US20070215356A1 - Dual check valve - Google Patents

Dual check valve Download PDF

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Publication number
US20070215356A1
US20070215356A1 US11/725,688 US72568807A US2007215356A1 US 20070215356 A1 US20070215356 A1 US 20070215356A1 US 72568807 A US72568807 A US 72568807A US 2007215356 A1 US2007215356 A1 US 2007215356A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
check valve
valve
section
drill string
piston
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US11/725,688
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English (en)
Inventor
Gerald Leeb
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of US20070215356A1 publication Critical patent/US20070215356A1/en
Priority to US12/615,068 priority Critical patent/US8668015B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B34/00—Valve arrangements for boreholes or wells
    • E21B34/06—Valve arrangements for boreholes or wells in wells
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B21/00—Methods or apparatus for flushing boreholes, e.g. by use of exhaust air from motor
    • E21B21/10—Valve arrangements in drilling-fluid circulation systems
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B2200/00—Special features related to earth drilling for obtaining oil, gas or water
    • E21B2200/05—Flapper valves
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/7722—Line condition change responsive valves
    • Y10T137/7837—Direct response valves [i.e., check valve type]
    • Y10T137/7838—Plural
    • Y10T137/7842—Diverse types
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/7722—Line condition change responsive valves
    • Y10T137/7837—Direct response valves [i.e., check valve type]
    • Y10T137/7904—Reciprocating valves
    • Y10T137/7922—Spring biased
    • Y10T137/7925—Piston-type valves

Definitions

  • a check valve is designed to open under certain pressure conditions, and close under others.
  • Check valves are often used in tubing stings for applications such as drilling, fishing, and completing bottom hole assemblies to prevent hydrocarbons or unwanted fluids from flowing back up the tubing string. Examples of these types of valves are models “FC”, “F”, “GC” and “G” drill pipe float valves produced by Bakerline of San Antonio, Tex.
  • FC FC
  • F F
  • GC GC
  • G drill pipe float valves produced by Bakerline of San Antonio, Tex.
  • a disadvantage with these check valves is that they limit flow through them for a given pressure. Under some circumstances, this could result in a downhole motor stalling.
  • a check valve that allows increased flow through the valve, comprising a housing, such as a section of a drill string, a first check valve, and a second check valve.
  • the first check valve and second check valve are oriented to provide flow paths in parallel, either in the same direction or in opposed directions.
  • the second check valve is at least partly within the first check valve.
  • the first check valve is positioned within the housing and in one embodiment may be concentric to the housing.
  • the second check valve is positioned within and in one embodiment may be concentric to the housing and in some embodiments may be wholly within the first check valve.
  • each of the first check valve and the second check valve may be selected from a group consisting of a flapper valve, a piston valve, a ball valve or a poppet valve.
  • One or both the first check valve and the second check valve may be biased closed by for example a spring or fluid pressure and the housing may comprise a port to apply fluid pressure. Surfaces that redirect abrasive flows within the first and second check valves may be tape
  • the second check valve is positioned within an inner wall of the housing, the second check valve having an annular shape, and the first check valve is positioned within the annular shape wall of the second check valve.
  • the first check valve opens to allow fluid flow in the first direction when fluid pressure above a first threshold is applied
  • the second valve opens to allow fluid flow in the first direction when a fluid pressure above a second threshold that is higher than the first threshold is applied.
  • FIG. 1 is a side view in section of a drill string section with the check valve
  • FIG. 2 is a detailed side view in section of the lower piston of the second check valve
  • FIG. 3 is a detailed side view in section of the first check valve
  • FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the upper piston
  • FIG. 5 is a detailed side view in section of a drill string section with an alternative check valve
  • FIG. 6 shows a tapered seal for a bottom end of the inner check valve of FIG. 3 .
  • FIG. 7 shows a top plan view of multiple check valves within a drill string section.
  • the check valve referred to generally by reference numeral 10 is shown to include a section of drill string 12 that acts as a housing for the check valve 10 . While a section of drill string 12 is described in relation to the embodiments described below, it will be recognized that the check valve 10 may also be used with other suitable housings.
  • the drill string section 12 is inserted in a drill string using an upper rotary connection 14 and lower rotary connection 16 . Within drill string section 12 are two individual check valves: an outer or first check valve 20 and an inner or second check valve 18 .
  • the check valves 16 and 18 are both positioned within the drill string section 12 to provide flow paths in parallel, such that each allows flow in the same or opposite directions, but each allows fluid flow, whether gas, liquid or slurry, through a different and separate portion of the cross-section of the drill string section 12 .
  • the check valves 16 and 18 may be concentric, but also may be offset from each other within the drill string section 12
  • the first check valve 20 has in one embodiment an annular shape, such that the second check valve 18 is positioned wholly or partly within the first check valve 20 .
  • the second check valve allows fluid flow through an outer portion of the cross-section of the drill string section 12
  • the second check valve 18 allows flow through the center portion of the cross-section. This can be seen by referring to FIG.
  • the upper piston 22 of first check valve 20 is shown, where the upper piston has outer openings 24 corresponding to flow through first check valve 20 , and a central opening 26 corresponding to flow through the second check valve 18 .
  • the pressure threshold to open the valves may be set at different values, such that one opens before the other. For example, at lower pressures, only the second valve 18 may open, but under increased pressure, the first check valve 20 would open to increase the flow through check valve 10 . Alternatively, the first valve 20 may open at a lower pressure threshold and allow the fluid to bypass the second valve 18 .
  • First and second check valves 20 and 18 can be any suitable type of check valve, such as flapper valves, piston valves, ball valves, poppet valves, etc.
  • the second check valve 18 is a flapper valve and second check valve is a piston valve, but it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that substitutions may be made.
  • the orientation of check valve 10 may be reversed to allow flow in the opposite direction, or first and second check valves 20 and 18 may be oriented in opposite directions relative to one another. This arrangement allows a certain amount of flow in each direction, based on the size of the check valves, and may be useful for testing and other purposes. This is shown in FIG.
  • second check valve 18 is a ball valve 54 made up of a ball 56 and a seat 58 , with flow channels 60 through ball valve 54 .
  • second check valve 18 is forced close by pressure in the direction that first check valve 20 opens, and opens under the opposite direction of flow.
  • the second check valve 18 includes a flapper 28 positioned at the bottom of the second check valve 18 . Flapper 28 is biased in the closed position by a spring (not shown) at the hinge 30 .
  • the second check valve 18 is integrally formed with the upper piston 22 of the second check valve 18 , as both upper piston 22 and second check valve 18 are designed to remain stationary. It will be understood that a connection between the two may be provided, such as a threaded connection or otherwise.
  • FIG. 4 an embodiment is shown where the second check valve 18 is not integrally formed with the upper piston 22 . The fluid applies pressure to the flapper 28 through the central opening 26 . Once the pressure is great enough to overcome the spring, flapper 28 opens and permits the fluid to flow.
  • the second check valve 18 is installed within the drill string section 12 by threads 36 on upper piston 22 which engage the inner wall 37 .
  • the cavity 46 is sealed by o-ring seals 48 positioned on sections of the lower piston 38 above and below the cavity 46 .
  • An o-ring seal 48 positioned on the inner sleeve 40 is also used to seal the connection to the lower piston 38 .
  • a mating taper 42 A shown in FIG. 6 may be used between the lower piston 38 and the inner sleeve 40 .
  • Variations of the above embodiment include varying the components that are stationary and the components that reciprocate components.
  • the upper piston 22 may reciprocate with the lower piston 38 being stationary, and second check valve 18 may reciprocate or be held stationary.
  • the check valve may be used in any application where a check valve can be used, as for example in oilfield applications.
  • multiple check valves 10 may be included within housing 12 .
  • Four check valves 10 are shown, however, the number may vary according to the demands of each situation.
  • Each check valve may be different or the same, including the type of valve, the pressure at which each first and second valve 20 and 18 opens, the direction in which they open, and the amount of fluid allowed to flow past each valve 20 and 18 . In a downhole application, this may be useful by allowing an operator to control downhole tools by changing the fluid pressure against check valves 10 .
  • Check valve 10 is assembled by inserting the lower piston 38 with the spring 44 as shown in FIG. 2 into housing 12 as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the inner sleeve 40 is attached to upper piston 22 , as well as the second check valve 18 if not integrally formed with it.
  • upper piston is secured by threads 41 to the inner wall 37 of housing 12 .
  • the housing 12 is a drill string section, it may then be installed in a drill string and be used in downhole applications.
  • the inner check valve 18 in for example the flapper embodiment or ball valve embodiment may be sheared off to allow tools to be run through it. This is achieved by having the inner valve 18 connected to the outer valve 16 with a connection that is shearable, such as by pins, threads or undercut grooves.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Check Valves (AREA)
US11/725,688 2006-03-17 2007-03-19 Dual check valve Abandoned US20070215356A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US12/615,068 US8668015B2 (en) 2006-03-17 2009-11-09 Dual check valve

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA002540499A CA2540499A1 (fr) 2006-03-17 2006-03-17 Clapet anti-retour double
CA2540499 2006-03-17

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US12/615,068 Continuation US8668015B2 (en) 2006-03-17 2009-11-09 Dual check valve

Publications (1)

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US20070215356A1 true US20070215356A1 (en) 2007-09-20

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US12/615,068 Expired - Fee Related US8668015B2 (en) 2006-03-17 2009-11-09 Dual check valve

Family Applications After (1)

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Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20070246224A1 (en) * 2006-04-24 2007-10-25 Christiaan Krauss Offset valve system for downhole drillable equipment
US20100116503A1 (en) * 2006-03-17 2010-05-13 Gerald Leeb Dual check valve
US20110042066A1 (en) * 2008-02-11 2011-02-24 Petroleum Technology Company As Device for injection and stimulation of fluids in a well bore
WO2013079926A3 (fr) * 2011-11-28 2014-03-06 Churchill Drilling Tools Limited Clapet de garniture de forage
US20170107774A1 (en) * 2014-03-26 2017-04-20 Drillmec Spa Method of assembly of a string of elements for deepwater drilling and ultradeep obstruction element and corresponding use of the same in said drilling string
US9903179B2 (en) * 2010-06-02 2018-02-27 Rudolf H. Hendel Enhanced hydrocarbon well blowout protection
US10113382B2 (en) * 2010-06-02 2018-10-30 Rudolf H. Hendel Enhanced hydrocarbon well blowout protection
CN109736747A (zh) * 2019-02-13 2019-05-10 牡丹江北方油田机械有限公司 自导式阻流总成
WO2020251578A1 (fr) * 2019-06-13 2020-12-17 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Traitement de fond de trou à éléments multiples
US11466788B2 (en) * 2018-12-31 2022-10-11 Goodrich Actuation Systems Limited Pressure relief valve assembly
US20230313633A1 (en) * 2022-03-31 2023-10-05 Shale Oil Tools, Llc Dissolvable convertible plug
US12055018B1 (en) * 2021-03-29 2024-08-06 AES SEDAI Technology, LLC Wellsite greenhouse gas reduction and hydrogen production system and method

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2013119194A1 (fr) * 2012-02-06 2013-08-15 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Dispositif de régulation de perte de fluide traversant une pompe
US9745821B2 (en) * 2013-01-13 2017-08-29 Weatherford Technology Holdings, Llc Method and apparatus for sealing tubulars
CA180693S (en) * 2017-10-10 2020-08-10 Reflex Instr Asia Pacific Pty Ltd Check valve for use in downhole and geological equipment applications
CN110878680A (zh) * 2019-10-28 2020-03-13 大庆石油管理局有限公司 一种下套管憋压单向阀

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US531304A (en) * 1894-12-25 Automatic check-valve
US2737199A (en) * 1952-03-26 1956-03-06 Ingram Louis Siphon mixer
US2771091A (en) * 1954-02-23 1956-11-20 Baker Oil Tools Inc Drill pipe float valve
US3289694A (en) * 1963-03-27 1966-12-06 Deltrol Corp Ball check valve with particular cage means
US3743015A (en) * 1971-09-07 1973-07-03 Hydril Co Mud saver valve
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US4248264A (en) * 1979-12-31 1981-02-03 Hydril Company Internal mud saver valve
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US4270610A (en) * 1980-01-15 1981-06-02 Halliburton Company Annulus pressure operated closure valve with improved power mandrel
US4324293A (en) * 1980-04-29 1982-04-13 Halliburton Services Circulation valve
US4445571A (en) * 1980-01-15 1984-05-01 Halliburton Company Circulation valve
US4749037A (en) * 1986-10-22 1988-06-07 Halliburton Company String bypass
US4811758A (en) * 1988-06-14 1989-03-14 Torus Equipment, Inc. Pressurized check valve
US4899837A (en) * 1986-07-23 1990-02-13 Citizens Bank Mud saver valve
US4955949A (en) * 1989-02-01 1990-09-11 Drilex Systems, Inc. Mud saver valve with increased flow check valve
US4962819A (en) * 1989-02-01 1990-10-16 Drilex Systems, Inc. Mud saver valve with replaceable inner sleeve
US5062481A (en) * 1989-10-03 1991-11-05 Sterling Design International Control of `U` tubing in the flow of cement in oil well casings
US5205325A (en) * 1991-11-12 1993-04-27 Piper Oilfield Products, Inc. Flow control valve
US5509442A (en) * 1995-03-28 1996-04-23 Claycomb; Jackson R. Mud saver valve
US5673751A (en) * 1991-12-31 1997-10-07 Stirling Design International Limited System for controlling the flow of fluid in an oil well
US5819852A (en) * 1996-03-25 1998-10-13 Fmc Corporation Monobore completion/intervention riser system
US6289911B1 (en) * 1999-04-16 2001-09-18 Smith International, Inc. Mud saver kelly valve
US6296059B1 (en) * 1999-03-23 2001-10-02 Rodney Leeb Reverse circulating control valve
US6571876B2 (en) * 2001-05-24 2003-06-03 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Fill up tool and mud saver for top drives
US6662886B2 (en) * 2000-04-03 2003-12-16 Larry R. Russell Mudsaver valve with dual snap action
US6892816B2 (en) * 1998-11-17 2005-05-17 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Method and apparatus for selective injection or flow control with through-tubing operation capacity

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US6273195B1 (en) * 1999-09-01 2001-08-14 Baski Water Instruments, Inc. Downhole flow and pressure control valve for wells
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US6543474B2 (en) * 2001-05-01 2003-04-08 Roy A. Fetterman, Jr. Pressure equalizing check valve
US7097120B2 (en) * 2001-11-29 2006-08-29 Watershield Llc Hose nozzle apparatus and method
US7114516B2 (en) * 2002-10-15 2006-10-03 Takasago Engineering Co., Ltd. Leak-detecting check valve, and leak-detection alarm system that uses said check valve
CA2540499A1 (fr) * 2006-03-17 2007-09-17 Gerald Leeb Clapet anti-retour double

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US531304A (en) * 1894-12-25 Automatic check-valve
US2737199A (en) * 1952-03-26 1956-03-06 Ingram Louis Siphon mixer
US2771091A (en) * 1954-02-23 1956-11-20 Baker Oil Tools Inc Drill pipe float valve
US3289694A (en) * 1963-03-27 1966-12-06 Deltrol Corp Ball check valve with particular cage means
US3743015A (en) * 1971-09-07 1973-07-03 Hydril Co Mud saver valve
US3749119A (en) * 1971-11-19 1973-07-31 Camco Inc Pressure actuated safety valve
US4049015A (en) * 1974-08-08 1977-09-20 Brown Oil Tools, Inc. Check valve assembly
US3965980A (en) * 1975-02-21 1976-06-29 Smith International, Inc. Mud saver valve
US4064937A (en) * 1977-02-16 1977-12-27 Halliburton Company Annulus pressure operated closure valve with reverse circulation valve
US4262693A (en) * 1979-07-02 1981-04-21 Bernhardt & Frederick Co., Inc. Kelly valve
US4248264A (en) * 1979-12-31 1981-02-03 Hydril Company Internal mud saver valve
US4270610A (en) * 1980-01-15 1981-06-02 Halliburton Company Annulus pressure operated closure valve with improved power mandrel
US4445571A (en) * 1980-01-15 1984-05-01 Halliburton Company Circulation valve
US4324293A (en) * 1980-04-29 1982-04-13 Halliburton Services Circulation valve
US4899837A (en) * 1986-07-23 1990-02-13 Citizens Bank Mud saver valve
US4749037A (en) * 1986-10-22 1988-06-07 Halliburton Company String bypass
US4811758A (en) * 1988-06-14 1989-03-14 Torus Equipment, Inc. Pressurized check valve
US4955949A (en) * 1989-02-01 1990-09-11 Drilex Systems, Inc. Mud saver valve with increased flow check valve
US4962819A (en) * 1989-02-01 1990-10-16 Drilex Systems, Inc. Mud saver valve with replaceable inner sleeve
US5062481A (en) * 1989-10-03 1991-11-05 Sterling Design International Control of `U` tubing in the flow of cement in oil well casings
US5205325A (en) * 1991-11-12 1993-04-27 Piper Oilfield Products, Inc. Flow control valve
US5673751A (en) * 1991-12-31 1997-10-07 Stirling Design International Limited System for controlling the flow of fluid in an oil well
US5509442A (en) * 1995-03-28 1996-04-23 Claycomb; Jackson R. Mud saver valve
US5819852A (en) * 1996-03-25 1998-10-13 Fmc Corporation Monobore completion/intervention riser system
US6892816B2 (en) * 1998-11-17 2005-05-17 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Method and apparatus for selective injection or flow control with through-tubing operation capacity
US6296059B1 (en) * 1999-03-23 2001-10-02 Rodney Leeb Reverse circulating control valve
US6289911B1 (en) * 1999-04-16 2001-09-18 Smith International, Inc. Mud saver kelly valve
US6640824B2 (en) * 1999-04-16 2003-11-04 Smith International, Inc. Mud saver kelly valve
US6662886B2 (en) * 2000-04-03 2003-12-16 Larry R. Russell Mudsaver valve with dual snap action
US6571876B2 (en) * 2001-05-24 2003-06-03 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Fill up tool and mud saver for top drives

Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20100116503A1 (en) * 2006-03-17 2010-05-13 Gerald Leeb Dual check valve
US8668015B2 (en) 2006-03-17 2014-03-11 Gerald Leeb Dual check valve
US20070246224A1 (en) * 2006-04-24 2007-10-25 Christiaan Krauss Offset valve system for downhole drillable equipment
US8684073B2 (en) * 2008-02-11 2014-04-01 Petroleum Technology Company As Device for injection and stimulation of fluids in a well bore
US20110042066A1 (en) * 2008-02-11 2011-02-24 Petroleum Technology Company As Device for injection and stimulation of fluids in a well bore
US9903179B2 (en) * 2010-06-02 2018-02-27 Rudolf H. Hendel Enhanced hydrocarbon well blowout protection
US10113382B2 (en) * 2010-06-02 2018-10-30 Rudolf H. Hendel Enhanced hydrocarbon well blowout protection
WO2013079926A3 (fr) * 2011-11-28 2014-03-06 Churchill Drilling Tools Limited Clapet de garniture de forage
US10088064B2 (en) * 2011-11-28 2018-10-02 Churchill Drilling Tools Limited Drill string check valve
US20140332277A1 (en) * 2011-11-28 2014-11-13 Churchill Drilling Tools Limited Drill string check valve
US20170107774A1 (en) * 2014-03-26 2017-04-20 Drillmec Spa Method of assembly of a string of elements for deepwater drilling and ultradeep obstruction element and corresponding use of the same in said drilling string
US10113379B2 (en) * 2014-03-26 2018-10-30 Drillmec S.P.A. Method of assembly of a string of elements for deepwater drilling and ultradeep obstruction element and corresponding use of the same in said drilling string
US11466788B2 (en) * 2018-12-31 2022-10-11 Goodrich Actuation Systems Limited Pressure relief valve assembly
CN109736747A (zh) * 2019-02-13 2019-05-10 牡丹江北方油田机械有限公司 自导式阻流总成
WO2020251578A1 (fr) * 2019-06-13 2020-12-17 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Traitement de fond de trou à éléments multiples
US11732535B2 (en) 2019-06-13 2023-08-22 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Multi-component downhole treatment
US12055018B1 (en) * 2021-03-29 2024-08-06 AES SEDAI Technology, LLC Wellsite greenhouse gas reduction and hydrogen production system and method
US20240280001A1 (en) * 2021-03-29 2024-08-22 AES SEDAI Technology, LLC Wellsite greenhouse gas reduction and hydrogen production system and method
US20230313633A1 (en) * 2022-03-31 2023-10-05 Shale Oil Tools, Llc Dissolvable convertible plug

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Publication number Publication date
CA2581622A1 (fr) 2007-09-17
CA2581622C (fr) 2014-04-15
US8668015B2 (en) 2014-03-11
CA2540499A1 (fr) 2007-09-17
US20100116503A1 (en) 2010-05-13

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