US20060137785A1 - Gas-generating composition - Google Patents
Gas-generating composition Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20060137785A1 US20060137785A1 US11/301,017 US30101705A US2006137785A1 US 20060137785 A1 US20060137785 A1 US 20060137785A1 US 30101705 A US30101705 A US 30101705A US 2006137785 A1 US2006137785 A1 US 2006137785A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- weight
- composition according
- composition
- gas
- compounds
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 82
- GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-bromo-3,3-difluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(Br)C=C GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 150000002506 iron compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000002516 radical scavenger Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000006057 Non-nutritive feed additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 52
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- NDEMNVPZDAFUKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N guanidine;nitric acid Chemical compound NC(N)=N.O[N+]([O-])=O.O[N+]([O-])=O NDEMNVPZDAFUKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- IDCPFAYURAQKDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-nitroguanidine Chemical compound NC(=N)N[N+]([O-])=O IDCPFAYURAQKDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000013980 iron oxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium stearate Chemical compound [Ca+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000013539 calcium stearate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000008116 calcium stearate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- KJUGUADJHNHALS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-tetrazole Substances C=1N=NNN=1 KJUGUADJHNHALS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ferrosoferric oxide Chemical compound O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- XTFIVUDBNACUBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)N1CN([N+]([O-])=O)CN([N+]([O-])=O)C1 XTFIVUDBNACUBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002357 guanidines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002391 heterocyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Fe+2] VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- UAGLZAPCOXRKPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitric acid;1,2,3-triaminoguanidine Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O.NNC(NN)=NN UAGLZAPCOXRKPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- BVGPZRCQJJMXBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-diaminoguanidine;nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O.NN\C(N)=N/N BVGPZRCQJJMXBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BAKYASSDAXQKKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Hydroxy-3-methylbenzaldehyde Chemical compound CC1=CC(C=O)=CC=C1O BAKYASSDAXQKKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- STIAPHVBRDNOAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbamimidoylazanium;carbonate Chemical compound NC(N)=N.NC(N)=N.OC(O)=O STIAPHVBRDNOAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KBJCHZXIAAWHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N guanidine;perchloric acid Chemical compound NC(N)=N.OCl(=O)(=O)=O KBJCHZXIAAWHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- AEIXRCIKZIZYPM-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxy(oxo)iron Chemical compound [O][Fe]O AEIXRCIKZIZYPM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002460 imidazoles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000015 iron(II) carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021519 iron(III) oxide-hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000013110 organic ligand Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003536 tetrazoles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003918 triazines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 abstract description 8
- 229910021578 Iron(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 7
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- -1 however Substances 0.000 description 10
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- QJTIRVUEVSKJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-nitro-1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-triazol-3-one Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=NC(=O)NN1 QJTIRVUEVSKJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229940093915 gynecological organic acid Drugs 0.000 description 3
- ZFSLODLOARCGLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N isocyanuric acid Chemical compound OC1=NC(O)=NC(O)=N1 ZFSLODLOARCGLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- LRFVTYWOQMYALW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-xanthine Chemical compound O=C1NC(=O)NC2=C1NC=N2 LRFVTYWOQMYALW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BXTYRIKKNHXERN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alloxanoic acid 4tms NIST Chemical compound OC(=O)C1(O)NC(=O)NC1=O BXTYRIKKNHXERN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe3+ Chemical class [Fe+3] VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000028 HMX Substances 0.000 description 2
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXIPVTKHYLBLMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium azide Chemical compound [Na+].[N-]=[N+]=[N-] PXIPVTKHYLBLMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ISAKRJDGNUQOIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Uracil Natural products O=C1C=CNC(=O)N1 ISAKRJDGNUQOIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HIMXGTXNXJYFGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N alloxan Chemical compound O=C1NC(=O)C(=O)C(=O)N1 HIMXGTXNXJYFGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- DDRJAANPRJIHGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N creatinine Chemical compound CN1CC(=O)NC1=N DDRJAANPRJIHGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AXZAYXJCENRGIM-UHFFFAOYSA-J dipotassium;tetrabromoplatinum(2-) Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[Br-].[Br-].[Br-].[Br-].[Pt+2] AXZAYXJCENRGIM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- ROBFUDYVXSDBQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxymalonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)C(O)=O ROBFUDYVXSDBQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002505 iron Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium stearate Chemical compound [Mg+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- UZGLIIJVICEWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N octogen Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)N1CN([N+]([O-])=O)CN([N+]([O-])=O)CN([N+]([O-])=O)C1 UZGLIIJVICEWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXQPEWDEAKTCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N orotic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC(=O)NC(=O)N1 PXQPEWDEAKTCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000007096 poisonous effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001487 potassium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004449 solid propellant Substances 0.000 description 2
- KZNICNPSHKQLFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinimide Chemical compound O=C1CCC(=O)N1 KZNICNPSHKQLFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FFSJPOPLSWBGQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N triazol-4-one Chemical compound O=C1C=NN=N1 FFSJPOPLSWBGQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910003145 α-Fe2O3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910006297 γ-Fe2O3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- JGZAFSFVZSXXCJ-ONEGZZNKSA-N (E)-bis(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)diazene Chemical compound N(=N\C1=NN=NN1)/C1=NN=NN1 JGZAFSFVZSXXCJ-ONEGZZNKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IMWCPTKSESEZCL-SPSNFJOYSA-H (e)-but-2-enedioate;iron(3+) Chemical compound [Fe+3].[Fe+3].[O-]C(=O)\C=C\C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)\C=C\C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)\C=C\C([O-])=O IMWCPTKSESEZCL-SPSNFJOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- UDATXMIGEVPXTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-dione Chemical compound O=C1NNC(=O)N1 UDATXMIGEVPXTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YNVZDODIHZTHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 2-hydroxypropanoate;iron(3+) Chemical compound [Fe+3].CC(O)C([O-])=O.CC(O)C([O-])=O.CC(O)C([O-])=O YNVZDODIHZTHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- ULRPISSMEBPJLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2h-tetrazol-5-amine Chemical compound NC1=NN=NN1 ULRPISSMEBPJLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CAAMSDWKXXPUJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,5-dihydro-4H-imidazol-4-one Chemical compound O=C1CNC=N1 CAAMSDWKXXPUJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YFQOVSGFCVQZSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5,6-dihydroxyuracil Chemical compound OC=1NC(=O)NC(=O)C=1O YFQOVSGFCVQZSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ABICJYZKIYUWEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-nitro-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=O ABICJYZKIYUWEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HRRVLSKRYVIEPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-hydroxy-5-nitroso-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione Chemical compound OC1=NC(O)=C(N=O)C(O)=N1 HRRVLSKRYVIEPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001241 Cyamelide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical class [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010021143 Hypoxia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- BGRDGMRNKXEXQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Maleic hydrazide Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(O)N=N1 BGRDGMRNKXEXQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910004679 ONO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TZRXHJWUDPFEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)OCC(CO[N+]([O-])=O)(CO[N+]([O-])=O)CO[N+]([O-])=O TZRXHJWUDPFEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LEHOTFFKMJEONL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Uric Acid Chemical compound N1C(=O)NC(=O)C2=C1NC(=O)N2 LEHOTFFKMJEONL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TVWHNULVHGKJHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Uric acid Natural products N1C(=O)NC(=O)C2NC(=O)NC21 TVWHNULVHGKJHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001963 alkali metal nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001447 alkali salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MASBWURJQFFLOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammeline Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NC(O)=N1 MASBWURJQFFLOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011668 ascorbic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960005070 ascorbic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010323 ascorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003976 azacycloalkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HNYOPLTXPVRDBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N barbituric acid Chemical compound O=C1CC(=O)NC(=O)N1 HNYOPLTXPVRDBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical class [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000711 cancerogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 231100000315 carcinogenic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000567 combustion gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940109239 creatinine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SMEDVXJKKOXLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyamelide Chemical compound N=C1OC(=N)OC(=N)O1 SMEDVXJKKOXLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- BVEWMNTVZPFPQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuric acid Chemical compound OC1C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=O BVEWMNTVZPFPQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- VEPSWGHMGZQCIN-UHFFFAOYSA-H ferric oxalate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[Fe+3].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O VEPSWGHMGZQCIN-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002244 furazanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PKWIYNIDEDLDCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N guanazole Chemical compound NC1=NNC(N)=N1 PKWIYNIDEDLDCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N haloperidol Chemical compound C1CC(O)(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)CCN1CCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000086 high toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- WJRBRSLFGCUECM-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydantoin Chemical compound O=C1CNC(=O)N1 WJRBRSLFGCUECM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001959 inorganic nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NPFOYSMITVOQOS-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(III) citrate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NPFOYSMITVOQOS-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- VRIVJOXICYMTAG-IYEMJOQQSA-L iron(ii) gluconate Chemical compound [Fe+2].OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O.OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O VRIVJOXICYMTAG-IYEMJOQQSA-L 0.000 description 1
- LZKLAOYSENRNKR-LNTINUHCSA-N iron;(z)-4-oxoniumylidenepent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound [Fe].C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O LZKLAOYSENRNKR-LNTINUHCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000003127 knee Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019359 magnesium stearate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N melamine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QHDUJTCUPWHNPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 7-methoxy-2h-indazole-3-carboxylate Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC2=C(C(=O)OC)NN=C21 QHDUJTCUPWHNPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010981 methylcellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 231100000219 mutagenic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003505 mutagenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CMUOJBJRZUHRMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrourea Chemical compound NC(=O)N[N+]([O-])=O CMUOJBJRZUHRMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229960005010 orotic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ZFLIKDUSUDBGCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N parabanic acid Chemical compound O=C1NC(=O)C(=O)N1 ZFLIKDUSUDBGCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000151 polyglycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010695 polyglycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- JEXVQSWXXUJEMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrazol-3-one Chemical compound O=C1C=CN=N1 JEXVQSWXXUJEMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical class [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002317 succinimide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- PTISTKLWEJDJID-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenemolybdenum Chemical compound [Mo]=S PTISTKLWEJDJID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000012222 talc Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003623 transition metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940116269 uric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940075420 xanthine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- XOOUIPVCVHRTMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc stearate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O XOOUIPVCVHRTMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B29/00—Compositions containing an inorganic oxygen-halogen salt, e.g. chlorate, perchlorate
- C06B29/22—Compositions containing an inorganic oxygen-halogen salt, e.g. chlorate, perchlorate the salt being ammonium perchlorate
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B23/00—Compositions characterised by non-explosive or non-thermic constituents
- C06B23/02—Compositions characterised by non-explosive or non-thermic constituents for neutralising poisonous gases from explosives produced during blasting
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06D—MEANS FOR GENERATING SMOKE OR MIST; GAS-ATTACK COMPOSITIONS; GENERATION OF GAS FOR BLASTING OR PROPULSION (CHEMICAL PART)
- C06D5/00—Generation of pressure gas, e.g. for blasting cartridges, starting cartridges, rockets
- C06D5/06—Generation of pressure gas, e.g. for blasting cartridges, starting cartridges, rockets by reaction of two or more solids
Definitions
- the invention relates to a gas-generating composition for use in a safety device in vehicles.
- Safety devices for vehicles usually contain a gas generator with a pyrotechnic solid propellant as gas-generating composition which is activated as a result of a vehicle accident and releases a gas or gas mixture within a very short period of time for actuating the safety device, such as an inflatable gas bag, a belt tensioner or a pneumatic knee guard.
- a gas generator with a pyrotechnic solid propellant as gas-generating composition which is activated as a result of a vehicle accident and releases a gas or gas mixture within a very short period of time for actuating the safety device, such as an inflatable gas bag, a belt tensioner or a pneumatic knee guard.
- hybrid gas generators which, in addition to the pyrotechnic solid propellant, contain a pressurized gas stored in a pressure chamber, the pyrotechnic propellant tearing open an opening device of the pressure chamber, for example a rupture disc, in the case of activation, and thus releasing and heating up the gas which is stored in the pressure chamber.
- ammonium perchlorate As oxidizing agent.
- hydrochloric acid is produced as a by-product which is undesirable, owing to its toxicity and liability to corrosion. Therefore, ammonium perchlorate has been used hitherto as oxidizing agent in pyrotechnic propellants for vehicle occupant restraint systems only in small proportions and/or mixed with suitable compounds such as, for example, alkali metal nitrates, for the neutralization of the hydrochloric acid in the propellant, which occurs during combustion.
- suitable compounds such as, for example, alkali metal nitrates
- a gas-generating propellant is known from the EP-B1-0 750 599, which consists substantially of 55 to 75% by weight of guanidine nitrate, 25 to 45% by weight of an oxidizing agent which is selected from the group consisting of potassium perchlorate and ammonium perchlorate, 0.5 to 5.0% by weight of a flowability improving agent and up to 5% by weight of a binding agent.
- an oxidizing agent which is selected from the group consisting of potassium perchlorate and ammonium perchlorate, 0.5 to 5.0% by weight of a flowability improving agent and up to 5% by weight of a binding agent.
- the example embodiments merely describe the use of potassium perchlorate as oxidizing agent and therefore show an insufficient gas yield.
- the potassium chloride occurring as combustion product is only able to be retained with difficulty in a filter and therefore leads to the formation of fumes.
- the U.S. Pat. No. 5,861,571 describes a gas-generating composition of ammonium perchlorate, a chloride scavenger and an inorganic fuel, with alkali salts and the salts of strontium and barium being named in particular as chloride scavengers.
- transition metal compounds of, for example, zinc and copper are expressly regarded as not being suitable. Owing to the high proportion of the alkali- and alkaline earth compounds contained in the composition, when it is reacted the composition produces a high proportion of particles which, again, has to be retained in suitable filter devices. The gas yield of the known composition is therefore likewise insufficient.
- the present invention provides a physiologically harmless propellant for gas generators, which reacts to form a substantially particle-free and non-poisonous combustion gas with a high gas yield.
- the composition has a sufficiently high combustion rate and a high combustion temperature desirable for use in hybrid gas generators or belt tensioners.
- a gas-generating composition which consists essentially of 20 to 65% by weight of an organic fuel, 30 to 60% by weight of ammonium perchlorate, 5 to 30% by weight of a chloride scavenger and conventional processing aids in a proportion of 0 to 10% by weight, each based on the total weight of the composition, and which is characterized in that the chloride scavenger is an iron compound.
- ammonium perchlorate as sole oxidizing agent in combination with an iron compound as chloride scavenger makes possible the provision of gas-generating mixtures which are practically totally converted into gas when they are reacted. Hereby, a maximum efficiency of the propellant is achieved.
- Ammonium perchlorate is, moreover, compatible with almost all organic fuels.
- FeCl 3 is produced from the iron compounds, which is already sublimated at approximately 300 degrees C. and is therefore also vaporized upon the combustion of the gas-generating composition.
- the gaseous FeCl 3 is also included here in the gas yield of the composition.
- Iron(II) compounds are oxidized during combustion by the ammonium perchlorate to iron(III) compounds.
- the iron compounds are therefore able to bond a total of three mole of the hydrochloric acid released from the ammonium perchlorate per mole of iron. Owing to the high bonding capacity of the iron compounds for hydrochloric acid, the quantity of chloride scavengers can therefore also be reduced.
- An addition of further chloride scavengers in the form of alkali metal- or alkaline earth metal salts is no longer necessary.
- the gas generators can therefore be produced so as to be smaller and also lighter and at a more favourable cost by dispensing with costly and expensive filter materials.
- iron compounds as chloride scavengers has the further advantage that the iron compounds in addition promote the decomposition of the ammonium perchlorate and hence increase the combustion rate.
- iron compounds both inorganic compounds such as FeO, FeO(OH), ⁇ -Fe 2 O 3 , ⁇ -Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 and FeCO 3 can be used, and also iron complexes, i.e. Fe(II)- and Fe(III) compounds with organic ligands.
- iron complexes i.e. Fe(II)- and Fe(III) compounds with organic ligands.
- iron complexes are iron oxalate, iron fumarate, iron citrate, iron lactate, iron gluconate and iron acetyl acetonate.
- the use of mixed valent iron compounds is also possible.
- inorganic iron oxides, in particular ⁇ -Fe 2 O 3 and ⁇ -Fe 2 O 3 are particularly preferred.
- the iron compounds are present in the compositions according to the invention at least in a quantity which is effective to neutralize the hydrochloric acid occurring from the conversion of the ammonium perchlorate largely as FeCl 3 .
- the weight ratio of ammonium perchlorate to iron oxide in the composition preferably lies in a range between about 3:1 to 10:1.
- organic fuels which already have as high an oxygen content as possible per molecule are preferred, because hereby the required proportion of ammonium perchlorate and hence the proportion of hydrochloric acid which is to be neutralized can be further reduced.
- nitrogenous compounds such as guanidine compounds and heterocyclic compounds of the group of triazoles, tetrazoles, triazines, imidazoles and azacycloalkanes and mixtures thereof.
- nitrogenous compounds are used such as guanidine compounds and heterocyclic compounds of the group of triazoles, tetrazoles, triazines, imidazoles and azacycloalkanes and mixtures thereof.
- these compounds are 5-aminotetrazole, 1H-tetrazole, bistetrazole, azotetrazole, triazolone, nitrotriazolone, hexogen, octogen, guanidine carbonate, guanidine nitrate, guanidine perchlorate, aminoguanidine nitrate, diaminoguanidine nitrate, triaminoguanidine nitrate and nitroguanidine as well as salts, derivatives or mixtures thereof.
- the organic fuel can be selected from the group consisting of nitrogenous heterocyclic organic acids and mixtures thereof.
- nitrogenous heterocyclic organic acids are cyanuric acid, isocyanuric acid, cyamelide, urazole, uracile, uramine, urazine, alloxane, alloxanic acid, alloxantine, xanthine, allantoine, barbituric acid, orotic acid, dilituric acid, triazolone, violuric acid, succinimide, dialuric acid, isodialuric acid, hydantoine, pseudohydantoine, imidazolone, pyrazolone, parabanic acid, furazane, ammeline, creatinine, maleic acid hydrazide, uric acid, pseudouric acid, guanizine, guanazole and melamine, as well as salts, derivatives or mixtures thereof.
- organic acid which is free of nitrogen can be used as organic fuel.
- fumaric acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, tartaric acid, tartronic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, the salts or derivatives thereof, or mixtures of the organic acids which are free of nitrogen, are preferred.
- a polymer compound can be used as organic fuel, which can be selected for example from the group consisting of the polyaklyl compounds, polalkylene compounds, polyamides, polyimides, polyesters, polyethers, polyurethanes, polyacetates, polyacrylic compounds and polyglycols and also the derivatives thereof containing —OH, CN, —COOH, —NH 2 , —N 3 , —ONO 2 or —NO 2 — groups, and copolymers.
- Fuels rich in energy having an oxygen balance of greater than ⁇ 40%, in particular between ⁇ 40% and 0% are especially preferred.
- the “oxygen balance” of a compound or of a composition is understood to mean the amount of oxygen in % by weight which is released upon complete conversion of the compound or of the composition to CO 2 , H 2 O, Al 2 O 3 , B 2 O 3 etc. (oxygen excess). If the oxygen which is present is not sufficient for this, then the missing amount which is necessary for the complete conversion is indicated with a minus sign (oxygen deficiency).
- Examples of such fuels which are rich in energy are guanidine nitrate, nitroguanidine, triaminoguanidine nitrate, urea nitrate, nitrourea, nitropenta, 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one (NTO), hexogen, octogen, N,N′-dinitroammeline or mixtures thereof.
- the fuel guanidine nitrate and/or nitroguanidine is particularly preferred.
- the fuels which are rich in energy having a slightly negative oxygen balance permit the further reduction of the proportion of ammonium perchlorate as oxidizer and hence also of the hydrochloric acid resulting therefrom upon the conversion of the composition according to the invention. In this case also less amounts of the iron compound have to be added as chloride scavenger.
- the propellant can additionally contain conventional processing aids, such as e.g. lubricants, flowing aids, pressing aids and/or releasing agents.
- processing aids are used in a maximum proportion of 10% by weight in relation to the overall weight of the composition. Higher proportions lead to an undesirably low gas yield of the propellant. If the processing aids themselves are not converted at least partially into a gaseous reaction product, their maximum proportion preferably amounts to 5% by weight, particularly preferably a maximum proportion of 3% by weight.
- processing aids are polyethylene glycol, cellulose, methyl cellulose, soot, graphite, wax, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, boron nitride, talcum, bentonite, aluminium oxide, silicon dioxide or molybdenum sulphide. The use of these means is described in the prior art.
- a particularly preferred composition according to the invention consists of 40 to 60% by weight guanidine nitrate, 35 to 50% by weight ammonium perchlorate, 5 to 15% by weight Fe 2 O 3 and 0 to 0.5% by weight of a processing aid such as calcium stearate.
- a processing aid such as calcium stearate.
- nitroguanidine can be used as organic fuel.
- the combustion temperatures of the compositions according to the invention preferably lie over 2500 K, particularly preferably in a range of between 2800 and 3200 K. Furthermore, the compositions according to the invention show high gas yields, in relation to mass, of over 95%, preferably at least 98%, because the FeCl 3 resulting from the conversion of the iron compound which is used as chloride scavenger is also vaporized and therefore also enters into the released gas volume.
- the gas yield related to mass is understood here to mean the mass of the generated gas in relation to the mass of the propellant which is used. Owing to the use of the compositions according to the invention, the gas generators can be operated with a smaller quantity of propellant than conventional gas generators.
- the high combustion temperature of the compositions likewise contributes to this, leading to a higher effective gas volume with an identical quantity of propellant.
- composition according to the invention therefore makes possible the provision of smaller and lighter gas generators, in which filter arrangements can be largely dispensed with, because no or only a few particles are present in the released hot gas mixture. Thereby, the further components of the gas bag module are also less highly stressed. A damage to the gas bag fabric caused by hot particles or pieces of slag is likewise ruled out.
- a further object of the invention is the use of the compositions according to the invention in hybrid gas generators and belt tensioners.
- hybrid gas generators a rapid releasing of the stored compressed gas is desired, with a simultaneous heating up of the gas mixture.
- Belt tensioners require propellants with short reaction times and high gas volumes with a minimal quantity of propellant.
- the compositions according to the invention are particularly suitable for these applications.
- the characteristics described above also permit a use of the compositions according to the invention as ignition means, in particular as amplifier charge or auto-ignition compositions, for igniting further propellants in a gas generator.
- the gas yield of the composition related to mass was 99.6%.
- the proportion of toxic NO x in the released gas mixture lay below the reference limit, the proportion of carbon monoxide was approximately 0.47%. There was also no longer evidence of hydrochloric acid in the released gas mixture.
- the gas yield of the composition related to mass was 99.3%.
- the proportion of carbon monoxide in the gas mixture was 0.34%.
- compositions according to the invention are predestined for use in hybrid gas generators and belt tensioners because of their high gas yield and also the high combustion temperatures and combustion rates. In addition, they are chemically and thermally stable and are therefore well suited for civil applications, in particular for safety devices in vehicles.
Abstract
A gas-generating composition is adapted for use in safety devices for vehicles. The composition essentially of 20 to 25% by weight of an organic fuel, 30 to 60% by weight ammonium perchlorate, 5 to 30% by weight of a chloride scavenger and conventional processing aids in a proportion of 0 to 10% by weight. An iron compound is used as said chloride scavenger, which is converted into gaseous iron(III)-chloride upon reaction of the composition.
Description
- The invention relates to a gas-generating composition for use in a safety device in vehicles.
- Safety devices for vehicles usually contain a gas generator with a pyrotechnic solid propellant as gas-generating composition which is activated as a result of a vehicle accident and releases a gas or gas mixture within a very short period of time for actuating the safety device, such as an inflatable gas bag, a belt tensioner or a pneumatic knee guard. Furthermore, so-called hybrid gas generators are known which, in addition to the pyrotechnic solid propellant, contain a pressurized gas stored in a pressure chamber, the pyrotechnic propellant tearing open an opening device of the pressure chamber, for example a rupture disc, in the case of activation, and thus releasing and heating up the gas which is stored in the pressure chamber.
- In the past, in particular mixtures of sodium azide and inorganic nitrates were used as pyrotechnic propellant. Owing to the high toxicity of these mixtures, however, propellants on the basis of organic fuels and of inorganic oxidizing agents are recently coming into use. These azide-free propellants are distinguished by relatively high combustion temperatures which favour the production of liquid or gaseous by-products. Therefore, large quantities of so-called slag-forming materials or coolants must be added to these azide-free propellants, which, however, reduce the gas yield of the propellant.
- A possibility for the production of pyrotechnic propellants having a higher gas yield lies in the use of ammonium perchlorate as oxidizing agent. When propellants containing ammonium perchlorate are reacted, however, hydrochloric acid is produced as a by-product which is undesirable, owing to its toxicity and liability to corrosion. Therefore, ammonium perchlorate has been used hitherto as oxidizing agent in pyrotechnic propellants for vehicle occupant restraint systems only in small proportions and/or mixed with suitable compounds such as, for example, alkali metal nitrates, for the neutralization of the hydrochloric acid in the propellant, which occurs during combustion. These mixtures, however, likewise have a reduced gas yield owing to the additives which are then necessary.
- A gas-generating propellant is known from the EP-B1-0 750 599, which consists substantially of 55 to 75% by weight of guanidine nitrate, 25 to 45% by weight of an oxidizing agent which is selected from the group consisting of potassium perchlorate and ammonium perchlorate, 0.5 to 5.0% by weight of a flowability improving agent and up to 5% by weight of a binding agent. The example embodiments, however, merely describe the use of potassium perchlorate as oxidizing agent and therefore show an insufficient gas yield. The potassium chloride occurring as combustion product is only able to be retained with difficulty in a filter and therefore leads to the formation of fumes.
- The U.S. Pat. No. 5,861,571 describes a gas-generating composition of ammonium perchlorate, a chloride scavenger and an inorganic fuel, with alkali salts and the salts of strontium and barium being named in particular as chloride scavengers. On the other hand, transition metal compounds of, for example, zinc and copper, are expressly regarded as not being suitable. Owing to the high proportion of the alkali- and alkaline earth compounds contained in the composition, when it is reacted the composition produces a high proportion of particles which, again, has to be retained in suitable filter devices. The gas yield of the known composition is therefore likewise insufficient.
- However, in the motor vehicle industry requirements exist for a miniaturization of all systems, including the safety devices. Therefore, it is desirable to use pyrotechnic propellants which burn almost free of particles and have high gas yields, which allow filter devices in the gas generator to be dispensed with and allow a reduction in the amount of propellant, such that the overall size and the weight of the gas generators can be further reduced.
- The present invention provides a physiologically harmless propellant for gas generators, which reacts to form a substantially particle-free and non-poisonous combustion gas with a high gas yield. In addition, the composition has a sufficiently high combustion rate and a high combustion temperature desirable for use in hybrid gas generators or belt tensioners.
- According to the present invention, a gas-generating composition is provided, which consists essentially of 20 to 65% by weight of an organic fuel, 30 to 60% by weight of ammonium perchlorate, 5 to 30% by weight of a chloride scavenger and conventional processing aids in a proportion of 0 to 10% by weight, each based on the total weight of the composition, and which is characterized in that the chloride scavenger is an iron compound.
- The use of ammonium perchlorate as sole oxidizing agent in combination with an iron compound as chloride scavenger makes possible the provision of gas-generating mixtures which are practically totally converted into gas when they are reacted. Hereby, a maximum efficiency of the propellant is achieved. Ammonium perchlorate is, moreover, compatible with almost all organic fuels.
- When the compositions according to the invention are reacted, FeCl3 is produced from the iron compounds, which is already sublimated at approximately 300 degrees C. and is therefore also vaporized upon the combustion of the gas-generating composition. The gaseous FeCl3 is also included here in the gas yield of the composition. Iron(II) compounds are oxidized during combustion by the ammonium perchlorate to iron(III) compounds. The iron compounds are therefore able to bond a total of three mole of the hydrochloric acid released from the ammonium perchlorate per mole of iron. Owing to the high bonding capacity of the iron compounds for hydrochloric acid, the quantity of chloride scavengers can therefore also be reduced. An addition of further chloride scavengers in the form of alkali metal- or alkaline earth metal salts is no longer necessary.
- As the hydrochloric acid resulting from the reaction of the ammonium perchlorate with the fuel is reliably neutralized by the iron compound with the formation of non-poisonous FeCl3, and the FeCl3 is gaseous under the reaction conditions, the gas generators can therefore be produced so as to be smaller and also lighter and at a more favourable cost by dispensing with costly and expensive filter materials.
- The use of iron compounds as chloride scavengers has the further advantage that the iron compounds in addition promote the decomposition of the ammonium perchlorate and hence increase the combustion rate.
- As iron compounds, both inorganic compounds such as FeO, FeO(OH), α-Fe2O3, γ-Fe2O3, Fe3O4 and FeCO3 can be used, and also iron complexes, i.e. Fe(II)- and Fe(III) compounds with organic ligands. Examples of these iron complexes are iron oxalate, iron fumarate, iron citrate, iron lactate, iron gluconate and iron acetyl acetonate. The use of mixed valent iron compounds is also possible. However, inorganic iron oxides, in particular α-Fe2O3 and γ-Fe2O3 are particularly preferred.
- In accordance with the function as chloride scavenger, the iron compounds are present in the compositions according to the invention at least in a quantity which is effective to neutralize the hydrochloric acid occurring from the conversion of the ammonium perchlorate largely as FeCl3. When an iron oxide, in particular Fe2O3 is used as chloride scavenger, the weight ratio of ammonium perchlorate to iron oxide in the composition preferably lies in a range between about 3:1 to 10:1.
- Compounds of the general total formula Cx/Hy/Nv/Ow wherein x≧1, y≧0 and v≧0 and w≧0 are suitable as organic fuels. The usability of organic compounds is almost universal. The only ones which are excluded are compounds which have characteristics which are not desired for the purpose of use in motor vehicles, such as, for example, those which are highly toxic, are carcinogenic, mutagenic or have other unacceptable characteristics with regard to the environment, such as, for example, a great danger to water or soil. Furthermore, compounds are not desired which have a chemical or thermal stability which is too low or have a low stability under storage in tests at 110 degrees C. over 400 hours. In addition, compounds are to be ruled out which do not permit a reliable processing during the production of the pyrotechnic propellants, such as sensitive, highly explosive substances or mixtures.
- Fuels on the basis of polymeric substances, such as, for example, epoxy resins, which offer particular advantages in the production of extruded propellants, are also especially suitable. In addition, organic fuels which already have as high an oxygen content as possible per molecule are preferred, because hereby the required proportion of ammonium perchlorate and hence the proportion of hydrochloric acid which is to be neutralized can be further reduced.
- As organic fuels, preferably nitrogenous compounds are used such as guanidine compounds and heterocyclic compounds of the group of triazoles, tetrazoles, triazines, imidazoles and azacycloalkanes and mixtures thereof. Examples of these compounds are 5-aminotetrazole, 1H-tetrazole, bistetrazole, azotetrazole, triazolone, nitrotriazolone, hexogen, octogen, guanidine carbonate, guanidine nitrate, guanidine perchlorate, aminoguanidine nitrate, diaminoguanidine nitrate, triaminoguanidine nitrate and nitroguanidine as well as salts, derivatives or mixtures thereof.
- In addition, the organic fuel can be selected from the group consisting of nitrogenous heterocyclic organic acids and mixtures thereof. Examples of these nitrogenous heterocyclic organic acids are cyanuric acid, isocyanuric acid, cyamelide, urazole, uracile, uramine, urazine, alloxane, alloxanic acid, alloxantine, xanthine, allantoine, barbituric acid, orotic acid, dilituric acid, triazolone, violuric acid, succinimide, dialuric acid, isodialuric acid, hydantoine, pseudohydantoine, imidazolone, pyrazolone, parabanic acid, furazane, ammeline, creatinine, maleic acid hydrazide, uric acid, pseudouric acid, guanizine, guanazole and melamine, as well as salts, derivatives or mixtures thereof.
- Further, an organic acid which is free of nitrogen can be used as organic fuel. In this respect, fumaric acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, tartaric acid, tartronic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, the salts or derivatives thereof, or mixtures of the organic acids which are free of nitrogen, are preferred.
- Finally, a polymer compound can be used as organic fuel, which can be selected for example from the group consisting of the polyaklyl compounds, polalkylene compounds, polyamides, polyimides, polyesters, polyethers, polyurethanes, polyacetates, polyacrylic compounds and polyglycols and also the derivatives thereof containing —OH, CN, —COOH, —NH2, —N3, —ONO2 or —NO2— groups, and copolymers.
- Fuels rich in energy having an oxygen balance of greater than −40%, in particular between −40% and 0% are especially preferred. In the following, the “oxygen balance” of a compound or of a composition is understood to mean the amount of oxygen in % by weight which is released upon complete conversion of the compound or of the composition to CO2, H2O, Al2O3, B2O3 etc. (oxygen excess). If the oxygen which is present is not sufficient for this, then the missing amount which is necessary for the complete conversion is indicated with a minus sign (oxygen deficiency).
- Examples of such fuels which are rich in energy are guanidine nitrate, nitroguanidine, triaminoguanidine nitrate, urea nitrate, nitrourea, nitropenta, 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one (NTO), hexogen, octogen, N,N′-dinitroammeline or mixtures thereof. The fuel guanidine nitrate and/or nitroguanidine is particularly preferred.
- The fuels which are rich in energy having a slightly negative oxygen balance permit the further reduction of the proportion of ammonium perchlorate as oxidizer and hence also of the hydrochloric acid resulting therefrom upon the conversion of the composition according to the invention. In this case also less amounts of the iron compound have to be added as chloride scavenger.
- Finally, the propellant can additionally contain conventional processing aids, such as e.g. lubricants, flowing aids, pressing aids and/or releasing agents. These conventional processing aids are used in a maximum proportion of 10% by weight in relation to the overall weight of the composition. Higher proportions lead to an undesirably low gas yield of the propellant. If the processing aids themselves are not converted at least partially into a gaseous reaction product, their maximum proportion preferably amounts to 5% by weight, particularly preferably a maximum proportion of 3% by weight.
- Examples of such processing aids are polyethylene glycol, cellulose, methyl cellulose, soot, graphite, wax, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, boron nitride, talcum, bentonite, aluminium oxide, silicon dioxide or molybdenum sulphide. The use of these means is described in the prior art.
- A particularly preferred composition according to the invention consists of 40 to 60% by weight guanidine nitrate, 35 to 50% by weight ammonium perchlorate, 5 to 15% by weight Fe2O3 and 0 to 0.5% by weight of a processing aid such as calcium stearate. Instead of the guanidine nitrate, nitroguanidine can be used as organic fuel.
- The combustion temperatures of the compositions according to the invention preferably lie over 2500 K, particularly preferably in a range of between 2800 and 3200 K. Furthermore, the compositions according to the invention show high gas yields, in relation to mass, of over 95%, preferably at least 98%, because the FeCl3 resulting from the conversion of the iron compound which is used as chloride scavenger is also vaporized and therefore also enters into the released gas volume. The gas yield related to mass is understood here to mean the mass of the generated gas in relation to the mass of the propellant which is used. Owing to the use of the compositions according to the invention, the gas generators can be operated with a smaller quantity of propellant than conventional gas generators. The high combustion temperature of the compositions likewise contributes to this, leading to a higher effective gas volume with an identical quantity of propellant.
- The composition according to the invention therefore makes possible the provision of smaller and lighter gas generators, in which filter arrangements can be largely dispensed with, because no or only a few particles are present in the released hot gas mixture. Thereby, the further components of the gas bag module are also less highly stressed. A damage to the gas bag fabric caused by hot particles or pieces of slag is likewise ruled out.
- A further object of the invention is the use of the compositions according to the invention in hybrid gas generators and belt tensioners. In hybrid gas generators, a rapid releasing of the stored compressed gas is desired, with a simultaneous heating up of the gas mixture. Belt tensioners require propellants with short reaction times and high gas volumes with a minimal quantity of propellant. Owing to the high combustion temperatures and the high gas yields, the compositions according to the invention are particularly suitable for these applications. Furthermore, the characteristics described above also permit a use of the compositions according to the invention as ignition means, in particular as amplifier charge or auto-ignition compositions, for igniting further propellants in a gas generator.
- The invention is described below by means of preferred embodiments which, however, are not to be understood in a restrictive sense.
- 47.25% by weight nitroguanidine, 42.5% by weight ammonium perchlorate, 10% by weight Fe2O3 and 0.25% by weight calcium stearate were ground, mixed with each other and pressed to form tablets with a density of 1.94 g/cm3. The propellant tablets which were obtained in this way were then filled into a conventional pressure bomb and ignited. The combustion temperature of the propellant in the bomb was 3192 K. At a chamber pressure of 300 bar, the combustion rates was 43.5 mm/s.
- The gas yield of the composition related to mass was 99.6%. The proportion of toxic NOx in the released gas mixture lay below the reference limit, the proportion of carbon monoxide was approximately 0.47%. There was also no longer evidence of hydrochloric acid in the released gas mixture.
- 51.5% by weight guanidine nitrate, 38.8% by weight ammonium perchlorate, 9.5% by weight Fe2O3 and 0.2% by weight calcium stearate were ground, mixed with each other and pressed to form propellant tablets with a density of 1.73 g/cm3. The tablets obtained in this way were filled into a conventional pressure bomb and ignited. The combustion temperature of the propellant which was determined during this test was 2877 K. The combustion rate was 29.3 mm/s at a chamber pressure of 300 bar.
- The gas yield of the composition related to mass was 99.3%. In the released gas mixture, there was evidence of neither hydrochloric acid nor NOx as toxic components. The proportion of carbon monoxide in the gas mixture was 0.34%.
- The test results show that the compositions according to the invention are predestined for use in hybrid gas generators and belt tensioners because of their high gas yield and also the high combustion temperatures and combustion rates. In addition, they are chemically and thermally stable and are therefore well suited for civil applications, in particular for safety devices in vehicles.
Claims (16)
1. A gas-generating composition adapted for use in a safety device for vehicles, consisting essentially of 20 to 65% by weight of an organic fuel, 30 to 60% by weight ammonium perchlorate, 5 to 30% by weight of a chloride scavenger and conventional processing aids in a proportion of 0 to 10% by weight, each with respect to the total composition, characterized in that the chloride scavenger is an iron compound.
2. The composition according to claim 1 , characterized in that the iron compound is selected from the group consisting of iron oxides, FeCO3, Fe(II)- and Fe(III)-compounds with organic ligands and mixed valent iron compounds and also mixtures thereof.
3. The composition according to claim 2 , characterized in that the iron oxides are selected from the group consisting of FeO, FeO(OH), Fe2O3 and Fe3O4.
4. The composition according to claim 1 , characterized in that the fuel is selected from the group consisting of guanidine compounds, heterocyclic compounds and mixtures thereof.
5. The composition according to claim 4 , characterized in that the guanidine compounds are selected from the group consisting of guanidine nitrate, nitroguanidine, guanidine carbonate, guanidine perchlorate, aminoguanidine nitrate, diaminoguanidine nitrate, triaminoguanidine nitrate, and mixtures thereof.
6. The composition according to claim 4 , characterized in that the heterocyclic compounds are selected from the group of triazoles, tetrazoles, triazines, imidazoles and hexogen and mixtures thereof.
7. The composition according to claim 1 , characterized in that the fuel is selected from the group of organic acids which are free of nitrogen.
8. The composition according to claim 1 , characterized in that the fuel is selected from the group of polymer compounds.
9. The composition according to claim 1 , characterized in that the chloride scavenger is an iron oxide and that the weight ratio of ammonium perchlorate and iron oxide in the composition is from 3:1 to 10:1.
10. The composition according to claim 1 , characterized in that the combustion temperature of the composition is at least 2500 K.
11. The composition according to claim 1 , characterized in that the composition has a gas yield of at least 95% based on the mass of the composition.
12. The composition according to claim 1 , characterized in that the processing aids are selected from the group of pressing aids, releasing agents, lubricants and flowing aids.
13. The composition according to claim 1 , characterized in that the composition consists of 40 to 60% by weight of guanidine nitrate, 35 to 50% by weight of ammonium perchlorate, 5 to 15% by weight of Fe2O3 and 0 to 0.5% by weight of calcium stearate.
14. The composition according to claim 1 , characterized in that the composition consists of 40 to 60% by weight of nitroguanidine, 35 to 50% by weight of ammonium perchlorate, 5 to 15% by weight of Fe2O3 and 0 to 0.5% by weight of calcium stearate.
15. The gas-generating composition according to claim 1 , wherein the safety device comprises at least one of a hybrid gas generator and a belt tensioner.
16. The gas-generating composition according to claim 1 , wherein the safety device includes a gas generator, and wherein the gas-generating composition is adapted for use as an auto-ignition composition or amplifier charge for igniting a further propellant contained in said gas generator.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102004059992.0 | 2004-12-13 | ||
DE102004059992A DE102004059992A1 (en) | 2004-12-13 | 2004-12-13 | Gas generating composition consists of 20-65wt% organic fuel, 30-60wt% ammonium perchlorate, 5-30wt% of a chloride catcher, and 0-10wt% working material |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20060137785A1 true US20060137785A1 (en) | 2006-06-29 |
Family
ID=36500260
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/301,017 Abandoned US20060137785A1 (en) | 2004-12-13 | 2005-12-12 | Gas-generating composition |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20060137785A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE102004059992A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2012035271A2 (en) | 2010-09-15 | 2012-03-22 | Sme | Pyrotechnic gas generator compounds |
US10919818B1 (en) * | 2010-08-23 | 2021-02-16 | Joyson Safety Systems Acquisition Llc | Auto-ignition composition |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2950624B1 (en) * | 2009-09-25 | 2013-05-10 | Snpe Materiaux Energetiques | PYROTECHNIC COMPOUND GAS GENERATOR |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5861571A (en) * | 1997-04-18 | 1999-01-19 | Atlantic Research Corporation | Gas-generative composition consisting essentially of ammonium perchlorate plus a chlorine scavenger and an organic fuel |
US20040084884A1 (en) * | 2002-02-18 | 2004-05-06 | Masayuki Yamazaki | Hybrid inflator |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6228924B1 (en) * | 1997-12-26 | 2001-05-08 | Toda Kogyo Corporation | Calcium-iron oxide composite particles and resin molded product containing the same |
-
2004
- 2004-12-13 DE DE102004059992A patent/DE102004059992A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2005
- 2005-12-12 US US11/301,017 patent/US20060137785A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5861571A (en) * | 1997-04-18 | 1999-01-19 | Atlantic Research Corporation | Gas-generative composition consisting essentially of ammonium perchlorate plus a chlorine scavenger and an organic fuel |
US20040084884A1 (en) * | 2002-02-18 | 2004-05-06 | Masayuki Yamazaki | Hybrid inflator |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10919818B1 (en) * | 2010-08-23 | 2021-02-16 | Joyson Safety Systems Acquisition Llc | Auto-ignition composition |
WO2012035271A2 (en) | 2010-09-15 | 2012-03-22 | Sme | Pyrotechnic gas generator compounds |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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DE102004059992A1 (en) | 2006-06-14 |
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Owner name: TRW AIRBAG SYSTEMS GMBH, GERMANY Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ZEUNER, SIEGFRIED;SCHROPP, ROLAND;REINMANN, UWE;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:017654/0393 Effective date: 20060215 |
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