US20070036159A1 - Checking data integrity - Google Patents

Checking data integrity Download PDF

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Publication number
US20070036159A1
US20070036159A1 US11/584,263 US58426306A US2007036159A1 US 20070036159 A1 US20070036159 A1 US 20070036159A1 US 58426306 A US58426306 A US 58426306A US 2007036159 A1 US2007036159 A1 US 2007036159A1
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Prior art keywords
data
network interface
interface device
protocol
network
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Abandoned
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US11/584,263
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English (en)
Inventor
Steve Pope
Derek Roberts
David Riddoch
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Xilinx Inc
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Solarflare Communications Inc
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Application filed by Solarflare Communications Inc filed Critical Solarflare Communications Inc
Publication of US20070036159A1 publication Critical patent/US20070036159A1/en
Assigned to SOLARFLARE COMMUNICATIONS, INC. reassignment SOLARFLARE COMMUNICATIONS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LEVEL 5 NETWORKS, INC.
Assigned to SOLARFLARE COMMUNICATIONS, INC. reassignment SOLARFLARE COMMUNICATIONS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LEVEL 5 NETWORKS, INC.
Priority to US13/204,135 priority Critical patent/US8737431B2/en
Assigned to COMERICA BANK, AS AGENT, A TEXAS BANKING ASSOCIATION reassignment COMERICA BANK, AS AGENT, A TEXAS BANKING ASSOCIATION SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: SOLARFLARE COMMUNICATIONS, INC., A DELAWARE CORPORATION
Assigned to SOLARFLARE COMMUNICATIONS, INC. reassignment SOLARFLARE COMMUNICATIONS, INC. RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST Assignors: COMERICA BANK
Assigned to SOLARFLARE COMMUNICATIONS, INC. reassignment SOLARFLARE COMMUNICATIONS, INC. RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: COMERICA BANK
Assigned to PACIFIC WESTERN BANK reassignment PACIFIC WESTERN BANK SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SOLARFLARE COMMUNICATIONS, INC.
Assigned to SOLARFLARE COMMUNICATIONS, INC. reassignment SOLARFLARE COMMUNICATIONS, INC. RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: PACIFIC WESTERN BANK
Assigned to XILINX, INC. reassignment XILINX, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SOLARFLARE COMMUNICATIONS, INC.
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/40—Network security protocols
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
    • H04L69/16—Implementation or adaptation of Internet protocol [IP], of transmission control protocol [TCP] or of user datagram protocol [UDP]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
    • H04L69/22—Parsing or analysis of headers

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a network interface, for example an interface device for linking a computer to a network.
  • a network interface device configured to connect to a data processing device and to a data network to provide an interface between the data processing device and the network for supporting the network of packets of a transport protocol.
  • the network interface device is configured to identify, within the payloads of such packets, data of a further protocol.
  • the data of the further protocol comprises payload data of the further protocol and framing data of the further protocol, and the framing data including verification data for permitting the integrity of the payload data to be verified.
  • the device processes at least the payload data for determining the integrity thereof and transmits, to the data processing device, at least some of the framing data and an indication of the result of the said processing.
  • the network interface device is configured to process the payload data by applying a predetermined function to the payload data to form a verification result. It is also contemplated that the verification result may be the indication of the result. Moreover, the network interface device may be configured to transmit, to the data processing device, the payload data together with at least some of the framing data. The network interface device may be further configured to process the payload data by comparing the verification result with the verification data and the result of that comparison is the indication of the result. In addition, the network interface device may be configured to, if the result of that comparison is that the verification result matches the verification data, transmit to the data processing device the payload data together with at least some of the framing data.
  • the network interface device may be configured to, if the result of that comparison is that the verification result does not match the verification data, not transmit, to the data processing device, the payload data.
  • the predetermined function is a cyclic redundancy check function or an authentication function.
  • the predetermined function is a function that involves byte-by-byte processing of the payload data.
  • the packets of the transport protocol comprise packet headers of that protocol and the network interface device is configured to, on identifying data of the further protocol, transmit to the data processing device at least some of the header(s) of the packet(s) of the transport protocol that carried that the payload data together with the payload data.
  • the network interface device may be configured to perform the transmission to the data processing device by transmitting data to a transport library supported by the data processing device.
  • the transport protocol may comprise the TCP (transmission control protocol) protocol.
  • the further protocol is a protocol for remote direct memory access or the RDMA (remote direct memory access) or ISCSI (internet small computer serial interface) protocol.
  • the further protocol may supports memory write instructions such that the framing data includes information indicative of a memory address of the data processing device to which at least some of the payload data is to be written.
  • the network interface device is configured to, upon identifying at least some forms of data of the further protocol, raise an interrupt on the data processing apparatus.
  • the forms of data may include memory read instructions or memory write instructions.
  • the read write instructions include information indicative of a memory address at which the read/write is to be performed.
  • a data processing system comprising a data processing device and a network interface device for connection to the data processing device and to a data network.
  • This configuration provides an interface between the data processing device and the network for supporting the network of packets of a transport protocol such that the network interface device is configured to identify within the payloads of such packets data of a further protocol.
  • the data of the further protocol may comprise payload data of the further protocol and framing data of the further protocol, and the framing data may include verification data for permitting the integrity of the payload data to be verified.
  • this system may process at least the payload data for determining the integrity thereof and then transmit to the data processing device at least some of the framing data with an indication of the result of the processing.
  • Also disclosed herein is a method for processing data by means of a network interface device which also connects to a data processing device and to a data network so as to provide an interface between the data processing device and the network.
  • This method supports the network of packets of a transport protocol.
  • the method comprising performing the following steps by means of the network interface device by identifying, within the payloads of such packets, data of a further protocol.
  • the data of the further protocol may comprise payload data of the further protocol and framing data of the further protocol such that the framing data includes verification data for permitting the integrity of the payload data to be verified.
  • This method also, upon so identifying data of the further protocol, processes at least the payload data to determine the integrity thereof and then transmits to the data processing device at least some of the framing data and an indication of the result of the processing.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a network interface device in use
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an implementation of a transport library architecture
  • FIG. 3 shows an architecture employing a standard kernel TCP transport with a user level TCP transport
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an architecture in which a standard kernel stack is implemented at user-level
  • FIG. 5 shows an example of a TCP transport architecture.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a network interface device such as a network interface card (NIC) and the general architecture of the system in which it may be used.
  • the network interface device 10 is connected via a data link 5 to a processing device such as computer 1 , and via a data link 14 to a data network 20 .
  • Further network interface devices such as processing device 30 are also connected to the network, providing interfaces between the network and further processing devices such as processing device 40 .
  • the computer 1 may, for example, be a personal computer, a server or a dedicated processing device such as a data logger or controller.
  • it comprises a processor 2 , a program store 4 and a memory 3 .
  • the program store stores instructions defining an operating system and applications that can run on that operating system.
  • the operating system provides means such as drivers and interface libraries by means of which applications can access peripheral hardware devices connected to the computer.
  • the network interface device prefferably capable of supporting standard transport protocols such as TCP, RDMA and ISCSI at user level: i.e. in such a way that they can be made accessible to an application program running on computer 1 .
  • standard transport protocols are implemented within transport libraries accessible to the operating system of the computer 1 .
  • FIG. 2 illustrates one implementation of this.
  • TCP and other protocols are implemented twice: as denoted TCP 1 and TCP 2 in FIG. 2 .
  • TCP 2 will be the standard implementation of the TCP protocol that is built into the operating system of the computer.
  • an application running on the computer may issue API (application programming interface) calls.
  • Some API calls may be handled by the transport libraries that have been provided to support the network interface device. API calls which cannot be serviced by the transport libraries that are available directly to the application can typically be passed on through the interface between the application and the operating system to be handled by the libraries that are available to the operating system.
  • the transport libraries For implementation with many operating systems it is convenient for the transport libraries to use existing Ethernet/IP based control-plane structures: e.g. SNMP and ARP protocols via the OS interface.
  • FIG. 3 shows an architecture employing a standard kernel TCP transport (TCPk).
  • the NIC On packet reception from the network interface hardware (e.g. a network interface card (NIC)), the NIC transfers data into pre-allocated data buffer (a) and invokes the OS interrupt handler by means of the interrupt line.
  • the interrupt handler manages the hardware interface e.g. posts new receive buffers and passes the received (in this case Ethernet) packet looking for protocol information. If a packet is identified as destined for a valid protocol e.g. TCP/IP it is passed (not copied) to the appropriate receive protocol processing block. (Step ii).
  • TCP receive-side processing takes place and the destination part is identified from the packet. If the packet contains valid data for the port then the packet is engaged on the port's data queue (step iii) and that port marked (which may involve the scheduler and the awakening of blocked process) as holding valid data.
  • the TCP receive processing may require other packets to be transmitted (step iv), for example in the cases that previously transmitted data should be retransmitted or that previously enqueued data (perhaps because the TCP window has opened) can now be transmitted. In this case packets are enqueued with the OS “NDIS” driver for transmission.
  • step v In order for an application to retrieve a data buffer it must invoke the OS API (step v), for example by means of a call such as recv( ), select( ) or poll( ). This has the effect of informing the application that data has been received and (in the case of a recv( ) call) copying the data from the kernel buffer to the application's buffer.
  • the copy enables the kernel (OS) to reuse its network buffers, which have special attributes such as being DMA accessible and means that the application does not necessarily have to handle data in units provided by the network, or that the application needs to know a priori the final destination of the data, or that the application must pre-allocate buffers which can then be used for data reception.
  • the send process behaves similarly except that there is usually one path of execution.
  • the application calls the operating system API (e.g. using a send ( ) call) with data to be transmitted (Step vi).
  • This call copies data into a kernel data buffer and invokes TCP send processing.
  • protocol is applied and fully formed TCP/IP packets are enqueued with the interface driver for transmission.
  • the system call returns with an indication of the data scheduled (by the hardware) for transmission.
  • the transport protocol may queue pending acknowledgements or window updates, and the device driver may queue in software pending data transmission requests to the hardware.
  • a third flow of control through the system is generated by actions which must be performed on the passing of time.
  • One example is the triggering of retransmission algorithms.
  • the operating system provides all OS modules with time and scheduling services (driven by the hardware clock interrupt), which enable the TCP stack to implement timers on a per-connection basis.
  • the structure might be generally as shown in FIG. 4 .
  • the application is linked with the transport library, rather than directly with the OS interface.
  • the structure is very similar to the kernel stack implementation with services such as timer support provided by user level packages, and the device driver interface replaced with user-level virtual interface module.
  • services such as timer support provided by user level packages, and the device driver interface replaced with user-level virtual interface module.
  • the transport library in order to provide the model of a asynchronous processing required by the TCP implementation there must be a number of active threads of execution within the transport library:
  • the user level timer code generally operates by using operating system provided timer/time support. Large overheads caused by system calls from the timer module result in the system failing to satisfy the aim of preventing interaction between the operating system and the data path.
  • NIC There may be a number of independent applications each of which manages a sub-set of the network connection; some via their own transport libraries and some by existing kernel stack transport libraries.
  • the NIC must be able to efficiently parse packets and deliver them to the appropriate virtual interface (or the OS) based on protocol information such as IP port and host address bits.
  • RDMA remote direct memory access
  • ISCSI Internet small computer system interface
  • the protocols involve embedding in conventional network packets strings of data that define the operations to be performed according to the protocol. For example, to perform an RDMA operation to write data to the memory of a remote computer a TCP packet may be sent to that computer with a payload containing string made up of: a marker marking the start of RDMA data, a tag indicating where in the memory the data is to be written to, the data itself, and a CRC block to allow the integrity of the data to be verified on receipt.
  • a single TCP packet may contain multiple such strings. When the TCP packet is received the data in its payload can be identified as RDMA data and processed accordingly to perform the desired write operation.
  • the processing of the packet to extract, verify and interpret the RDMA data can be performed by a processor of the target device itself or by a network interface device of the target device. However, it is conventional for the processing to be performed by the network interface device because this allows the passing of the data to and from the memory of the target to be performed efficiently. If the processing were performed by a processor of the target device then two memory write operations would be required since the RDMA data string would first have to be passed to a buffer area of the device's memory for processing, and then—when the destination address of the data had been determined—it would be copied to that address.
  • the RDMA processing is performed on the network interface device then the destination address can be determined there and the data can be written directly to that address, saving the copy operation that would otherwise be required. For this reason the approach of processing RDMA or ISCSI data on the network interface device is preferred.
  • it has the disadvantage that it requires the network interface device to have considerable processing power. This increases expense, especially since embedded processing power on devices such as network interface devices is typically more expensive than main processor power.
  • a network interface device for connection to a data processing device and to a data network so as to provide an interface between the data processing device and the network for supporting the network of packets of a transport protocol, the network interface device being configured to identify within the payloads of such packets data of a further protocol, the data of the further protocol comprising payload data of the further protocol and framing data of the further protocol, and the framing data including verification data for permitting the integrity of the payload data to be verified; on so identifying data of the further protocol, process at least the payload data for determining the integrity thereof and transmit to the data processing device at least some of the framing data and an indication of the result of the said processing.
  • FIG. 5 shows an example of a TCP transport architecture suitable for providing an interface between a network interface device such as device 10 of FIG. 1 and a computer such as computer 1 of FIG. 1 .
  • the architecture is not limited to this implementation.
  • TCP code which performs protocol processing on behalf of a network connection is located both in the transport library, and in the OS kernel. The fact that this code performs protocol processing is especially significant.
  • Connection state and data buffers are held in kernel memory and memory mapped into the transport library's address space.
  • Both kernel and transport library code may access the virtual hardware interface for and on behalf of a particular network connection.
  • Timers may be managed through the virtual hardware interface, (these correspond to real timers on the network interface device) without requiring system calls to set and clear them.
  • the NIC generates timer events which are received by the network interface device driver and passed up to the TCP support code for the device.
  • TCP support code for the network interface device is in addition to the generic OS TCP implementation. This is suitably able to co-exist with the stack of the network interface device.
  • TCP code can either be executed in the transport library as a result of a system API call (e.g. recv( ) (see step i of FIG. 5 ) or by the kernel as a result of a timer event (see step ii of FIG. 5 ).
  • system API call e.g. recv( ) (see step i of FIG. 5 ) or by the kernel as a result of a timer event (see step ii of FIG. 5 ).
  • the VI virtual interface
  • both code paths may access connection state or data buffers, whose protection and mutual exclusion may be managed by shared memory locks.
  • this feature can prevent the requirement for applications to change their thread and signal-handling assumptions: for example in some situations it can be unacceptable to require a single threaded application to link with a multi-threaded library.
  • the network interface device can implement a number of timers which may be allocated to particular virtual interface instances: for example there may be one timer per active TCP transport library. These timers can be made programmable (see step iii of FIG. 5 ) through a memory mapped VI and result in events (see step iv of FIG. 5 ) being issued. Because timers can be set and cleared without a system call the overhead for timer management is greatly reduced.
  • the network interface device can contain or have access to content addressable memory, which can match bits taken from the headers of incoming packets as a parallel hardware match operation. The results of the match can be taken to indicate the destination virtual interface which must be used for delivery, and the hardware can proceed to deliver the packet onto buffers which have been pushed on the VI.
  • content addressable memory can match bits taken from the headers of incoming packets as a parallel hardware match operation. The results of the match can be taken to indicate the destination virtual interface which must be used for delivery, and the hardware can proceed to deliver the packet onto buffers which have been pushed on the VI.
  • One alternative to using a CAM for this purpose is to use a hash algorithm that allows data from the packets' headers to be processed to determine the virtual interface to be used.
  • a network connection When a network connection is handed over the same system-wide resource handle can be passed between the applications.
  • the architecture of the network interface device can attach all state associated with the network connection with that (e.g.) file descriptor and require the transport library to memory map on to this state.
  • the new application (whether as an application, thread or process)—even if it is executing within a different address space—is able to memory-map and continue to use the state.
  • any number of applications are able to share use of a network connection with the same semantics as specified by standard system APIs.
  • connection state and protocol code can remain kernel resident.
  • the OS kernel code can be informed of the change of state of an application in the same manner as the generic TCP (TCPk) protocol stack. An application which is stopped will then not provide a thread to advance protocol execution, but the protocol will continue via timer events, for example as is known for prior art kernel stack protocols.
  • Protocols such as RDMA involve the embedding of framing information and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) data within the TCP stream. While framing information is trivial to calculate within protocol libraries, CRC's (in contrast to checksums) are computationally intensive and best done by hardware. To accommodate this, when a TCP stream is carrying an RDMA or similar encapsulation, an option in the virtual interface can be enabled, for example by means of a flag. On detecting this option, the NIC will parse each packet on transmission, recover the RDMA frame, apply the RDMA CRC algorithm and insert the CRC on the fly during transmission. Analogous procedures can beneficially be used in relation to other protocols, such as iSCSI, that require computationally relatively intensive calculation of error check data.
  • CRC cyclic redundancy check
  • the network interface device can also verify CRCs on received packets using similar logic. This may, for example, be performed in a manner akin to the standard TCP checksum off-load technique.
  • the steps performed are preferably as follows.
  • the NIC analyses the payload of each received TCP packet to identify whether it comprises RDMA data. This may be done by checking whether the RDMA framing data (i.e. the RDMA header and footer) and particularly the RDMA header marker is present in the payload. If it is not present then the packet is processed as normal. If it is present then the payload of the packet is processed by the NIC according to the RDMA CRC algorithm in order to calculate the RDMA CRC for the received data. Once that has been calculated then one of two routes can be employed. In a first route the RDMA data together with the calculated CRC is passed to the host computer.
  • the host computer can then compare the calculated CRC with the CRC as received in the RDMA data to establish whether the data has been correctly received.
  • that comparison can be performed at the NIC and the RDMA data together with an indication of the result of that comparison (e.g. in a one-bit flag) is passed to the host computer.
  • the host computer can then process the RDMA data accordingly.
  • the result of the CRC check indicates that data has been correctly received it can execute the RDMA command represented by the data (typically a read or write command). Otherwise it does not execute the command, and in that case it may automatically perform an error recovery action such as initiating a request for retransmission of the data.
  • the NIC performs the checking of the CRC in addition to its calculation then if it determines that the data has not been validly received it need not transmit the payload of the corresponding RDMA data to the host computer. It need only transmit sufficient information from the header of the transport protocol packet (typically a TCP header) and from the RDMA framing information to allow the host computer to request retransmission. It may transmit the whole of that header and framing information or it could transmit just some of that header and framing information. It will be appreciated that this operation is performed on a per-RDMA-data-unit basis.
  • a TCP packet contains a single RDMA data unit it is the framing data of that same data unit and the header of that same packet (or part thereof) that are passed to the host computer. If a TCP packet contains multiple RDMA data units then if any RDMA data unit is determined to be bad then its framing data and the header of the entire packet (or part thereof) are transmitted to the host PC.
  • Protocols such as Rt)MA also mandate additional operations such as RDMA READ which in conventional implementations require additional intelligence on the network interface device.
  • RDMA/TCP should best be implemented by means of a co-processor network interface device.
  • specific hardware filters can be encoded to trap such upper level protocol requests for a particular network connection.
  • the NIC can generate an event akin to the timer event in order to request action by software running on the attached computer, as well a delivery data message. By triggering an event in such a way the NIC can achieve the result that either the transport library, or the kernel helper will act on the request immediately. This can avoid the potential problem of kernel extensions not executing until the transport library is scheduled and can be applied to other upper protocols if required.
  • the calculation of the CRC is preferably performed by dedicated hardware of the NIC, since this provides a particularly efficient way of carrying out such bit-by-bit operations.
  • the above method could be applied to calculations other than CRC calculations—which may for example include authentication, encryption and decryption operations.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Data Exchanges In Wide-Area Networks (AREA)
  • Computer And Data Communications (AREA)
  • Communication Control (AREA)
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CN1961559A (zh) 2007-05-09
US8737431B2 (en) 2014-05-27
GB0408868D0 (en) 2004-05-26
EP1738552B1 (en) 2017-06-14
US20110296535A1 (en) 2011-12-01
WO2005104479A1 (en) 2005-11-03

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