US20060209428A1 - Microreplicated article with moire reducing surface - Google Patents

Microreplicated article with moire reducing surface Download PDF

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Publication number
US20060209428A1
US20060209428A1 US11/369,482 US36948206A US2006209428A1 US 20060209428 A1 US20060209428 A1 US 20060209428A1 US 36948206 A US36948206 A US 36948206A US 2006209428 A1 US2006209428 A1 US 2006209428A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
lens
pattern
coated
microreplicated pattern
coated microreplicated
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US11/369,482
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English (en)
Inventor
James Dobbs
John Nelson
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3M Innovative Properties Co
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3M Innovative Properties Co
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Priority to US11/369,482 priority Critical patent/US20060209428A1/en
Assigned to 3M INNOVATIVE PROPERTIES COMPANY reassignment 3M INNOVATIVE PROPERTIES COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DOBBS, JAMES N., NELSON, JOHN C.
Publication of US20060209428A1 publication Critical patent/US20060209428A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
    • G02B3/0006—Arrays
    • G02B3/0012—Arrays characterised by the manufacturing method
    • G02B3/0031—Replication or moulding, e.g. hot embossing, UV-casting, injection moulding
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/02—Diffusing elements; Afocal elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
    • G02B3/0006—Arrays
    • G02B3/0012—Arrays characterised by the manufacturing method
    • G02B3/0025—Machining, e.g. grinding, polishing, diamond turning, manufacturing of mould parts
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
    • G02B3/0006—Arrays
    • G02B3/0037—Arrays characterized by the distribution or form of lenses
    • G02B3/005—Arrays characterized by the distribution or form of lenses arranged along a single direction only, e.g. lenticular sheets
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
    • G02B3/0006—Arrays
    • G02B3/0037—Arrays characterized by the distribution or form of lenses
    • G02B3/0062—Stacked lens arrays, i.e. refractive surfaces arranged in at least two planes, without structurally separate optical elements in-between
    • G02B3/0068—Stacked lens arrays, i.e. refractive surfaces arranged in at least two planes, without structurally separate optical elements in-between arranged in a single integral body or plate, e.g. laminates or hybrid structures with other optical elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/04—Prisms
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/04—Prisms
    • G02B5/045—Prism arrays
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/60—Systems using moiré fringes

Definitions

  • the disclosure relates generally to the continuous casting of material onto a web, and more specifically to the casting of articles having a moiré reducing surface and a high degree of registration between the patterns cast on opposite sides of the web.
  • the applicators of a pattern may usually rely on an edge to assist in achieving registration.
  • the substrate is a web and it is not possible to rely on an edge of the substrate to periodically refer to in maintaining registration, the problem becomes a bit more difficult.
  • mechanical expedients are known for controlling the material application to that extent. The printing art is replete with devices capable of meeting such a standard.
  • Moiré fringes are an interference pattern that is formed when two similar grid-like patterns are superimposed. They create a pattern of their own that does not exist in either of the originals. The result is a series of fringe patterns that change shape when the grids are moved relative to one another.
  • a second approach is to adopt very clean and careful manufacturing procedures, and impose rigid quality control standards. While this may improve the yield, the cost of production is increased to cover the cost of clean facilities and inspection.
  • Another approach to reducing defects is to introduce a diffuser to the display, either a surface diffuser or a bulk diffuser. Such diffusers may mask many defects, and increase the manufacturing yield at low additional cost. However, the diffuser scatters light and decreases the on-axis brightness of light perceived by the viewer, thus reducing the performance.
  • a microreplicated article having a moiré reducing surface.
  • a microreplicated article includes a flexible substrate having first and second opposed surfaces, a first coated microreplicated pattern on the first surface, and a second coated microreplicated pattern on the second surface.
  • the first coated microreplicated pattern and the second coated microreplicated pattern are registered to within 10 micrometers in a machine direction and a transverse direction and the first coated microreplicated pattern and second coated microreplicated pattern form a plurality of lens segments.
  • Each lens segment includes a plurality of lens elements.
  • Each lens element has an optical axis where all of the lens element optical axes are parallel to each other and lens elements within a first lens segment have optical axes that are offset from optical axes of lens elements within an adjacent second lens segment.
  • each lens element has four rectilinear sides, and the first coated microreplicated pattern and the second coated microreplicated pattern are registered to within 10 micrometers for each of the four sides of each lens element.
  • adjacent lens segments lens element optical axis are offset from each other by 20 micrometers or less.
  • Each lens segment lens element optical axis can be offset by a constant distance, a random distance or a pseudo-random distance.
  • Methods of making a microreplicated articles include the steps of providing a substrate, in web form, having first and second opposed surfaces, and passing the substrate through a roll to roll casting apparatus to form a first coated microreplicated pattern on the first surface and a second coated microreplicated pattern on the second surface.
  • the first coated microreplicated pattern and the second coated microreplicated pattern are registered to within 10 micrometers and the first coated microreplicated pattern and second coated microreplicated pattern form a plurality of lens segments.
  • Each lens segment includes a plurality of lens elements.
  • Each lens element has an optical axis where all of the lens element optical axes are parallel to each other and lens elements within a first lens segment have optical axes that are offset from optical axes of lens elements within an adjacent second lens segment.
  • registration means the positioning of structures on one surface of the web in a defined relationship to other structures on the opposite side of the same web.
  • web means a sheet of material having a fixed dimension in one direction and either a predetermined or indeterminate length in the orthogonal direction.
  • microreplicated or “microreplication” means the production of a microstructured surface through a process where the structured surface features retain an individual feature fidelity during manufacture, from product-to-product, that varies no more than about 100 micrometers.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic cross-sectional view of a microreplicated film according to the present disclosure
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a top view of an illustrative microreplicated film according to the present disclosure
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic cross-sectional view of the illustrative microreplicated film of FIG. 3 taken along line 4 - 4 ;
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a perspective view of an example embodiment of a system including a system according to the present disclosure
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a close-up view of a portion of the system of FIG. 5 according to the present disclosure
  • FIG. 7 illustrates another perspective view of the system of FIG. 5 according to the present disclosure
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic view of an example embodiment of a casting apparatus according to the present disclosure
  • FIG. 9 illustrates a close-up view of a section of the casting apparatus of FIG. 8 according to the present disclosure
  • FIG. 10 illustrates a schematic view of an example embodiment of a roll mounting arrangement according to the present disclosure
  • FIG. 11 illustrates a schematic view of an example embodiment of a mounting arrangement for a pair of patterned rolls according to the present disclosure
  • FIG. 12 illustrates a schematic view of an example embodiment of a motor and roll arrangement according to the present disclosure
  • FIG. 13 illustrates a schematic view of an example embodiment of a means for controlling the registration between rolls according to the present disclosure
  • FIG. 14 illustrates a block diagram of an example embodiment of a method and apparatus for controlling registration according to the present disclosure.
  • the disclosure of the present disclosure is directed to a flexible substrate coated with microreplicated patterned structures on each side.
  • the microreplicated articles are registered with respect to one another to a high degree of precision.
  • the structures on opposing sides cooperate to give the article optical qualities as desired, and more preferably, the structures are a plurality of lenses that includes a moiré reducing feature.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic cross-sectional view of an illustrative display 1 .
  • the display 1 includes one or more light sources 10 a , 10 b providing light to an optical film 14 .
  • the display 1 can include one or more additional optical components, as desired. Additional optical components can include, for example, a light guide 12 disposed between the one or more light sources 10 a , 10 b and the optical film 14 and a liquid crystal cell 16 disposed adjacent to the optical film 14 .
  • the liquid crystal cell 16 includes a plurality of pixel columns that are parallel to at least selected lens element's optical axis. In some embodiments, at least selected lens elements are parallel with but not aligned with the pixel columns. Staggering adjacent lens elements in relation to the pixel column can help reduce the occurrence of moiré fringes.
  • the optical film 14 described herein can be used a variety of applications, as desired.
  • the optical film 14 can be used in stereoscopic liquid crystal displays.
  • stereoscopic liquid crystal display is described in “Dual Directional Backlight for Stereoscopic LCD,” Sasagawa et al., 1-3, SID 03 Digest, 2000.
  • the display 1 includes a right eye light source 10 a and a left eye light source 10 b .
  • the lights sources 10 a , 10 b operate at a field rate of 120 Hz and a frame rate of 60 Hz, thus parallax images are displayed separately to the right eye when the right eye light source 10 a is illuminated and to the left eye when the left eye light source 10 b is illuminated, causing the perceived image to appear in three dimensions.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic cross-sectional view of an illustrative microreplicated optical film 14 according to the present disclosure.
  • the optical film 14 includes a web substrate 20 having a first surface 22 and an opposing second surface 24 .
  • a first coated microreplicated pattern or structure 25 is disposed on the substrate 20 first surface 22 .
  • a second coated microreplicated pattern or structure 35 is disposed on the substrate 20 second surface 24 .
  • the first coated microreplicated pattern or structure 25 comprises a plurality of curved or cylindrical lenses and the second first coated microreplicated pattern or structure 35 comprises a plurality of prism lenses.
  • the optical film 14 can have any useful dimensions.
  • the optical film 14 has a height T from 50 to 500 micrometers, or from 75 to 400 micrometers, or from 100 to 200 micrometers.
  • the first coated microreplicated pattern 25 and the second microreplicated pattern 35 can have the same repeating pitch or period P.
  • the repeating pitch or period P can be 25 to 200 micrometers, or 50 to 150 micrometers, as desired.
  • the repeating pitch or period P can form a plurality of lens elements. Each lens element can join an adjacent lens element at a first joining point 26 and a second joining point 36 .
  • the first joining point 26 and second joining point 36 are adjacent to the substrate 20 and in registration.
  • the first joining point 26 and second joining point 36 are registered in a defined geometrical relationship that may not be adjacent one another across (z-direction) the web 20 .
  • the substrate 20 can have any useful thickness T 1 such as for example, 10 to 150 micrometers, or from 25 to 125 micrometers.
  • the first microreplicated pattern 25 can have any thickness T 6 , such as for example, from 10 to 50 micrometers and a feature or structure thickness T 3 from 5 to 50 micrometers.
  • the second microreplicated pattern 35 can have any thickness T 5 , such as for example, from 25 to 200 micrometers and a feature or structure thickness T 2 from 10 to 150 micrometers.
  • a joining point thickness T 4 can be any useful amount such as, for example, from 10 to 200 micrometers.
  • the curved lenses can have any useful radius R such as for example, from 25 to 150 micrometers, or from 40 to 70 micrometers.
  • opposed microreplicated features 25 , 35 cooperate to form a plurality of lens elements. Since the performance of each lens element is a function of the alignment of the opposed features 25 , 35 forming each lens element, precision alignment or registration of the lens features is preferable.
  • the optical film 14 of the present disclosure can be made by a system and method, disclosed below, for producing two-sided microreplicated structures registered in both the x-axis (machine direction “MD”) and an orthogonal y-axis (transverse or cross-web direction “TD”) lying in the plane of the substrate 20 of each lens element can be better than about 10 micrometers, or better than 5 micrometers, or better than 3 micrometers, or better than 1 micrometer.
  • the system generally includes a roll to roll casting assembly and includes a first patterning assembly and a second patterning assembly. Each respective assembly creates a microreplicated pattern on a respective surface of a web having a first and a second surface.
  • a first pattern is created on the first side of the web and a second pattern is created on the second surface of the web.
  • a moiré reducing feature can be included with the first and/or second microreplicated pattern.
  • the moiré reducing feature illustrated in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 includes a plurality of lens segments having parallel but offset optical axes.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a top view of an illustrative microreplicated film 14 according to the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic cross-sectional view of the illustrative microreplicated film 14 of FIG. 3 taken along line 4 - 4 .
  • the illustrated optical film 14 includes a first lens segment 31 including four lens elements 31 A, 31 B, 31 C, 31 D arranged adjacent to each other along an X-axis and each having parallel optical axes 30 A.
  • a second lens segment 32 is disposed adjacent to the first lens segment 31 .
  • the second lens segment 32 includes four lens elements 32 A, 32 B, 32 C, 32 D arranged adjacent to each other along an X-axis and each having parallel optical axes 30 B.
  • the first lens segment 31 lens element 31 A, 31 B, 31 C, 31 D optical axes 30 A are parallel with, but offset by a distance A from the second lens segment 32 lens element 32 A, 32 B, 32 C, 32 D optical axis 30 B.
  • a third lens segment 33 is disposed adjacent to the second lens segment 32 .
  • the third lens segment 33 includes four lens elements 33 A, 33 B, 33 C, 33 D arranged adjacent to each other along an X-axis and each having parallel optical axes 30 C.
  • the second lens segment 32 lens element 32 A, 32 B, 32 C, 32 D optical axes 30 B are parallel with, but offset by a distance B from the third lens segment 33 lens element 33 A, 33 B, 33 C, 33 D optical axis 30 C.
  • the distance A and B can be a constant value or a random value or a pseudo-random value along either or both the positive x-axis and/or negative x-axis. In some embodiments, the distance A and B are within a predetermined value from 0.5 to 50 micrometers, or from 1 to 25 micrometers, or from 3 to 20 micrometers.
  • the optical film 14 can include any number of lens segments.
  • the lens elements of each lens segment can have any width along the Y-axis.
  • the lens segment and lens elements have a length along the Y-axis equal to 1 to 100 times or 3 to 20 times the pitch P (along the X-axis) of each lens element.
  • the lens segment and lens elements have a length along the Y-axis in a range from 250 to 2000 micrometers, or from 500 to 1500 micrometers.
  • the moiré reducing feature can be a regular or random pattern that can be formed by the roll to roll casting apparatus and method described below.
  • the moiré reducing feature can be formed onto master rolls described below by any method.
  • the moiré feature is formed onto the master rolls with known diamond turning techniques.
  • Masters for the tools (rolls) used for manufacturing the roll to roll cast optical films described herein may be made by known diamond turning techniques.
  • the tools are made by diamond turning on a cylindrical blank known as a roll.
  • the surface of the roll is typically of hard copper, although other materials may be used.
  • the microreplication structures are formed in continuous patterns around the circumference of the roll. If the structures to be produced have a constant pitch, the tool will move at a constant velocity.
  • a typical diamond turning machine will provide independent control of the depth that the tool penetrates the roll, the horizontal and vertical angles that the tool makes to the roll and the transverse velocity of the tool.
  • a fast tool servo actuator can be added to the diamond turning apparatus.
  • the moiré reducing optical film 14 described above can be made using an apparatus and method for producing precisely aligned microreplicated structures on opposed surfaces of the web, the apparatus and methods which are described in detail below.
  • the web or substrate is made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET), 0.0049 inches thick.
  • PET polyethylene terephthalate
  • other web materials can be used, for example, polycarbonate.
  • a first microreplicated structure can be made on a first patterned roll by casting and curing a curable liquid onto the first side of the web.
  • the first curable liquid can be a photocurable acrylate resin solution including photomer 6010, available from Cognis Corp., Cincinnati, Ohio; SR385 tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate and SR238 (70/15/15%) 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, both available from Satomer Co., Expon, Pennsylvania; Camphorquinone, available from Hanford Research Inc., Stratford,. Connecticut; and Ethyl-4-dimethylamino Benzoate (0.75/0.5%), available from Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wis.
  • the second microreplicated structure can be made on a second patterned roll by casting and curing a photocurable liquid onto the second side of the web.
  • the second curable liquid can be the same as the first curable liquid.
  • each respective pattern is cured using a curing light source including an ultraviolet light source.
  • a peel roll can then be used to remove the microreplicated article from the second patterned roll.
  • a release agent or coating can be used to assist removal of the patterned structures from the patterned tools.
  • Illustrative process settings used to create an article described above are as follows.
  • Resin can be supplied to the first surface of the web using a dropper coating apparatus and resin can be supplied to the second surface at a rate of about 1.35 ml/min, using a syringe pump.
  • Curing the first microreplicated structure can be accomplished with an Oriel 200-500 W Mercury Arc Lamp at maximum power and a Fostec DCR II at maximum power, with all the components mounted sequentially.
  • Curing the second microreplicated structure can be accomplished with a Spectral Energy UV Light Source, a Fostec DCR II at maximum power, and an RSLI Inc. Light Pump 150 MHS, with all the components mounted sequentially.
  • the first patterned roll can include a series of negative images for forming cylindrical lenses with a 75 micrometer pitch.
  • the second patterned roll included a series of negative images for forming a plurality of symmetric prisms at 75 micrometer pitch.
  • Each patterning assembly includes means for applying a coating, a patterning member, and a curing member.
  • patterning assemblies include patterned rolls and a support structure for holding and driving each roll.
  • Coating means of the first patterning assembly dispenses a first curable coating material on a first surface of the web.
  • Coating means of the second patterning assembly dispenses a second curable coating material on a second surface of the web, wherein the second surface is opposite the first surface.
  • first and second coating materials are of the same composition. But may be different materials, as desired.
  • each patterned member is a microreplicated tool and each tool typically has a dedicated curing member for curing the material.
  • each tool typically has a dedicated curing member for curing the material.
  • the system also includes means for rotating the first and second patterned rolls such that their patterns are transferred to opposite sides of the web while it is in continuous motion, and said patterns are maintained in continuous registration on said opposite sides of the web to better than about 10 micrometers.
  • An advantage of the present disclosure is that a web having a microreplicated structure on each opposing surface of the web can be manufactured by having the microreplicated structure on each side of the web continuously formed while keeping the microreplicated structures on the opposing sides registered generally to within 10 micrometers of each other, or within 5 micrometer, or within 3 micrometer, or within 1 micrometer.
  • first coating head 156 is a die coating head.
  • the web 122 then passes between the nip roll 154 and first patterned roll 160 .
  • the first patterned roll 160 has a patterned surface 162 , and when the web 122 passes between the nip roller 154 and the first patterned roll 160 the material dispensed onto the web 122 by the first coating head 156 is shaped into a negative of patterned surface 162 .
  • the material dispensed by the second coating head 164 is a composition including a polymer precursor and intended to be cured to solid polymer with the application of curing energy such as, for example, ultraviolet radiation.
  • the web 122 having a two-sided microreplicated pattern is then directed to a wind-up spool (not shown) via various idler rolls. If an interleave film is desired to protect web 122 , it may be provided from a secondary unwind spool (not shown) and the web and interleave film are wound together on the wind-up spool at an appropriate tension.
  • Second motor arrangement 220 also includes a second mounting arrangement 225 on the backside of the frame 230 for positioning the second patterned roll 174 side-to-side relative to the first patterned roll 160 .
  • second mounting arrangement 225 includes linear slides 223 allowing accurate positioning in the cross machine directions.
  • Assembly includes first and second coating means 456 , 464 , a nip roller 454 , and first and second patterned rolls 460 , 474 .
  • Web 422 is presented to the first coating means 456 , in this example a first extrusion die 456 .
  • First die 456 dispenses a first curable liquid layer coating 470 onto the web 422 .
  • First coating 470 is pressed into the first patterned roller 460 by means of a nip roller 454 , typically a rubber covered roller. While on the first patterned roll 460 , the coating is cured using a curing source 480 , for example, a lamp, of suitable wavelength light, such as, for example, an ultraviolet light source.
  • a second curable liquid layer 481 is coated on the opposite side of the web 422 using a second side extrusion die 464 .
  • the second layer 481 is pressed into the second patterned tool roller 474 and the curing process repeated for the second coating layer 481 .
  • Registration of the two coating patterns is achieved by maintaining the tool rollers 460 , 474 in a precise angular relationship with one another, as will be described hereinafter.
  • First patterned roll 560 has a first pattern 562 for forming a microreplicated surface.
  • Second pattern roll 574 has a second microreplicated pattern 576 .
  • first and second patterns 562 , 576 are the same pattern, though the patterns may be different.
  • the first pattern 562 and the second pattern 576 are shown as prism structures, however, any single or multiple useful structures can form the first pattern 562 and the second pattern 576 .
  • first pattern 562 can be a cylindrical lens structure and the second pattern 576 can be a prism lens structure, or vice versa.
  • a first curable liquid (not shown) on a first surface 524 is cured by a curing light source 525 near a first region 526 on the first patterned roll 560 .
  • a first microreplicated patterned structure 590 is formed on the first side 524 of the web 522 as the liquid is cured.
  • the first patterned structure 590 is a negative of the pattern 562 on the first patterned roll 560 .
  • a second curable liquid 581 is dispensed onto a second surface 527 of the web 522 .
  • the second liquid 581 can be isolated from the first curing light 525 , by a locating the first curing light 525 so that it does not fall on the second liquid 581 .
  • shielding means 592 can be placed between the first curing light 525 and the second liquid 581 .
  • the curing sources can be located inside their respective patterned rolls where it is impractical or difficult to cure through the web.
  • the web 522 continues along the first roll 560 until it enters the gap region 575 between the first and second patterned rolls 560 , 574 .
  • the second liquid 581 then engages the second pattern 576 on the second patterned roll and is shaped into a second microreplicated structure, which is then cured by a second curing light 535 .
  • the first patterned structured 590 which is by this time substantially cured and bonded to the web 522 , restrains the web 522 from slipping while the web 522 begins moving into the gap 575 and around the second patterned roller 574 . This removes web stretching and slippages as a source of registration error between the first and second patterned structures formed on the web.
  • the patterned rolls are of the same mean diameter, though this is not required. It is within the skill and knowledge of one having ordinary skill in the art to select the proper roll for any particular application.
  • a motor 633 for driving a tool or patterned roll 662 is mounted to the machine frame 650 and connected through a coupling 640 to a rotating shaft 601 of the patterned roller 662 .
  • the motor 633 is coupled to a primary encoder 630 .
  • a secondary encoder 651 is coupled to the tool to provide precise angular registration control of the patterned roll 662 .
  • Primary 630 and secondary 651 encoders cooperate to provide control of the patterned roll 662 to keep it in registration with a second patterned roll, as will be described further hereinafter.
  • Reduction or elimination of shaft resonance is important as this is a source of registration error allowing pattern position control within the specified limits.
  • Using a coupling 640 between the motor 633 and shaft 650 that is larger than general sizing schedules specify will also reduce shaft resonance caused by more flexible couplings.
  • Bearing assemblies 660 are located in various locations to provide rotational support for the motor arrangement.
  • the tool roller 662 diameter can be smaller than its motor 633 diameter.
  • tool rollers may be installed in pairs arranged in mirror image.
  • FIG. 11 two tool rollers assemblies 610 and 710 are installed as mirror images in order to be able to bring the two tool rollers 662 and 762 together.
  • the first motor arrangement is typically fixedly attached to the frame and the second motor arrangement is positioned using movable optical quality linear slides.
  • Tool roller assembly 710 is quite similar to tool roller assembly 610 , and includes a motor 733 for driving a tool or patterned roll 762 is mounted to the machine frame 750 and connected through a coupling 740 to a rotating shaft 701 of the patterned roller 762 .
  • the motor 733 is coupled to a primary encoder 730 .
  • a secondary encoder 751 is coupled to the tool to provide precise angular registration control of the patterned roll 762 .
  • Primary 730 and secondary 751 encoders cooperate to provide control of the patterned roll 762 to keep it in registration with a second patterned roll, as will be described further hereinafter.
  • shaft resonance Reduction or elimination of shaft resonance is important as this is a source of registration error allowing pattern position control within the specified limits.
  • Using a coupling 740 between the motor 733 and shaft 750 that is larger than general sizing schedules specify will also reduce shaft resonance caused by more flexible couplings.
  • Bearing assemblies 760 are located in various locations to provide rotational support for the motor arrangement.
  • the patterned rolls should be controlled with a high degree of precision.
  • Cross-web registration within the limits described herein can be accomplished by applying the techniques used in controlling machine-direction registration, as described hereinafter. For example, to achieve about 10 micrometers end-to-end feature placement on a 10-inch circumference patterned roller, each roller must be maintained within a rotational accuracy of ⁇ 32 arc-seconds per revolution. Control of registration becomes more difficult as the speed the web travels through the system is increased.
  • Motor arrangement 800 includes a motor 810 including a primary encoder 830 and a drive shaft 820 .
  • Drive shaft 820 is coupled to a driven shaft 840 of patterned roll 860 through a coupling 825 .
  • a secondary, or load, encoder 850 is coupled to the driven shaft 840 .
  • motor arrangement 900 includes a motor 910 including a primary encoder 930 and a drive shaft 920 .
  • Drive shaft 920 is coupled to a driven shaft 940 of patterned roll 960 through a coupling 930 .
  • a secondary, or load, encoder 950 is coupled to the driven shaft 940 .
  • Motor arrangement 900 communicates with a control arrangement 965 to allow precision control of the patterned roll 960 .
  • Control arrangement 965 includes a drive module 966 and a program module 975 .
  • the program module 975 communicates with the drive module 966 via a line 977 , for example, a SERCOS fiber network.
  • the program module 975 is used to input parameters, such as set points, to the drive module 966 .
  • Drive module 966 receives input 480 volt, 3-phase power 915 , rectifies it to DC, and distributes it via a power connection 973 to control the motor 910 .
  • Motor encoder 912 feeds a position signal to control module 966 .
  • the secondary encoder 950 on the patterned roll 960 also feeds a position signal back to the drive module 966 via to line 971 .
  • the drive module 966 uses the encoder signals to precisely position the patterned roll 960 .
  • the control design to achieve the degree of registration is described in detail below.
  • each patterned roll is controlled by a dedicated control arrangement.
  • Dedicated control arrangements cooperate to control the registration between first and second patterned rolls.
  • Each drive module communicates with and controls its respective motor assembly.
  • control arrangement in the system built and demonstrated by Applicants include the following.
  • a high performance, low cogging torque motor with a high-resolution sine encoder feedback (512 sine cycles ⁇ 4096 drive interpolation >>2 million parts per revolution) was used, model MHD090B-035-NG0-UN, available from Bosch-Rexroth (Indramat).
  • model MHD090B-035-NG0-UN available from Bosch-Rexroth (Indramat)
  • Bosch-Rexroth Indramat
  • model MHD090B-035-NG0-UN available from Bosch-Rexroth (Indramat)
  • other types, such as induction motors could also be used.
  • Each motor was directly coupled (without gearbox or mechanical reduction) through an extremely stiff bellows coupling, model BK5-300, available from R/W Corporation. Alternate coupling designs could be used, but bellows style generally combines stiffness while providing high rotational accuracy. Each coupling was sized so that a substantially larger coupling was selected than what the typical manufacturers specifications would recommend.
  • Each roller shaft was attached to an encoder through a hollow shaft load side encoder, model RON255C, available from Heidenhain Corp., Schaumburg, Ill. Encoder selection should have the highest accuracy and resolution possible, typically greater than 32 arc-sec accuracy. Applicants' design, 18000 sine cycles per revolution were employed, which in conjunction with the 4096 bit resolution drive interpolation resulted in excess of 50 million parts per revolution resolution giving a resolution substantially higher than accuracy.
  • the load side encoder had an accuracy of +/ ⁇ 2 arc-sec; maximum deviation in the delivered units was less than +/ ⁇ 1 arc-sec.
  • each shaft may be designed to be as large a diameter as possible and as short as possible to maximize stiffness, resulting in the highest possible resonant frequency. Precision alignment of all rotational components is desired to ensure minimum registration error due to this source of registration error.
  • each axis interpolates the position reference with a cubic spline, at the position loop update rate of 250 microsecond intervals.
  • the interpolation method is not critical, as the constant velocity results in a simple constant times time interval path.
  • the resolution is critical to eliminate any round off or numerical representation errors. Axis rollover must also addressed. In some cases, it is important that each axis' control cycle is synchronized at the current loop execution rate (62 microsecond intervals).
  • the top path 1151 is the feed forward section of control.
  • the control strategy includes a position loop 1110 , a velocity loop 1120 , and a current loop 1130 .
  • the position reference 1111 is differentiated, once to generate the velocity feed forward terms 1152 and a second time to generate the acceleration feed forward term 1155 .
  • the feed forward path 1151 helps performance during line speed changes and dynamic correction.
  • the position command 1111 is subtracted from current position 1114 , generating an error signal 1116 .
  • the error 1116 is applied to a proportional controller 1115 , generating the velocity command reference 1117 .
  • the velocity feedback 1167 is subtracted from the command 1117 to generate the velocity error signal 1123 , which is then applied to a PID controller.
  • the velocity feedback 1167 is generated by differentiating the motor encoder position signal 1126 . Due to differentiation and numerical resolution limits, a low pass Butterworth filter 1124 is applied to remove high frequency noise components from the error signal 1123 .
  • a narrow stop band (notch) filter 1129 is applied at the center of the motor—roller resonant frequency. This allows substantially higher gains to be applied to the velocity controller 1120 . Increased resolution of the motor encoder also would improve performance.
  • the exact location of the filters in the control diagram is not critical; either the forward or reverse path are acceptable, although tuning parameters are dependent on the location.
  • a PID controller could also be used in the position loop, but the additional phase lag of the integrator makes stabilization more difficult.
  • the current loop is a traditional PI controller; gains are established by the motor parameters. The highest bandwidth current loop possible will allow optimum performance. Also, minimum torque ripple is desired.
  • Minimization of external disturbances is important to obtain maximum registration. This includes motor construction and current loop commutation as previously discussed, but minimizing mechanical disturbances is also important. Examples include extremely smooth tension control in entering and exiting web span, uniform bearing and seal drag, minimizing tension upsets from web peel off from the roller, uniform rubber nip roller.
  • a third axis geared to the tool rolls is provided as a pull roll to assist in removing the cured structure from the tool.
  • the web material can be any suitable material on which a microreplicated patterned structure can be created.
  • web materials are polyethylene terephthalate, polymethyl methacrylate, or polycarbonate.
  • the web can also be multi-layered. Since the liquid is typically cured by a curing source on the side opposite that on which the patterned structure is created, the web material must be at least partially translucent to the curing source used. Examples of curing energy sources are infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation, visible light radiation, microwave, or e-beam.
  • curing energy sources are infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation, visible light radiation, microwave, or e-beam.
  • An alternative to curing the liquid through the web would be to use a two part reactive cure, for example, an epoxy, which would be useful for webs that are difficult to cure through, such as metal web or webs having a metallic layer. Curing could be accomplished by in-line mixing of components or spraying catalyst on a portion of the patterned roll, which would cure the liquid to form the microreplicated structure when the coating and catalyst come into contact.
  • a two part reactive cure for example, an epoxy, which would be useful for webs that are difficult to cure through, such as metal web or webs having a metallic layer.
  • Curing could be accomplished by in-line mixing of components or spraying catalyst on a portion of the patterned roll, which would cure the liquid to form the microreplicated structure when the coating and catalyst come into contact.
  • the liquid from which the microreplicated structures are created can be a curable photopolymerizable material, such as acrylates curable by UV light.
  • a curable photopolymerizable material such as acrylates curable by UV light.
  • other coating materials can be used, and selection of a material will depend on the particular characteristics desired for the microreplicated structures.
  • the particular curing method employed is within the skill and knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. Examples of curing methods are reactive curing, thermal curing, or radiation curing.
  • coating means that useful for delivering and controlling liquid to the web are, for example, die or knife coating, coupled with any suitable pump such as a syringe or peristaltic pump.
  • any suitable pump such as a syringe or peristaltic pump.
  • coating means can be used, and selection of a particular means will depend on the particular characteristics of the liquid to be delivered to the web.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Shaping Of Tube Ends By Bending Or Straightening (AREA)
  • Optical Elements Other Than Lenses (AREA)
US11/369,482 2005-03-09 2006-03-06 Microreplicated article with moire reducing surface Abandoned US20060209428A1 (en)

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JP (1) JP2008536161A (zh)
KR (1) KR101323524B1 (zh)
CN (1) CN101171532A (zh)
BR (1) BRPI0609284A2 (zh)
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US20060236877A1 (en) * 2005-03-09 2006-10-26 Strand John T Apparatus and method for making microreplicated article
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US20080259634A1 (en) * 2007-04-18 2008-10-23 Xiang-Dong Mi Double-sided turning film
US7767273B2 (en) 2005-03-09 2010-08-03 3M Innovative Properties Company Apparatus and method for producing two-sided patterned web in registration
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US20130194482A1 (en) * 2012-02-01 2013-08-01 Stmicroelectronics (Research & Development) Limited Solid state image sensor and manufacturing method thereof
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KR20070108568A (ko) 2007-11-12
EP1861736A1 (en) 2007-12-05
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