US20060123695A1 - Fuel for motor vehicles - Google Patents
Fuel for motor vehicles Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20060123695A1 US20060123695A1 US10/551,552 US55155204A US2006123695A1 US 20060123695 A1 US20060123695 A1 US 20060123695A1 US 55155204 A US55155204 A US 55155204A US 2006123695 A1 US2006123695 A1 US 2006123695A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- fuel
- motor vehicles
- vehicles according
- previous
- emulsion
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- -1 carboxylate salt Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 9
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Substances [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl ether Chemical class C=COC=C QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000005702 oxyalkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004169 (C1-C6) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bicarbonate Chemical class OC([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005462 imide group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000007529 inorganic bases Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000007530 organic bases Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011181 potassium carbonates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000005619 secondary aliphatic amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium carbonate Substances [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011182 sodium carbonates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002843 carboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 8
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 6
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 108010053481 Antifreeze Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 3
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000002528 anti-freeze Effects 0.000 description 3
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexene Chemical compound CCCCC=C LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ROSDSFDQCJNGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylamine Chemical compound CNC ROSDSFDQCJNGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylamine Chemical compound CCN QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutene Chemical compound CC(C)=C VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003139 biocide Substances 0.000 description 2
- HQABUPZFAYXKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCN HQABUPZFAYXKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MWKFXSUHUHTGQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N decan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCO MWKFXSUHUHTGQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JQVDAXLFBXTEQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutylamine Chemical compound CCCCNCCCC JQVDAXLFBXTEQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003623 enhancer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- FJKIXWOMBXYWOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenoxyethane Chemical compound CCOC=C FJKIXWOMBXYWOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- BXWNKGSJHAJOGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO BXWNKGSJHAJOGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- DPBLXKKOBLCELK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCN DPBLXKKOBLCELK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentene Chemical compound CCCC=C YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WGYKZJWCGVVSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylamine Chemical compound CCCN WGYKZJWCGVVSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- HLZKNKRTKFSKGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCO HLZKNKRTKFSKGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N (2r,3r,4s)-2-[(1r)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]oxolane-3,4-diol Chemical class OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ALSTYHKOOCGGFT-KTKRTIGZSA-N (9Z)-octadecen-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCCO ALSTYHKOOCGGFT-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004209 (C1-C8) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UEFCKYIRXORTFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-thiazolidin-3-one Chemical class O=C1CCSN1 UEFCKYIRXORTFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Butene Chemical compound CCC=C VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Octanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCO KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OZCMOJQQLBXBKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenoxy-2-methylpropane Chemical compound CC(C)COC=C OZCMOJQQLBXBKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UZKWTJUDCOPSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenoxybutane Chemical compound CCCCOC=C UZKWTJUDCOPSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YAOJJEJGPZRYJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenoxyhexane Chemical compound CCCCCCOC=C YAOJJEJGPZRYJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OVGRCEFMXPHEBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenoxypropane Chemical compound CCCOC=C OVGRCEFMXPHEBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BMVXCPBXGZKUPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexanamine Chemical compound CCCCCCN BMVXCPBXGZKUPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JAHNSTQSQJOJLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1h-imidazole Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC(C=2NC=CN=2)=C1 JAHNSTQSQJOJLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OLQJQHSAWMFDJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)[N+]([O-])=O OLQJQHSAWMFDJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GNUGVECARVKIPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethenoxypropane Chemical compound CC(C)OC=C GNUGVECARVKIPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PSZAEHPBBUYICS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylidenepropanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(=C)C(O)=O PSZAEHPBBUYICS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005682 EO-PO block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005639 Lauric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021314 Palmitic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 206010039509 Scab Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008055 alkyl aryl sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940045714 alkyl sulfonate alkylating agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000008052 alkyl sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007798 antifreeze agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- OGBUMNBNEWYMNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N batilol Chemical class CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOCC(O)CO OGBUMNBNEWYMNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PVEOYINWKBTPIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-3-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC=C PVEOYINWKBTPIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N butene Natural products CC=CC IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960000541 cetyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ALSTYHKOOCGGFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N cis-oleyl alcohol Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCO ALSTYHKOOCGGFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-IHWYPQMZSA-N citraconic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(/C)=C\C(O)=O HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-IHWYPQMZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940018557 citraconic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-NSCUHMNNSA-N crotonic acid Chemical compound C\C=C\C(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005265 dialkylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- HPNMFZURTQLUMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylamine Chemical compound CCNCC HPNMFZURTQLUMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WEHWNAOGRSTTBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropylamine Chemical compound CCCNCCC WEHWNAOGRSTTBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- LQZZUXJYWNFBMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCO LQZZUXJYWNFBMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001804 emulsifying effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- YCUBDDIKWLELPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C(=O)OC=C YCUBDDIKWLELPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MEGHWIAOTJPCHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl butanoate Chemical compound CCCC(=O)OC=C MEGHWIAOTJPCHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UIWXSTHGICQLQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl propanoate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC=C UIWXSTHGICQLQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002462 imidazolines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000787 lecithin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010445 lecithin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- XJRBAMWJDBPFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl vinyl ether Chemical compound COC=C XJRBAMWJDBPFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylenebutanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(=C)C(O)=O LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002780 morpholines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Pentadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002826 nitrites Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SBOJXQVPLKSXOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N o-amino-hydroxylamine Chemical class NON SBOJXQVPLKSXOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940082615 organic nitrates used in cardiac disease Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000006353 oxyethylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- HVAMZGADVCBITI-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent-4-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC=C HVAMZGADVCBITI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940100684 pentylamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940083254 peripheral vasodilators imidazoline derivative Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium hydroxide Substances [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013517 stratification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 1
- TUNFSRHWOTWDNC-HKGQFRNVSA-N tetradecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC[14C](O)=O TUNFSRHWOTWDNC-HKGQFRNVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-crotonic acid Natural products CC=CC(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a fuel for motor vehicles.
- the present invention relates to a fuel for motor vehicles which comprises an emulsion between water and a liquid hydrocarbon.
- the present invention relates to a fuel for diesel engines with a low emission of pollutants which comprises a high stability emulsion of water in gas oil.
- Cavitation is the process which occurs when the pressure exerted on the fluid in a particular point is lower than the vapor pressure of the fluid itself (vaporous cavitation). In that point, the liquid vaporizes locally and forms cavities. These cavities, which can flow through the circuit carried by the fluid, subsequently come into contact with higher pressure regions and collapse. The resulting implosion can be extremely violent and can cause vibrations, noise and damage to the materials forming the circuit.
- a phenomenon very similar to cavitation is generated by gases dissolved in the fluid (gaseous cavitation). If the pressure exerted on the liquid in a particular point is lower than the saturation pressure, the gas abandons the liquid forming bubbles. The bubbles initially increase in volume, but are then re-dissolved in the higher pressure areas of the circuit. Bubbles, however, may already be present in the fluid, for example, air dissolved in the fuel contained in a tank. As, in practice, it is extremely difficult to distinguish between these two cavitation processes, reference will be made herein, when speaking about cavitation, to both. Further details on cavitation can be found in SAE 982036 “Hydraulic system cavitation: A review” or in SAE 1999-01-2857 “Hydraulic system cavitation: part II—A Review of hardware design—related effect”.
- the Applicants consequently considered the problem of reducing the risk of activating erosion phenomena as a result of cavitation in internal combustion engines fed with fuels in the form of aqueous emulsion, without jeopardizing the stability of the emulsion itself and without resorting to mechanical means.
- An object of the present invention therefore relates to a fuel for motor vehicles comprising an emulsion between water and a liquid hydrocarbon, and an anti-cavitation additive comprising a copolymer including 20-80% in moles, preferably 35-70% in moles, of units containing at least one carboxylic group and 80-20% in moles, preferably 65-30% in moles, of units deriving from at least one monomer having an ethylene unsaturation, and wherein at least 20% in moles of the carboxylic groups, preferably 30-90% in moles, is in the form of at least one derivative selected from carboxylate salt, ester, amide and imide.
- the copolymer according to the present invention preferably has an average molecular weight Mw ranging from 700 to 3000.
- the carboxylic groups can be partially or totally salified by means of a neutralization reaction carried out with an inorganic or organic base.
- bases suitable for the reaction are hydroxides of alkaline or alkaline earth metals, ammonium hydroxide or quaternary ammonium hydroxides, sodium and/or potassium carbonates and bicarbonates, C 1 -C 30 aliphatic alkylamines.
- the bases preferably used are sodium or ammonium hydroxide.
- the carboxylic groups can be partially or totally esterified using an alcohol or polyol with a low number of carbon atoms, selected, for example from: C 1 -C 5 alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, (iso)propanol, (iso)butanol, ethylene glycol, glycerin and diethylene glycol.
- an alcohol or polyol with a low number of carbon atoms selected, for example from: C 1 -C 5 alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, (iso)propanol, (iso)butanol, ethylene glycol, glycerin and diethylene glycol.
- the carboxylic groups can also be partially or totally transformed into amide or imide groups, by means of thermal treatment, with a primary or secondary aliphatic amine with a low number of carbon atoms, selected, for example, from C 1 -C 8 alkyl or dialkyl amines, such as ethyl amine, propyl amine, butyl amine, pentyl amine, hexyl amine, dimethyl amine, diethyl amine, dipropyl amine, dibutyl amine, etc.
- a primary or secondary aliphatic amine with a low number of carbon atoms selected, for example, from C 1 -C 8 alkyl or dialkyl amines, such as ethyl amine, propyl amine, butyl amine, pentyl amine, hexyl amine, dimethyl amine, diethyl amine, dipropyl amine, dibutyl amine, etc.
- Preferred monomers containing at least one carboxylic group according to the present invention are:
- Any monomers having an ethylene unsaturation capable of copolymerizing with acids having an ethylene unsaturation can be used in the preparation of the anti-cavitation agent according to the present invention.
- Typical examples include: C 2 -C 12 ⁇ -olefins, such as ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, etc.; C 1 -C 6 alkyl esters of (meth)acrylic acid such as methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, butyl (meth)acrylate; vinyl ethers and vinyl esters.
- vinyl ethers are: vinyl methyl ether, vinyl ethyl ether, vinyl n-propyl ether, vinyl isopropyl ether, vinyl n-butyl ether, vinyl isobutyl ether, vinyl t-butyl ether, vinyl hexyl ether.
- vinyl esters are: vinyl formiate, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate and vinyl pivalate.
- a further object of the present invention relates to a process for feeding an internal combustion engine, which comprises: feeding a fuel into a combustion chamber of said engine; igniting said fuel in said combustion chamber, wherein said fuel comprises an emulsion between water and a liquid hydrocarbon, and an anti-cavitation additive as described above.
- the preferred internal combustion engine is a diesel cycle engine.
- the liquid hydrocarbon of the fuel for motor vehicles, object of the present invention is generally a derivative from oil distillation and essentially consists of mixtures of aliphatic, naphthenic, olefinic and/or aromatic hydrocarbons.
- the liquid hydrocarbon preferably has a viscosity at 40° C. ranging from 1 to 5.3 cSt and a density at 15° C. ranging from 0.75 to 1.1 kg/dm 3 .
- Preferred liquid hydrocarbons according to the present invention are gas oils for diesel engines, kerosenes and aviation fuels.
- the quantity of water present in the emulsion generally ranges from 2 to 40% by weight, preferably from 3 to 20% by weight, even more preferably from 4 to 10% by weight, with respect to the total weight of the emulsion. Any type of water can be used, both for industrial and domestic use. Demineralized or deionized water is preferably used, however, to avoid the formation of crusts on the internal surface of the combustion chamber or in the fuel flow areas, for example on the injectors.
- the type of emulsion which characterizes the fuel for motor vehicles, object of the present invention is generally of the water-in-oil type, in which the particles of water are dispersed in the continuous hydrocarbon phase.
- the use of at least one emulsifying agent is preferred, whose concentration depends on the quantity of water to be emulsified and the type of hydrocarbon used. Said concentration generally ranges from 0.1 to 10% by weight with respect to the total, preferably from 0.5 to 5%.
- the emulsifying agent, or combination of emulsifying agents preferably has an HLB (Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance) value ranging from 2 to 10, preferably from 3 to 8.
- HLB Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance
- Emulsifying agents suitable for the purpose can be selected, for example, from:
- Emulsifying agents suitable for the purpose can also be selected from: alkanol amides, alkylaryl sulfonates, amino oxides, polyoxy-alkylenes (including ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymers), ethoxylated or propoxylated/ethoxylated alcohols, carboxylates of ethoxylated or propoxylated/ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated or propoxylated/ethoxylated alkyl phenols, ethoxylated or propoxylated/ethoxylated amines and amides, ethoxylated or propoxylated/ethoxylated fatty acids, esters of fatty acids, ethoxylated or propoxylated/ethoxylated esters of fatty acids, esters of polyalcohols (preferably of ethylene glycol or glycerol), imidazoline derivatives, lecithins and derivatives, lignins and derivatives,
- a particularly preferred emulsifying agent is selected from the products of group (a) listed above.
- the polyolefinic oligomer preferably has an average molecular weight ranging from 300 to 10,000, more preferably from 500 to 5,000, and is obtained by the homopolymerization or copolymerization of one or more olefins having from 2 to 16 carbon atoms.
- the preferred polyolefinic oligomer is that containing at least 80% in moles of units deriving from isobutene, the remaining percentage consisting of units deriving from linear butene.
- the polyoxy-alkylene comprises oxyalkylene units, each containing two or three carbon atoms.
- the polyoxy-alkylene is preferably polyoxy-ethylene containing from 2 to 40, preferably from 5 to 20, oxy-ethylene units having the formula —CH 2 CH 2 O—.
- the long-chain alkyl group bound to the polyoxy-alkylene preferably derives from a C 8 -C 24 fatty acid or fatty alcohol, optionally containing one or more ethylene unsaturations.
- fatty acids are: stearic acid, palmitic acid, myristic acid, lauric acid, oleic acid, etc.
- fatty alcohols are: octyl alcohol, decyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, myristic alcohol, cetyl alcohol, oleic alcohol, etc.
- the emulsion thus obtained has a high stability over a period of time, generally for over three months, without forming continuous aqueous phases inside the storage tank which can produce stratifications inside the hydrocarbon phase.
- This stability remains substantially unvaried also with temperature conditions ranging from ⁇ 20 to 50° C.
- the fuel for motor vehicles, object of the present invention can contain other additives selected from: cetane number enhancers, corrosion inhibitors, lubricants, biocides, antifoam agents and anti-freeze agents.
- the cetane number enhancers are products which tend to improve the detonating power of the fuel and are generally selected from nitrates, nitrites and peroxides of an organic or inorganic nature, soluble in aqueous phase or, preferably, in the hydrocarbon phase.
- Organic nitrates such as alkyl nitrates or cyclo-alkyls containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, are particularly preferred.
- biocides are selected from products known in the art, having this function such as, for example, derivatives of morpholine, derivatives of isothiazolin-3-one, tris(hydroxymethyl)-nitro methane, formaldehyde and their mixtures.
- the fuel, object of the present invention preferably also contains at least one anti-freeze additive to prevent the solidification of the water particles suspended in the hydrocarbon phase, when the environmental temperature drops well below zero.
- anti-freeze additives are alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and glycols such as ethylene glycol.
- the anti-freeze additive is generally added in a quantity ranging from 0.5 to 8% by weight, with respect to the total, preferably from 1 to 4%.
- the fuel for motor vehicles, object of the present invention can be prepared by mixing the components in dynamic emulsifying devices, through which the formation of the emulsion is effected by means of a mechanical action exerted by mobile parts, or by means of static devices, through which the emulsion components are passed at a high velocity or, alternatively, by means of a combination of the two types of devices.
- the emulsion can be formed by feeding the aqueous phase and hydrocarbon phase, optionally premixed, to the dynamic and/or static devices.
- the additives can be pre-dissolved in the two phases or added separately, together with the water and hydrocarbon phase.
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- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to a fuel for motor vehicles.
- More specifically, the present invention relates to a fuel for motor vehicles which comprises an emulsion between water and a liquid hydrocarbon.
- Even more specifically, the present invention relates to a fuel for diesel engines with a low emission of pollutants which comprises a high stability emulsion of water in gas oil.
- The new anti-pollution regulations which have come into force in Italy and the main European countries in the last few years, have compelled motor vehicle manufacturers to significantly update internal combustion engines and fuel producers to offer fuels with a low environmental impact.
- The introduction of so-called green gasoline and the use of catalytic converters have led to the necessity of changing the feeding control system of Otto cycle engines, which has passed from the carburetor method to the electronic injection method.
- For similar reasons, in particular for reducing emissions of particulate and NOx, new Diesel cycle engines have been proposed, in which up-to-date electronic control systems have been introduced, which are capable of effecting the direct injection of fuel into the combustion chamber with pressures of over 1300 bar.
- Furthermore, new ecological gas oils in emulsion form have been recently introduced onto the market, comprising a aqueous phase finely dispersed in the form of droplets in the hydrocarbon phase, stabilized by suitable emulsifying agents (see for example patent applications WO 97/34969, WO 00/15740 and WO 01/51593). The addition of controlled quantities of water to a fuel, in fact, significantly reduces the production of polluting agents. It is believed that this effect is the result of various phenomena activated by the presence of water in the combustion zones. Water, for example, by lowering the peak combustion temperature, reduces the emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx), whose formation is favoured by high temperatures. The instantaneous vaporization of water also favours a better dispersion of the hydrocarbon in the combustion chamber, thus greatly reducing the formation of particulate. These phenomena occur without jeopardizing the combustion process performance.
- The use of injectors, both in gasoline and Diesel engines, and consequently very high feeding pressures, in particular for the latter, has created the necessity of developing and using new materials capable of sustaining, under typical internal combustion engine conditions, the stress imposed by new fuel feeding systems. In spite of this, the use of high pressures has led to erosion phenomena as a result of cavitation which can also be critical for the most advanced materials currently used in the transport industry. In particular, it has been verified that cavitation phenomena can arise in feeding devices as a result of brusque changes in the direction of the fluid on the feeding pipes of the pressurization pump or in the secondary pipes which lead to the injectors or on the tips of the injectors themselves.
- Cavitation is the process which occurs when the pressure exerted on the fluid in a particular point is lower than the vapor pressure of the fluid itself (vaporous cavitation). In that point, the liquid vaporizes locally and forms cavities. These cavities, which can flow through the circuit carried by the fluid, subsequently come into contact with higher pressure regions and collapse. The resulting implosion can be extremely violent and can cause vibrations, noise and damage to the materials forming the circuit.
- A phenomenon very similar to cavitation is generated by gases dissolved in the fluid (gaseous cavitation). If the pressure exerted on the liquid in a particular point is lower than the saturation pressure, the gas abandons the liquid forming bubbles. The bubbles initially increase in volume, but are then re-dissolved in the higher pressure areas of the circuit. Bubbles, however, may already be present in the fluid, for example, air dissolved in the fuel contained in a tank. As, in practice, it is extremely difficult to distinguish between these two cavitation processes, reference will be made herein, when speaking about cavitation, to both. Further details on cavitation can be found in SAE 982036 “Hydraulic system cavitation: A review” or in SAE 1999-01-2857 “Hydraulic system cavitation: part II—A Review of hardware design—related effect”.
- At present, attempts have been made to solve the problem of cavitation induced in fuels for motor vehicles, mechanically, as described, for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,045,162 and 6,070,618.
- The Applicants believe that the cavitation phenomena described above can become particularly significant with the use of fuels in the form of aqueous emulsion. These fuels, in fact, have a heterogeneous structure in which the conditions of the aqueous phase, that has a surface tension higher than that of the hydrocarbon, are more favourable for forming cavities.
- The Applicants consequently considered the problem of reducing the risk of activating erosion phenomena as a result of cavitation in internal combustion engines fed with fuels in the form of aqueous emulsion, without jeopardizing the stability of the emulsion itself and without resorting to mechanical means.
- The Applicants have found that the above problem can be solved by adding a polymeric additive containing carboxylic groups and/or groups deriving from carboxylic groups as defined hereunder, to the fuel in the form of an aqueous emulsion.
- An object of the present invention therefore relates to a fuel for motor vehicles comprising an emulsion between water and a liquid hydrocarbon, and an anti-cavitation additive comprising a copolymer including 20-80% in moles, preferably 35-70% in moles, of units containing at least one carboxylic group and 80-20% in moles, preferably 65-30% in moles, of units deriving from at least one monomer having an ethylene unsaturation, and wherein at least 20% in moles of the carboxylic groups, preferably 30-90% in moles, is in the form of at least one derivative selected from carboxylate salt, ester, amide and imide.
- The copolymer according to the present invention preferably has an average molecular weight Mw ranging from 700 to 3000.
- The carboxylic groups can be partially or totally salified by means of a neutralization reaction carried out with an inorganic or organic base.
- Examples of bases suitable for the reaction are hydroxides of alkaline or alkaline earth metals, ammonium hydroxide or quaternary ammonium hydroxides, sodium and/or potassium carbonates and bicarbonates, C1-C30 aliphatic alkylamines. The bases preferably used are sodium or ammonium hydroxide.
- Alternatively, the carboxylic groups can be partially or totally esterified using an alcohol or polyol with a low number of carbon atoms, selected, for example from: C1-C5 alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, (iso)propanol, (iso)butanol, ethylene glycol, glycerin and diethylene glycol.
- The carboxylic groups can also be partially or totally transformed into amide or imide groups, by means of thermal treatment, with a primary or secondary aliphatic amine with a low number of carbon atoms, selected, for example, from C1-C8 alkyl or dialkyl amines, such as ethyl amine, propyl amine, butyl amine, pentyl amine, hexyl amine, dimethyl amine, diethyl amine, dipropyl amine, dibutyl amine, etc.
- Preferred monomers containing at least one carboxylic group according to the present invention are:
- (a) C3-C10 aliphatic monocarboxylic acids having an ethylene unsaturation, for example: acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, vinyl acetic acid, crotonic acid, allyl acetic acid, etc.
- (b) C4-C10 aliphatic dicarboxylic acids having an ethylene unsaturation, for example: maleic acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, fumaric acid, methylene malonic acid, and the like, and their anhydrides.
- Any monomers having an ethylene unsaturation capable of copolymerizing with acids having an ethylene unsaturation, can be used in the preparation of the anti-cavitation agent according to the present invention. Typical examples include: C2-C12 α-olefins, such as ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, etc.; C1-C6 alkyl esters of (meth)acrylic acid such as methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, butyl (meth)acrylate; vinyl ethers and vinyl esters.
- Examples of vinyl ethers are: vinyl methyl ether, vinyl ethyl ether, vinyl n-propyl ether, vinyl isopropyl ether, vinyl n-butyl ether, vinyl isobutyl ether, vinyl t-butyl ether, vinyl hexyl ether.
- Examples of vinyl esters are: vinyl formiate, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate and vinyl pivalate.
- A further object of the present invention relates to a process for feeding an internal combustion engine, which comprises: feeding a fuel into a combustion chamber of said engine; igniting said fuel in said combustion chamber, wherein said fuel comprises an emulsion between water and a liquid hydrocarbon, and an anti-cavitation additive as described above. The preferred internal combustion engine is a diesel cycle engine.
- The liquid hydrocarbon of the fuel for motor vehicles, object of the present invention, is generally a derivative from oil distillation and essentially consists of mixtures of aliphatic, naphthenic, olefinic and/or aromatic hydrocarbons. The liquid hydrocarbon preferably has a viscosity at 40° C. ranging from 1 to 5.3 cSt and a density at 15° C. ranging from 0.75 to 1.1 kg/dm3. Preferred liquid hydrocarbons according to the present invention are gas oils for diesel engines, kerosenes and aviation fuels.
- The quantity of water present in the emulsion generally ranges from 2 to 40% by weight, preferably from 3 to 20% by weight, even more preferably from 4 to 10% by weight, with respect to the total weight of the emulsion. Any type of water can be used, both for industrial and domestic use. Demineralized or deionized water is preferably used, however, to avoid the formation of crusts on the internal surface of the combustion chamber or in the fuel flow areas, for example on the injectors.
- The type of emulsion which characterizes the fuel for motor vehicles, object of the present invention, is generally of the water-in-oil type, in which the particles of water are dispersed in the continuous hydrocarbon phase.
- In order to obtain emulsions which are stable over a period of time and with temperature variations, the use of at least one emulsifying agent is preferred, whose concentration depends on the quantity of water to be emulsified and the type of hydrocarbon used. Said concentration generally ranges from 0.1 to 10% by weight with respect to the total, preferably from 0.5 to 5%.
- The emulsifying agent, or combination of emulsifying agents, preferably has an HLB (Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance) value ranging from 2 to 10, preferably from 3 to 8.
- Emulsifying agents suitable for the purpose can be selected, for example, from:
- (a) products obtained by the reaction of (a1) a polyolefinic oligomer functionalized with at least one group deriving from a dicarboxylic acid, or one of its derivatives, with (a2) a polyoxy-alkylene comprising linear oxy-alkylene units, said polyoxy-alkylene being bound to a long-chain alkyl group optionally containing at least one ethylene unsaturation;
- (b) products obtained by the reaction of (b1) a carboxylic acylating agent containing a hydrocarbon chain having from 50 to 500 carbon atoms, with (b2) ammonia or an amine.
- Emulsifying agents suitable for the purpose can also be selected from: alkanol amides, alkylaryl sulfonates, amino oxides, polyoxy-alkylenes (including ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymers), ethoxylated or propoxylated/ethoxylated alcohols, carboxylates of ethoxylated or propoxylated/ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated or propoxylated/ethoxylated alkyl phenols, ethoxylated or propoxylated/ethoxylated amines and amides, ethoxylated or propoxylated/ethoxylated fatty acids, esters of fatty acids, ethoxylated or propoxylated/ethoxylated esters of fatty acids, esters of polyalcohols (preferably of ethylene glycol or glycerol), imidazoline derivatives, lecithins and derivatives, lignins and derivatives, mono-glycerides and derivatives, alkyl sulfonates, esters of phosphoric acid and derivatives, sorbitan derivatives, esters of sucrose and derivatives, or their mixtures.
- Further details on emulsifying agents which can be used in the fuels according to the present invention are described in EP-A-475,620, EP-A-630,398, WO 97/34969, EP-A812,615, WO 92/19701, WO 93/07238, WO 00/15740, whose contents are incorporated herein as reference.
- A particularly preferred emulsifying agent is selected from the products of group (a) listed above.
- The polyolefinic oligomer preferably has an average molecular weight ranging from 300 to 10,000, more preferably from 500 to 5,000, and is obtained by the homopolymerization or copolymerization of one or more olefins having from 2 to 16 carbon atoms. The preferred polyolefinic oligomer is that containing at least 80% in moles of units deriving from isobutene, the remaining percentage consisting of units deriving from linear butene.
- The polyoxy-alkylene comprises oxyalkylene units, each containing two or three carbon atoms. The polyoxy-alkylene is preferably polyoxy-ethylene containing from 2 to 40, preferably from 5 to 20, oxy-ethylene units having the formula —CH2CH2O—.
- The long-chain alkyl group bound to the polyoxy-alkylene preferably derives from a C8-C24 fatty acid or fatty alcohol, optionally containing one or more ethylene unsaturations. Examples of fatty acids are: stearic acid, palmitic acid, myristic acid, lauric acid, oleic acid, etc. Examples of fatty alcohols are: octyl alcohol, decyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, myristic alcohol, cetyl alcohol, oleic alcohol, etc.
- More precise details on said emulsifying agent are provided in international patent application WO 01/51593, whose contents are incorporated herein as reference.
- The emulsion thus obtained has a high stability over a period of time, generally for over three months, without forming continuous aqueous phases inside the storage tank which can produce stratifications inside the hydrocarbon phase. This stability remains substantially unvaried also with temperature conditions ranging from −20 to 50° C.
- The stability of the emulsion, moreover, is not substantially jeopardized by the anti-cavitation agent. The latter is soluble in the emulsion and is present in concentrations ranging from 30 ppm to 3% by weight, preferably from 50 ppm to 1.5% by weight, with respect to the overall weight of the emulsion.
- The fuel for motor vehicles, object of the present invention, can contain other additives selected from: cetane number enhancers, corrosion inhibitors, lubricants, biocides, antifoam agents and anti-freeze agents. The cetane number enhancers, for example, are products which tend to improve the detonating power of the fuel and are generally selected from nitrates, nitrites and peroxides of an organic or inorganic nature, soluble in aqueous phase or, preferably, in the hydrocarbon phase. Organic nitrates, such as alkyl nitrates or cyclo-alkyls containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, are particularly preferred.
- The biocides are selected from products known in the art, having this function such as, for example, derivatives of morpholine, derivatives of isothiazolin-3-one, tris(hydroxymethyl)-nitro methane, formaldehyde and their mixtures.
- Finally, the fuel, object of the present invention, preferably also contains at least one anti-freeze additive to prevent the solidification of the water particles suspended in the hydrocarbon phase, when the environmental temperature drops well below zero. Examples of anti-freeze additives are alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and glycols such as ethylene glycol. The anti-freeze additive is generally added in a quantity ranging from 0.5 to 8% by weight, with respect to the total, preferably from 1 to 4%.
- The fuel for motor vehicles, object of the present invention, can be prepared by mixing the components in dynamic emulsifying devices, through which the formation of the emulsion is effected by means of a mechanical action exerted by mobile parts, or by means of static devices, through which the emulsion components are passed at a high velocity or, alternatively, by means of a combination of the two types of devices. The emulsion can be formed by feeding the aqueous phase and hydrocarbon phase, optionally premixed, to the dynamic and/or static devices. The additives can be pre-dissolved in the two phases or added separately, together with the water and hydrocarbon phase.
Claims (18)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
IT000628A ITMI20030628A1 (en) | 2003-03-31 | 2003-03-31 | AUTOMOTIVE FUEL. |
ITMI2003A000628 | 2003-03-31 | ||
PCT/EP2004/003037 WO2004087842A1 (en) | 2003-03-31 | 2004-03-22 | Fuel for motor vehicles |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20060123695A1 true US20060123695A1 (en) | 2006-06-15 |
Family
ID=33105039
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/551,552 Abandoned US20060123695A1 (en) | 2003-03-31 | 2004-03-22 | Fuel for motor vehicles |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20060123695A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1611226A1 (en) |
AR (1) | AR043797A1 (en) |
IT (1) | ITMI20030628A1 (en) |
MY (1) | MY153226A (en) |
TW (1) | TW200420722A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2004087842A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9493709B2 (en) | 2011-03-29 | 2016-11-15 | Fuelina Technologies, Llc | Hybrid fuel and method of making the same |
US10308885B2 (en) | 2014-12-03 | 2019-06-04 | Drexel University | Direct incorporation of natural gas into hydrocarbon liquid fuels |
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US20010034308A1 (en) * | 2000-03-16 | 2001-10-25 | Clariant Gmbh | Mixtures of carboxylic acids, their derivatives and hydroxyl-containing polymers and their use for improving the lubricating effect of oils |
US6364918B1 (en) * | 1999-06-17 | 2002-04-02 | Clariant Gmbh | Hydroxyl-containing copolymers, and their use for the preparation of fuel oils having improved lubricity |
US6419714B2 (en) * | 1999-07-07 | 2002-07-16 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Emulsifier for an acqueous hydrocarbon fuel |
US20020116868A1 (en) * | 1999-07-07 | 2002-08-29 | The Lubrizol Corporation, A Corporation Of The State Of Ohio | Continuous process for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel emulsion |
US6461393B1 (en) * | 2000-03-16 | 2002-10-08 | Clariant Gmbh | Mixtures of carboxylic acids, their derivatives and hydroxyl-containing polymers and their use for improving the lubricating effect of oils |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1242975B (en) * | 1964-09-04 | 1967-06-22 | Bp Benzin | Emulsifiable additive for the cooling water of internal combustion engines |
-
2003
- 2003-03-31 IT IT000628A patent/ITMI20030628A1/en unknown
-
2004
- 2004-03-22 EP EP04722285A patent/EP1611226A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-03-22 WO PCT/EP2004/003037 patent/WO2004087842A1/en active Application Filing
- 2004-03-22 US US10/551,552 patent/US20060123695A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-03-24 MY MYPI20041048A patent/MY153226A/en unknown
- 2004-03-29 TW TW093108501A patent/TW200420722A/en unknown
- 2004-03-31 AR ARP040101069A patent/AR043797A1/en unknown
Patent Citations (6)
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US6364918B1 (en) * | 1999-06-17 | 2002-04-02 | Clariant Gmbh | Hydroxyl-containing copolymers, and their use for the preparation of fuel oils having improved lubricity |
US6419714B2 (en) * | 1999-07-07 | 2002-07-16 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Emulsifier for an acqueous hydrocarbon fuel |
US20020116868A1 (en) * | 1999-07-07 | 2002-08-29 | The Lubrizol Corporation, A Corporation Of The State Of Ohio | Continuous process for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel emulsion |
US20010034308A1 (en) * | 2000-03-16 | 2001-10-25 | Clariant Gmbh | Mixtures of carboxylic acids, their derivatives and hydroxyl-containing polymers and their use for improving the lubricating effect of oils |
US6461393B1 (en) * | 2000-03-16 | 2002-10-08 | Clariant Gmbh | Mixtures of carboxylic acids, their derivatives and hydroxyl-containing polymers and their use for improving the lubricating effect of oils |
US6592638B2 (en) * | 2000-03-16 | 2003-07-15 | Clariant Gmbh | Mixtures of carboxylic acids, their derivatives and hydroxyl-containing polymers and their use for improving the lubricating effect of oils |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US9493709B2 (en) | 2011-03-29 | 2016-11-15 | Fuelina Technologies, Llc | Hybrid fuel and method of making the same |
US10308885B2 (en) | 2014-12-03 | 2019-06-04 | Drexel University | Direct incorporation of natural gas into hydrocarbon liquid fuels |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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AR043797A1 (en) | 2005-08-10 |
MY153226A (en) | 2015-01-29 |
TW200420722A (en) | 2004-10-16 |
WO2004087842A1 (en) | 2004-10-14 |
EP1611226A1 (en) | 2006-01-04 |
ITMI20030628A1 (en) | 2004-10-01 |
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