US20070014227A1 - Radio apparatus - Google Patents
Radio apparatus Download PDFInfo
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- US20070014227A1 US20070014227A1 US11/487,963 US48796306A US2007014227A1 US 20070014227 A1 US20070014227 A1 US 20070014227A1 US 48796306 A US48796306 A US 48796306A US 2007014227 A1 US2007014227 A1 US 2007014227A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
- H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
- H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L25/00—Baseband systems
- H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
- H04L25/0202—Channel estimation
- H04L25/0204—Channel estimation of multiple channels
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
- H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
- H04L27/2602—Signal structure
- H04L27/261—Details of reference signals
Definitions
- An OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) modulation scheme is one of multicarrier communication schemes that can realize the high-speed data transmission and are robust in the multipath environment.
- This OFDM modulation scheme has been applied to the wireless standards such as IEEE802.11a/g and HIPERLAN/2.
- the burst signals in such a wireless LAN are generally transferred via a time-varying channel environment and are also subject to the effect of frequency selective fading.
- a receiving apparatus generally carries out the channel estimation dynamically.
- the receiving apparatus In order for the receiving apparatus to carry out the channel estimation, two kinds of known signals are provided within a packet signal.
- One is the known signal, provided for all carries in the beginning of the packet signal, which is the so-called preamble or training signal.
- the other one is the known signal, provided for part of carriers in the data area of the packet signal, which is the so-called pilot signal (See Reference (1) in the following Related Art List, for instance).
- adaptive array antenna technology is one of the technologies to realize the effective utilization of frequency resources.
- the directional patterns of antennas are controlled by controlling the amplitude and phase of signals, to be processed, in a plurality of antennas, respectively.
- One of techniques to realize higher data transmission rates by using such an adaptive array antenna technology is the MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) system.
- MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
- a transmitting apparatus and a receiving apparatus are each equipped with a plurality of antennas, and packet signals to be transmitted in parallel are set (hereinafter, each of data to be transmitted in parallel in a packet signal is called “stream”). That is, streams up to the maximum number of antennas are set for the communications between the transmitting apparatus and the receiving apparatus so as to improve the data transmission rates.
- the weight in the receiving apparatus differs between when the data signal is received and when the control signal is received.
- known signals are appended to the header portion of packet signals and the weights are derived, using said known signals, by the receiving apparatus, there is a possibility that the error rate will worsen in the rear combination. Since the control signal contains important information therein, it is required that the control signals be transmitted more reliably than the data signal.
- the present invention has been made in view of the foregoing circumstances and a general purpose thereof is to provide a radio apparatus that prevents the error rate of a control signal from deteriorating when a plurality of combinations of control signal and data signal are transmitted.
- a radio apparatus comprises: an input unit which inputs a plurality of combinations of control signal and data signal wherein the combination uses a plurality of subcarriers; a generation unit which generates a packet signal from the plurality of combinations inputted to the input unit in a manner that a first known signal is added to a data signal at least contained in a first combination among the plurality of combinations inputted to the input unit and a second known signal is added to a second combination and the subsequent combinations, respectively, among the plurality of combinations inputted to the input unit, in an anterior part thereof; and a transmitter which transmits the packet signal generated by the generation unit.
- the generation unit uses part of a plurality of subcarriers for control signals contained respectively in the second combination and the subsequent combinations, and defines the second known signal in a manner such that part corresponding to the part of a plurality of subcarriers is extracted from the first known signal.
- the second known signal is appended to the second and the subsequent combinations, so that the degradation in the error rate of a control signal can be prevented.
- the generation unit may include: an interleave unit which performs interleaving of a size defined by a first number of subcarriers on a control signal contained in a first combination and performs interleaving of a size defined by a second number of subcarriers on a data signal among a plurality of combinations inputted by the input unit; and an adding unit which adds an additional signal to a control signal contained in the second combination and the subsequent combinations.
- the adding unit may add additional signals whose amount corresponds to a difference between the second number of subcarriers and the first number of subcarriers.
- the additional signal inserted by the adding unit may be a dummy signal.
- the additional signal inserted by the adding unit may be a signal for parity check.
- the additional signal inserted by the adding unit may be a known signal.
- the additional signal inserted by the adding unit may be a signal for cyclic redundancy check (CRC).
- CRC cyclic redundancy check
- the additional signal inserted by the adding unit may be a known signal.
- This apparatus comprises: a receiver which receives a plurality of combinations of control signal and data signal wherein the combination uses a plurality of subcarriers; and a demodulation unit which demodulates a packet signal from the plurality of combinations received by the receiver in a manner that while using a first known signal the demodulation is performed on a data signal at least contained in a first combination among the plurality of combinations received by the receiver and while using a second known signal placed in an anterior part the demodulation is performed on a second combination and the subsequent combinations, respectively among the plurality of combinations received by the receiver.
- control signals contained respectively in the second combination and the subsequent combinations use part of a plurality of subcarriers and the second known signal is defined in a manner such that part corresponding to the part of a plurality of subcarriers is extracted from the first known signal.
- Still another embodiment of the present invention relates also to a radio apparatus.
- This apparatus comprises: an input unit which inputs a plurality of combinations of control signal and data signal wherein the combination uses a plurality of subcarriers; a generation unit which generates a packet signal from the plurality of combinations inputted to the input unit in a manner that a first known signal is added to a data signal at least contained in a first combination among the plurality of combinations inputted to the input unit and a second known signal is added to a second combination and the subsequent combinations, respectively, among the plurality of combinations inputted to the input unit, in an anterior part thereof; and a transmitter which transmits the packet signal generated by the generation unit.
- the generation unit may define the second known signal in such a manner as to extract part of the first known signal.
- the length of a known signal appended to the second and the subsequent combinations is equivalent to part of the length of a known signal appended to the first combination. Hence, the degradation in the error rate of a control signal can be prevented.
- Data may be composed of a plurality of streams.
- a known signal may be composed of a plurality of streams.
- a control signal may be composed of a plurality of streams.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a spectrum of a multicarrier signal according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 illustrates a structure of a communication system according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 3 illustrates packet formats in the communication system shown in FIG. 2 ;
- FIG. 4 illustrates a structure of a first radio apparatus shown in FIG. 2 ;
- FIG. 5 illustrates a structure of a frequency-domain signal shown in FIG. 4 ;
- FIG. 6 illustrates a structure of a baseband processing unit shown in FIG. 4 ;
- FIG. 7 illustrates a structure of IF unit and modulation unit shown in FIG. 4 ;
- the transmitting apparatus appends a known signal for use in channel estimation (hereinafter referred to as “first known signal”) to a header portion of a packet signal, and appends a known signal for channel estimation (hereinafter referred to as “second known signal”) to front portions of the second and the subsequent combinations, respectively.
- first known signal is composed of a plurality of symbols, and a subcarrier used in any of the plurality of symbols coincides with a subcarrier used in the control signal.
- the second known signal is so defied as to be identical to part of the first known signal corresponding to any of the plurality of symbols.
- the receiving apparatus control signal contained in the second and the subsequent combinations, respectively, while using the weights derived from the second known signal.
- the weights at the time of receiving the control signals are derived based on the second known signal which has been assigned immediately prior thereto, so that the degradation of error rates for the control signals assigned to a posterior part of the packet signal can be prevented. Since the second known signal is defined as part of the first known signal, the drop in transmission efficiency can be restricted.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a spectrum of a multicarrier signal according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a spectrum of a signal in the OFDM modulation scheme.
- One of a plurality of carriers in an OFDM modulation scheme is generally called a subcarrier.
- a subcarrier is designated by a “subcarrier number”.
- 56 subcarriers namely, subcarrier numbers “ ⁇ 28” to “28” are defined.
- the subcarrier number “0” is set to null so as to reduce the effect of a direct current component in a baseband signal.
- 52 subcarriers namely, subcarrier numbers “ ⁇ 26” to “26” are defined.
- legacy systems is a wireless LAN complying with the IEEE802.11a standard.
- the respective subcarriers are modulated by a modulation scheme which is set variably. Used here is any of modulation schemes among BPSK (Binary Phase-Shift Keying), QPSK (Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying), 16-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) and 64-QAM.
- BPSK Binary Phase-Shift Keying
- QPSK Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying
- 16-QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
- 64-QAM 64-QAM.
- Convolutional coding is applied, as an error correction scheme, to these signals.
- the coding rates for the convolutional coding are set to 1/2, 3/4 and so forth.
- the number of data to be transmitted in parallel is set variably.
- the data are transmitted as packet signals and each of packet signals to be transmitted in parallel is called “stream” herein.
- the data rate is also set variably. It is to be noted that the “data rates” may be determined by arbitrary combination of these factors or by one of them.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a structure of a communication system 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the communication system 100 includes a first radio apparatus 10 a and a second radio apparatus 10 b, which are generically called “radio apparatus 10”.
- the first radio apparatus 10 a includes a first antenna 12 a, a second antenna 12 b, a third antenna 12 c and a fourth antenna 12 d, which are generically referred to as “antennas 12”, and the second radio apparatus lob includes a first antenna 14 a, a second antenna 14 b, a third antenna 14 c and a fourth antenna 14 d, which are generically referred to as “antennas 14”.
- the first radio apparatus 10 a corresponds to a transmitting apparatus
- the second radio apparatus 10 b corresponds to a receiving apparatus.
- the first radio apparatus 10 a transmits respectively the data of a plurality of streams from the first antenna 12 a to the fourth antenna 12 d, respectively. As a result, the data rate becomes higher.
- the second radio apparatus 10 b receives the data of a plurality of streams by the first antenna 14 a to the fourth antenna 14 d.
- the second radio apparatus 10 b separates the received signals by adaptive array signal processing and demodulates independently the data of a plurality of streams.
- the number of antennas 12 is “4” and the number of antennas 14 is also “4” here, the number of combinations of channels between the antennas 12 and the antennas 14 is “16”.
- the channel characteristic between from the ith antenna 12 i to the jth antenna 14 j is denoted by h ij . In FIG.
- the channel characteristic between the first antenna 12 a and the first antenna 14 a is denoted by h 11 , that between from the first antenna 12 a to the second antenna 14 b by h 12 , that between the second antenna 12 b and the first antenna 14 a by h 21 , that between from the second antenna 12 b to the second antenna 14 b by h 22 , and that between from the fourth antenna 12 d to the fourth antenna 14 d by h 44 .
- the other channels are omitted in FIG. 2 .
- FIG. 3 illustrates packet formats in a communication system 100 .
- the number of streams contained in the packet formats is “2”.
- the stream transmitted from the first antenna 12 a is shown in the top row whereas the stream transmitted from the second antenna 12 b is shown in the bottom row.
- “L-STF”, “L-LTF”, “L-SIG” and “HT-SIG” correspond to a known signal for timing estimation, a known signal for channel estimation, a control signal compatible with a legacy system, and a control signal compatible with a MIMO system, respectively.
- “HT-STF” and “HT-STF′” correspond to known signals, for timing estimation, compatible with a MIMO system, and they are so defined as to use different subcarriers from each other.
- the both symbols, namely, “HT-STF” and “HT-STF′” are so defined as to use different subcarriers from each other.
- “HT-STF” uses subcarriers whose subcarrier number is odd
- “HT-STF′” uses those whose subcarrier number is even.
- “HT-LTF1”, “HT-LTF1′”, “HT-LTF2” and “HT-LTF2′” correspond to known signals, for channel estimation, compatible with a MIMO system.
- HT-LTF1 and “HT-LTF1′” are so defined as to use different subcariers from each other, similarly to “HT-STF” and “HT-STF′”. The same applies to “HT-LTF2” and “HT-LTF2′”.
- “HT-LTF2” is so defined as to use the subcarriers that have not been used in “HT-LTF1”.
- “HT-SIG1” and “HT-SIG1′” are control signals for “HT-DATA3” and “HT-DATA4” which are assigned posterior to the “HT-SIG1” and “HT-SIG1′”, respectively.
- “HT-SIG1” and “HT-SIG1′” are so defined as to use subcarriers different from each other, similarly to “HT-STF” and “HT-STF′”. Note that the subcarriers used for “HT-SIG1” are the same as those used for “HT-LTF1”, and the subcarriers used for “HT-SIG1′” are the same as those used for “HT-SIG1′”.
- HTTP-SIG2 and “HT-SIG2′”, “HT-DATA5” and “HT-DATA6”, and a set of these is called a “third combination”.
- HTTP-LTF1 and “HT-LTF1′” are assigned anterior to “HT-SIG2” and “HT-SIG2′”
- the receiving apparatus performs receiving processing on “HT-SIG” contained in the first combination, by use of the weights derived from “L-LTS”.
- the receiving apparatus performs receiving processing on “HT-DATA1” and so forth, by use of the weights derived from “HT-LFT1”, “HT-LFT2”, “HT-LFT1′” and “HT-LFT2′”.
- the receiving apparatus performs receiving processing on “HT-SIG1” and “HT-SIG1′”, by use of the weights derived from “HT-LFT1” and “HT-LFT1′” immediately prior thereto.
- the receiving apparatus performs receiving processing on “HT-SIG2” and “HT-SIG2′”, by use of the weights derived from “HT-LTF1” and “HT-LFT1′” immediately prior thereto.
- the portions corresponding to “HT-LFT1”, “HT-LFT1′”, “HT-SIG1”, “HT-SIG1′” and so forth use “56” subcarriers in the total of a plurality of streams (hereinafter this number will be referred to as “second number of subcarriers”).
- the portions corresponding to “HT-DATA1”, “HT-DATA2” and so forth use “56” subcarriers.
- “HT-SIG” and the like are demodulated based on “L-LTF”, as described earlier.
- the both use the same number of carriers, namely “52”, and a processing for adjusting to the power at a posterior part of “56” subcarriers is carried out.
- “HT-SIG1” and the like are demodulated based on “HT-LFT1” and the like immediately prior thereto, as described above. Note that the amount of data such as “HT-SIG1” is the same as the amount of data such as “HT-SIG1”.
- the receiving suited to the change in channel characteristics can be done by referring to the pilot signals in “DATA1” and the like while using “HT-LTF1”, “HT-LFT2”, “HT-LTF1′” and “HT-LFT2′”.
- the radio unit 20 carries out frequency conversion of radiofrequency signal received by the antennas 12 so as to derive baseband signals.
- the radio unit 20 outputs the baseband signals to the baseband processing unit 22 as the time-domain signals 200 .
- the baseband signal which is composed of in-phase components and quadrature components, shall generally be transmitted by two signal lines. For the clarity of figure, the baseband signal is presented here by a single signal line only.
- An AGC unit and an A-D conversion unit are also included.
- the radio unit 20 carries out frequency conversion of baseband signals from the baseband processing unit 22 so as to derive radiofrequency signals.
- the baseband signal from the baseband processing unit 22 is also indicated as the time-domain signal 200 .
- the radio unit 20 outputs the radiofrequency signals to the antennas 12 .
- a PA (power amplifier) and a D-A conversion unit are also included. It is assumed herein that the time-domain signal 200 is a multicarrier signal converted to the time domain and is a digital signal.
- the baseband processing unit 22 inputs, from the modem unit 24 , the frequency-domain signals 202 serving as signals in the frequency domain, converts the frequency-domain signals into time domain and then outputs the thus converted signals as time-domain signals by associating them respectively with a plurality of antennas 12 .
- the number of antennas 12 to be used in the transmission processing is specified by the control unit 30 . It is assumed herein that the frequency-domain signal 202 , which is a signal in the frequency domain, contains a plurality of subcarrier components as shown in FIG. 1 . For the clarity of figure, the frequency-domain signal is arranged in the order of the subcarrier numbers, and forms serial signals.
- FIG. 5 illustrates a structure of a frequency-domain signal.
- a combination of subcarrier numbers “ ⁇ 28” to “28” shown in FIG. 1 constitutes an “OFDM symbol”.
- An “i”th OFDM symbol is such that subcarrier components are arranged in the order of subcarrier numbers “1” to “28” and subcarrier numbers “ ⁇ 28” to “ ⁇ 1”.
- an “(i ⁇ 1)”th OFDM symbol is placed before the “i”th OFDM symbol, and an “(i+1)”th OFDM symbol is placed after the “i”th OFDM symbol.
- L-SIG a combination of from the subcarrier number “ ⁇ 26” to the subcarrier number “ ⁇ 26” is used for each “OFDM symbol”.
- the control unit 30 controls the timing and the like of the first radio apparatus 10 a.
- the control unit 30 controls the modem unit 24 and the like so that the packet signals to be transmitted form the packet formats as shown in FIG. 3 . That is, the control unit 30 appends “HT-LTS1”, “HT-LTS2” or the like to the data signals contained in at least the first combination among a plurality of combinations, and appends “HT-LTS1” or the like to anterior parts of the second and the subsequent combinations, respectively, among a plurality of combinations.
- part of a plurality of subcarriers are used for “HT-SIG1” and the like contained in the second and the subsequent combinations, respectively.
- “HT-LTS1” and the like for the second and the subsequent combinations, respectively are defined in a manner such that part corresponding to said part of a plurality of subcarriers is extracted from “HT-LTS1” and the like.
- “HT-LTS1”, “HT-LTS2” and the like are each formed by a plurality of symbols.
- the subcarrier used for each symbol is changed and defined so that the subcarrier used for any of symbols is identical to the subcarrier used for “HT-SIG” and the like contained in the second and the subsequent combinations, respectively.
- “HT-LTF1” for “HT-SIG1” is so defined as to be identical to “HT-LTS1” in “HT-LTS1” and “HT-LTS2”.
- this structure can be realized by a CPU, a memory and other LSIs of an arbitrary computer.
- software it is realized by memory-loaded programs which have communication functions and the like, but drawn and described herein are function blocks that are realized in cooperation with those.
- function blocks can be realized in a variety of forms such as by hardware only, software only or the combination thereof.
- the receiving processing unit 50 computes plural kinds of receiving weight vectors.
- a first kind of receiving weight vector is a receiving weight vector to receive HT-SIG and the like, and is derived from L-LTF and the like.
- the receiving processing unit 50 estimates a channel characteristic from L-LTF and the like, and derives a receiving weight vector by calculating the reciprocal of the estimated channel characteristic.
- a second kind of receiving weight vector is a receiving weight vector to receive HT-DATA 1 and the like and is derived from HT-LTF 1 , HT-LTF 1 ′, HT-LTF 2 , HT-LTF 2 ′ and the like.
- the first correlation matrix R 1 is multiplied by the inverse matrix of the second correlation matrix R 2 so as to derive a receiving response vector, which is expressed by the following Equation (5).
- FIG. 7 illustrates a structure of IF unit 26 and modulation unit 24 . Shown here is a portion concerning the transmission function in the IF unit 26 and the modulation unit 24 .
- the IF unit 26 includes an FEC (Forward Error-Correcting) unit 60 and a separation unit 62 .
- the modulation unit 24 includes a first interleave unit 64 a . . . and a fourth interleave unit 64 d, which are generically referred to as “interleave unit 64”, a first adding unit 66 a . . . and a fourth adding unit 66 d, which are generically referred to as “adding unit 66”, and a first mapping unit 68 a . . . and a fourth mapping unit 68 d, which are generically referred to as “mapping unit 68”.
- the mapping unit 68 performs mappings of BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM on the signals from the adding unit 66 . Mapping, which is a known technology, is not explained here.
- the mapping unit 68 outputs a mapped signal as a frequency-domain signal 202 .
- the insertion of known signals, such as “L-STF” as shown in FIG. 3 , or the insertion of pilot signals is done by the modem unit 24 .
- the receiving function for receiving the packet signals generated as described above performs operation opposite to that explained above. That is, the modem unit 24 receives an input of frequency-domain signals 202 .
- the frequency domain signal 202 which is a combination of control signal and data signal, is equal to a combination using a plurality of subcarriers.
- the control signals contained in the second and subsequent combinations correspond to control signals with their respective additional signals.
- the excluding unit (not shown) in the modem unit 24 excludes additional signals from the control signals with their respective additional signals contained in the second and subsequent combinations out of a plurality of combinations. In other words, the excluding unit outputs control signals and data signals by excluding the dummy signals therefrom. Note that the excluding unit excludes additional signals according to the difference between the second number of subcarriers and the first number of subcarriers.
- a deinterleave unit (not shown) in the modem unit 24 performs a deinterleaving of a size defined by the first number of subcarriers, namely, “48”, on the control signal, of the plurality of combinations with the additional signals excluded, and performs a deinterleaving of a size defined by the second number of subcarriers, namely, “52”, on the data signal.
- an additional signal is added to an interleaved control signal.
- the number of subcarriers used for “HT-LTS1” and the like is equal to the number of subcarriers used for a control signal with additional signal.
- the variation in the number of subcarriers and the variation in the signal strength of packet signals are subject to restriction.
- the size of interleaving when based on the number of subcarriers, is different between the control signal with an additional signal and the data signal. As a result, a switching in the size of interleaving is done between the two.
- a modification to be described later aims to restrict the change in size to be used in the interleaving.
- a plurality of combinations, of control signal and data signals, which are to use a plurality of subcarriers are inputted to the adding unit 66 .
- the adding unit 66 appends additional signals to the second combination and the subsequent combinations in a plurality of combinations. Accordingly, control signals with their respective additional signals are produced.
- the amount of additional signals appended by the adding unit 66 is determined by the adding unit according to the difference between the first number of subcarriers and the second number of subcarriers. It is assumed herein that the additional signals are for use with CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check).
- the signals for CRC are generated by the FEC unit 60 . As a result, the bit number used for CRC increases and therefore the data error characteristics improves.
- the additional signal may be a signal for use with parity check.
- the interleave unit 64 carries out an interleaving of a size defined by the first number of subcarriers on the control signal contained in the first combination, and carries out an interleaving of a size defined by the second number of subcarriers on the remaining signals. That is, the number of interleave size switching can be reduced.
- a deinterlieave unit (not shown) in the modem unit 24 performs a deinterleaving of a size defined by the first number of subcarriers on control signals contained in the first combination among a plurality of combinations, and performs a deinterleaving of a size defined by the second number of subcarriers on the remaining signals.
- the excluding unit (not shown) in the modem unit 24 excludes additional signals from the control signals with their respective additional signals contained in the second and subsequent combinations out of a plurality of combinations. That is, the excluding unit outputs control signals and data signals by excluding the signals for CRC. Note that the excluding unit excludes additional signals according to the difference between the second number of subcarriers and the first number of subcarriers.
- the IF unit 26 executes the detection by CRC.
- a known signal is appended to a part immediately before a control signal contained in the second and the subsequent combinations, so that the degradation in the error rates of control signals can be suppressed. Since the degradation in the error rated of control signals can be suppressed, the receiving quality can be improved.
- the known signal appended to a part immediately before the control signal contained in the second and the subsequent combinations is equivalent to part of a known signal corresponding to a data signal, the drop in transmission efficiency can be prevented.
- the length of a known signal appended immediately anterior to a control signal contained in the second and the subsequent combinations is equivalent to part of the length of a known signal corresponding to a data signal, so that the drop in transmission efficiency can be prevented.
- the number of subcarriers used for a data signal is made equal to the number of subcarriers used for a control signal with an additional signal.
- the variation in signal strength can be restricted. Since the variation in signal strength can be restricted, the time constant of AGC at the receiving apparatus can be made longer. Because of this restricted and thus controlled variation in signal strength, the dynamic range at the receiving apparatus can be made smaller. Also, the receiving characteristics thereof can be improved. Since drops in signal strength in the course of a packet signal can be avoided, any transmission from a third party communication apparatus multiplexed by CSMA can be prevented.
- any transmission from a third party communication apparatus multiplexed by CSMA can be prevented, the probability of signal collisions can be lowered. Since a dummy signal is added as an additional signal, complexity of processing can be reduced. Since a receiving apparatus, once additional signals are removed from control signals with additional signals, can perform normal functions, extra processing can be reduced.
- the number of subcarriers used for data signals and the number of subcarriers used for control signals with additional signals are made equal to each other by adding an additional signal to each control signal inserted between data signals before interleaving.
- the number of interleave size switching can be reduced.
- variation in signal strength can be suppressed and controlled while reducing the number of interleave size switching. Since a signal for CRC is appended as an additional signal, the receiving characteristics can be improved.
- a signal compatible with the legacy system is appended to a leading part of a packet format.
- the adding unit 66 does not append an additional signal to the leading control signal “HT-SIG”.
- the arrangement is not limited thereto, and an arrangement may be such that the signal compatible with a legacy system is not appended to the leading part of a packet format.
- the adding unit 66 may add additional signals to all of the control signals.
- the same processing is done on all of the control signals, so that the processing can be simplified.
- the only requirement is such that additional signals be added whose number of subcarriers is equal to the difference between the number of subcarriers used for data signal and the number of subcarriers used for control signal.
- the communication system 100 is a MIMO system.
- the arrangement is not limited thereto, and an arragement may be such that the communication system 100 is not a MIMO system.
- the arrangement may be such that signals of a single stream are transmitted from a single antenna 12 .
- the present invention can be applied to the various types of communication systems. That is, the only requirement is that a plurality of subcarriers are used and there is a need to control the variation in the number of subcarriers in the course of a packet signal.
Abstract
Description
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The present invention relates to radio apparatus, and it particularly relates to a radio apparatus using multiple subcarriers.
- 2. Description of the Related Art
- An OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) modulation scheme is one of multicarrier communication schemes that can realize the high-speed data transmission and are robust in the multipath environment. This OFDM modulation scheme has been applied to the wireless standards such as IEEE802.11a/g and HIPERLAN/2. The burst signals in such a wireless LAN are generally transferred via a time-varying channel environment and are also subject to the effect of frequency selective fading. Hence, a receiving apparatus generally carries out the channel estimation dynamically.
- In order for the receiving apparatus to carry out the channel estimation, two kinds of known signals are provided within a packet signal. One is the known signal, provided for all carries in the beginning of the packet signal, which is the so-called preamble or training signal. The other one is the known signal, provided for part of carriers in the data area of the packet signal, which is the so-called pilot signal (See Reference (1) in the following Related Art List, for instance).
- (1) Sinem Coleri, Mustafa Ergen, Anuj Puri and Ahmad Bahai, “Channel Estimation Techniques Based on Pilot Arrangement in OFDM Systems”, IEEE Transactions on broadcasting, vol. 48, No.3, pp. 223-229, September 2002.
- In wireless communications, adaptive array antenna technology is one of the technologies to realize the effective utilization of frequency resources. In adaptive array antenna technology, the directional patterns of antennas are controlled by controlling the amplitude and phase of signals, to be processed, in a plurality of antennas, respectively. One of techniques to realize higher data transmission rates by using such an adaptive array antenna technology is the MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) system. In this MIMO system, a transmitting apparatus and a receiving apparatus are each equipped with a plurality of antennas, and packet signals to be transmitted in parallel are set (hereinafter, each of data to be transmitted in parallel in a packet signal is called “stream”). That is, streams up to the maximum number of antennas are set for the communications between the transmitting apparatus and the receiving apparatus so as to improve the data transmission rates.
- Moreover, combining this MIMO system with the OFDM modulation scheme results in a higher data transmission rate. For the purpose of enhancing the transmission efficiency in this MIMO system, the data signals to be transmitted respectively in a plurality of packets are aggregated into a single packet. In so doing, the control signals are appended to the respective data signals. In other words, a plurality of combinations of control signals and data signals are contained in the packet signals. It is generally the case that the information amount of control signals is smaller than that of data signals. Here, MIMO is carried out between a plurality of streams to transmit the data signals. On the other hand, the subcarriers to be used respectively by a plurality of streams are so defined as to be varied, and the control signals are divided into streams, respectively, so as to be transmitted.
- Under the above circumstances, the weight in the receiving apparatus differs between when the data signal is received and when the control signal is received. In the case where known signals are appended to the header portion of packet signals and the weights are derived, using said known signals, by the receiving apparatus, there is a possibility that the error rate will worsen in the rear combination. Since the control signal contains important information therein, it is required that the control signals be transmitted more reliably than the data signal.
- The present invention has been made in view of the foregoing circumstances and a general purpose thereof is to provide a radio apparatus that prevents the error rate of a control signal from deteriorating when a plurality of combinations of control signal and data signal are transmitted.
- In order to solve the above problems, a radio apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises: an input unit which inputs a plurality of combinations of control signal and data signal wherein the combination uses a plurality of subcarriers; a generation unit which generates a packet signal from the plurality of combinations inputted to the input unit in a manner that a first known signal is added to a data signal at least contained in a first combination among the plurality of combinations inputted to the input unit and a second known signal is added to a second combination and the subsequent combinations, respectively, among the plurality of combinations inputted to the input unit, in an anterior part thereof; and a transmitter which transmits the packet signal generated by the generation unit. The generation unit uses part of a plurality of subcarriers for control signals contained respectively in the second combination and the subsequent combinations, and defines the second known signal in a manner such that part corresponding to the part of a plurality of subcarriers is extracted from the first known signal.
- According to this embodiment, the second known signal is appended to the second and the subsequent combinations, so that the degradation in the error rate of a control signal can be prevented.
- For the first known signal composed of a plurality of symbols, the generation unit may change subcarriers used in the symbols, respectively, so define a subcarrier used in any of the symbols as to be identical to a subcarrier used in a control signal contained in each of the second and the subsequent combinations, and so define the second known signal as to be identical to part of the first known signal corresponding to the any of the symbols.
- The generation unit may include: an interleave unit which performs interleaving of a size defined by a first number of subcarriers on a control signal contained in a first combination and performs interleaving of a size defined by a second number of subcarriers on a data signal among a plurality of combinations inputted by the input unit; and an adding unit which adds an additional signal to a control signal contained in the second combination and the subsequent combinations. The adding unit may add additional signals whose amount corresponds to a difference between the second number of subcarriers and the first number of subcarriers.
- The additional signal inserted by the adding unit may be a dummy signal. The additional signal inserted by the adding unit may be a signal for parity check. The additional signal inserted by the adding unit may be a known signal.
- The generation unit may include: an adding unit which adds an additional signal to a control signal contained in the second combination and the subsequent combinations among a plurality of combinations inputted by the input unit; and an interleave unit which performs interleaving of a size defined by a first number of subcarriers on a control signal contained in a first combination and performs interleaving of a size defined by a second number of subcarriers on the remaining signals among a plurality of combinations in which the additional signal has been added by the adding unit. The adding unit may add additional signals whose amount corresponds to a difference between the second number of subcarriers and the first number of subcarriers.
- The additional signal inserted by the adding unit may be a signal for cyclic redundancy check (CRC). The additional signal inserted by the adding unit may be a known signal.
- Another embodiment of the present invention relates also to a radio apparatus. This apparatus comprises: a receiver which receives a plurality of combinations of control signal and data signal wherein the combination uses a plurality of subcarriers; and a demodulation unit which demodulates a packet signal from the plurality of combinations received by the receiver in a manner that while using a first known signal the demodulation is performed on a data signal at least contained in a first combination among the plurality of combinations received by the receiver and while using a second known signal placed in an anterior part the demodulation is performed on a second combination and the subsequent combinations, respectively among the plurality of combinations received by the receiver. In the receiver, the control signals contained respectively in the second combination and the subsequent combinations use part of a plurality of subcarriers and the second known signal is defined in a manner such that part corresponding to the part of a plurality of subcarriers is extracted from the first known signal.
- According to this embodiment, the second known signal is appended to the second and the subsequent combinations and therefore the degradation in the error rate of a control signal can be prevented.
- The demodulation unit may include: an excluding unit which excludes an additional signal from the control signal contained in the second combination and the subsequent combination among the plurality of combinations received by the receiver; and a deinterleave unit which performs deinterleaving of a size defined by a first number of subcarriers on a control signal and performs deinterleaving of a size defined by a second number of subcarriers on a data signal in a plurality of combinations in which the additional signal has been excluded by the excluding unit. The excluding unit may exclude additional signals whose amount corresponds to a difference between the second number of subcarriers and the first number of subcarriers.
- The modulation unit may include: a deinterleave unit which performs deinterleaving of a size defined by a first number of subcarriers on a control signal conatained in a first combination and performs deinterleaving of a size defined by a second number of subcarriers on the remaining signals in the plurality of combinations received by the receiver; and an excluding unit which excludes an additional signal from the control signal contained in the second combination and the subsequent combinations among a plurality of combinations deinterleaved by the deinterleave unit. The excluding unit may exclude additional signals whose amount corresponds to a difference between the second number of subcarriers and the first number of subcarriers.
- Still another embodiment of the present invention relates also to a radio apparatus. This apparatus comprises: an input unit which inputs a plurality of combinations of control signal and data signal wherein the combination uses a plurality of subcarriers; a generation unit which generates a packet signal from the plurality of combinations inputted to the input unit in a manner that a first known signal is added to a data signal at least contained in a first combination among the plurality of combinations inputted to the input unit and a second known signal is added to a second combination and the subsequent combinations, respectively, among the plurality of combinations inputted to the input unit, in an anterior part thereof; and a transmitter which transmits the packet signal generated by the generation unit. The generation unit may define the second known signal in such a manner as to extract part of the first known signal.
- According to this embodiment, the length of a known signal appended to the second and the subsequent combinations is equivalent to part of the length of a known signal appended to the first combination. Hence, the degradation in the error rate of a control signal can be prevented.
- Data may be composed of a plurality of streams. A known signal may be composed of a plurality of streams. A control signal may be composed of a plurality of streams.
- It is to be noted that any arbitrary combination of the above-described structural components and the expressions changed among a method, an apparatus, a system, a recording medium, a computer program and so forth are all effective as and encompassed by the present embodiments.
- Moreover, this summary of the invention does not necessarily describe all necessary features so that the invention may also be sub-combination of these described features.
- Embodiments will now be described by way of examples only, with reference to the accompanying drawings which are meant to be exemplary, not limiting and wherein like elements are numbered alike in several Figures in which:
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FIG. 1 illustrates a spectrum of a multicarrier signal according to an embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 2 illustrates a structure of a communication system according to an embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 3 illustrates packet formats in the communication system shown inFIG. 2 ; -
FIG. 4 illustrates a structure of a first radio apparatus shown inFIG. 2 ; -
FIG. 5 illustrates a structure of a frequency-domain signal shown inFIG. 4 ; -
FIG. 6 illustrates a structure of a baseband processing unit shown inFIG. 4 ; -
FIG. 7 illustrates a structure of IF unit and modulation unit shown inFIG. 4 ; and -
FIG. 8 illustrates another structure of IF unit and modulation unit shown inFIG. 4 . - The invention will now be described based on the following embodiments which do not intend to limit the scope of the present invention but exemplify the invention. All of the features and the combinations thereof described in the embodiments are not necessarily essential to the invention.
- An outline of the present invention will be given before a detailed description thereof. The Embodiments of the present invention relate to a MIMO system comprised of at least two radio apparatuses. One of the radio apparatuses corresponds to a transmitting apparatus whereas the other thereof corresponds to a receiving apparatus. The transmitting apparatus generates one packet signal in such a manner as to contain a plurality of combinations of control signal and data signal. Note that one packet signal is composed of a plurality of streams. As mentioned earlier, if the weight at the time of receiving a control signal differ from the weight at the time of receiving a data signal, the receiving apparatus must derive the weights for them, respectively. It is desired that the degradation of error rates for the control signals contained in the combination placed in an anterior part of the packet signal be prevented. In the present embodiment, the following processing is executed to solve the above problems.
- The transmitting apparatus appends a known signal for use in channel estimation (hereinafter referred to as “first known signal”) to a header portion of a packet signal, and appends a known signal for channel estimation (hereinafter referred to as “second known signal”) to front portions of the second and the subsequent combinations, respectively. Here, the first known signal is composed of a plurality of symbols, and a subcarrier used in any of the plurality of symbols coincides with a subcarrier used in the control signal. The second known signal is so defied as to be identical to part of the first known signal corresponding to any of the plurality of symbols. When the receiving apparatus receives a packet signal, the receiving apparatus receives data contained respectively in a plurality of combinations while using the weights derived from the first known signal. On the other hand, the receiving apparatus control signal contained in the second and the subsequent combinations, respectively, while using the weights derived from the second known signal. In this manner, the weights at the time of receiving the control signals are derived based on the second known signal which has been assigned immediately prior thereto, so that the degradation of error rates for the control signals assigned to a posterior part of the packet signal can be prevented. Since the second known signal is defined as part of the first known signal, the drop in transmission efficiency can be restricted.
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FIG. 1 illustrates a spectrum of a multicarrier signal according to an embodiment of the present invention. In particular,FIG. 1 shows a spectrum of a signal in the OFDM modulation scheme. One of a plurality of carriers in an OFDM modulation scheme is generally called a subcarrier. Herein, however, a subcarrier is designated by a “subcarrier number”. In a MIMO system, 56 subcarriers, namely, subcarrier numbers “−28” to “28” are defined. It is to be noted that the subcarrier number “0” is set to null so as to reduce the effect of a direct current component in a baseband signal. On the other hand, in a legacy system, 52 subcarriers, namely, subcarrier numbers “−26” to “26” are defined. One example of legacy systems is a wireless LAN complying with the IEEE802.11a standard. - The respective subcarriers are modulated by a modulation scheme which is set variably. Used here is any of modulation schemes among BPSK (Binary Phase-Shift Keying), QPSK (Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying), 16-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) and 64-QAM.
- Convolutional coding is applied, as an error correction scheme, to these signals. The coding rates for the convolutional coding are set to 1/2, 3/4 and so forth. The number of data to be transmitted in parallel is set variably. The data are transmitted as packet signals and each of packet signals to be transmitted in parallel is called “stream” herein. As a result thereof, since the mode of modulation scheme and the values of coding rate and the number of streams are set variably, the data rate is also set variably. It is to be noted that the “data rates” may be determined by arbitrary combination of these factors or by one of them.
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FIG. 2 illustrates a structure of acommunication system 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention. Thecommunication system 100 includes afirst radio apparatus 10 a and asecond radio apparatus 10 b, which are generically called “radio apparatus 10”. Thefirst radio apparatus 10 a includes afirst antenna 12 a, asecond antenna 12 b, athird antenna 12 c and afourth antenna 12 d, which are generically referred to as “antennas 12”, and the second radio apparatus lob includes afirst antenna 14 a, asecond antenna 14 b, athird antenna 14 c and afourth antenna 14 d, which are generically referred to as “antennas 14”. Here, thefirst radio apparatus 10 a corresponds to a transmitting apparatus, whereas thesecond radio apparatus 10 b corresponds to a receiving apparatus. - An outline of a MIMO system will be given before a description of a structure of the
communication system 100. Assume herein that data are being transmitted from thefirst radio apparatus 10 a to thesecond radio apparatus 10 b. Thefirst radio apparatus 10 a transmits respectively the data of a plurality of streams from thefirst antenna 12 a to thefourth antenna 12 d, respectively. As a result, the data rate becomes higher. Thesecond radio apparatus 10 b receives the data of a plurality of streams by thefirst antenna 14 a to thefourth antenna 14 d. Thesecond radio apparatus 10 b separates the received signals by adaptive array signal processing and demodulates independently the data of a plurality of streams. - Since the number of antennas 12 is “4” and the number of antennas 14 is also “4” here, the number of combinations of channels between the antennas 12 and the antennas 14 is “16”. The channel characteristic between from the ith antenna 12 i to the jth antenna 14 j is denoted by hij. In
FIG. 2 , the channel characteristic between thefirst antenna 12 a and thefirst antenna 14 a is denoted by h11, that between from thefirst antenna 12 a to thesecond antenna 14 b by h12, that between thesecond antenna 12 b and thefirst antenna 14 a by h21, that between from thesecond antenna 12 b to thesecond antenna 14 b by h22, and that between from thefourth antenna 12 d to thefourth antenna 14 d by h44. For the clarity of illustration, the other channels are omitted inFIG. 2 . -
FIG. 3 illustrates packet formats in acommunication system 100. For the simplicity of explanation, it is assumed here that the number of streams contained in the packet formats is “2”. The stream transmitted from thefirst antenna 12 a is shown in the top row whereas the stream transmitted from thesecond antenna 12 b is shown in the bottom row. In the top row ofFIG. 3 , “L-STF”, “L-LTF”, “L-SIG” and “HT-SIG” correspond to a known signal for timing estimation, a known signal for channel estimation, a control signal compatible with a legacy system, and a control signal compatible with a MIMO system, respectively. In the bottom row ofFIG. 3 , “L-STF+CDD”, “L-LTF+CDD”, “L-SIG+CDD” and “HT-SIG+CDD” correspond to the results obtained when CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity) is implemented to “L-STF”, “L-LTF”, “L-SIG” and “HT-SIG”, respectively. The CDD is a processing where in a predetermined interval a time-domain waveform is shifted, by a shift amount, in a posterior direction and then the waveform pushed out of the rearmost part in the predetermined interval is assigned cyclically to a header portion of the predetermined interval. That is, “L-STF+CDD” is such that “L-STF” has undergone the cyclic timing shifting. - “HT-STF” and “HT-STF′” correspond to known signals, for timing estimation, compatible with a MIMO system, and they are so defined as to use different subcarriers from each other. The both symbols, namely, “HT-STF” and “HT-STF′” are so defined as to use different subcarriers from each other. For example, “HT-STF” uses subcarriers whose subcarrier number is odd, whereas “HT-STF′” uses those whose subcarrier number is even. “HT-LTF1”, “HT-LTF1′”, “HT-LTF2” and “HT-LTF2′” correspond to known signals, for channel estimation, compatible with a MIMO system. Here, “HT-LTF1” and “HT-LTF1′” are so defined as to use different subcariers from each other, similarly to “HT-STF” and “HT-STF′”. The same applies to “HT-LTF2” and “HT-LTF2′”. On the other hand, “HT-LTF2” is so defined as to use the subcarriers that have not been used in “HT-LTF1”.
- “HT-DATA1” and “HT-DATA2” are data signals. The control signals for “HT-DATA1” and “HT-DATA2” correspond to “HT-SIG” and “HT-SIG+CDD”, respectively. Accordingly, a set of “HT-SIG”, “HT-SIG+CDD”, “HT-DATA1” and “HT-DATA2” is called a “first combination”.
- “HT-SIG1” and “HT-SIG1′” are control signals for “HT-DATA3” and “HT-DATA4” which are assigned posterior to the “HT-SIG1” and “HT-SIG1′”, respectively. “HT-SIG1” and “HT-SIG1′” are so defined as to use subcarriers different from each other, similarly to “HT-STF” and “HT-STF′”. Note that the subcarriers used for “HT-SIG1” are the same as those used for “HT-LTF1”, and the subcarriers used for “HT-SIG1′” are the same as those used for “HT-SIG1′”. Here, “HT-LTF1” and “HT-LTF1′” are assigned anterior to “HT-SIG1” and “HT-SIG1′”. “HT-DATA3” and “HT-DATA4” are data signals. A set of “HT-SIG1” and “HT-SIG1′”, “HT-DATA3” and “HT-DATA4” is called a “second combination”.
- The same holds for “HT-SIG2” and “HT-SIG2′”, “HT-DATA5” and “HT-DATA6”, and a set of these is called a “third combination”. “HT-LTF1” and “HT-LTF1′” are assigned anterior to “HT-SIG2” and “HT-SIG2′”
- For the above packet formats, the receiving apparatus performs receiving processing on “HT-SIG” contained in the first combination, by use of the weights derived from “L-LTS”. The receiving apparatus performs receiving processing on “HT-DATA1” and so forth, by use of the weights derived from “HT-LFT1”, “HT-LFT2”, “HT-LFT1′” and “HT-LFT2′”. The receiving apparatus performs receiving processing on “HT-SIG1” and “HT-SIG1′”, by use of the weights derived from “HT-LFT1” and “HT-LFT1′” immediately prior thereto. The receiving apparatus performs receiving processing on “HT-SIG2” and “HT-SIG2′”, by use of the weights derived from “HT-LTF1” and “HT-LFT1′” immediately prior thereto.
- The portions from the beginning up to “HT-SIG” and “HT-SIG+CDD” use “52” subcarriers in the same way as in a legacy system (hereinafter this number will be referred to as “first number of subcarriers”). Of “52” subacarriers, “4” subcarriers correspond to the pilot signals. On the other hand, the portions corresponding to “HT-STF” and “HT-STF′” use “24” subcarriers in the total of a plurality of streams. The portions corresponding to “HT-LFT1”, “HT-LFT1′”, “HT-SIG1”, “HT-SIG1′” and so forth use “56” subcarriers in the total of a plurality of streams (hereinafter this number will be referred to as “second number of subcarriers”). The portions corresponding to “HT-DATA1”, “HT-DATA2” and so forth use “56” subcarriers.
- In the receiving apparatus, “HT-SIG” and the like are demodulated based on “L-LTF”, as described earlier. The both use the same number of carriers, namely “52”, and a processing for adjusting to the power at a posterior part of “56” subcarriers is carried out. On the other hand, “HT-SIG1” and the like are demodulated based on “HT-LFT1” and the like immediately prior thereto, as described above. Note that the amount of data such as “HT-SIG1” is the same as the amount of data such as “HT-SIG1”. Accordingly, if “HT-SIG1” and the like use “52” subcarriers in the same way as in “HT-SIG” and the like, the number of subacarriers used does not agree with the number of subcarriers, namely, “56”, used in “HT-LFT1” and the like, so that the powers at the both fields do not coincide. Thus, according to the present invention, the number of subcarriers used in “HT-SIG” and the like is extended to “56”. In so doing, an “additional signal is appended to the “control signal”. Hereinafter, a control signal to which an additional signal is appended or control signals to which additional signals are appended will be referred to as a “control signal with an additional signal” or “control signals with their respective additional signals”, respectively.
- The above described packet formats are structured in the light of following grounds. The strong error resistance is required of “HT-SIG1” and the like and therefore the execution of spatial multiplexing as with “DATA1” and the like is not desirable. Hence, the same subcarriers as with “HT-LTF1” and “HT-LFT1′” are used so as to make the error resistance of “HT-SIG1” stronger. As a result, the weights for “DATA1” and the like will differ from the weights for “HT-SIG1” and the like. Since “DATA1” and the like are received continuously to some extent, the receiving suited to the change in channel characteristics can be done by referring to the pilot signals in “DATA1” and the like while using “HT-LTF1”, “HT-LFT2”, “HT-LTF1′” and “HT-LFT2′”.
- On the other hand, “HT-SIG1” and the like are of discrete nature, and there is little chance of updating the receiving weights for “HT-SIG1” and the like. Hence, it is difficult to perform the receiving operation suited to the change in channel characteristics. Thus, it is preferred that “HT-LTF1” and “HT-LFT1′” be inserted immediately before “HT-SIG1” and the like. Since “HT-LTF1” and “HT-LTF1′” are part of “HT-LTF1”, “HT-LFT2”, “HT-LTF1′” and “HT-LFT2′”, the increased cost of the radio apparatus 10 can be restricted.
- For the above-described “HT-SIG”, “HT-SIG1” and so forth, there has been a demand that the same interleave unit and the same deinterleave unit are installed in the radio apparatus 10 for the simplicity of processing and the processing is performed on “HT-SIGs” to which the same information bits have been arranged. Normally, since the number of subcarriers for “HT-SIG1” and the like is adjusted to the number of subcarriers for “HT-SIG”, that of “HT-SIG1” and the like becomes “52”. Thus, the power fluctuation occurs in “HT-SIG1” and the like. According to the present invention, the power variation can be compensated while meeting the above demand by appending the additional signals.
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FIG. 4 illustrates a structure of afirst radio apparatus 10 a. Thefirst radio apparatus 10 a includes afirst radio unit 20 a, asecond radio unit 20 b, . . . and afourth radio unit 20d, which are generically referred to as “radio unit 20”, abaseband processing unit 22, amodem unit 24, anIF unit 26 and acontrol unit 30. Signals involved include a first time-domain signal 200 a, a second time-domain signal 200 b, . . . and a fourth time-domain signal 200 d, which are generically referred to as “time-domain signal 200”, and a first frequency-domain signal 202 a, a second frequency-domain signal 202 b, a third frequency-domain signal 202 c and a fourth frequency-domain signal 202 d, which are generically referred to as “frequency-domain signal 202”. Thesecond radio apparatus 10 b has a structure similar to that of thefirst radio apparatus 10 a. - As a receiving operation, the
radio unit 20 carries out frequency conversion of radiofrequency signal received by the antennas 12 so as to derive baseband signals. Theradio unit 20 outputs the baseband signals to thebaseband processing unit 22 as the time-domain signals 200. The baseband signal, which is composed of in-phase components and quadrature components, shall generally be transmitted by two signal lines. For the clarity of figure, the baseband signal is presented here by a single signal line only. An AGC unit and an A-D conversion unit are also included. - As a transmission operation, the
radio unit 20 carries out frequency conversion of baseband signals from thebaseband processing unit 22 so as to derive radiofrequency signals. Here, the baseband signal from thebaseband processing unit 22 is also indicated as the time-domain signal 200. Theradio unit 20 outputs the radiofrequency signals to the antennas 12. A PA (power amplifier) and a D-A conversion unit are also included. It is assumed herein that the time-domain signal 200 is a multicarrier signal converted to the time domain and is a digital signal. - As a receiving operation, the
baseband processing unit 22 converts a plurality of time-domain signals 200 respectively into the frequency domain and performs adaptive array signal processing on the thus converted frequency-domain signals. The detailed description of adaptive array signal processing will be given alter. Thebaseband processing unit 22 outputs the result of adaptive array signal processing as the frequency-domain signals 202. One frequency-domain signal 202 corresponds to data contained in each of a plurality of streams transmitted from thesecond radio apparatus 10 b, not shown here. As a transmission operation, thebaseband processing unit 22 inputs, from themodem unit 24, the frequency-domain signals 202 serving as signals in the frequency domain, converts the frequency-domain signals into time domain and then outputs the thus converted signals as time-domain signals by associating them respectively with a plurality of antennas 12. - It is assumed that the number of antennas 12 to be used in the transmission processing is specified by the
control unit 30. It is assumed herein that the frequency-domain signal 202, which is a signal in the frequency domain, contains a plurality of subcarrier components as shown inFIG. 1 . For the clarity of figure, the frequency-domain signal is arranged in the order of the subcarrier numbers, and forms serial signals. -
FIG. 5 illustrates a structure of a frequency-domain signal. Assume herein that a combination of subcarrier numbers “−28” to “28” shown inFIG. 1 constitutes an “OFDM symbol”. An “i”th OFDM symbol is such that subcarrier components are arranged in the order of subcarrier numbers “1” to “28” and subcarrier numbers “−28” to “−1”. Assume also that an “(i−1)”th OFDM symbol is placed before the “i”th OFDM symbol, and an “(i+1)”th OFDM symbol is placed after the “i”th OFDM symbol. It is to be noted here that in the portions such as “L-SIG” shown inFIG. 3 a combination of from the subcarrier number “−26” to the subcarrier number “−26” is used for each “OFDM symbol”. - Now refer back to
FIG. 4 . To produce the packet formats corresponding toFIG. 3 , thebaseband processing unit 22 carries out CDD. CDD is expressed as a matrix C in the following Equation (1).
C(λ)=diag(1, exp(−j2πλδ/Nout), Λ, exp(−j2πλδ(Nout−1)/Nout) (1)
where δ indicates a shift amount and λ a subcarrier number. The multiplication of the matrix C by a stream is done on a subcarrier-by-subcarrier basis. That is, thebaseband processing unit 22 carries out a cyclic time shifting within the STF and so forth per stream. The shift amount is set to a different value for each stream. - As a receiving processing, the
modem unit 24 demodulates and deinterleaves the frequency-domain signal 202 outputted from thebaseband processing unit 22. The demodulation is carried out per subcarrier. Themodem unit 24 outputs the demodulated signal to theIF unit 26. As a transmission processing, themodem unit 24 carries out interleaving and modulation. In so doing, themodem unit 24 generates a control signal with an additional signal by appending an additional signal to a control signal. Themodem unit 24 outputs the modulated signal to thebaseband processing unit 22 as a frequency-domain signal 202. When the transmission processing is carried out, the modulation scheme is specified by thecontrol unit 30. - As a receiving processing, the
IF unit 26 combines signals outputted from a plurality ofmodem units 24 and then forms one data stream. TheIF unit 26 decodes the one data stream. TheIF unit 26 outputs the decoded data stream. As a transmission processing, theIF unit 26 inputs one data stream, then codes it and, thereafter, separates the coded data stream. Then theIF unit 26 outputs the thus separated data to the plurality ofmodem units 24. When the transmission processing is carried out, the coding rate is specified by thecontrol unit 30. - The
control unit 30 controls the timing and the like of thefirst radio apparatus 10 a. Thecontrol unit 30 controls themodem unit 24 and the like so that the packet signals to be transmitted form the packet formats as shown inFIG. 3 . That is, thecontrol unit 30 appends “HT-LTS1”, “HT-LTS2” or the like to the data signals contained in at least the first combination among a plurality of combinations, and appends “HT-LTS1” or the like to anterior parts of the second and the subsequent combinations, respectively, among a plurality of combinations. Here, as described earlier, part of a plurality of subcarriers are used for “HT-SIG1” and the like contained in the second and the subsequent combinations, respectively. And “HT-LTS1” and the like for the second and the subsequent combinations, respectively, are defined in a manner such that part corresponding to said part of a plurality of subcarriers is extracted from “HT-LTS1” and the like. - “HT-LTS1”, “HT-LTS2” and the like are each formed by a plurality of symbols. The subcarrier used for each symbol is changed and defined so that the subcarrier used for any of symbols is identical to the subcarrier used for “HT-SIG” and the like contained in the second and the subsequent combinations, respectively. Further, “HT-LTF1” for “HT-SIG1” is so defined as to be identical to “HT-LTS1” in “HT-LTS1” and “HT-LTS2”.
- In terms of hardware, this structure can be realized by a CPU, a memory and other LSIs of an arbitrary computer. In terms of software, it is realized by memory-loaded programs which have communication functions and the like, but drawn and described herein are function blocks that are realized in cooperation with those. Thus, it is understood by those skilled in the art that these function blocks can be realized in a variety of forms such as by hardware only, software only or the combination thereof.
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FIG. 6 illustrates a structure of abaseband processing unit 22. Thebaseband processing unit 22 includes a processing unit for use with receiving 50 and a processing unit for use withtransmission 52. The receivingprocessing unit 50 executes a part, corresponding to a receiving operation, of operations by thebaseband processing unit 22. That is, the receivingprocessing unit 50 performs adaptive array signal processing on time-domain signals 200 and therefore derives receiving weight vectors. Then the receivingprocessing unit 50 outputs the result of array synthesis as the frequency-domain signal 202. - A processing of receiving
processing unit 50 will now be described in a specific manner. The receivingprocessing unit 50 inputs a plurality of time-domain signals 200 and then performs Fourier transform on them, respectively, so as to derive frequency-domain signals. As described earlier, a frequency-domain signal is such that signals corresponding to subcarriers are arranged serially in the order of subcarrier numbers. The receivingprocessing unit 50 weights the frequency-domain signals with receiving weight vectors, and a plurality of weighted signals are added up. Since the frequency-domain signal is composed of a plurality of subcarriers, the above processing is also executed on a subcarrier-by-subcarrier basis. As a result, the signals summed up are also arranged serially, as shown inFIG. 5 , in the order of subcarrier numbers. The signals summed up are the aforementioned frequency-domain signals 202. - Here, the receiving
processing unit 50 computes plural kinds of receiving weight vectors. A first kind of receiving weight vector is a receiving weight vector to receive HT-SIG and the like, and is derived from L-LTF and the like. In this case, the receivingprocessing unit 50 estimates a channel characteristic from L-LTF and the like, and derives a receiving weight vector by calculating the reciprocal of the estimated channel characteristic. A second kind of receiving weight vector is a receiving weight vector to receive HT-DATA1 and the like and is derived from HT-LTF1, HT-LTF1′, HT-LTF2, HT-LTF2′ and the like. In this case, the receivingprocessing unit 50 estimates a channel characteristic from HT-LTF1, HT-LTF1′, HT-LTF2 and HT-LTF2′. Furthermore, based on the estimated channel characteristic, the receivingprocessing unit 50 derives a receiving weight vector with which the interference among a plurality of streams gets small. - A third kind of receiving weight vector is a receiving weight vector to receive HT-SIG1, HT-SIG1′ and the like and is derived from HT-LTF1 and HT-LTF1′ placed immediately prior thereto. In this case, the receiving
processing unit 50 estimates a channel characteristic from the HT-LTF1 and HT-LTF1′ immediately prior thereto and derives a receiving weight vector by calculating the reciprocal of the estimated channel characteristic. A known technique may be used to derive the above receiving weight vectors. Using such plural kinds of receiving weight vectors as above, the receivingprocessing unit 50 carries out array synthesis. Under such a condition, themodem unit 24 provided at a subsequent stage carries out demodulation using the pilot signals. - The receiving
processing unit 50 estimates channel characteristics by use of correlation processing. If a frequency-domain signal corresponding to the first time-domain signal 200 a is denoted by x1(t), a frequency-domain signal corresponding to the second time-domain signal 200 b by x2(t), a reference signal in the first stream by S1(t) and a reference signal in the second stream by S2(t), then x1(t) and x2(t) will be expressed by the following Equation (2):
x 1(t)=h 11 S 1(t)+h 21 S 2(t)
x 2(t)=h 12 S 1(t)+h 22 S 2(t) (2)
The noise is ignored here. A first correlation matrix R1, with E as an ensemble average, is expressed by the following Equation (3): - A second correlation matrix R2 among the reference signals is given by the following Equation (4).
- Finally, the first correlation matrix R1 is multiplied by the inverse matrix of the second correlation matrix R2 so as to derive a receiving response vector, which is expressed by the following Equation (5).
- Then the receiving
processing unit 50 computes a receiving weight vector from the channel characteristics. - The transmitting
processing unit 52 executes a part, corresponding to a transmission operation, of operations by thebaseband processing unit 22. The transmittingprocessing unit 52 may perform beamforming or eigenmode transmission. Any known technique may be used for these and therefore the description thereof is omitted here. -
FIG. 7 illustrates a structure ofIF unit 26 andmodulation unit 24. Shown here is a portion concerning the transmission function in theIF unit 26 and themodulation unit 24. TheIF unit 26 includes an FEC (Forward Error-Correcting)unit 60 and aseparation unit 62. Themodulation unit 24 includes afirst interleave unit 64 a . . . and afourth interleave unit 64 d, which are generically referred to as “interleave unit 64”, a first addingunit 66 a . . . and a fourth addingunit 66 d, which are generically referred to as “addingunit 66”, and afirst mapping unit 68 a . . . and afourth mapping unit 68 d, which are generically referred to as “mapping unit 68”. - A plurality of combinations of control signal and data signal, which are to use a plurality of subcarriers, are inputted to the
FEC unit 60. The combinations meant here are equal to the “first combination” to the “third combination” as shown inFIG. 3 . The control signal corresponds to “HT-SIG”, “HT-SIG1” and the like inFIG. 3 . TheFEC unit 60 performs coding on each of the plurality of combinations. Note that the coding rate may be set for the control signal and the data signal independently of each other. - The
separation unit 62 partitions and separates a signal inputted from theFEC unit 60 into a plurality of streams. The interleave unit 64 carries out an interleaving of a size defined by the first number of subcarriers, namely, 48, on the control signal, and carries out an interleaving of a size defined by the second number of subcarriers, namely, 52, on the data signal. Here, the amount of data contained in the size defined by the number of subcarriers “52” is changed by the modulation scheme or the like used by themodem unit 24. It is assumed that the interleaving pattern is predetermined. - The adding
unit 66 adds additional signals to control signals contained in the second and subsequent combinations of the plurality of combinations interleaved by the interleaving unit 64. As a result, control signals with their respective additional signals are generated. Here the control signals contained in the second and subsequent combinations correspond to “HT-SIG1”, “HT-SIG1′”, “HT-SIG2” and “HT-SIG2′” shown inFIG. 3 . It is to be noted that the amount of additional signal to be added by the addingunit 66 is determined by the difference of the second number of subcarriers from the first number of subcarriers. In other words, the amount of additional signal is determined by the difference “4” between the second number of subcarriers and the first number of subcarriers and the modulation scheme. As a result of the processing as described above, the number of subcarriers used by control signals with their respective additional signals becomes the same as the number of subcarriers used by the data signals. It is to be understood here that the additional signal is a dummy signal. - The mapping unit 68 performs mappings of BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM on the signals from the adding
unit 66. Mapping, which is a known technology, is not explained here. The mapping unit 68 outputs a mapped signal as a frequency-domain signal 202. The insertion of known signals, such as “L-STF” as shown inFIG. 3 , or the insertion of pilot signals is done by themodem unit 24. - On the other hand, the receiving function for receiving the packet signals generated as described above performs operation opposite to that explained above. That is, the
modem unit 24 receives an input of frequency-domain signals 202. The frequency domain signal 202, which is a combination of control signal and data signal, is equal to a combination using a plurality of subcarriers. Here the control signals contained in the second and subsequent combinations correspond to control signals with their respective additional signals. The excluding unit (not shown) in themodem unit 24 excludes additional signals from the control signals with their respective additional signals contained in the second and subsequent combinations out of a plurality of combinations. In other words, the excluding unit outputs control signals and data signals by excluding the dummy signals therefrom. Note that the excluding unit excludes additional signals according to the difference between the second number of subcarriers and the first number of subcarriers. - A deinterleave unit (not shown) in the
modem unit 24 performs a deinterleaving of a size defined by the first number of subcarriers, namely, “48”, on the control signal, of the plurality of combinations with the additional signals excluded, and performs a deinterleaving of a size defined by the second number of subcarriers, namely, “52”, on the data signal. - In the description thus far, an additional signal is added to an interleaved control signal. In this condition, the number of subcarriers used for “HT-LTS1” and the like is equal to the number of subcarriers used for a control signal with additional signal. In other words, the variation in the number of subcarriers and the variation in the signal strength of packet signals are subject to restriction. On the other hand, the size of interleaving, when based on the number of subcarriers, is different between the control signal with an additional signal and the data signal. As a result, a switching in the size of interleaving is done between the two. A modification to be described later aims to restrict the change in size to be used in the interleaving.
-
FIG. 8 illustrates another structure ofIF unit 26 andmodulation unit 24. Shown here is a portion concerning the transmission function in theIF unit 26 and themodulation unit 24. TheIF unit 26 includes an addingunit 66, an FEC (Forward Error-Correcting)unit 60 and aseparation unit 62. Themodulation unit 24 includes afirst interleave unit 64 a . . . and afourth interleave unit 64 d, which are generically referred to as “interleave unit 64”, and afirst mapping unit 68 a . . . and afourth mapping unit 68 d, which are generically referred to as “mapping unit 68”. The components having the function equivalent to those inFIG. 7 are given the same reference numerals and therefore their repeated explanation will be omitted as appropriate. Compared with the above structure, the arrangement of the addingunit 66 differs from that inFIG. 7 . - A plurality of combinations, of control signal and data signals, which are to use a plurality of subcarriers are inputted to the adding
unit 66. The addingunit 66 appends additional signals to the second combination and the subsequent combinations in a plurality of combinations. Accordingly, control signals with their respective additional signals are produced. Here, the amount of additional signals appended by the addingunit 66 is determined by the adding unit according to the difference between the first number of subcarriers and the second number of subcarriers. It is assumed herein that the additional signals are for use with CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check). The signals for CRC are generated by theFEC unit 60. As a result, the bit number used for CRC increases and therefore the data error characteristics improves. The additional signal may be a signal for use with parity check. - The interleave unit 64 carries out an interleaving of a size defined by the first number of subcarriers on the control signal contained in the first combination, and carries out an interleaving of a size defined by the second number of subcarriers on the remaining signals. That is, the number of interleave size switching can be reduced.
- On the other hand, the receiving function of receiving the packet signals thus generated executes an operation opposite to the operation in the above description. That is, the
modem unit 24 inputs the frequency-domain signals 202. The frequency-domain signal corresponds to a combination, of control signal and data signal, which uses a plurality of subcarriers. Here, control signals contained in the second combination and the subsequent combinations are control signals with their respective additional signals. - A deinterlieave unit (not shown) in the
modem unit 24 performs a deinterleaving of a size defined by the first number of subcarriers on control signals contained in the first combination among a plurality of combinations, and performs a deinterleaving of a size defined by the second number of subcarriers on the remaining signals. - The excluding unit (not shown) in the
modem unit 24 excludes additional signals from the control signals with their respective additional signals contained in the second and subsequent combinations out of a plurality of combinations. That is, the excluding unit outputs control signals and data signals by excluding the signals for CRC. Note that the excluding unit excludes additional signals according to the difference between the second number of subcarriers and the first number of subcarriers. TheIF unit 26 executes the detection by CRC. - According to the embodiments of the present invention, a known signal is appended to a part immediately before a control signal contained in the second and the subsequent combinations, so that the degradation in the error rates of control signals can be suppressed. Since the degradation in the error rated of control signals can be suppressed, the receiving quality can be improved. The known signal appended to a part immediately before the control signal contained in the second and the subsequent combinations is equivalent to part of a known signal corresponding to a data signal, the drop in transmission efficiency can be prevented. The length of a known signal appended immediately anterior to a control signal contained in the second and the subsequent combinations is equivalent to part of the length of a known signal corresponding to a data signal, so that the drop in transmission efficiency can be prevented.
- By appending an additional signal to a control signal inserted between data signals, the number of subcarriers used for a data signal is made equal to the number of subcarriers used for a control signal with an additional signal. As a result thereof, the variation in signal strength can be restricted. Since the variation in signal strength can be restricted, the time constant of AGC at the receiving apparatus can be made longer. Because of this restricted and thus controlled variation in signal strength, the dynamic range at the receiving apparatus can be made smaller. Also, the receiving characteristics thereof can be improved. Since drops in signal strength in the course of a packet signal can be avoided, any transmission from a third party communication apparatus multiplexed by CSMA can be prevented. Since any transmission from a third party communication apparatus multiplexed by CSMA can be prevented, the probability of signal collisions can be lowered. Since a dummy signal is added as an additional signal, complexity of processing can be reduced. Since a receiving apparatus, once additional signals are removed from control signals with additional signals, can perform normal functions, extra processing can be reduced.
- The number of subcarriers used for data signals and the number of subcarriers used for control signals with additional signals are made equal to each other by adding an additional signal to each control signal inserted between data signals before interleaving. Thus, the number of interleave size switching can be reduced. And variation in signal strength can be suppressed and controlled while reducing the number of interleave size switching. Since a signal for CRC is appended as an additional signal, the receiving characteristics can be improved.
- The present invention has been described based on the embodiments. These embodiments are merely exemplary, and it is understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications to the combination of each component and process thereof are possible and that such modifications are also within the scope of the present invention.
- According to the embodiments of the present invention, the adding
unit 66 appends dummy signals as additional signals. The embodiment, however, is not limited thereto, and the addingunit 66 may, for instance, add signals for parity check as additional signals instead. According to this modification, the additional signals can be utilized effectively and can improve the receiving characteristics. That is, it is only required that additional signals be added whose number of subcarriers is equal to the difference between the number of subcarriers used for data signals and the number of subcarriers used for control signals. - According to the embodiments of the present invention, the adding
unit 66 adds dummy signals as the additional signals. The embodiment, however, is not limited thereto, and the addingunit 66 may, for instance, append pilot signals as the additional signals instead. The pilot signals are known signals. In this modification, the addingunit 66 assigns pilot signals to subcarrriers with subcarrier numbers “−28”, “−27”, “27” and “28” as shown inFIG. 1 . Also, the receiving apparatus uses the pilot signals in carrying out demodulation. It is to be noted that where there are already pilot signals inserted in a plurality of subcarriers with subcarrier numbers from “−26“to “26”, the addition of pilot signals by the addingunit 66 is equivalent to the addition of pilot signals. According to this modification, the receiving characteristics can be improved. That is, the only requirement is such that additional signals be added whose number of subcarriers is equal to the difference between the number of subcarriers used for data signals and the number of subcarriers used for control signals. - According to the embodiments of the present invention, a signal compatible with the legacy system is appended to a leading part of a packet format. Accordingly, the adding
unit 66 does not append an additional signal to the leading control signal “HT-SIG”. The arrangement, however, is not limited thereto, and an arrangement may be such that the signal compatible with a legacy system is not appended to the leading part of a packet format. In such a case, the addingunit 66 may add additional signals to all of the control signals. According to this modification, the same processing is done on all of the control signals, so that the processing can be simplified. For this modification, therefore, the only requirement is such that additional signals be added whose number of subcarriers is equal to the difference between the number of subcarriers used for data signal and the number of subcarriers used for control signal. - According to the embodiments of the present invention, it is assumed that the
communication system 100 is a MIMO system. The arrangement, however, is not limited thereto, and an arragement may be such that thecommunication system 100 is not a MIMO system. In other words, the arrangement may be such that signals of a single stream are transmitted from a single antenna 12. According to this modification, the present invention can be applied to the various types of communication systems. That is, the only requirement is that a plurality of subcarriers are used and there is a need to control the variation in the number of subcarriers in the course of a packet signal. - While the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described using specific terms, such description is for illustrative purposes only, and it is to be understood that changes and variations may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims.
Claims (13)
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US20070014375A1 (en) * | 2005-07-15 | 2007-01-18 | Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. | Radio apparatus |
WO2013022828A1 (en) | 2011-08-05 | 2013-02-14 | Frito-Lay North America, Inc. | Method for reducing acrylamide formation in making of molasses |
USRE46188E1 (en) | 2009-03-18 | 2016-10-25 | Lg Electronics Inc. | Transmitting/receiving system and method of processing broadcasting signal in transmitting/receiving system |
US11516057B1 (en) * | 2021-09-30 | 2022-11-29 | Silicon Laboratories Inc. | Generating a preamble portion of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing transmission having frequency disruption |
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JP4954745B2 (en) * | 2007-02-22 | 2012-06-20 | 京セラ株式会社 | Wireless communication method and wireless communication apparatus |
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KR101168439B1 (en) * | 2003-06-30 | 2012-07-25 | 에이저 시스템즈 인크 | Methods and apparatus for backwards compatible communication in a multiple antenna communication system using time orthogonal symbols |
JP4279646B2 (en) * | 2003-10-16 | 2009-06-17 | シャープ株式会社 | Communication device |
JP4484605B2 (en) | 2004-07-12 | 2010-06-16 | 株式会社 正和 | Lubricating oil supply device |
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US20070140377A1 (en) * | 2003-11-21 | 2007-06-21 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Multi-antenna reception apparatus, multi-antenna reception method, multi-antenna transmission apparatus and multi-antenna communication system |
US20060203932A1 (en) * | 2005-03-07 | 2006-09-14 | Ravi Palanki | Pilot transmission and channel estimation for a communication system utilizing frequency division multiplexing |
US20070081602A1 (en) * | 2005-09-19 | 2007-04-12 | Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. | Radio apparatus and communication system utilizing the same |
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WO2013022828A1 (en) | 2011-08-05 | 2013-02-14 | Frito-Lay North America, Inc. | Method for reducing acrylamide formation in making of molasses |
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US11558232B1 (en) * | 2021-09-30 | 2023-01-17 | Silicon Laboratories Inc. | Generating a preamble portion of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing transmission using complex sequence values optimized for minimum Peak-to-Average Power Ratio |
US11606240B1 (en) | 2021-09-30 | 2023-03-14 | Silicon Laboratories Inc. | Using preamble portion having irregular carrier spacing for frequency synchronization |
US11848806B2 (en) | 2021-09-30 | 2023-12-19 | Silicon Laboratories Inc. | Using preamble portion having irregular carrier spacing for frequency synchronization |
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