US20070171525A1 - 3d stereo oled display - Google Patents

3d stereo oled display Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US20070171525A1
US20070171525A1 US11/677,670 US67767007A US2007171525A1 US 20070171525 A1 US20070171525 A1 US 20070171525A1 US 67767007 A US67767007 A US 67767007A US 2007171525 A1 US2007171525 A1 US 2007171525A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
image
display
switchable
display device
polarization
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US11/677,670
Inventor
Michael Miller
Philip Ashe
John Spoonhower
Kevin Gobeyn
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Global OLED Technology LLC
Original Assignee
Eastman Kodak Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Eastman Kodak Co filed Critical Eastman Kodak Co
Priority to US11/677,670 priority Critical patent/US20070171525A1/en
Assigned to EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY reassignment EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ASHE, PHILIP R., GOBEYN, KEVIN M., MILLER, MICHAEL E., SPOONHOWER, JOHN P.
Publication of US20070171525A1 publication Critical patent/US20070171525A1/en
Assigned to GLOBAL OLED TECHNOLOGY LLC reassignment GLOBAL OLED TECHNOLOGY LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10KORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K50/00Organic light-emitting devices
    • H10K50/80Constructional details
    • H10K50/868Arrangements for polarized light emission
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B30/00Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images
    • G02B30/20Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images by providing first and second parallax images to an observer's left and right eyes
    • G02B30/22Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images by providing first and second parallax images to an observer's left and right eyes of the stereoscopic type
    • G02B30/25Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images by providing first and second parallax images to an observer's left and right eyes of the stereoscopic type using polarisation techniques
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04NPICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N13/00Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
    • H04N13/30Image reproducers
    • H04N13/332Displays for viewing with the aid of special glasses or head-mounted displays [HMD]
    • H04N13/337Displays for viewing with the aid of special glasses or head-mounted displays [HMD] using polarisation multiplexing
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04NPICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N13/00Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
    • H04N13/30Image reproducers
    • H04N13/356Image reproducers having separate monoscopic and stereoscopic modes
    • H04N13/359Switching between monoscopic and stereoscopic modes
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10KORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K59/00Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
    • H10K59/80Constructional details
    • H10K59/8793Arrangements for polarized light emission
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10KORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K59/00Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
    • H10K59/10OLED displays
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10KORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K59/00Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
    • H10K59/30Devices specially adapted for multicolour light emission
    • H10K59/35Devices specially adapted for multicolour light emission comprising red-green-blue [RGB] subpixels

Definitions

  • the invention relates generally to the field of Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) Displays, and in particular to Stereoscopic OLED displays. More specifically, the invention relates to an OLED display that provides a stereoscopic image using polarized light.
  • OLED Organic Light Emitting Diode
  • OLED Organic Light Emitting Diode
  • These displays are typically formed from a two-dimensional array of light emitting OLEDs.
  • These solid-state emissive displays typically provide a high contrast ratio for static and dynamic patterns and wide viewing angle, thus providing a very high quality two-dimensional image.
  • Stereoscopic displays are also known in the art. These displays may be formed using a number of techniques; including barrier screens such as discussed by Montgomery in U.S. Pat. No. 6,459,532 and optical elements such as lenticular lenses as discussed by Tutt et al in U.S. Patent Application 2002/0075566. Each of these techniques concentrates the light from the display into a narrow viewing angle, providing an auto-stereoscopic image. Unfortunately, these techniques typically reduce the perceived spatial resolution of the display since half of the columns in the display are used to display an image to either the right or left eye. These displays also reduce the viewing angle of the display, reducing the ability for multiple users to share and discuss the stereoscopic image that is being shown on the display.
  • Displays employing polarization have also been discussed and employed.
  • Wolk et al in U.S. Pat. No. 6,485,884 has discussed the design and manufacture of an OLED display that emits linear polarized light and that can be used to provide a stereoscopic display.
  • the organic materials are oriented when patterned onto the substrate such that they emit linearly polarized light.
  • these materials are patterned such that alternating columns have different linear polarizations and the observer wears glasses in which each lens has a different linear polarization, each eye sees the light from alternating columns in the display.
  • a stereoscopic image can be displayed with every other column of pixels from the left and right eye images being displayed on alternating columns of the display.
  • the resulting stereoscopic image has half the spatial resolution of display. Since the polarization is permanently fixed during the manufacture of the display, alternating columns on this display always have different polarizations and alternating columns will vary significantly in appearance when the display is viewed without polarized glasses that provide the stereoscopic effect, making the display of little use when viewed without appropriately polarized glasses. Further, it is well known that stereoscopic displays formed using linear polarization suffer from a number of artifacts; including narrowing of display's viewing angle and cross-talk (i.e., leakage of light intended for one eye to the other eye) when the linear polarized glasses are turned to an angle other than perpendicular to the columns of the display.
  • cross-talk i.e., leakage of light intended for one eye to the other eye
  • Lipton, 1985 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,523,226) described a display system that will not suffer from flicker, but instead uses two separate video displays and optics to present the images from the two screens appropriately for the two eyes. While this display system does not suffer from the same visual artifacts as the system employing switchable polarization that was described by Byatt, the system requires two separate visual displays and additional optics, providing increasing the cost of such a system.
  • Circular polarization has also been used in systems to provide lower resolution images without flicker, using an approach that is similar to that employed in barrier screen displays.
  • Lipton 1997 U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,975
  • Ma, 2000 U.S. Pat. No. 6,020,941
  • alternating columns of a display device are each provided with circular polarizers that are arranged in columns, such that alternating columns provide light that is circularly polarized with left and right handed orientation.
  • Kalmanash in U.S. Pat. No. 4,877,307 discussed the wavelength sensitivity of the circular polarizing layer and proposed a CRT with three sheets of circular polarizers that are stacked between a linear polarizing layer and an active retarder for manipulating the handedness of the polarization.
  • each of the circular polarizing layers are composed of materials having a center wavelength that is matched to the peak wavelength of the red, green, and blue emitters in the display device.
  • This stack of three circular polarizing layers was proposed to improve the circular polarization of the colored light from the three-color display.
  • Kalmanash does not address the problem that each of the circular polarizers can affect polarization over a range of wavelengths and therefore the circular polarizers at the top of the stack may interfere with and, for some wavelengths of the light, will reduce the circular polarization that is introduced by the circular polarizers at the bottom of the stack. Kalmanash also fails to solve the problem that the active half-wave retarded that is used to rotate the handedness of the circular polarization is also highly wavelength dependent and is therefore incapable of fully changing the handedness of circular polarized light that includes a broad range of wavelengths with multiple peaks as is common within a color imaging device.
  • the present invention solves problems related to stereoscopic displays including cost, perceived spatial resolution, viewing angle distortion, and reduced brightness.
  • one aspect of the present invention provides a switchable stereoscopic display system, wherein the switchable stereoscopic display system can display two-dimensional and three-dimensional images, that includes an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display device; a first electronic means for rapidly updating individual OLEDs; and means for linearly polarizing the OLED display device.
  • OLED organic light emitting diode
  • a circular polarizing layer capable of changing light from linearly polarized light to circular polarized light
  • a polarization layer on top of the circular polarization layer, and capable of switching a polarization direction of emitted light within the OLED display device
  • a second electronic means for causing the switching of polarization direction within independent segments of the polarization layer
  • synchronization means for synching refreshed OLEDs with the independent segments of the polarization layer.
  • the present invention has the advantage of providing a stereoscopic OLED display with full spatial resolution, without perceptible artifacts such as flicker and cross talk.
  • the present invention will ideally have a large color gamut and viewing angle as it will effectively produce and alter the handedness of circularly polarized light from a full color display.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing the temporal frequency required for a user to perceive a flashing light as not flickering as a function of the spatial frequency of the light source.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the vertical structure of a display device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a cross section of a series of OLEDs according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram depicting one embodiment of a display system of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating the process of displaying an image on a display device of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 a is a schematic diagram illustrating a pattern of OLEDs arranged in one possible pixel pattern according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 b is a schematic diagram illustrating a cross section of a display device depicting the structure underlying the pixels shown in FIG. 6 a.
  • FIG. 1 shows a function 2 , which is plotted based upon equations provided in Yang and Makous, 1994 (“Spatiotemporal separability in contrast sensitivity”, Vision Research 34(19), pp. 2569-2576) and depicts the temporal frequency at which a typical human observer can detect flicker as a function of the spatial frequency of the pattern that is being displayed.
  • the temporal frequency that is required to make a flashing light appear without flicker decreases as the spatial frequency of the flickering light increases. For this reason, when the luminance over an entire display is updated in unison, the display surface has a low spatial frequency and a high temporal frequency must be obtained to avoid the perception of flicker. However, if the luminance of a high frequency pattern is updated, the pattern has a higher spatial frequency and lower temporal frequencies are required to avoid the perception of flicker.
  • the update cycle will have to occur with a temporal frequency of greater than 50 Hz to avoid the perception of flicker.
  • this pattern will typically have a spatial frequency of 30 c/deg or higher and update cycles with temporal frequencies of less than 30 Hz may be used without producing the perception of flicker.
  • the function shown in FIG. 1 is one of a family of functions that vary as a function of other display characteristics.
  • different functions may be drawn for displays as a function of display luminance with higher sensitivities occurring for displays with higher luminance output.
  • the ideal update rates that produce a displayed image without flicker for a spatial pattern that is significantly higher than the spatial frequency of the display itself will typically be between 15 and 70 Hz.
  • FIG. 2 shows a side view of a monochrome display device of the present invention.
  • the display device 10 is composed of a two-dimensional array of light emitting elements 12 .
  • the display device 10 is coated with an optional linear polarizer 14 and a circular polarizer 16 , a first transparent electrical conductive layer 18 , and a switchable half wave plate 20 that may be used to reverse the handedness of the circular polarization.
  • a second conductive layer 22 is formed in columns over the columns of two-dimensional array of light emitting elements 12 . This layer may then be covered with a dielectric layer 24 , a protective layer 26 and an optional anti-glare coating 26 .
  • the display device 10 may be any solid state display device including plasma displays capable of forming a two dimensional image to a human observer and updating the image such that the information in each column of the display is updated synchronously with the switchable half wave plate.
  • the display device 10 will ideally be an OLED display device.
  • These display devices may include very simple structures comprising a single anode and cathode to more complex devices, such as passive matrix displays comprised of orthogonal arrays of anodes and cathodes to form pixels, and active-matrix displays where each pixel is controlled independently, for example, with a thin film transistor (TFT).
  • TFT thin film transistor
  • FIG. 3 A cross section of a typical light emitting OLED is shown in FIG. 3 .
  • the emitting element is comprised of a cathode layer 30 , an electron-transporting layer 32 , a light-emitting layer 34 , a hole-transporting layer 36 , an optional hole-injecting layer 38 , an anode layer 40 and a substrate 42 .
  • the substrate 42 may alternatively be located adjacent to the cathode 30 , or the substrate may actually constitute the anode 40 or cathode 30 .
  • the organic layers between the anode and cathode are conveniently referred to as the organic EL element.
  • the OLED device of this invention is typically provided over a supporting substrate 42 where either the cathode or anode can be in contact with the substrate.
  • the electrode in contact with the substrate is conveniently referred to as the bottom electrode.
  • the bottom electrode is the anode, but this invention is not limited to that configuration.
  • the substrate can either be light transmissive or opaque, depending on the intended direction of light emission. The light transmissive property is desirable for viewing the EL emission through the substrate. Transparent glass or plastic is commonly employed in such cases.
  • the transmissive characteristic of the bottom support is immaterial, and therefore can be light transmissive, light absorbing or light reflective.
  • Substrates for use in this case include, but are not limited to, glass, plastic, semiconductor materials, silicon, ceramics, and circuit board materials. Of course it is necessary to provide in these device configurations a light-transparent top electrode.
  • the anode When EL emission is viewed through anode 40 , the anode should be transparent or substantially transparent to the emission of interest.
  • Common transparent anode materials used in this invention are indium-tin oxide (ITO), indium-zinc oxide (IZO) and tin oxide, but other metal oxides can work including, but not limited to, aluminum-or indium-doped zinc oxide, magnesium-indium oxide, and nickel-tungsten oxide.
  • metal nitrides such as gallium nitride
  • metal selenides such as zinc selenide
  • metal sulfides such as zinc sulfide
  • the transmissive characteristics of anode are immaterial and any conductive material can be used, transparent, opaque or reflective.
  • Example conductors for this application include, but are not limited to, gold, iridium, molybdenum, palladium, and platinum.
  • Typical anode materials, transmissive or otherwise, have a work function of 4.1 eV or greater. Desired anode materials are commonly deposited by any suitable means such as evaporation, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, or electrochemical means.
  • Anodes can be patterned using well-known photolithographic processes.
  • hole-injecting layer 38 It is often useful to provide a hole-injecting layer 38 be provided between anode 40 and hole-transporting layer 36 .
  • the hole-injecting material can serve to improve the film formation property of subsequent organic layers and to facilitate injection of holes into the hole-transporting layer.
  • Suitable materials for use in the hole-injecting layer include, but are not limited to, porphyrinic compounds as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,720,432, and plasma-deposited fluorocarbon polymers as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,208,075.
  • Alternative hole-injecting materials reportedly useful in organic EL devices are described in EP 0 891 121 A1 and EP 1 029 909 A1.
  • the hole-transporting layer 36 contains at least one hole-transporting compound such as an aromatic tertiary amine, where the latter is understood to be a compound containing at least one trivalent nitrogen atom that is bonded only to carbon atoms, at least one of which is a member of an aromatic ring.
  • the aromatic tertiary amine can be an arylamine, such as a monoarylamine, diarylamine, triarylamine, or a polymeric arylamine. Exemplary monomeric triarylamines are illustrated by Klupfel et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,180,730.
  • Other suitable triarylamines substituted with one or more vinyl radicals and/or comprising at least one active hydrogen containing group are disclosed by Brantley et al U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,567,450 and 3,658,520.
  • a more preferred class of aromatic tertiary amines are those which include at least two aromatic tertiary amine moieties as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,720,432 and 5,061,569.
  • the hole-transporting layer can be formed of a single or a mixture of aromatic tertiary amine compounds.
  • Illustrative of useful aromatic tertiary amines are the following:
  • Another class of useful hole-transporting materials includes polycyclic aromatic compounds as described in EP 1 009 041.
  • polymeric hole-transporting materials can be used such as poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK), polythiophenes, polypyrrole, polyaniline, and copolymers such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) also called PEDOT/PSS.
  • the light-emitting layer (LEL) 34 of the organic EL element includes a luminescent or fluorescent material where electroluminescence is produced as a result of electron-hole pair recombination in this region.
  • the light-emitting layer can be comprised of a single material, but more commonly consists of a host material doped with a guest compound or compounds where light emission comes primarily from the dopant and can be of any color.
  • the host materials in the light-emitting layer can be an electron-transporting material, as defined below, a hole-transporting material, as defined above, or another material or combination of materials that support hole-electron recombination.
  • the dopant is usually chosen from highly fluorescent dyes, but phosphorescent compounds, e.g., transition metal complexes as described in WO 98/55561, WO 00/18851, WO 00/57676, and WO 00/70655 are also useful. Dopants are typically coated as 0.01 to 10% by weight into the host material. Polymeric materials such as polyfluorenes and polyvinylarylenes (e.g., poly(p-phenylenevinylene), PPV) can also be used as the host material. In this case, small molecule dopants can be molecularly dispersed into the polymeric host, or the dopant could be added by copolymerizing a minor constituent into the host polymer.
  • phosphorescent compounds e.g., transition metal complexes as described in WO 98/55561, WO 00/18851, WO 00/57676, and WO 00/70655 are also useful.
  • Dopants are typically coated as 0.01 to 10%
  • Host and emitting molecules known to be of use include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,768,292; 5,141,671; 5,150,006; 5,151,629; 5,405,709; 5,484,922; 5,593,788; 5,645,948; 5,683,823; 5,755,999; 5,928,802; 5,935,720; 5,935,721; and 6,020,078.
  • oxine 8-hydroxyquinoline
  • oxine 8-hydroxyquinoline
  • oxine 8-hydroxyquinoline
  • useful host compounds capable of supporting electroluminescence.
  • useful chelated oxinoid compounds are the following:
  • useful host materials include, but are not limited to: derivatives of anthracene, such as 9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)anthracene and derivatives thereof, distyrylarylene derivatives as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,121,029, and benzazole derivatives, for example, 2,2′,2′′-(1,3,5-phenylene)tris[1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazole].
  • derivatives of anthracene such as 9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)anthracene and derivatives thereof
  • distyrylarylene derivatives as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,121,029
  • benzazole derivatives for example, 2,2′,2′′-(1,3,5-phenylene)tris[1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazole].
  • Useful fluorescent dopants include, but are not limited to, derivatives of anthracene, tetracene, xanthene, perylene, rubrene, coumarin, rhodamine, quinacridone, dicyanomethylenepyran compounds, thiopyran compounds, polymethine compounds, pyrilium and thiapyrilium compounds, fluorene derivatives, periflanthene derivatives and carbostyryl compounds.
  • Preferred thin film-forming materials for use in forming the electron-transporting layer 32 of the organic EL elements of this invention are metal chelated oxinoid compounds, including chelates of oxine itself (also commonly referred to as 8-quinolinol or 8-hydroxyquinoline). Such compounds help to inject and transport electrons, exhibit high levels of performance, and are readily fabricated in the form of thin films. Exemplary oxinoid compounds were listed previously.
  • electron-transporting materials include various butadiene derivatives as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,356,429 and various heterocyclic optical brighteners as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,539,507. Benzazoles and triazines are also useful electron-transporting materials.
  • layers 32 and 34 can optionally be collapsed into a single layer that serves the function of supporting both light emission and electron transport. These layers can be collapsed in both small molecule OLED systems and in polymeric OLED systems.
  • a hole-transporting layer such as PEDOT-PSS with a polymeric light-emitting layer such as PPV.
  • PPV serves the function of supporting both light emission and electron transport.
  • the cathode 40 used in this invention can be comprised of nearly any conductive material. Desirable materials have good film-forming properties to ensure good contact with the underlying organic layer, promote electron injection at low voltage, and have good stability. Useful cathode materials often contain a low work function metal ( ⁇ 4.0 eV) or metal alloy.
  • One preferred cathode material is comprised of a Mg:Ag alloy wherein the percentage of silver is in the range of 1 to 20%, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,885,221.
  • cathode materials include bilayers comprising a thin electron-injection layer (EIL) in contact with the organic layer (e.g., ETL) which is capped with a thicker layer of a conductive metal.
  • EIL electron-injection layer
  • the EIL preferably includes a low work function metal or metal salt, and if so, the thicker capping layer does not need to have a low work function.
  • One such cathode is comprised of a thin layer of LiF followed by a thicker layer of Al as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,572.
  • Other useful cathode material sets include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,059,861; 5,059,862, and 6,140,763.
  • Cathode materials are typically deposited by evaporation, sputtering, or chemical vapor deposition. When needed, patterning can be achieved through many well known methods including, but not limited to, through-mask deposition, integral shadow masking as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,276,380 and EP 0 732 868, laser ablation, and selective chemical vapor deposition.
  • the organic materials mentioned above are suitably deposited through a vapor-phase method such as sublimation, but can be deposited from a fluid, for example, from a solvent with an optional binder to improve film formation. If the material is a polymer, solvent deposition is useful but other methods can be used, such as sputtering or thermal transfer from a donor sheet.
  • the material to be deposited by sublimation can be vaporized from a sublimator “boat” often comprised of a tantalum material, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,237,529, or can be first coated onto a donor sheet and then sublimed in closer proximity to the substrate.
  • Layers with a mixture of materials can utilize separate sublimator boats or the materials can be pre-mixed and coated from a single boat or donor sheet. Patterned deposition can be achieved using shadow masks, integral shadow masks (U.S. Pat. No. 5,294,870), spatially-defined thermal dye transfer from a donor sheet (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,851,709 and 6,066,357) and inkjet method (U.S. Pat. No. 6,066,357).
  • OLED devices are sensitive to moisture or oxygen, or both, so they are commonly sealed in an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon, along with a desiccant such as alumina, bauxite, calcium sulfate, clays, silica gel, zeolites, alkaline metal oxides, alkaline earth metal oxides, sulfates, or metal halides and perchlorates.
  • a desiccant such as alumina, bauxite, calcium sulfate, clays, silica gel, zeolites, alkaline metal oxides, alkaline earth metal oxides, sulfates, or metal halides and perchlorates.
  • Methods for encapsulation and desiccation include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,226,890.
  • barrier layers such as SiOx, Teflon, and alternating inorganic/polymeric layers are known in the art for encapsulation.
  • OLED devices of this invention can employ various well-known optical effects in order to enhance its properties if desired. This includes optimizing layer thicknesses to yield maximum light transmission, providing dielectric mirror structures, replacing reflective electrodes with light-absorbing electrodes, or providing colored, neutral density, or color conversion filters over the display.
  • the light may become linearly polarized by passing the light through a coating that acts as a quarter-wave plate to linearly polarize the light.
  • This layer is referred to as the linear polarizing layer 14 .
  • This layer will generally be deposited as a single coating layer across the entire surface of the display and can be composed of any material that provides linear polarization.
  • the OLED materials may be deposited such that the light emitting molecules are aligned to emit linear polarized light. This may be achieved by applying the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,485,884 or any other acceptable method.
  • the linear polarized light is circularly polarized by passing it through a half wave plate.
  • This circular polarizing layer 16 will also normally be deposited as a sheet across the monochrome display device but may also be deposited in columns or in a two-dimensional array across the display device.
  • This circular polarizer will ideally be achromatic, allowing similar performance for all wavelengths within the visible spectrum, however, since these layers are typically not achromatic, the center wavelength of this material will be matched to the color of the light emitting element(s) of the display that this material covers. As will be discussed in more detail later, when covering a full color display, this layer may be formed from columns or other patterns of different materials with different center wavelengths where the wavelength of the material is matched to the emission of the light emitting element(s) that it covers.
  • the first conductive layer 18 and the second conductive layer 22 should be transparent or substantially transparent to the emission of interest.
  • Common transparent anode materials used in this invention are indium-tin oxide (ITO), indium-zinc oxide (IZO) and tin oxide, but other metal oxides can work including, but not limited to, aluminum-or indium-doped zinc oxide, magnesium-indium oxide, and nickel-tungsten oxide.
  • metal nitrides such as gallium nitride
  • metal selenides such as zinc selenide
  • metal sulfides such as zinc sulfide
  • Desired anode materials are commonly deposited by any suitable means such as evaporation, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, or coating.
  • each segment will cover a subset of the pixels in the display.
  • each segment will cover a column of light emitting elements in the display. However, it may cover any individual light emitting element or some arrangement of a number of light emitting elements on the display device.
  • the switchable half-wave plate 20 may be provided by any material that is capable of switching the direction of polarization of the circularly polarized light.
  • a switchable layer may be provided by liquid crystal materials. These materials may include bi-stable cholesteric, neumatic, and ferroelectric liquid chrystalized materials that are capable of changing the handedness of the polarization of the circularly polarized light.
  • This waveplate will ideally be achromatic, allowing similar performance for all wavelengths within the visible spectrum. However, since the many of the materials available to create this layer are not achromatic, the center wavelength of this material will be matched to the color of the light emitting element(s) of the display that this material covers.
  • this layer when covering a full color display, this layer may be formed from columns or other patterns of different materials with different center wavelengths where the wavelength of the material is matched to the emission of the light emitting element(s) that it covers.
  • This material layer, as well as the conductive layers, may be patterned such that each column or other arrangement of light emitting elements 12 in the display device 10 emit light through a column of the switchable half-wave plate 20 .
  • the dielectric layer 22 will provide electrical isolation between the segments of the patterned conductive layers and the front surface of the device. This dielectric layer can be formed as a sheet over the front of the device.
  • the protective layer 24 will be any layer that will provides protection to the materials in the stack between the display OLED display device and the front of the display materials.
  • This protective layer will typically be a durable coating such as PET which provides mechanical stabilization of the materials.
  • the anti-glare layer 26 may be any material that reduces glare from incident light from being reflected from the front surfaces of the display device stack. This layer may also be a surface treatment that is applied to the protective layer to produce diffuse reflection of highly specular beams of incident light.
  • the display device 10 and the switchable half wave plate 20 are driven synchronously.
  • the handedness of the polarization of light emitted by a column of the light emitting elements within the display device may be changed at the same time new data is clocked into a column of the light emitting elements.
  • the light emitting elements would be switched to produce no light emission, the handedness of the polarization of the half wave plate will be changed and the column of light emitting elements would be switched to produce light emission for the next frame of data. This allows time for the handedness of the polarization of the half wave plate to be switched before the next frame of information is displayed on the light emitting elements.
  • This drive scheme compensates for the fact that materials used to create a switchable half wave plate are often composed of large molecules in a liquid or semi-liquid matrix which require some time to rotate, allowing unpolarized or incorrectly polarized light to unintentionally “leak” from the display device. Since the light emitting elements are ideally composed of OLED or similar materials that have a very fast response rate, the light emission from these materials can be switched on or off instanteously, preventing unintentional light to leak from the display device. Alternatively, the handedness of the polarization of the half wave plate for a column will can be changed at the time that data is beginning to be clocked into the column of light emitting elements.
  • the display device of the present invention is employed in a display system as shown in FIG. 4 .
  • the display system is composed of a image buffer for the left eye image 50 , an image buffer for the right eye image 52 , a pixel clock 54 produces a timing signal to clock the data from the image buffers into drivers that are integrated in the display device 10 .
  • the signal to drive the handedness of the polarization by changing the electrical signal to the second conductive layer may be produced by the drivers in the display.
  • a circuit may be built to determine when data is to be clocked into a new column of the display and to change the electrical signal to the second conductive layer 22 in order to change the handedness of the polarization provided by the switchable half wave plate 20 .
  • a stereoscopic image is displayed as shown in FIG. 5 .
  • An image to be displayed to the left eye is loaded 60 into the image buffer for the left eye 50 and an image to be displayed to the right eye is loaded 62 into the image buffer for the right eye 52 .
  • the switchable half wave plate 20 for the first column of the display device 10 is set 64 to adjust the circular polarization of the first column is to a first handedness of the polarization and the first column of data in the image buffer for the left eye 50 , the data is clocked 66 into the first column of the display device 10 .
  • the switchable half wave plate 20 for the second column of the display is set 68 to adjust the circular polarization of the second column to a second handedness of the polarization and the second column of data in the image buffer for the right eye 52 is then clocked 70 into the second column of the display device 10 .
  • switchable half wave plate 20 for the first column of the display device 10 is set 74 to adjust the circular polarization of the first column to the second handedness of the polarization and the first column of data in the image buffer for the right eye 52 is clocked 76 into the first column of the display device.
  • the switchable half wave plate 20 for the second column of the display is set 78 to adjust the circular polarization of the second column to the first handedness of the polarization and the second column of data in the image buffer for the left eye 52 is then clocked 80 into the second column of the display device 10 .
  • circularly polarized elements For an observer to see half of the columns of the image in one eye and the other half in the other eye in order to allow a stereoscopic image to be displayed, circularly polarized elements must be placed between the display device 10 and the observers' eyes. Each of these elements will have opposing polarization. Therefore, in one cycle, the left eye of the observer will see the even numbered columns of the display in a single update cycle while the right eye will see the odd numbered columns of the display. For this reason, each eye will be presented with an image that has half the resolution of the display device.
  • the two frames are integrated as a single image by the human visual system. Therefore, this display system avoids the perception of flicker and increases the perceived resolution of the display device 10 in such a way to take advantage of the spatial-temporal integration properties of the human eye. Therefore, the human eye will see each of the columns of pixels as though they are turned on constantly except, the display will appear only half as bright as it would if the observer was really able to see every light emitting element at every moment in time.
  • the display system of the present invention may be driven using the process shown in FIG. 4 to create a stereoscopic display system when viewed with a pair of glasses with circularly polarized elements
  • this same display device can be driven to allow a monoscopic image to be viewed when the circular polarized elements are not placed between the display device 10 and the observers' eyes.
  • This may be achieved by setting the handedness of the polarization of every column of the switchable half wave plate 20 to a single handedness of the polarization and displaying an image from a single image buffer on the display device 10 .
  • a sensor for example an infrared sensor
  • An illumination source for example an infrared light emitting diode
  • the display device may then operate in stereoscopic mode anytime the infrared light emitting diode is visible to the illumination source and operate in monoscopic the infrared light emitting diode is not visible to the infrared sensor.
  • the display will be more efficient in transmitting the light from some light emitting elements than from others. Further, the liquid crystal layers will introduce a color shift that is dependent upon drive level of the individual light emitting elements. Since the color science that is embedded in most electronic displays, assume that the color of the display system can be modeled as an additive system in which the color of the individual light emitting elements does not change as a function of drive level, to create a display system that is calorimetrically accurate one would have to develop specialized and significantly more complex image processing to correct for this display artifact.
  • FIG. 6 a shows the top view of a color display device 100 that is composed of a two-dimensional array of pixels 102 .
  • Each pixel is typically composed of a red light emitting element 104 , a green light emitting element 106 , and a blue light emitting element 108 .
  • the color display device 100 may be constructed using a stripe arrangement of red 104 , green 106 , and blue 108 light emitting elements in which each column of the display device contains light emitting elements of a single color.
  • a linear polarizing layer 14 is optionally applied over the light emitting elements.
  • FIG. 6 b shows a horizontal cross section of the display device depicted in FIG. 6 a . Note that in this display device the circular polarizer and the switchable half wave plate for the red, green, and blue light emitting elements are each patterned from three different materials, each of which has an intrinsic spectral bandwidth that is centered near the peak of the underlying red, green, or blue light emitting element.
  • the intrinsic spectral bandwidth of the materials used to form the circular polarizer 112 and switchable half wave plate 114 over the blue light emitting element 108 has a centered at a lower wavelength than the circular polarizer 116 and switchable half wave plate 118 that is pattered over the green light emitting element 106 . Further, the intrinsic spectral bandwidth of the materials used to form the circular polarizer 116 and switchable half wave plate 118 over the green light emitting element 106 is centered at a lower wavelength than the circular polarizer 120 and switchable half wave plate 122 that is pattered over the red light emitting element 104 .
  • the first electrical conductive layer 18 and second conductive layer 22 and other components are as shown in FIG. 2 .
  • every other pixel may be given a different handedness of the polarization from each other and this handedness of the polarization may be switched in each update cycle.
  • the spatial frequency of the signal may be increased even further if every other column of light emitting elements are given a different handedness of the polarization, which is then reversed at each update cycle.
  • the data input to the display device must be configured to provide right eye information when the handedness of polarization is such that it allows light to pass to the right eye of the observer and provides left eye information when the handedness of the polarization is such that it allows light to pass to the left eye of the observer.
  • this display device may be switched to a monoscopic display device by making the handedness of the polarization of each light emitting element the same across the entire display device.
  • the color display device may be constructed with columns of circular polarizers and/or switchable half wave plates, individual circular polarizers and switchable half wave plates may be pattered over rows of light emitting elements, individual light emitting elements or any alternative, arrangement of light emitting element(s) that form a spatial pattern in the display device.
  • the handedness of the polarization may be switched using any spatial arrangement.
  • the light emitting elements maybe addressed such that a checkerboard pattern of light emitting elements have one handedness of polarization and the remaining light emitting elements have a second handedness of polarization.
  • the display device shown in FIG. 6 a and FIG. 6 b has red, green, and blue light emitting elements
  • the light emitting elements may be of other colors; including the secondary colors (e.g., yellow, cyan, magenta), white, etc.
  • the secondary colors e.g., yellow, cyan, magenta
  • the circular polarizing layer and/or the switchable half wave plate may be each be composed of multiple layers; each layer having a center wavelength that is matched to the peaks in the spectral emission of the light emitting elements. These layers will ideally be ordered such that the layers closest to the observer will have center frequencies that match the peaks that make the largest contribution to the luminance of the light emitting element.
  • the required refresh rate can be further reduced by creating a color OLED display wherein each pixel has four light emitting elements where in two of the four light emitting elements have the same color. One of these two light emitting elements is used to display the appropriate colored light emitting element for the left eye while the other light emitting element is used to display the appropriate colored light emitting element for the right eye. These light emitting elements are not refreshed as described in FIG. 5 but display the appropriate information from each image buffer. Simultaneously, the remaining light emitting elements can be updated using the process discussed in FIG. 5 .
  • the fact that one colored pixel is not altered frame to frame further reduces the perception of flicker and the required update rate.
  • the light emitting element that contributes the most to the luminance of the pixel should be consistent frame to frame.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)

Abstract

A switchable stereoscopic display system, wherein the switchable stereoscopic display system can display two-dimensional and three-dimensional images, includes: an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display device; Electronics that rapidly updates individual OLEDs; and a linearly polarizer for the OLED display device. Additionally, a circular polarizing layer changes light from linearly polarized light to circular polarized light. A polarization layer, on top of the circular polarization layer, switches a polarization direction of emitted light within the OLED display device. Other electronics switches the polarization direction within independent segments of the polarization layer. Refreshed OLEDs are synched with the independent segments of the polarization layer.

Description

    CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
  • This is a Continuation Application of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/742,091, filed 19 Dec. 2003.
  • FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • The invention relates generally to the field of Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) Displays, and in particular to Stereoscopic OLED displays. More specifically, the invention relates to an OLED display that provides a stereoscopic image using polarized light.
  • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) displays are known in the art. These displays are typically formed from a two-dimensional array of light emitting OLEDs. These solid-state emissive displays typically provide a high contrast ratio for static and dynamic patterns and wide viewing angle, thus providing a very high quality two-dimensional image.
  • Stereoscopic displays are also known in the art. These displays may be formed using a number of techniques; including barrier screens such as discussed by Montgomery in U.S. Pat. No. 6,459,532 and optical elements such as lenticular lenses as discussed by Tutt et al in U.S. Patent Application 2002/0075566. Each of these techniques concentrates the light from the display into a narrow viewing angle, providing an auto-stereoscopic image. Unfortunately, these techniques typically reduce the perceived spatial resolution of the display since half of the columns in the display are used to display an image to either the right or left eye. These displays also reduce the viewing angle of the display, reducing the ability for multiple users to share and discuss the stereoscopic image that is being shown on the display.
  • Among the most commercially successful stereoscopic displays to date have been displays that either employed some method of shuttering light such that the light from one frame of data is able to enter only the left or right eye and left and right eye images are shown in rapid succession. Two methods have been employed in this domain; including displays that employ active shutter glasses or passive polarizing glasses. Systems employing shutter glasses display either a right or left eye image while an observer wears active LCD shutters that allow the light from the display to pass to only the appropriate eye. While this technique has the advantage that it allows a user to see the full resolution of the display and allow the user to switch from a monoscopic to a stereoscopic viewing mode, the update rate of the display is typically on the order of 120 Hz, providing a 60 Hz image to each eye. At this relatively low refresh rate, most observers will experience flicker resulting in significant discomfort if the display is used for more than a few minutes within a single viewing session. Even when the display is refreshed at significantly higher rates, flicker is often visible when the display is large and/or high in luminance.
  • Displays employing polarization have also been discussed and employed. For example, Wolk et al in U.S. Pat. No. 6,485,884 has discussed the design and manufacture of an OLED display that emits linear polarized light and that can be used to provide a stereoscopic display. Using this approach, the organic materials are oriented when patterned onto the substrate such that they emit linearly polarized light. When these materials are patterned such that alternating columns have different linear polarizations and the observer wears glasses in which each lens has a different linear polarization, each eye sees the light from alternating columns in the display. Using this display, a stereoscopic image can be displayed with every other column of pixels from the left and right eye images being displayed on alternating columns of the display. While this method provides a stereoscopic image, the resulting stereoscopic image has half the spatial resolution of display. Since the polarization is permanently fixed during the manufacture of the display, alternating columns on this display always have different polarizations and alternating columns will vary significantly in appearance when the display is viewed without polarized glasses that provide the stereoscopic effect, making the display of little use when viewed without appropriately polarized glasses. Further, it is well known that stereoscopic displays formed using linear polarization suffer from a number of artifacts; including narrowing of display's viewing angle and cross-talk (i.e., leakage of light intended for one eye to the other eye) when the linear polarized glasses are turned to an angle other than perpendicular to the columns of the display.
  • It is known in the art that displays employing circularly polarized light provide many advantages over displays that employ linear polarized displays. Specifically, these displays do not suffer from significantly increased cross-talk when the observer tilts his or her head. These displays typically provide a linear polarizing layer, a quarter-wave plate to create circularly polarized light, and a switchable or patterned half-wave plate to rotate the handedness of the polarization for half of the image. Byatt, 1981 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,281,341) has described a system employing a switchable polarizer that is placed in front of a CRT and performs very similarly to shutter glasses, using the polarization to select which eye will see each image. This system has the advantage over shutter glasses that the user does not need to wear active glasses, but otherwise suffers from the same deficiencies, including flicker.
  • Lipton, 1985 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,523,226) described a display system that will not suffer from flicker, but instead uses two separate video displays and optics to present the images from the two screens appropriately for the two eyes. While this display system does not suffer from the same visual artifacts as the system employing switchable polarization that was described by Byatt, the system requires two separate visual displays and additional optics, providing increasing the cost of such a system.
  • Circular polarization has also been used in systems to provide lower resolution images without flicker, using an approach that is similar to that employed in barrier screen displays. Lipton 1997 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,975) and Ma, 2000 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,020,941) each describe display systems where alternating columns of a display device are each provided with circular polarizers that are arranged in columns, such that alternating columns provide light that is circularly polarized with left and right handed orientation. By changing the handedness of the polarization in this way, and by wearing polarized glasses, each eye is provided alternating columns of the information from the display. However, as the handedness of the polarization of the light is kept constant during display of stereoscopic imagery, the resolution is reduced due to the fact that each eye can only see half of the columns of the display while viewing stereoscopic imagery. Faris, 1998 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,717) and Faris, 2002 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,359,664) have described similar displays that provide stereoscopic images by arranging a two-dimensional array of micropolarizers on a display surface with each eye being able to see a checkerboard pattern of the image. These micropolarizers are static and therefore each of the observers' eyes once again see only half the resolution of the display. It is notable, that since each eye sees only half the area of the display, the perceived brightness of the display is also reduced by a factor of two. These polarized displays suffer from one additional constraint due to the fact that the transmission of the polarizing layer is wavelength dependent. Because of this effect, the color purity of the display and often the viewing angle is reduced by the presence of the polarizer as different colored pixels of light pass through a single polarizer that has not been optimized to transmit the luminance at the center wavelength of the emitted light.
  • Kalmanash in U.S. Pat. No. 4,877,307 discussed the wavelength sensitivity of the circular polarizing layer and proposed a CRT with three sheets of circular polarizers that are stacked between a linear polarizing layer and an active retarder for manipulating the handedness of the polarization. In this display device, each of the circular polarizing layers are composed of materials having a center wavelength that is matched to the peak wavelength of the red, green, and blue emitters in the display device. This stack of three circular polarizing layers was proposed to improve the circular polarization of the colored light from the three-color display. Unfortunately, Kalmanash does not address the problem that each of the circular polarizers can affect polarization over a range of wavelengths and therefore the circular polarizers at the top of the stack may interfere with and, for some wavelengths of the light, will reduce the circular polarization that is introduced by the circular polarizers at the bottom of the stack. Kalmanash also fails to solve the problem that the active half-wave retarded that is used to rotate the handedness of the circular polarization is also highly wavelength dependent and is therefore incapable of fully changing the handedness of circular polarized light that includes a broad range of wavelengths with multiple peaks as is common within a color imaging device.
  • PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED BY THE INVENTION
  • The present invention solves problems related to stereoscopic displays including cost, perceived spatial resolution, viewing angle distortion, and reduced brightness.
  • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention is directed to overcoming one or more of the problems set forth above. Briefly summarized, one aspect of the present invention provides a switchable stereoscopic display system, wherein the switchable stereoscopic display system can display two-dimensional and three-dimensional images, that includes an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display device; a first electronic means for rapidly updating individual OLEDs; and means for linearly polarizing the OLED display device. Also included in the present invention are a circular polarizing layer capable of changing light from linearly polarized light to circular polarized light; a polarization layer, on top of the circular polarization layer, and capable of switching a polarization direction of emitted light within the OLED display device; a second electronic means for causing the switching of polarization direction within independent segments of the polarization layer; and synchronization means for synching refreshed OLEDs with the independent segments of the polarization layer.
  • ADVANTAGEOUS EFFECT OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention has the advantage of providing a stereoscopic OLED display with full spatial resolution, without perceptible artifacts such as flicker and cross talk. The present invention will ideally have a large color gamut and viewing angle as it will effectively produce and alter the handedness of circularly polarized light from a full color display.
  • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • The above and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent when taken in conjunction with the following description and drawings wherein identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate identical features that are common to the figures, and wherein:
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing the temporal frequency required for a user to perceive a flashing light as not flickering as a function of the spatial frequency of the light source.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the vertical structure of a display device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a cross section of a series of OLEDs according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram depicting one embodiment of a display system of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating the process of displaying an image on a display device of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 a is a schematic diagram illustrating a pattern of OLEDs arranged in one possible pixel pattern according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 b is a schematic diagram illustrating a cross section of a display device depicting the structure underlying the pixels shown in FIG. 6 a.
  • To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate identical elements that are common to the figures.
  • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • The invention described herein takes advantage of the fact that while the human visual system is sensitive to patterns that are displayed with high temporal frequency when these patterns are displayed with low spatial frequency, the human visual sensitivity has relatively low sensitivity to patterns that are displayed with high temporal frequencies when the spatial pattern is also high in frequency. FIG. 1 shows a function 2, which is plotted based upon equations provided in Yang and Makous, 1994 (“Spatiotemporal separability in contrast sensitivity”, Vision Research 34(19), pp. 2569-2576) and depicts the temporal frequency at which a typical human observer can detect flicker as a function of the spatial frequency of the pattern that is being displayed. As is well known in the art of visual psychophysics, the temporal frequency that is required to make a flashing light appear without flicker decreases as the spatial frequency of the flickering light increases. For this reason, when the luminance over an entire display is updated in unison, the display surface has a low spatial frequency and a high temporal frequency must be obtained to avoid the perception of flicker. However, if the luminance of a high frequency pattern is updated, the pattern has a higher spatial frequency and lower temporal frequencies are required to avoid the perception of flicker.
  • Looking at FIG. 1, if a pattern is displayed, such that the spatial pattern is such that the spatial frequency is less than 10 c/deg, as is typical when an entire display is updated in a single refresh cycle, the update cycle will have to occur with a temporal frequency of greater than 50 Hz to avoid the perception of flicker. However, if every other column of a high-resolution display is updated in one update cycle, this pattern will typically have a spatial frequency of 30 c/deg or higher and update cycles with temporal frequencies of less than 30 Hz may be used without producing the perception of flicker. It should be noted that the function shown in FIG. 1 is one of a family of functions that vary as a function of other display characteristics. For example, different functions may be drawn for displays as a function of display luminance with higher sensitivities occurring for displays with higher luminance output. Depending upon the luminance, the size of the display device, the ideal update rates that produce a displayed image without flicker for a spatial pattern that is significantly higher than the spatial frequency of the display itself will typically be between 15 and 70 Hz.
  • This property of the human visual system may be exploited to form a stereoscopic flat panel display as shown in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 shows a side view of a monochrome display device of the present invention. As shown in this figure, the display device 10 is composed of a two-dimensional array of light emitting elements 12. The display device 10 is coated with an optional linear polarizer 14 and a circular polarizer 16, a first transparent electrical conductive layer 18, and a switchable half wave plate 20 that may be used to reverse the handedness of the circular polarization. A second conductive layer 22 is formed in columns over the columns of two-dimensional array of light emitting elements 12. This layer may then be covered with a dielectric layer 24, a protective layer 26 and an optional anti-glare coating 26.
  • The display device 10 may be any solid state display device including plasma displays capable of forming a two dimensional image to a human observer and updating the image such that the information in each column of the display is updated synchronously with the switchable half wave plate. However, the display device 10, will ideally be an OLED display device. These display devices may include very simple structures comprising a single anode and cathode to more complex devices, such as passive matrix displays comprised of orthogonal arrays of anodes and cathodes to form pixels, and active-matrix displays where each pixel is controlled independently, for example, with a thin film transistor (TFT). There are numerous configurations of the organic layers wherein the present invention can be successfully practiced.
  • A cross section of a typical light emitting OLED is shown in FIG. 3. As shown in this figure, the emitting element is comprised of a cathode layer 30, an electron-transporting layer 32, a light-emitting layer 34, a hole-transporting layer 36, an optional hole-injecting layer 38, an anode layer 40 and a substrate 42. Note that the substrate 42 may alternatively be located adjacent to the cathode 30, or the substrate may actually constitute the anode 40 or cathode 30. The organic layers between the anode and cathode are conveniently referred to as the organic EL element.
  • The OLED device of this invention is typically provided over a supporting substrate 42 where either the cathode or anode can be in contact with the substrate. The electrode in contact with the substrate is conveniently referred to as the bottom electrode. Conventionally, the bottom electrode is the anode, but this invention is not limited to that configuration. The substrate can either be light transmissive or opaque, depending on the intended direction of light emission. The light transmissive property is desirable for viewing the EL emission through the substrate. Transparent glass or plastic is commonly employed in such cases. For applications where the EL emission is viewed through the top electrode, the transmissive characteristic of the bottom support is immaterial, and therefore can be light transmissive, light absorbing or light reflective. Substrates for use in this case include, but are not limited to, glass, plastic, semiconductor materials, silicon, ceramics, and circuit board materials. Of course it is necessary to provide in these device configurations a light-transparent top electrode.
  • When EL emission is viewed through anode 40, the anode should be transparent or substantially transparent to the emission of interest. Common transparent anode materials used in this invention are indium-tin oxide (ITO), indium-zinc oxide (IZO) and tin oxide, but other metal oxides can work including, but not limited to, aluminum-or indium-doped zinc oxide, magnesium-indium oxide, and nickel-tungsten oxide. In addition to these oxides, metal nitrides, such as gallium nitride, and metal selenides, such as zinc selenide, and metal sulfides, such as zinc sulfide, can be used as the anode. For applications where EL emission is viewed only through the cathode electrode, the transmissive characteristics of anode are immaterial and any conductive material can be used, transparent, opaque or reflective. Example conductors for this application include, but are not limited to, gold, iridium, molybdenum, palladium, and platinum. Typical anode materials, transmissive or otherwise, have a work function of 4.1 eV or greater. Desired anode materials are commonly deposited by any suitable means such as evaporation, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, or electrochemical means. Anodes can be patterned using well-known photolithographic processes.
  • It is often useful to provide a hole-injecting layer 38 be provided between anode 40 and hole-transporting layer 36. The hole-injecting material can serve to improve the film formation property of subsequent organic layers and to facilitate injection of holes into the hole-transporting layer. Suitable materials for use in the hole-injecting layer include, but are not limited to, porphyrinic compounds as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,720,432, and plasma-deposited fluorocarbon polymers as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,208,075. Alternative hole-injecting materials reportedly useful in organic EL devices are described in EP 0 891 121 A1 and EP 1 029 909 A1.
  • The hole-transporting layer 36 contains at least one hole-transporting compound such as an aromatic tertiary amine, where the latter is understood to be a compound containing at least one trivalent nitrogen atom that is bonded only to carbon atoms, at least one of which is a member of an aromatic ring. In one form the aromatic tertiary amine can be an arylamine, such as a monoarylamine, diarylamine, triarylamine, or a polymeric arylamine. Exemplary monomeric triarylamines are illustrated by Klupfel et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,180,730. Other suitable triarylamines substituted with one or more vinyl radicals and/or comprising at least one active hydrogen containing group are disclosed by Brantley et al U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,567,450 and 3,658,520.
  • A more preferred class of aromatic tertiary amines are those which include at least two aromatic tertiary amine moieties as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,720,432 and 5,061,569. The hole-transporting layer can be formed of a single or a mixture of aromatic tertiary amine compounds. Illustrative of useful aromatic tertiary amines are the following:
    • 1,1-Bis(4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl)cyclohexane
    • 1,1-Bis(4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl)-4-phenylcyclohexane
    • 4,4′-Bis(diphenylamino)quadriphenyl
    • Bis(4-dimethylamino-2-methylphenyl)-phenylmethane
    • N,N,N-Tri(p-tolyl)amine
    • 4-(di-p-tolylamino)-4′-[4(di-p-tolylamino)-styryl]stilbene
    • N,N,N′,N′-Tetra-p-tolyl-4-4′-diaminobiphenyl
    • N,N,N′,N′-Tetraphenyl-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl
    • N,N,N′,N′-tetra-1-naphthyl-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl
    • N,N,N′,N′-tetra-2-naphthyl-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl
    • N-Phenylcarbazole
    • 4,4′-Bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl
    • 4,4′-Bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-(2-naphthyl)amino]biphenyl
    • 4,4″-Bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]p-terphenyl
    • 4,4′-Bis[N-(2-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl
    • 4,4′-Bis[N-(3-acenaphthenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl
    • 1,5-Bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]naphthalene
    • 4,4′-Bis[N-(9-anthryl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl
    • 4,4″-Bis[N-(1-anthryl)-N-phenylamino]-p-terphenyl
    • 4,4′-Bis[N-(2-phenanthryl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl
    • 4,4′-Bis[N-(8-fluoranthenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl
    • 4,4′-Bis[N-(2-pyrenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl
    • 4,4′-Bis[N-(2-naphthacenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl
    • 4,4′-Bis[N-(2-perylenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl
    • 4,4′-Bis[N-(1-coronenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl
    • 2,6-Bis(di-p-tolylamino)naphthalene
    • 2,6-Bis[di-(1-naphthyl)amino]naphthalene
    • 2,6-Bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-(2-naphthyl)amino]naphthalene
    • N,N,N′,N′-Tetra(2-naphthyl)-4,4″-diamino-p-terphenyl
    • 4,4′-Bis{N-phenyl-N-[4-(1-naphthyl)-phenyl]amino}biphenyl
    • 4,4′-Bis[N-phenyl-N-(2-pyrenyl)amino]biphenyl
    • 2,6-Bis[N,N-di(2-naphthyl)amine]fluorene
    • 1,5-Bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]naphthalene
  • Another class of useful hole-transporting materials includes polycyclic aromatic compounds as described in EP 1 009 041. In addition, polymeric hole-transporting materials can be used such as poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK), polythiophenes, polypyrrole, polyaniline, and copolymers such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) also called PEDOT/PSS.
  • As more fully described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,769,292 and 5,935,721, the light-emitting layer (LEL) 34 of the organic EL element includes a luminescent or fluorescent material where electroluminescence is produced as a result of electron-hole pair recombination in this region. The light-emitting layer can be comprised of a single material, but more commonly consists of a host material doped with a guest compound or compounds where light emission comes primarily from the dopant and can be of any color. The host materials in the light-emitting layer can be an electron-transporting material, as defined below, a hole-transporting material, as defined above, or another material or combination of materials that support hole-electron recombination. The dopant is usually chosen from highly fluorescent dyes, but phosphorescent compounds, e.g., transition metal complexes as described in WO 98/55561, WO 00/18851, WO 00/57676, and WO 00/70655 are also useful. Dopants are typically coated as 0.01 to 10% by weight into the host material. Polymeric materials such as polyfluorenes and polyvinylarylenes (e.g., poly(p-phenylenevinylene), PPV) can also be used as the host material. In this case, small molecule dopants can be molecularly dispersed into the polymeric host, or the dopant could be added by copolymerizing a minor constituent into the host polymer.
  • An important relationship for choosing a dye as a dopant is a comparison of the bandgap potential which is defined as the energy difference between the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the molecule. For efficient energy transfer from the host to the dopant molecule, a necessary condition is that the band gap of the dopant is smaller than that of the host material.
  • Host and emitting molecules known to be of use include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,768,292; 5,141,671; 5,150,006; 5,151,629; 5,405,709; 5,484,922; 5,593,788; 5,645,948; 5,683,823; 5,755,999; 5,928,802; 5,935,720; 5,935,721; and 6,020,078.
  • Metal complexes of 8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine) and similar derivatives constitute one class of useful host compounds capable of supporting electroluminescence. Illustrative of useful chelated oxinoid compounds are the following:
    • CO-1: Aluminum trisoxine [alias, tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum(III)]
    • CO-2: Magnesium bisoxine [alias, bis(8-quinolinolato)magnesium(II)]
    • CO-3: Bis[benzo{f}-8-quinolinolato]zinc (II)
    • CO-4: Bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato)aluminum(III)-μ-oxo-bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato)aluminum(III)
    • CO-5: Indium trisoxine [alias, tris(8-quinolinolato)indium]
    • CO-6: Aluminum tris(5-methyloxine) [alias, tris(5-methyl-8-quinolinolato) aluminum(III)]
    • CO-7: Lithium oxine [alias, (8-quinolinolato)lithium(I)]
    • CO-8: Gallium oxine [alias, tris(8-quinolinolato)gallium(III)]
    • CO-9: Zirconium oxine [alias, tetra(8-quinolinolato)zirconium(IV)]
  • Other classes of useful host materials include, but are not limited to: derivatives of anthracene, such as 9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)anthracene and derivatives thereof, distyrylarylene derivatives as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,121,029, and benzazole derivatives, for example, 2,2′,2″-(1,3,5-phenylene)tris[1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazole].
  • Useful fluorescent dopants include, but are not limited to, derivatives of anthracene, tetracene, xanthene, perylene, rubrene, coumarin, rhodamine, quinacridone, dicyanomethylenepyran compounds, thiopyran compounds, polymethine compounds, pyrilium and thiapyrilium compounds, fluorene derivatives, periflanthene derivatives and carbostyryl compounds.
  • Preferred thin film-forming materials for use in forming the electron-transporting layer 32 of the organic EL elements of this invention are metal chelated oxinoid compounds, including chelates of oxine itself (also commonly referred to as 8-quinolinol or 8-hydroxyquinoline). Such compounds help to inject and transport electrons, exhibit high levels of performance, and are readily fabricated in the form of thin films. Exemplary oxinoid compounds were listed previously.
  • Other electron-transporting materials include various butadiene derivatives as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,356,429 and various heterocyclic optical brighteners as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,539,507. Benzazoles and triazines are also useful electron-transporting materials.
  • In some instances, layers 32 and 34 can optionally be collapsed into a single layer that serves the function of supporting both light emission and electron transport. These layers can be collapsed in both small molecule OLED systems and in polymeric OLED systems. For example, in polymeric systems, it is common to employ a hole-transporting layer such as PEDOT-PSS with a polymeric light-emitting layer such as PPV. In this system, PPV serves the function of supporting both light emission and electron transport.
  • When light emission is viewed solely through the anode, the cathode 40 used in this invention can be comprised of nearly any conductive material. Desirable materials have good film-forming properties to ensure good contact with the underlying organic layer, promote electron injection at low voltage, and have good stability. Useful cathode materials often contain a low work function metal (<4.0 eV) or metal alloy. One preferred cathode material is comprised of a Mg:Ag alloy wherein the percentage of silver is in the range of 1 to 20%, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,885,221. Another suitable class of cathode materials includes bilayers comprising a thin electron-injection layer (EIL) in contact with the organic layer (e.g., ETL) which is capped with a thicker layer of a conductive metal. Here, the EIL preferably includes a low work function metal or metal salt, and if so, the thicker capping layer does not need to have a low work function. One such cathode is comprised of a thin layer of LiF followed by a thicker layer of Al as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,572. Other useful cathode material sets include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,059,861; 5,059,862, and 6,140,763.
  • When light emission is viewed through the cathode, the cathode must be transparent or nearly transparent. For such applications, metals must be thin or one must use transparent conductive oxides, or a combination of these materials. Optically transparent cathodes have been described in more detail in the following. patents: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,885,211, 5,247,190, 5,703,436, 5,608,287, 5,837,391, 5,677,572, 5,776,622, 5,776,623, 5,714,838, 5,969,474, 5,739,545, 5,981,306, 6,137,223, 6,140,763, 6,172,459, EP 1 076 368, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,278,236. Cathode materials are typically deposited by evaporation, sputtering, or chemical vapor deposition. When needed, patterning can be achieved through many well known methods including, but not limited to, through-mask deposition, integral shadow masking as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,276,380 and EP 0 732 868, laser ablation, and selective chemical vapor deposition.
  • The organic materials mentioned above are suitably deposited through a vapor-phase method such as sublimation, but can be deposited from a fluid, for example, from a solvent with an optional binder to improve film formation. If the material is a polymer, solvent deposition is useful but other methods can be used, such as sputtering or thermal transfer from a donor sheet. The material to be deposited by sublimation can be vaporized from a sublimator “boat” often comprised of a tantalum material, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,237,529, or can be first coated onto a donor sheet and then sublimed in closer proximity to the substrate. Layers with a mixture of materials can utilize separate sublimator boats or the materials can be pre-mixed and coated from a single boat or donor sheet. Patterned deposition can be achieved using shadow masks, integral shadow masks (U.S. Pat. No. 5,294,870), spatially-defined thermal dye transfer from a donor sheet (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,851,709 and 6,066,357) and inkjet method (U.S. Pat. No. 6,066,357).
  • Most OLED devices are sensitive to moisture or oxygen, or both, so they are commonly sealed in an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon, along with a desiccant such as alumina, bauxite, calcium sulfate, clays, silica gel, zeolites, alkaline metal oxides, alkaline earth metal oxides, sulfates, or metal halides and perchlorates. Methods for encapsulation and desiccation include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,226,890. In addition, barrier layers such as SiOx, Teflon, and alternating inorganic/polymeric layers are known in the art for encapsulation.
  • OLED devices of this invention can employ various well-known optical effects in order to enhance its properties if desired. This includes optimizing layer thicknesses to yield maximum light transmission, providing dielectric mirror structures, replacing reflective electrodes with light-absorbing electrodes, or providing colored, neutral density, or color conversion filters over the display.
  • To achieve circular polarization of the light that is emitted from the OLED display, it is first necessary to achieve linearly polarized light. In this display device, the light may become linearly polarized by passing the light through a coating that acts as a quarter-wave plate to linearly polarize the light. This layer is referred to as the linear polarizing layer 14. This layer will generally be deposited as a single coating layer across the entire surface of the display and can be composed of any material that provides linear polarization.
  • Alternatively to providing a linear polarizing layer in an OLED display, the OLED materials may be deposited such that the light emitting molecules are aligned to emit linear polarized light. This may be achieved by applying the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,485,884 or any other acceptable method.
  • The linear polarized light is circularly polarized by passing it through a half wave plate. This circular polarizing layer 16 will also normally be deposited as a sheet across the monochrome display device but may also be deposited in columns or in a two-dimensional array across the display device. This circular polarizer will ideally be achromatic, allowing similar performance for all wavelengths within the visible spectrum, however, since these layers are typically not achromatic, the center wavelength of this material will be matched to the color of the light emitting element(s) of the display that this material covers. As will be discussed in more detail later, when covering a full color display, this layer may be formed from columns or other patterns of different materials with different center wavelengths where the wavelength of the material is matched to the emission of the light emitting element(s) that it covers.
  • The first conductive layer 18 and the second conductive layer 22 should be transparent or substantially transparent to the emission of interest. Common transparent anode materials used in this invention are indium-tin oxide (ITO), indium-zinc oxide (IZO) and tin oxide, but other metal oxides can work including, but not limited to, aluminum-or indium-doped zinc oxide, magnesium-indium oxide, and nickel-tungsten oxide. In addition to these oxides, metal nitrides, such as gallium nitride, and metal selenides, such as zinc selenide, and metal sulfides, such as zinc sulfide, can be used as the anode. Desired anode materials are commonly deposited by any suitable means such as evaporation, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, or coating.
  • One or more of these layers will ideally be patterned into segments wherein each segment covers a subset of the pixels in the display. Ideally, each segment will cover a column of light emitting elements in the display. However, it may cover any individual light emitting element or some arrangement of a number of light emitting elements on the display device.
  • The switchable half-wave plate 20 may be provided by any material that is capable of switching the direction of polarization of the circularly polarized light. Such a switchable layer may be provided by liquid crystal materials. These materials may include bi-stable cholesteric, neumatic, and ferroelectric liquid chrystalized materials that are capable of changing the handedness of the polarization of the circularly polarized light. This waveplate will ideally be achromatic, allowing similar performance for all wavelengths within the visible spectrum. However, since the many of the materials available to create this layer are not achromatic, the center wavelength of this material will be matched to the color of the light emitting element(s) of the display that this material covers. As will be discussed in more detail later, when covering a full color display, this layer may be formed from columns or other patterns of different materials with different center wavelengths where the wavelength of the material is matched to the emission of the light emitting element(s) that it covers. This material layer, as well as the conductive layers, may be patterned such that each column or other arrangement of light emitting elements 12 in the display device 10 emit light through a column of the switchable half-wave plate 20.
  • The dielectric layer 22 will provide electrical isolation between the segments of the patterned conductive layers and the front surface of the device. This dielectric layer can be formed as a sheet over the front of the device.
  • The protective layer 24 will be any layer that will provides protection to the materials in the stack between the display OLED display device and the front of the display materials. This protective layer will typically be a durable coating such as PET which provides mechanical stabilization of the materials.
  • The anti-glare layer 26 may be any material that reduces glare from incident light from being reflected from the front surfaces of the display device stack. This layer may also be a surface treatment that is applied to the protective layer to produce diffuse reflection of highly specular beams of incident light.
  • Within the preferred embodiment of this invention, the display device 10 and the switchable half wave plate 20 are driven synchronously. To display a stereoscopic image the handedness of the polarization of light emitted by a column of the light emitting elements within the display device may be changed at the same time new data is clocked into a column of the light emitting elements. Under ideal conditions, the light emitting elements would be switched to produce no light emission, the handedness of the polarization of the half wave plate will be changed and the column of light emitting elements would be switched to produce light emission for the next frame of data. This allows time for the handedness of the polarization of the half wave plate to be switched before the next frame of information is displayed on the light emitting elements. This drive scheme compensates for the fact that materials used to create a switchable half wave plate are often composed of large molecules in a liquid or semi-liquid matrix which require some time to rotate, allowing unpolarized or incorrectly polarized light to unintentionally “leak” from the display device. Since the light emitting elements are ideally composed of OLED or similar materials that have a very fast response rate, the light emission from these materials can be switched on or off instanteously, preventing unintentional light to leak from the display device. Alternatively, the handedness of the polarization of the half wave plate for a column will can be changed at the time that data is beginning to be clocked into the column of light emitting elements.
  • The display device of the present invention is employed in a display system as shown in FIG. 4. The display system is composed of a image buffer for the left eye image 50, an image buffer for the right eye image 52, a pixel clock 54 produces a timing signal to clock the data from the image buffers into drivers that are integrated in the display device 10. The signal to drive the handedness of the polarization by changing the electrical signal to the second conductive layer may be produced by the drivers in the display. Alternatively, a circuit may be built to determine when data is to be clocked into a new column of the display and to change the electrical signal to the second conductive layer 22 in order to change the handedness of the polarization provided by the switchable half wave plate 20.
  • Using these components, a stereoscopic image is displayed as shown in FIG. 5. An image to be displayed to the left eye is loaded 60 into the image buffer for the left eye 50 and an image to be displayed to the right eye is loaded 62 into the image buffer for the right eye 52. The switchable half wave plate 20 for the first column of the display device 10 is set 64 to adjust the circular polarization of the first column is to a first handedness of the polarization and the first column of data in the image buffer for the left eye 50, the data is clocked 66 into the first column of the display device 10. The switchable half wave plate 20 for the second column of the display is set 68 to adjust the circular polarization of the second column to a second handedness of the polarization and the second column of data in the image buffer for the right eye 52 is then clocked 70 into the second column of the display device 10. If all of the columns of the display have not been filled 72 the process is repeated, setting 64 the switchable half wave plate 20 for each odd column of the display device 10 to a first handedness of the polarization, clocking 66 each odd numbered column of data from the image buffer for the left eye 50 into each odd number of the display device 10, setting 68 the switchable half wave plate 20 for each even column of the display device to a second handedness of the polarization, and clocking 70 each odd numbered column of data from the image buffer for the right eye 52 into the even numbered column of the display device.
  • Once each column of the display device 10 has been filled 72, switchable half wave plate 20 for the first column of the display device 10 is set 74 to adjust the circular polarization of the first column to the second handedness of the polarization and the first column of data in the image buffer for the right eye 52 is clocked 76 into the first column of the display device. The switchable half wave plate 20 for the second column of the display is set 78 to adjust the circular polarization of the second column to the first handedness of the polarization and the second column of data in the image buffer for the left eye 52 is then clocked 80 into the second column of the display device 10. If all of the columns of the display have not been filled 82 the process is repeated, setting 74 the switchable half wave plate 20 for each odd column of the display device 10 to the second handedness of the polarization, clocking 76 each odd numbered column of data from the image buffer for the right eye 52 into each odd number of the display device 10, setting 78 the switchable half wave plate 20 for each even column of the display device to the first handedness of the polarization, and clocking 80 each odd numbered column of data from the image buffer for the left eye 50 into the even numbered column of the display device. Once all of the columns of the display device have been filled 82 for a second time an update cycle is completed and, the process is repeated.
  • For an observer to see half of the columns of the image in one eye and the other half in the other eye in order to allow a stereoscopic image to be displayed, circularly polarized elements must be placed between the display device 10 and the observers' eyes. Each of these elements will have opposing polarization. Therefore, in one cycle, the left eye of the observer will see the even numbered columns of the display in a single update cycle while the right eye will see the odd numbered columns of the display. For this reason, each eye will be presented with an image that has half the resolution of the display device. However, since the image is altered during the next update cycle such that the columns that were not visible in one update cycle are visible during the second update cycle and these update cycles are typically completed at a rate of 1/30th or 1/42nd of a second the two frames are integrated as a single image by the human visual system. Therefore, this display system avoids the perception of flicker and increases the perceived resolution of the display device 10 in such a way to take advantage of the spatial-temporal integration properties of the human eye. Therefore, the human eye will see each of the columns of pixels as though they are turned on constantly except, the display will appear only half as bright as it would if the observer was really able to see every light emitting element at every moment in time.
  • While the display system of the present invention may be driven using the process shown in FIG. 4 to create a stereoscopic display system when viewed with a pair of glasses with circularly polarized elements, this same display device can be driven to allow a monoscopic image to be viewed when the circular polarized elements are not placed between the display device 10 and the observers' eyes. This may be achieved by setting the handedness of the polarization of every column of the switchable half wave plate 20 to a single handedness of the polarization and displaying an image from a single image buffer on the display device 10. While the display device 10 may be switched from stereoscopic to monoscopic using any switching technology, a sensor, for example an infrared sensor, may be attached to the display device and positioned to view an area that is consistent with the user's typical head position. An illumination source, for example an infrared light emitting diode, may then be attached to frames of the passive polarizing glasses that need to be worn by the user to see a stereoscopic image. The display device may then operate in stereoscopic mode anytime the infrared light emitting diode is visible to the illumination source and operate in monoscopic the infrared light emitting diode is not visible to the infrared sensor.
  • While this embodiment has been described with respect to a monochrome display, this same structure and drive scheme may be applied to any monochrome or color display. It should, however, be noted that while the circular polarizer 16 and the switchable half wave plate 20 are ideally achromatic, it is known that these layers may each be constructed from liquid crystal materials which are typically not achromatic. In fact it is well known that when a liquid crystal in the “on state” is illuminated with ambient light, the liquid crystal reflects light that has the same handedness as the liquid crystal and that is within an intrinsic spectral bandwidth centered about a single wavelength; some proportion of all other wavelengths of incident light, and light of opposite handedness of the polarization, is transmitted through the liquid crystal. Therefore, if the same liquid crystal material is used to polarize the light from light emitting elements with different spectral emission peaks, and therefore different colors, the display will be more efficient in transmitting the light from some light emitting elements than from others. Further, the liquid crystal layers will introduce a color shift that is dependent upon drive level of the individual light emitting elements. Since the color science that is embedded in most electronic displays, assume that the color of the display system can be modeled as an additive system in which the color of the individual light emitting elements does not change as a function of drive level, to create a display system that is calorimetrically accurate one would have to develop specialized and significantly more complex image processing to correct for this display artifact.
  • It is also known, however, that by varying the proportion of chiral compound present in the liquid crystal, selective reflection of the liquid crystal can be achieved for any wavelength within the infrared and color spectrums. Therefore, a color display may be formed as shown in FIG. 6 a and 6 b. FIG. 6 a shows the top view of a color display device 100 that is composed of a two-dimensional array of pixels 102. Each pixel is typically composed of a red light emitting element 104, a green light emitting element 106, and a blue light emitting element 108. As shown in this figure, the color display device 100 may be constructed using a stripe arrangement of red 104, green 106, and blue 108 light emitting elements in which each column of the display device contains light emitting elements of a single color. As shown earlier in FIG. 2, a linear polarizing layer 14 is optionally applied over the light emitting elements. FIG. 6 b shows a horizontal cross section of the display device depicted in FIG. 6 a. Note that in this display device the circular polarizer and the switchable half wave plate for the red, green, and blue light emitting elements are each patterned from three different materials, each of which has an intrinsic spectral bandwidth that is centered near the peak of the underlying red, green, or blue light emitting element. Therefore, the intrinsic spectral bandwidth of the materials used to form the circular polarizer 112 and switchable half wave plate 114 over the blue light emitting element 108 has a centered at a lower wavelength than the circular polarizer 116 and switchable half wave plate 118 that is pattered over the green light emitting element 106. Further, the intrinsic spectral bandwidth of the materials used to form the circular polarizer 116 and switchable half wave plate 118 over the green light emitting element 106 is centered at a lower wavelength than the circular polarizer 120 and switchable half wave plate 122 that is pattered over the red light emitting element 104. The first electrical conductive layer 18 and second conductive layer 22 and other components are as shown in FIG. 2.
  • As discussed for the monochrome display, to create a stereoscopic display device when viewed through appropriate elements, every other pixel may be given a different handedness of the polarization from each other and this handedness of the polarization may be switched in each update cycle. However, the spatial frequency of the signal may be increased even further if every other column of light emitting elements are given a different handedness of the polarization, which is then reversed at each update cycle. As discussed earlier, the data input to the display device must be configured to provide right eye information when the handedness of polarization is such that it allows light to pass to the right eye of the observer and provides left eye information when the handedness of the polarization is such that it allows light to pass to the left eye of the observer. Also, this display device may be switched to a monoscopic display device by making the handedness of the polarization of each light emitting element the same across the entire display device.
  • It will further be recognized that while the color display device may be constructed with columns of circular polarizers and/or switchable half wave plates, individual circular polarizers and switchable half wave plates may be pattered over rows of light emitting elements, individual light emitting elements or any alternative, arrangement of light emitting element(s) that form a spatial pattern in the display device. When patterned in this way, the handedness of the polarization may be switched using any spatial arrangement. For example, the light emitting elements maybe addressed such that a checkerboard pattern of light emitting elements have one handedness of polarization and the remaining light emitting elements have a second handedness of polarization.
  • While the display device shown in FIG. 6 a and FIG. 6 b has red, green, and blue light emitting elements, the light emitting elements may be of other colors; including the secondary colors (e.g., yellow, cyan, magenta), white, etc. In some applications it may be advantageous to have light emitting elements that emit outside the visible spectrum, for example in the infrared spectral region. While red, green, and blue light emitting elements will typically have a peak emission near a single wavelength, secondary and other colors will typically have a spectrum that includes multiple spectral peaks at different parts of the visible spectrum. To insure that such light emitting elements will be polarized appropriately, the circular polarizing layer and/or the switchable half wave plate may be each be composed of multiple layers; each layer having a center wavelength that is matched to the peaks in the spectral emission of the light emitting elements. These layers will ideally be ordered such that the layers closest to the observer will have center frequencies that match the peaks that make the largest contribution to the luminance of the light emitting element.
  • While the use of high frequency segments may be employed to reduce the refresh rate required to avoid the perception of flicker; the user's sensitivity to flicker can be reduced further by only updating low luminance colors within each update cycle. Therefore, the required refresh rate can be further reduced by creating a color OLED display wherein each pixel has four light emitting elements where in two of the four light emitting elements have the same color. One of these two light emitting elements is used to display the appropriate colored light emitting element for the left eye while the other light emitting element is used to display the appropriate colored light emitting element for the right eye. These light emitting elements are not refreshed as described in FIG. 5 but display the appropriate information from each image buffer. Simultaneously, the remaining light emitting elements can be updated using the process discussed in FIG. 5. Since the contrast between states creates the perception of flicker, the fact that one colored pixel is not altered frame to frame further reduces the perception of flicker and the required update rate. To minimize the required update rate, the light emitting element that contributes the most to the luminance of the pixel should be consistent frame to frame.
  • The invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment. However, it will be appreciated that variations and modifications can be effected by a person of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope of the invention.
    • 2 spatial-temporal tradeoff function
    • 10 display device
    • 12 light emitting element
    • 14 linear polarizer
    • 16 circular polarizer
    • 18 first electrical conductive layer
    • 20 switchable half wave plate
    • 22 second electrical conductive layer
    • 24 dielectric layer
    • 26 protective layer
    • 28 anti-glare coating
    • 30 cathode layer
    • 32 electron-transporting layer
    • 34 light emitting layer
    • 36 hole-transporting layer
    • 38 hole-injecting layer
    • 40 anode layer
    • 42 substrate
    • 50 image buffer for the left eye image
    • 52 image buffer for the right eye image
    • 54 pixel clock
    • 60 loading left eye image step
    • 62 loading right eye image step
    • 64 setting first circular polarization for odd column step
    • 66 clock left eye data into odd column step
    • 68 setting second circular polarization for even column step
    • 70 clock right eye data into even column step
    • 72 determining if display has been filled step
    • 74 setting second circular polarization for odd column step
    • 76 clock right eye data into odd column step
    • 78 setting first circular polarization for even column step
    • 80 clock left eye data into even column step
    • 82 determining if display has been filled step
    • 100 color display device
    • 102 pixel
    • 104 red light emitting element
    • 106 green light emitting element
    • 108 blue light emitting element
    • 112 circular polarizer for blue light emitting element
    • 114 switchable half wave plate for blue light emitting element
    • 116 circular polarizer for green light emitting element
    • 118 switchable half wave plate for green light emitting element
    • 120 circular polarizer for red light emitting element
    • 122 switchable half wave plate for red light emitting element

Claims (12)

1. A high-resolution switchable stereoscopic display system that synchronously presents portions of a pair of stereoscopic images to each eye of an observer, comprising:
a) a source of image data for providing a stereoscopic image, wherein the stereoscopic image includes a right eye image and a left eye image;
b) a display device having a two-dimensional array of independently addressable pixels for displaying at least portions of both the right eye image and the left eye image;
c) a switchable segmented device for sequentially selecting the independently addressable pixels of the display device that provide light to each eye of the observer.
d) a driver that temporally synchronizes the display of the image data on the display and the switchable segmented device.
2. The high-resolution switchable stereoscopic display system of claim 1, wherein the switchable segmented device includes a layer for switching the polarization direction of the light.
3. The high-resolution switchable stereoscopic display system of claim 1, wherein segments of the switchable-segmented device are aligned in columns.
4. The high-resolution switchable stereoscopic display system of claim 1, wherein the spatial pattern provided by the segments of the switchable-segmented device, has a spatial frequency along either a horizontal or vertical dimension greater than or equal to 10 cycles per degree of a viewer's visual angle.
5. The high-resolution switchable stereoscopic display system of claim 1, wherein the display device is a flat panel display.
6. The high-resolution switchable stereoscopic display system of claim 5, wherein the flat panel display is a plasma display.
7. The high-resolution switchable stereoscopic display system of claim 5, wherein the flat panel display is an OLED display.
8. The high-resolution switchable stereoscopic display system of claim 1, wherein the pixels are refreshed in the range of 15 to 70 hertz.
9. The high-resolution switchable stereoscopic display system of claim 1, wherein the source of image data for providing a stereoscopic image comprises an image buffer for storing the left eye image, an image buffer for storing the right eye image, and a pixel clock for synchronizing the retrieval of portions of the left and right eye images.
10. A switchable stereoscopic display system, wherein the switchable stereoscopic display system can display three-dimensional images, comprising:
a) a display device including a two-dimensional array of light emitting elements;
b) a segmented, switchable polarization layer, capable of switching a polarization direction of emitted light in at least two independent segments of the display device to either a right handedness circular polarization or a left handedness circular polarization; and
c) an electronic driver that rapidly updates individual light emitting elements with image data and synchronously switching polarization handedness of the independent segments.
11. A method for displaying a high-resolution stereoscopic image, comprising:
a) segmenting an image into a first and second array of image segments;
b) presenting the first array of image segments to the left eye of the observer and the second array of image segments to the right eye of the observer within a first time interval; and
c) presenting the second array of image segments to the left eye of the observer and the first array of image segments to the left eye of the observer within a second time interval.
12. A method of claim 11 wherein each time interval is 1/30th of a second or less in duration.
US11/677,670 2003-12-19 2007-02-22 3d stereo oled display Abandoned US20070171525A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11/677,670 US20070171525A1 (en) 2003-12-19 2007-02-22 3d stereo oled display

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/742,091 US7221332B2 (en) 2003-12-19 2003-12-19 3D stereo OLED display
US11/677,670 US20070171525A1 (en) 2003-12-19 2007-02-22 3d stereo oled display

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/742,091 Continuation US7221332B2 (en) 2003-12-19 2003-12-19 3D stereo OLED display

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20070171525A1 true US20070171525A1 (en) 2007-07-26

Family

ID=34739030

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/742,091 Active 2025-06-06 US7221332B2 (en) 2003-12-19 2003-12-19 3D stereo OLED display
US11/677,670 Abandoned US20070171525A1 (en) 2003-12-19 2007-02-22 3d stereo oled display

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/742,091 Active 2025-06-06 US7221332B2 (en) 2003-12-19 2003-12-19 3D stereo OLED display

Country Status (1)

Country Link
US (2) US7221332B2 (en)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20100157425A1 (en) * 2008-12-24 2010-06-24 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd Stereoscopic image display apparatus and control method thereof
US20100309395A1 (en) * 2009-06-04 2010-12-09 Sony Corporation Frame unit for video display devices, and video display device
US20110303932A1 (en) * 2008-10-30 2011-12-15 Orsam Opto Semiconductors Gmbh Organic, Radiation-Emitting Component and Method for Producing the Same
US20110316898A1 (en) * 2010-06-23 2011-12-29 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Three dimensional image display apparatus
US20140267017A1 (en) * 2011-06-30 2014-09-18 Hewlett-Packaard Development Company, L.P Multi-user display systems and methods
CN109283692A (en) * 2018-11-23 2019-01-29 南方科技大学 Display device and driving method thereof

Families Citing this family (62)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
TWI238679B (en) * 2004-06-30 2005-08-21 Ind Tech Res Inst Organic electroluminescent stereoscopic image display apparatus
WO2006054518A1 (en) * 2004-11-18 2006-05-26 Pioneer Corporation 3d display device
GB0513603D0 (en) * 2005-06-30 2005-08-10 Univ Aberdeen Vision exercising apparatus
WO2007095476A2 (en) * 2006-02-10 2007-08-23 Colorlink, Inc. Multi-functional active matrix liquid crystal displays
KR101255275B1 (en) 2006-10-13 2013-04-15 엘지디스플레이 주식회사 Steroscopic Liquid Crystal Display Device, method for Manufacturing the same and Bonding Apparatus for the same
JP4781231B2 (en) * 2006-11-06 2011-09-28 三洋電機株式会社 Illumination device and projection display device
GB0622998D0 (en) * 2006-11-17 2006-12-27 Microemissive Displays Ltd Colour optoelectronic device
US11275242B1 (en) 2006-12-28 2022-03-15 Tipping Point Medical Images, Llc Method and apparatus for performing stereoscopic rotation of a volume on a head display unit
US9473766B2 (en) * 2006-12-28 2016-10-18 David Byron Douglas Method and apparatus for three dimensional viewing of images
US11315307B1 (en) 2006-12-28 2022-04-26 Tipping Point Medical Images, Llc Method and apparatus for performing rotating viewpoints using a head display unit
US11228753B1 (en) 2006-12-28 2022-01-18 Robert Edwin Douglas Method and apparatus for performing stereoscopic zooming on a head display unit
US10795457B2 (en) 2006-12-28 2020-10-06 D3D Technologies, Inc. Interactive 3D cursor
TWI381191B (en) * 2007-12-03 2013-01-01 Au Optronics Corp Three-dimensional display device and fabricating method thereof
US8264482B2 (en) * 2007-12-19 2012-09-11 Global Oled Technology Llc Interleaving drive circuit and electro-luminescent display system utilizing a multiplexer
US8934000B2 (en) * 2008-01-29 2015-01-13 Eastman Kodak Company Switchable 2-D/3-D display system
WO2009154595A1 (en) * 2008-06-19 2009-12-23 Thomson Licensing Display of two-dimensional content during three-dimensional presentation
US9135889B2 (en) * 2008-10-14 2015-09-15 Apple Inc. Color correction of electronic displays
US20100091048A1 (en) * 2008-10-14 2010-04-15 Apple Inc. Frame synchronization of pulse-width modulated backlights
KR20100064864A (en) 2008-12-05 2010-06-15 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 Display device and three dimensional image filter
KR101310920B1 (en) * 2008-12-19 2013-09-25 엘지디스플레이 주식회사 Stereoscopic image display and driving method thereof
US8243426B2 (en) 2008-12-31 2012-08-14 Apple Inc. Reducing optical effects in a display
US8282261B2 (en) 2009-06-01 2012-10-09 Apple, Inc. White point adjustment for multicolor keyboard backlight
US9247611B2 (en) * 2009-06-01 2016-01-26 Apple Inc. Light source with light sensor
US20100306683A1 (en) * 2009-06-01 2010-12-02 Apple Inc. User interface behaviors for input device with individually controlled illuminated input elements
CN104783757B (en) 2009-06-17 2018-01-05 3形状股份有限公司 Focus on scanning device
JP5943283B2 (en) * 2009-08-07 2016-07-05 リアルディー インコーポレイテッドRealD Inc. Flat panel display for displaying stereoscopic image, method for displaying stereoscopic image, and controller for flat panel display for displaying stereoscopic image
KR101596963B1 (en) * 2009-09-29 2016-02-23 엘지디스플레이 주식회사 Stereoscopic image display device
CN102053406B (en) * 2009-11-09 2012-07-25 李文峰 Stereoscopic display
WO2011060511A1 (en) * 2009-11-19 2011-05-26 Xl Holding, Besloten Vennootschap Met Beperkte Aansprakelijkheid Viewing screen
US20110175902A1 (en) * 2010-01-20 2011-07-21 Apple Inc. Multilayer display device
CN101750747B (en) * 2010-02-01 2013-04-24 刘武强 Three-dimensional stereoscopic imaging method, system and imaging device
US20110199469A1 (en) * 2010-02-15 2011-08-18 Gallagher Andrew C Detection and display of stereo images
US20110199463A1 (en) * 2010-02-15 2011-08-18 Gallagher Andrew C Display with integrated camera
US8384774B2 (en) 2010-02-15 2013-02-26 Eastman Kodak Company Glasses for viewing stereo images
US20110199468A1 (en) * 2010-02-15 2011-08-18 Gallagher Andrew C 3-dimensional display with preferences
US8643705B1 (en) 2010-03-14 2014-02-04 Harris Technology, Llc Multileveled television
WO2011114767A1 (en) * 2010-03-16 2011-09-22 シャープ株式会社 Three-dimensional image display device, three-dimensional imaging device, television receiver, game device, recording medium, and method of transmitting three-dimensional image
CN101859029A (en) * 2010-05-20 2010-10-13 友达光电股份有限公司 Stereoscopic display
US8451146B2 (en) 2010-06-11 2013-05-28 Apple Inc. Legend highlighting
US8378857B2 (en) 2010-07-19 2013-02-19 Apple Inc. Illumination of input device
US9275810B2 (en) * 2010-07-19 2016-03-01 Apple Inc. Keyboard illumination
JP5418435B2 (en) * 2010-07-27 2014-02-19 セイコーエプソン株式会社 Display device and electronic device
KR101682680B1 (en) * 2010-07-30 2016-12-07 삼성디스플레이 주식회사 Shutter unit and three dimensional image display device having the same
USRE48221E1 (en) 2010-12-06 2020-09-22 3Shape A/S System with 3D user interface integration
CN102565908B (en) * 2010-12-27 2015-06-10 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 Polarizing plate, display equipment and preparation method for polarizing plate
GB2487537A (en) * 2011-01-24 2012-08-01 Hospital Authority Stereoscopic video transmission over the internet with separate IP channels for the left and right images.
US20120236133A1 (en) 2011-03-18 2012-09-20 Andrew Charles Gallagher Producing enhanced images from anaglyph images
KR101227145B1 (en) 2011-09-16 2013-02-07 전북대학교산학협력단 Stereoscopic image display device and manufacturing method of the same
US9176536B2 (en) 2011-09-30 2015-11-03 Apple, Inc. Wireless display for electronic devices
CN102654678B (en) * 2011-10-18 2015-04-08 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 Color filter substrate and manufacturing method thereof as well as 3D (three-dimensional) liquid crystal display
KR20130056133A (en) * 2011-11-21 2013-05-29 삼성전자주식회사 Display apparatus and driving method thereof
CN202453582U (en) * 2012-02-29 2012-09-26 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 Pixel structure and display device
JP5901376B2 (en) * 2012-03-23 2016-04-06 任天堂株式会社 Information processing apparatus, information processing program, information processing system, and information processing method
US9810942B2 (en) 2012-06-15 2017-11-07 Apple Inc. Quantum dot-enhanced display having dichroic filter
CN104423137B (en) * 2013-09-04 2018-08-10 联想(北京)有限公司 Three-dimensional display apparatus, display methods and electronic equipment
US10010387B2 (en) 2014-02-07 2018-07-03 3Shape A/S Detecting tooth shade
US9444075B2 (en) 2014-11-26 2016-09-13 Universal Display Corporation Emissive display with photo-switchable polarization
US11930662B2 (en) 2015-06-04 2024-03-12 Arizona Board Of Regents On Behalf Of Arizona State University Transparent electroluminescent devices with controlled one-side emissive displays
US9812667B2 (en) 2015-11-04 2017-11-07 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Patterning of OLED display stacks
CN107884957B (en) * 2017-12-28 2021-03-02 Tcl华星光电技术有限公司 Display panel and display device
KR20190092685A (en) * 2018-01-31 2019-08-08 주식회사 루멘스 Micro led 3d display module and method for fabricating the same
US20210036265A1 (en) * 2019-07-30 2021-02-04 Apple Inc. Electronic Device Having Display With Internal Light Reflection Suppression

Citations (64)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3180730A (en) * 1959-04-09 1965-04-27 Azoplate Corp Material for electrophotographic purposes
US3567450A (en) * 1968-02-20 1971-03-02 Eastman Kodak Co Photoconductive elements containing substituted triarylamine photoconductors
US3658520A (en) * 1968-02-20 1972-04-25 Eastman Kodak Co Photoconductive elements containing as photoconductors triarylamines substituted by active hydrogen-containing groups
US4281341A (en) * 1978-11-09 1981-07-28 The Marconi Company Limited Stereoscopic television system
US4356429A (en) * 1980-07-17 1982-10-26 Eastman Kodak Company Organic electroluminescent cell
US4523226A (en) * 1982-01-27 1985-06-11 Stereographics Corporation Stereoscopic television system
US4539057A (en) * 1981-07-03 1985-09-03 Lars Ahlm Method for producing an elastic body with protective layer
US4720432A (en) * 1987-02-11 1988-01-19 Eastman Kodak Company Electroluminescent device with organic luminescent medium
US4768292A (en) * 1985-05-22 1988-09-06 Sevar Entsorgungsanlagen Gmbh Method and apparatus for drying sewage sludge
US4769292A (en) * 1987-03-02 1988-09-06 Eastman Kodak Company Electroluminescent device with modified thin film luminescent zone
US4792850A (en) * 1987-11-25 1988-12-20 Sterographics Corporation Method and system employing a push-pull liquid crystal modulator
US4877307A (en) * 1988-07-05 1989-10-31 Kaiser Aerospace & Electronics Corporation Stereoscopic display
US4885221A (en) * 1986-12-06 1989-12-05 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Electrophotography apparatus and electrophtographic process for developing positive image from positive or negative film
US5059861A (en) * 1990-07-26 1991-10-22 Eastman Kodak Company Organic electroluminescent device with stabilizing cathode capping layer
US5059862A (en) * 1990-07-26 1991-10-22 Eastman Kodak Company Electroluminescent device with improved cathode
US5061569A (en) * 1990-07-26 1991-10-29 Eastman Kodak Company Electroluminescent device with organic electroluminescent medium
US5141671A (en) * 1991-08-01 1992-08-25 Eastman Kodak Company Mixed ligand 8-quinolinolato aluminum chelate luminophors
US5150006A (en) * 1991-08-01 1992-09-22 Eastman Kodak Company Blue emitting internal junction organic electroluminescent device (II)
US5151629A (en) * 1991-08-01 1992-09-29 Eastman Kodak Company Blue emitting internal junction organic electroluminescent device (I)
US5247190A (en) * 1989-04-20 1993-09-21 Cambridge Research And Innovation Limited Electroluminescent devices
US5294870A (en) * 1991-12-30 1994-03-15 Eastman Kodak Company Organic electroluminescent multicolor image display device
US5317393A (en) * 1991-08-28 1994-05-31 Samsung Electron Devices Company, Ltd. Stereoscopic image displaying apparatus
US5405709A (en) * 1993-09-13 1995-04-11 Eastman Kodak Company White light emitting internal junction organic electroluminescent device
US5484922A (en) * 1992-07-13 1996-01-16 Eastman Kodak Company Internal junction organic electroluminescent device with a novel composition
US5593788A (en) * 1996-04-25 1997-01-14 Eastman Kodak Company Organic electroluminescent devices with high operational stability
US5608287A (en) * 1995-02-23 1997-03-04 Eastman Kodak Company Conductive electron injector for light-emitting diodes
US5645948A (en) * 1996-08-20 1997-07-08 Eastman Kodak Company Blue organic electroluminescent devices
US5677572A (en) * 1996-07-29 1997-10-14 Eastman Kodak Company Bilayer electrode on a n-type semiconductor
US5683833A (en) * 1994-12-20 1997-11-04 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Use of organic materials having high nonionic charge carrier mobility
US5686974A (en) * 1995-06-21 1997-11-11 Sony Corporation Method of and apparatus for providing a high speed video switch
US5703436A (en) * 1994-12-13 1997-12-30 The Trustees Of Princeton University Transparent contacts for organic devices
US5739545A (en) * 1997-02-04 1998-04-14 International Business Machines Corporation Organic light emitting diodes having transparent cathode structures
US5755999A (en) * 1997-05-16 1998-05-26 Eastman Kodak Company Blue luminescent materials for organic electroluminescent devices
US5776623A (en) * 1996-07-29 1998-07-07 Eastman Kodak Company Transparent electron-injecting electrode for use in an electroluminescent device
US5776622A (en) * 1996-07-29 1998-07-07 Eastman Kodak Company Bilayer eletron-injeting electrode for use in an electroluminescent device
US5837391A (en) * 1996-01-17 1998-11-17 Nec Corporation Organic electroluminescent element having electrode between two fluorescent media for injecting carrier thereinto
US5844717A (en) * 1990-06-11 1998-12-01 Reveo, Inc. Method and system for producing micropolarization panels for use in micropolarizing spatially multiplexed images of 3-D objects during stereoscopic display processes
US5851709A (en) * 1997-10-31 1998-12-22 Eastman Kodak Company Method for selective transfer of a color organic layer
US5928802A (en) * 1997-05-16 1999-07-27 Eastman Kodak Company Efficient blue organic electroluminescent devices
US5935721A (en) * 1998-03-20 1999-08-10 Eastman Kodak Company Organic electroluminescent elements for stable electroluminescent
US5935720A (en) * 1997-04-07 1999-08-10 Eastman Kodak Company Red organic electroluminescent devices
US5969474A (en) * 1996-10-24 1999-10-19 Tdk Corporation Organic light-emitting device with light transmissive anode and light transmissive cathode including zinc-doped indium oxide
US5981306A (en) * 1997-09-12 1999-11-09 The Trustees Of Princeton University Method for depositing indium tin oxide layers in organic light emitting devices
US5982538A (en) * 1994-01-28 1999-11-09 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Stereoscopic image projection apparatus and telecentric zoom lens
US6020078A (en) * 1998-12-18 2000-02-01 Eastman Kodak Company Green organic electroluminescent devices
US6020941A (en) * 1998-02-12 2000-02-01 Advanced Display Systems, Inc. Stereographic liquid crystal display employing switchable liquid crystal materials of two polarities in separate channels
US6066357A (en) * 1998-12-21 2000-05-23 Eastman Kodak Company Methods of making a full-color organic light-emitting display
US6137223A (en) * 1998-07-28 2000-10-24 Eastman Kodak Company Electron-injecting layer formed from a dopant layer for organic light-emitting structure
US6140763A (en) * 1998-07-28 2000-10-31 Eastman Kodak Company Interfacial electron-injecting layer formed from a doped cathode for organic light-emitting structure
US6172459B1 (en) * 1998-07-28 2001-01-09 Eastman Kodak Company Electron-injecting layer providing a modified interface between an organic light-emitting structure and a cathode buffer layer
US6208075B1 (en) * 1998-11-05 2001-03-27 Eastman Kodak Company Conductive fluorocarbon polymer and method of making same
US6237529B1 (en) * 2000-03-03 2001-05-29 Eastman Kodak Company Source for thermal physical vapor deposition of organic electroluminescent layers
US6266890B1 (en) * 2000-03-06 2001-07-31 Jacob William Sova Drill director
US6278236B1 (en) * 1999-09-02 2001-08-21 Eastman Kodak Company Organic electroluminescent devices with electron-injecting layer having aluminum and alkali halide
US6358631B1 (en) * 1994-12-13 2002-03-19 The Trustees Of Princeton University Mixed vapor deposited films for electroluminescent devices
US20020075566A1 (en) * 2000-12-18 2002-06-20 Tutt Lee W. 3D or multiview light emitting display
US20020113866A1 (en) * 1996-01-31 2002-08-22 Naosato Taniguchi Stereoscopic image display apparatus whose observation area is widened
US6459532B1 (en) * 1999-07-24 2002-10-01 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Parallax autostereoscopic 3D picture and autostereoscopic 3D display
US20020158574A1 (en) * 2001-04-27 2002-10-31 3M Innovative Properties Company Organic displays and devices containing oriented electronically active layers
US6485884B2 (en) * 2001-04-27 2002-11-26 3M Innovative Properties Company Method for patterning oriented materials for organic electronic displays and devices
US20020180659A1 (en) * 2001-05-31 2002-12-05 Susumu Takahashi 3-D display device
US6539664B2 (en) * 1999-07-19 2003-04-01 Pemsti Technologies Ltd. Method and devices for treatment of a biological material with a magnetic field
US6703989B1 (en) * 1999-07-07 2004-03-09 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Stereoscopic display
US7068252B2 (en) * 2003-06-17 2006-06-27 Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Jidoshokki Display unit capable of displaying two- and three-dimensional images and method for controlling display unit

Family Cites Families (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4539507A (en) 1983-03-25 1985-09-03 Eastman Kodak Company Organic electroluminescent devices having improved power conversion efficiencies
US5537144A (en) 1990-06-11 1996-07-16 Revfo, Inc. Electro-optical display system for visually displaying polarized spatially multiplexed images of 3-D objects for use in stereoscopically viewing the same with high image quality and resolution
US5686975A (en) 1993-10-18 1997-11-11 Stereographics Corporation Polarel panel for stereoscopic displays
US5683823A (en) 1996-01-26 1997-11-04 Eastman Kodak Company White light-emitting organic electroluminescent devices
US5956001A (en) * 1996-03-15 1999-09-21 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Image display device
DE69732820T2 (en) * 1996-09-12 2006-04-13 Sharp K.K. Parallax barrier and display device
US5714838A (en) 1996-09-20 1998-02-03 International Business Machines Corporation Optically transparent diffusion barrier and top electrode in organic light emitting diode structures
JP3654909B2 (en) 1996-12-28 2005-06-02 Tdk株式会社 Organic EL device
GB9711237D0 (en) 1997-06-02 1997-07-23 Isis Innovation Organomettallic Complexes
EP1029909A4 (en) 1998-09-09 2007-01-10 Idemitsu Kosan Co Organic electroluminescence device and phenylenediamine derivative
GB9821025D0 (en) 1998-09-29 1998-11-18 British Nuclear Fuels Plc Improvements in and relating to fluid cutting operations
US6361886B2 (en) 1998-12-09 2002-03-26 Eastman Kodak Company Electroluminescent device with improved hole transport layer
WO2000057676A1 (en) 1999-03-23 2000-09-28 The University Of Southern California Cyclometallated metal complexes as phosphorescent dopants in organic leds
KR100913568B1 (en) 1999-05-13 2009-08-26 더 트러스티즈 오브 프린스턴 유니버시티 Very high efficiency organic light emitting devices based on electrophosphorescence
EP1076368A2 (en) 1999-08-11 2001-02-14 Eastman Kodak Company A surface-emitting organic light-emitting diode
WO2001056265A2 (en) * 2000-01-25 2001-08-02 4D-Vision Gmbh Method and system for the three-dimensional representation
US6226890B1 (en) 2000-04-07 2001-05-08 Eastman Kodak Company Desiccation of moisture-sensitive electronic devices
US6580657B2 (en) * 2001-01-04 2003-06-17 International Business Machines Corporation Low-power organic light emitting diode pixel circuit
DE60239678D1 (en) * 2001-06-01 2011-05-19 Sony Corp SPLIT DELAY PLATE WITH POSITIONING DEVICE
KR101017231B1 (en) * 2002-10-30 2011-02-25 가부시키가이샤 한도오따이 에네루기 켄큐쇼 Display unit and electronic equipment

Patent Citations (64)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3180730A (en) * 1959-04-09 1965-04-27 Azoplate Corp Material for electrophotographic purposes
US3567450A (en) * 1968-02-20 1971-03-02 Eastman Kodak Co Photoconductive elements containing substituted triarylamine photoconductors
US3658520A (en) * 1968-02-20 1972-04-25 Eastman Kodak Co Photoconductive elements containing as photoconductors triarylamines substituted by active hydrogen-containing groups
US4281341A (en) * 1978-11-09 1981-07-28 The Marconi Company Limited Stereoscopic television system
US4356429A (en) * 1980-07-17 1982-10-26 Eastman Kodak Company Organic electroluminescent cell
US4539057A (en) * 1981-07-03 1985-09-03 Lars Ahlm Method for producing an elastic body with protective layer
US4523226A (en) * 1982-01-27 1985-06-11 Stereographics Corporation Stereoscopic television system
US4768292A (en) * 1985-05-22 1988-09-06 Sevar Entsorgungsanlagen Gmbh Method and apparatus for drying sewage sludge
US4885221A (en) * 1986-12-06 1989-12-05 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Electrophotography apparatus and electrophtographic process for developing positive image from positive or negative film
US4720432A (en) * 1987-02-11 1988-01-19 Eastman Kodak Company Electroluminescent device with organic luminescent medium
US4769292A (en) * 1987-03-02 1988-09-06 Eastman Kodak Company Electroluminescent device with modified thin film luminescent zone
US4792850A (en) * 1987-11-25 1988-12-20 Sterographics Corporation Method and system employing a push-pull liquid crystal modulator
US4877307A (en) * 1988-07-05 1989-10-31 Kaiser Aerospace & Electronics Corporation Stereoscopic display
US5247190A (en) * 1989-04-20 1993-09-21 Cambridge Research And Innovation Limited Electroluminescent devices
US5844717A (en) * 1990-06-11 1998-12-01 Reveo, Inc. Method and system for producing micropolarization panels for use in micropolarizing spatially multiplexed images of 3-D objects during stereoscopic display processes
US5059861A (en) * 1990-07-26 1991-10-22 Eastman Kodak Company Organic electroluminescent device with stabilizing cathode capping layer
US5059862A (en) * 1990-07-26 1991-10-22 Eastman Kodak Company Electroluminescent device with improved cathode
US5061569A (en) * 1990-07-26 1991-10-29 Eastman Kodak Company Electroluminescent device with organic electroluminescent medium
US5151629A (en) * 1991-08-01 1992-09-29 Eastman Kodak Company Blue emitting internal junction organic electroluminescent device (I)
US5150006A (en) * 1991-08-01 1992-09-22 Eastman Kodak Company Blue emitting internal junction organic electroluminescent device (II)
US5141671A (en) * 1991-08-01 1992-08-25 Eastman Kodak Company Mixed ligand 8-quinolinolato aluminum chelate luminophors
US5317393A (en) * 1991-08-28 1994-05-31 Samsung Electron Devices Company, Ltd. Stereoscopic image displaying apparatus
US5294870A (en) * 1991-12-30 1994-03-15 Eastman Kodak Company Organic electroluminescent multicolor image display device
US5484922A (en) * 1992-07-13 1996-01-16 Eastman Kodak Company Internal junction organic electroluminescent device with a novel composition
US5405709A (en) * 1993-09-13 1995-04-11 Eastman Kodak Company White light emitting internal junction organic electroluminescent device
US5982538A (en) * 1994-01-28 1999-11-09 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Stereoscopic image projection apparatus and telecentric zoom lens
US5703436A (en) * 1994-12-13 1997-12-30 The Trustees Of Princeton University Transparent contacts for organic devices
US6358631B1 (en) * 1994-12-13 2002-03-19 The Trustees Of Princeton University Mixed vapor deposited films for electroluminescent devices
US5683833A (en) * 1994-12-20 1997-11-04 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Use of organic materials having high nonionic charge carrier mobility
US5608287A (en) * 1995-02-23 1997-03-04 Eastman Kodak Company Conductive electron injector for light-emitting diodes
US5686974A (en) * 1995-06-21 1997-11-11 Sony Corporation Method of and apparatus for providing a high speed video switch
US5837391A (en) * 1996-01-17 1998-11-17 Nec Corporation Organic electroluminescent element having electrode between two fluorescent media for injecting carrier thereinto
US20020113866A1 (en) * 1996-01-31 2002-08-22 Naosato Taniguchi Stereoscopic image display apparatus whose observation area is widened
US5593788A (en) * 1996-04-25 1997-01-14 Eastman Kodak Company Organic electroluminescent devices with high operational stability
US5776622A (en) * 1996-07-29 1998-07-07 Eastman Kodak Company Bilayer eletron-injeting electrode for use in an electroluminescent device
US5776623A (en) * 1996-07-29 1998-07-07 Eastman Kodak Company Transparent electron-injecting electrode for use in an electroluminescent device
US5677572A (en) * 1996-07-29 1997-10-14 Eastman Kodak Company Bilayer electrode on a n-type semiconductor
US5645948A (en) * 1996-08-20 1997-07-08 Eastman Kodak Company Blue organic electroluminescent devices
US5969474A (en) * 1996-10-24 1999-10-19 Tdk Corporation Organic light-emitting device with light transmissive anode and light transmissive cathode including zinc-doped indium oxide
US5739545A (en) * 1997-02-04 1998-04-14 International Business Machines Corporation Organic light emitting diodes having transparent cathode structures
US5935720A (en) * 1997-04-07 1999-08-10 Eastman Kodak Company Red organic electroluminescent devices
US5928802A (en) * 1997-05-16 1999-07-27 Eastman Kodak Company Efficient blue organic electroluminescent devices
US5755999A (en) * 1997-05-16 1998-05-26 Eastman Kodak Company Blue luminescent materials for organic electroluminescent devices
US5981306A (en) * 1997-09-12 1999-11-09 The Trustees Of Princeton University Method for depositing indium tin oxide layers in organic light emitting devices
US5851709A (en) * 1997-10-31 1998-12-22 Eastman Kodak Company Method for selective transfer of a color organic layer
US6020941A (en) * 1998-02-12 2000-02-01 Advanced Display Systems, Inc. Stereographic liquid crystal display employing switchable liquid crystal materials of two polarities in separate channels
US5935721A (en) * 1998-03-20 1999-08-10 Eastman Kodak Company Organic electroluminescent elements for stable electroluminescent
US6140763A (en) * 1998-07-28 2000-10-31 Eastman Kodak Company Interfacial electron-injecting layer formed from a doped cathode for organic light-emitting structure
US6172459B1 (en) * 1998-07-28 2001-01-09 Eastman Kodak Company Electron-injecting layer providing a modified interface between an organic light-emitting structure and a cathode buffer layer
US6137223A (en) * 1998-07-28 2000-10-24 Eastman Kodak Company Electron-injecting layer formed from a dopant layer for organic light-emitting structure
US6208075B1 (en) * 1998-11-05 2001-03-27 Eastman Kodak Company Conductive fluorocarbon polymer and method of making same
US6020078A (en) * 1998-12-18 2000-02-01 Eastman Kodak Company Green organic electroluminescent devices
US6066357A (en) * 1998-12-21 2000-05-23 Eastman Kodak Company Methods of making a full-color organic light-emitting display
US6703989B1 (en) * 1999-07-07 2004-03-09 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Stereoscopic display
US6539664B2 (en) * 1999-07-19 2003-04-01 Pemsti Technologies Ltd. Method and devices for treatment of a biological material with a magnetic field
US6459532B1 (en) * 1999-07-24 2002-10-01 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Parallax autostereoscopic 3D picture and autostereoscopic 3D display
US6278236B1 (en) * 1999-09-02 2001-08-21 Eastman Kodak Company Organic electroluminescent devices with electron-injecting layer having aluminum and alkali halide
US6237529B1 (en) * 2000-03-03 2001-05-29 Eastman Kodak Company Source for thermal physical vapor deposition of organic electroluminescent layers
US6266890B1 (en) * 2000-03-06 2001-07-31 Jacob William Sova Drill director
US20020075566A1 (en) * 2000-12-18 2002-06-20 Tutt Lee W. 3D or multiview light emitting display
US6485884B2 (en) * 2001-04-27 2002-11-26 3M Innovative Properties Company Method for patterning oriented materials for organic electronic displays and devices
US20020158574A1 (en) * 2001-04-27 2002-10-31 3M Innovative Properties Company Organic displays and devices containing oriented electronically active layers
US20020180659A1 (en) * 2001-05-31 2002-12-05 Susumu Takahashi 3-D display device
US7068252B2 (en) * 2003-06-17 2006-06-27 Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Jidoshokki Display unit capable of displaying two- and three-dimensional images and method for controlling display unit

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20110303932A1 (en) * 2008-10-30 2011-12-15 Orsam Opto Semiconductors Gmbh Organic, Radiation-Emitting Component and Method for Producing the Same
US9172042B2 (en) * 2008-10-30 2015-10-27 Osram Opto Semiconductors Gmbh Organic, radiation-emitting component and method for producing such a component
US20100157425A1 (en) * 2008-12-24 2010-06-24 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd Stereoscopic image display apparatus and control method thereof
US20100309395A1 (en) * 2009-06-04 2010-12-09 Sony Corporation Frame unit for video display devices, and video display device
US20110316898A1 (en) * 2010-06-23 2011-12-29 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Three dimensional image display apparatus
US8482584B2 (en) * 2010-06-23 2013-07-09 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Three dimensional image display apparatus
US20140267017A1 (en) * 2011-06-30 2014-09-18 Hewlett-Packaard Development Company, L.P Multi-user display systems and methods
US9317107B2 (en) * 2011-06-30 2016-04-19 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Multi-user display systems and methods
CN109283692A (en) * 2018-11-23 2019-01-29 南方科技大学 Display device and driving method thereof

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20050151152A1 (en) 2005-07-14
US7221332B2 (en) 2007-05-22

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US7221332B2 (en) 3D stereo OLED display
US7250722B2 (en) OLED device
EP1391918B1 (en) Method for determining the relative sizes of subpixels in a color organic light-emitting diode display with improved lifetime
US7142179B2 (en) OLED display device
KR101045259B1 (en) A color oled display with improved power efficiency
EP1473772B1 (en) A color OLED display with improved power efficiency
US6771028B1 (en) Drive circuitry for four-color organic light-emitting device
US20070146242A1 (en) High resolution display for monochrome images with color highlighting
US7166006B2 (en) Method of manufacturing-OLED devices by deposition on curved substrates
EP1372200B1 (en) Oled display having color filters for improving contrast
JP4965697B2 (en) Method for designing OLED display device having primary color with optimized lifetime
US20060261732A1 (en) Color organic light-emitting diode display with improved lifetime
EP1385219A2 (en) OLED displays with fiber-optic faceplates

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, NEW YORK

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:MILLER, MICHAEL E.;ASHE, PHILIP R.;SPOONHOWER, JOHN P.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:018920/0258

Effective date: 20070220

AS Assignment

Owner name: GLOBAL OLED TECHNOLOGY LLC,DELAWARE

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:024068/0468

Effective date: 20100304

Owner name: GLOBAL OLED TECHNOLOGY LLC, DELAWARE

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:024068/0468

Effective date: 20100304

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION