,200 liters of spraying mixture per hectare, but may be higher or lower (eg. low or ultra-low volume) depending upon the need or application technique.
• the compound or compositions according to the invention are conveniently applied to vegetation and in particular to roots or leaves having pests to be eliminated.
• Another method of application of the compounds or compositions according to the invention is by chemigation, that is to say, the addition of a formulation containing the active ingredient to irrigation water.
• This irrigation may be sprinkler irrigation for foliar pesticides or it can be ground irrigation or underground irrigation for soil or for systemic pesticides.
• the concentrated suspensions which can be applied by spraying, are prepared so as to produce a stable fluid product which does not settle (fine grinding) and usually contain from about 10 to about 75% by weight of active ingredient, from about 0.5 to about 30% of surface-active agents, from about 0.1 to about 10% of thixotropic agents, from about 0 to about 30% of suitable additives, such as anti-foaming agents, corrosion inhibitors, stabilizers, penetrating agents, adhesives and, as the carrier, water or an organic liquid in which the active ingredient is poorly soluble or insoluble Some organic solids or inorganic salts may be dissolved in the carrier to help prevent settling or as antifreezes for water.
• the wettable powers are usually prepared so that they contain from about 10 to about 80% by weight of active ingredient, from about 20 to about 90% of a solid carrier, from about 0 to about 5% of a wetting agent, from about 3 to about 10% of a dispersing agent and, when necessary, from about 0 to about 80% of one or more stabilizers and/or other additives, such as penetrating agents, adhesives, anti-caking agents, colorants, or the like.
• the active ingredient is thoroughly mixed in a suitable blender with additional substances which may be impregnated on the porous filler and is ground using a mill or other suitable grinder. This produces wettable powders, the wettability and the suspendability of which are advantageous. They may be suspended in water to give any desired concentration and this suspension can be employed very advantageously in particular for application to plant foliage.
• the “water dispersible granules (WG)” (granules which are readily dispersible in water) have compositions which are substantially close to that of the wettable powders. They may be prepared by granulation of formulations described for the wettable powders, either by a wet route (contacting finely divided active ingredient with the inert filler and a little water, e.g. 1 to 20% by weight, or with an aqueous solution of a dispersing agent or binder, followed by drying and screening), or by a dry route (compacting followed by grinding and screening).
• WG water dispersible granules
• compositions for application to control arthropod or plant nematode pests usually contain from about 0.00001% to about 95%, more particularly from about 0.0005% to about 50% by weight of one or more compounds of the invention, or of total active ingredients (that is to say the compounds of the invention, together with other substances toxic to arthropods or plant nematodes, synergists, trace elements or stabilizers).
• the actual compositions employed and their rate of application will be selected to achieve the desired effect(s) by the farmer, livestock producer, medical or veterinary practitioner, pest control operator or other person skilled in the art.
• Solid or liquid compositions for application topically to animals, timber, stored products or household goods usually contain from about 0.00005% to about 90%, more particularly from about 0.001% to about 10%, by weight of one or more compounds of the invention.
• these normally contain from about 0.1% to about 90% by weight of one or more compounds of the invention.
• Medicated feedstuffs normally contain from about 0.001% to about 3% by weight of one or more compounds of the invention.
• Concentrates or supplements for mixing with feedstuffs normally contain from about 5% to about 90%, preferably from about 5% to about 50%, by weight of one or more compounds of the invention.
• Mineral salt licks normally contain from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of one or more compounds of formula (I) or pesticidally acceptable salts thereof.
• Dusts or liquid compositions for application to livestock, goods, premises or outdoor areas may contain from about 0.0001% to about 15%, more especially from about 0.005% to about 2.0%, by weight, of one or more compounds of the invention. Suitable concentrations in treated waters are between about 0.0001 ppm and about 20 ppm, more particularly about 0.001 ppm to about 5.0 ppm. of one or more compounds of the invention, and may be used therapeutically in fish farming with appropriate exposure times.
• Edible baits may contain from about 0.01% to about 5%, preferably from about 0.01% to about 1.0%, by weight, of one or more compounds of the invention.
• the dosage of compounds of the invention will depend upon the species, age, or health of the vertebrate and upon the nature and degree of its actual or potential infestation by arthropod or helminth pests.
• a single dose of about 0.1 to about 100 mg, preferably about 2.0 to about 20.0 mg, per kg body weight of the animal or doses of about 0.01 to about 20.0 mg, preferably about 0.1 to about 5.0 mg, per kg body weight of the animal per day, for sustained medication are generally suitable by oral or parenteral administration.
• sustained release formulations or devices the daily doses required over a period of months may be combined and administered to animals on a single occasion.
• composition EXAMPLES 2A-2M illustrate compositions for use against arthropods, especially mites or insects, or plant nematodes, which comprise, as active ingredient, compounds of the invention, such as those described in preparative examples.
• the compositions described in EXAMPLES 2A-2M can each be diluted to give a sprayable composition at concentrations suitable for use in the field.
• a water soluble concentrate is prepared with the composition as follows: Active ingredient 7% Ethylan BCP 10% N-methylpyrrolidone 83%
• emulsifiable concentrate is prepared with the composition as follows: Active ingredient 25%(max) Soprophor BSU 10% Arylan CA 5% N-methylpyrrolidone 50% Solvesso 150 10% The first three components are dissolved in N-methylpyrrolidone and to this is then added the Solvesso 150 to give the final volume.
• a wettable powder is prepared with the composition as follows: Active ingredient 40% Arylan S 2% Darvan NO 2 5% Celite PF 53% The ingredients are mixed and ground in a hammer-mill to a powder with a particle size of less than 50 microns.
• An aqueous-flowable formulation is prepared with the composition as follows: Active ingredient 40.00% Ethylan BCP 1.00% Sopropon T360. 0.20% Ethylene glycol 5.00% Rhodigel 230. 0.15% Water 53.65%
• the ingredients are intimately mixed and are ground in a bead mill until a mean particle size of less than 3 microns is obtained.
• An emulsifiable suspension concentrate is prepared with the composition as follows: Active ingredient 30.0% Ethylan BCP 10.0% Bentone 38 0.5% Solvesso 150 59.5%
• the ingredients are intimately mixed and ground in a beadmill until a mean particle size of less than 3 microns is obtained.
• the ingredients are mixed, micronized in a fluid-energy mill and then granulated in a rotating pelletizer by spraying with water (up to 10%).
• the resulting granules are dried in a fluid-bed drier to remove excess water.
• a dusting powder is prepared with the composition as follows: Active ingredient 1 to 10% Talc powder-superfine 99 to 90%
• An edible bait is prepared with the composition as follows: Active ingredient 0.1 to 1.0% Wheat flour 80% Molasses 19.9 to 19%
• a solution formulation is prepared with a composition as follows: Active ingredient 15% Dimethyl sulfoxide 85%
• the active ingredient is dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide with mixing and or heating as required.
• This solution may be applied percutaneously as a pour-on application to domestic animals infested by arthropods or, after sterilization by filtration through a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane (0.22 micrometer pore size), by parenteral injection, at a rate of application of from 1.2 to 12 ml of solution per 100 kg of animal body weight.
• the Ethylan BCP is absorbed onto the Aerosil which is then mixed with the other ingredients and ground in a hammer-mill to give a wettable powder, which may be diluted with water to a concentration of from 0.001% to 2% by weight of the active compound and applied to a locus of infestation by arthropods, for example, dipterous larvae or plant nematodes, by spraying, or to domestic animals infested by, or at risk of infection by arthropods, by spraying or dipping, or by oral administration in drinking water, to control the arthropods.
• arthropods for example, dipterous larvae or plant nematodes
• the intimately mixed ingredients are formed into granules which are compressed into a bolus with a specific gravity of 2 or more. This can be administered orally to ruminant domestic animals for retention within the reticulo-rumen to give a continual slow release of active compound over an extended period of time to control infestation of the ruminant domestic animals by arthropods.
• the components are blended and then formed into suitable shapes by melt-extrusion or molding. These composition are useful, for example, for addition to standing water or for fabrication into collars or eartags for attachment to domestic animals to control pests by slow release.
• a water dispersible granule is prepared with the composition as follows: Active ingredient 85%(max) Polyvinylpyrrolidone 5% Attapulgite clay 6% Sodium lauryl sulfate 2% Glycerine 2%
• the ingredients are mixed as a 45% slurry with water and wet milled to a particle size of 4 microns, then spray-dried to remove water.
• METHOD A Screening method to test systemicity of compounds against Ctenocephalides felis (Cat flea)
• a test container was filled with 10 adults of Ctenocephalides felis .
• a glass cylinder was closed on one end with parafilm and placed on top of the test container.
• the test compound solution was then pipetted into bovine blood and added to the glass cylinder.
• the treated Ctenocephalides felis were held in this artificial dog test (blood 37° C., 40-60% relative humidity; Ctenocephalides felis 20-22° C., 40-60% relative humidity) and assessment performed at 24 and 48 hours after application.
• Compound numbers 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-32, 1-33, 2-33 and 2-100 gave at least 90% control of Ctenocephalides felis at a test concentration of 5 ppm or less.

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