US20060110362A1

US20060110362A1 - Sequences upstream of the CARP gene, vectors containing them and uses thereof

Info

Publication number: US20060110362A1
Application number: US11/239,469
Authority: US
Inventors: Patrick Benoit; Bertrand Schwartz; Didier Branellec; Kenneth Chien; Ju Chen
Original assignee: Gencell SAS; University of California
Current assignee: Gencell SAS; University of California
Priority date: 2000-12-07
Filing date: 2005-09-30
Publication date: 2006-05-25
Also published as: JP2004519222A; CZ20031569A3; RU2283865C2; MXPA03005039A; BR0116014A; KR20030090609A; FI20030851A; WO2002046220A9; NZ526408A; IL156137A0; CA2431193A1; WO2002046220A3; CN1483040A; US20070150971A1; PL365314A1; US7193075B2; AU2640002A; NO20032584L; US20030039984A1; AU2002226400B2

Abstract

The invention relates to novel promoter sequences derived from a portion upstream of the coding sequence of the gene for the CARP protein (Cardiac Ankyrin Repeat Protein), and which are capable of controlling the level and the specificity of expression of a transgene in vivo in cardiac muscle cells. The invention thus describes novel compositions, constructs, vectors and their uses in vivo for the transfer and expression of a nucleic acid in vivo in cardiac muscle cells. The subject of the present invention is also the use of the promoter sequences for generating transgenic animals which constitute models for studying certain cardiac pathologies.

Description

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/251,582, filed Dec. 7, 2000, which is incorporated herein in its entirety.
The present invention relates to the field of biology. It relates in particular to the field of the targeting of the expression of genes, and more particularly the design and the development of a novel system for the specific expression of transgenes. The subject of the invention is, in particular, novel promoter sequences capable of controlling the level and the specificity of expression of a transgene in vivo in cardiac muscle cells. The invention thus describes novel compositions, constructs and vectors that make it possible to control and to direct the expression of a nucleic acid in cardiac muscle cells. The applications stemming from the present invention are numerous, for example in the experimental, clinical, therapeutic and diagnostic fields, and more particularly for the treatment and/or prevention of certain cardiac pathologies.
The control of the level and of the targeting of the expression of transgenes is necessary for many applications. For example, in gene therapy the success of the therapy may require targeting of the protein synthesized from the transgene and thus make it possible to limit the spread of side effects. The construction of transgenic animals and the study of the effects of a gene are additional examples in which an appropriate control of the specificity of expression of a protein can be used and can provide improvements.
In this regard, many promoters have been tested for their capacity to direct a cardiospecific expression. They are in particular the promoters of the gene encoding the cardiac myosin light chain (MLC-2) in rats (Henderson S. A. et al., J Biol Chem, 264 (1989) 18142-8; Lee K. J. et al., J Biol Chem, 126 (1992) 15875-85), cardiac α-actin in mice (Biben C. et al., Dev Biol, 173 (1996) 200-12), atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) (Harris A. N. et al., J Mol Cell Cardiol, 29 (1997) 515-25), α- or β-myosin heavy chain (α- or β-MHC) (Colbert M C. et al., J Clin Invest, 100 (1997) 1958-68), muscle creatine kinase (MCK) in rabbits (Vincent C. K. et al., Mol Cell Biol, 13 (1993) 567-74), or cardiac troponin T (U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,488).
While these promoters are known to confer a degree of tissue specificity, it is also known that their levels of activity remain well below those of so-called strong promoters, generally by a factor of between 10 and 100, such that a therapeutic use cannot really be envisaged.
By way of example, Franz W. M. et al., (Cardiovasc Res, 35 (1997) 560-6) and Griscelli F. et al., (C R Acad Sci III, 320 (1997) 103-12) have shown that the levels of activity of the sequences upstream of the genes encoding rat α-MHC and MLC-2 in adenoviral constructs remain substantially lower than those of the RSV (Rous sarcoma virus) promoter, by a factor of about 10.
The present application, therefore, relates to a novel promoter sequence derived from the region upstream of the CARP (Cardiac Ankyrin Repeat Protein) gene. This sequence is capable not only of directing a cardiospecific expression, but also exhibits a high level of expression in vivo, comparable to that of a strong promoter such as the CMV (cytomegalovirus) promoter.
The CARP protein, which constitutes one of the first markers for differentiation of cardiomyocytes acting downstream of the homeobox gene Nbx2.5 in the regulation of the expression of the MLC-2v gene, has been studied and the coding portion of its gene has been sequenced in mice (Zou Y. et al., Development, 24 (1997) 793-804), in rabbits (Aihara Y. et al., Biochim Biophys Acta, 28 (1999) 318-24), and in humans (Chu W. et al., J Biol Chem, 270 (1995) 10236-45).
Kuo H. et al. (Development, 126 (1999) 4223-34) have cloned a 10 Kb fragment and sequenced a 2.5 Kb fragment upstream of the coding sequence of the mouse CARP gene. Deletions from the 5′-end of the fragment were made and showed that a region of 213 bp of the promoter between nucleotides −166 and +47, relative to the transcription start position +1, was sufficient to confer cardiospecific expression in vitro, which suggested the presence, at the 5′-end, of an element for controlling the specificity of the promoter. Kuo et al. also generated transgenic mouse lines comprising a fragment of 2.5 Kb upstream of the CARP gene, showing specific expression of a transgene in cardiac and skeletal muscle cells at an early stage of embryonic development, this expression then being inhibited during development.
Application WO 00/15821 describes a portion 5′ of the coding sequence of the mouse CARP gene, situated between nucleotides −2285 and +62, relative to the transcription start position +1. This sequence was evaluated in particular for its in vivo activity in adenoviral vectors. The levels of activity obtained remain very low, however, such that it was found to be necessary, in order to detect an activity in vivo, to isolate the promoter sequence between two inverted terminal repeats of an adeno-associated virus (AAV-ITR).
The Applicants focused on better characterizing the region upstream of the CARP gene protein-coding region. We were thus able to identify a novel sequence upstream of the CARP gene and demonstrate unexpected and advantageous properties of this novel sequence, in particular, a significant improvement in the level of activity in vivo.
The Applicants have discovered, surprisingly, that while this newly identified sequence conferred no significant expression in vitro, it was, on the contrary, possible to obtain very good levels of activity in vivo, equivalent to those of so-called strong promoters, while preserving a high selectivity for expression in cardiac tissue.
The subject of the present invention is therefore a polynucleotide comprising a portion upstream of the coding sequence of the gene for the CARP protein, or of a polynucleotide hybridizing under highly stringent conditions with said upstream sequence, the polynucleotide being capable of inducing specific expression in cardiac tissue of a transgene placed under its control.
The invention also relates to any polynucleotide of natural origin or which is obtained by chemical synthesis, exhibiting at least 93%, preferably at least 95%, identity with SEQ ID NO: 1. In a further embodiment of the invention, the polynucleotide exhibits at least 98% identity with SEQ ID NO: 1.
The term “polynucleotide of natural origin” is understood to mean a genomic DNA fragment obtained by cleaving cellular DNA with the aid of a restriction enzyme.
The term “polynucleotide obtained by chemical synthesis” is understood to mean a DNA fragment generated by automated or manual synthesis, for example, with the aid of a suitable automated apparatus.
For the present invention, the term “highly stringent conditions” is used in the sense given by Maniatis et al. 1982 (Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor CSH, N.Y., USA) or one of its more recent editions. By way of example, the hybridization conditions are such that three washes at 65° C. in the presence of 0.2×SSC, and 0.1% SDS are necessary in order to eliminate the nonhybridized fragments.
The “specific” character of transgene expression means that the activity of the promoter is significantly higher in cells of cardiac tissue. Although nonspecific expression can be observed in other cells, the corresponding level of activity remains very low (negligible) compared with that observed in cardiac cells, in general lower by a factor of at least 10.
The results presented in the examples show, in this regard, a difference in expression that may reach a factor of 1000, which reflects the high selectivity of the polynucleotides according to the invention for cardiac cells in vivo.
Moreover, the results presented in the examples below clearly show that the use of the polynucleotides of the invention offers a system for high levels of expression, above those for other promoters known to be specific for cardiac tissue, it being possible for the difference to exceed a factor of 100. These elements, therefore, illustrate the advantages and unexpected properties of the polynucleotide according to the invention, in terms of promoter strength and specificity, for the expression of nucleic acids of interest in the cardiac tissue.
Advantageously, the polynucleotide according to the invention comprises a portion of the sequence between −2266 and +92 (SEQ ID NO: 1), relative to transcription start position +1 of the CARP gene.
The subject of the present invention is therefore the sequences hybridizing, under high stringency conditions, with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 1.
The present invention is nevertheless not restricted to the polynucleotides containing fragments upstream of the mouse gene but relates to any functional variant or any other sequence of any other species having the same properties, namely being capable of specifically inducing expression in vivo of a transgene in cardiac tissue.
Thus, persons skilled in the art will be able to refer to the sequence upstream of the human gene deposited in GenBank under the reference AF131884 (SEQ ID NO: 2). The present invention thus encompasses any sequence comprising fragments of the sequences upstream of the gene for the CARP protein, modified, for example, by deletion of certain structures and which preserve identical or similar functions to that of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 1.
In one embodiment of the invention, the polynucleotide has at least 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 2. In another embodiment of the invention, the polynucleotide has at least 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 2.
The term “functional variant” is understood to mean any modified sequence preserving the properties of the polynucleotides as mentioned above. The modifications may comprise one or more additions, mutations, deletions and/or substitutions of nucleotides in the sequence considered. These modifications may be introduced by conventional molecular biology methods, such as, for example, site-directed mutagenesis, or by artificial synthesis of the sequence. The variants obtained are then tested for their capacity to mediate specific expression in cardiac muscle cells when compared to a polynucleotide having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
Another subject of the invention is an expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide as defined above operably linked to a transgene such that the expression of the latter is specifically directed in cardiac muscle.
An expression cassette according to the invention may also comprise a signal for the termination of transcription at the 3′-end of the nucleotide sequence of the transgene.
In one embodiment, the transgene comprises a nucleic acid encoding a protein or an RNA of therapeutic interest, which may, for example, be involved in cardiac pathologies such as cardiac insufficiency, cardiac hypertrophy, hypoxia, ischemia, or in cardiac transplant rejection.
As proteins of therapeutic interest, there may be mentioned, inter alia:
proteins inducing angiogenesis, such as, for example, members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family, members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family and, more particularly, FGF1, FGF2, FGF4, FGF5, angiogenin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor (TGF) α, TGFβ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Scatter Factor/hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), members of the angiopoietin family, cytokines and interleukins including IL-1, IL-2, IL-8, angiotensin-2, tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), urokinase (uPA), and molecules involved in the synthesis of active lipids (e.g., prostaglandins, Cox-1);
proteins involved in the control of cardiac contractility, such as phospholamban, phospholamban inhibitors, sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase-2a (SERCA-2a), β2-adrenergic receptor, and dystrophin or minidystrophin (FR91 11947);
proteins with cryoprotective activity, which block apoptosis, such as proteins which are members of the bcl family, and protein kinases such as AKT/PKB;
transcription factors, including, for example, natural or chimeric nuclear receptors, comprising a DNA-binding domain, a ligand-binding domain, and a transcription activating or inhibiting domain, such as, for example, the fusion proteins tetR-NLS-VP16, the fusion proteins derived from estrogen receptors, the fusion proteins derived from steroid hormone receptors, the fusion proteins derived from progesterone receptors, and the proteins of the CID (Chemical Inducer of Dimerization) system described by Rivera et al., (Rivera et al., Nature Medicine, 2 (1996) 1028-1032). There may be mentioned, in particular, as chimeric nuclear receptors, the nuclear receptors PPAR (Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor) and PPAR2, as described in Applications WO 96/23884 and FR 99 07957, and by Frohnert et al., (J Biol Chem 274 (1999) 3970-3977), and by Mukherjee et al., (J Biol Chem 272 (1997) 8071-8076), either in its native form, without modification of the primary structure, or a modified PPAR2 comprising one or more ligand-binding sites or E/F domains (Schoonjans et al. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1302 (1996) 93-109), such as PPAR22 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3;
immunosuppressors such as, for example, interleukins 2 and 10 that make it possible to completely or partially inhibit an immune signaling pathway and, thus, to extend the duration of cardiac transplants;
proteins involved as agents for reducing hypoxia, such as NOS (nitric oxide synthetase), B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (bcl-2), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase.
As RNAs of therapeutic interest, there may be mentioned for example, antisense RNAs, which are useful for controlling the expression of genes or the transcription of cellular mRNAs, thus blocking translation into a protein according to the technique described in Patent EP 140 308, as well as ribozymes that are capable of selectively destroying target RNAs as described in EP 321 201.
It is understood that the present invention is not limited to these specific examples of proteins or RNAs, but that it can be used by persons skilled in the art for the expression of any nucleic acid in cardiac cells by simple, customary, experimental operations.
The subject of the present invention is additionally a vector containing the polynucleotide or the expression cassette according to the invention. Such a vector may contain any other DNA sequence necessary or useful for the expression of the transgene in target tissues and, in particular, may contain a replication origin that is effective in the cardiac cells.
The vector of the invention may be of various natures and/or origins, for example, plasmid, cosmid, episomal, chromosomal, viral, or phage. In one embodiment, the vector is either a plasmid or a recombinant virus.
By way of illustration of the plasmids according to the invention comprising a polynucleotide or an expression cassette, there may be mentioned, for example, the plasmids pXL3634, pXL3728 and pXL3759, which are described below.
According to one embodiment, the vectors according to the invention are of the plasmid type. As plasmid vectors, there may be mentioned, inter alia, any cloning and/or expression plasmids known to a person skilled in the art, which generally comprise an origin of replication. There may also be mentioned new-generation plasmids carrying replication origins and/or markers that have been refined, as described, for example, in Application WO 96/26270.
According to another embodiment, the plasmid vector is a miniplasmid and comprises an origin of replication whose functionality in the host cell requires the presence of at least one protein that is specific and foreign to the cell. Such vectors are described, for example, in Application WO 97/10343.
According to another embodiment, the vectors according to the present invention are viral vectors. Among the latter, there may be mentioned, inter alia, recombinant adenoviruses, recombinant adeno-associated viruses, recombinant retroviruses, lentiviruses, herpesviruses, and vaccinia viruses, whose preparation may be carried out according to methods known to persons skilled in the art. Chimeric viral vectors may be used, such as the adenovirus-retrovirus chimeric vectors that are described, inter alia, in Application WO 95/22617, as well as the episome/adenovirus vectors that are described by Leblois et al. (Mol Ther (2000) 1(4), 314-322) and in Application WO 97/47757.
When adenoviruses are used according to this embodiment, these are preferably vectors derived from defective adenoviruses, that is to say that they are incapable of autonomously replicating in the target cell. The construction of these defective viruses as well as their infectious properties have been widely described in the literature (see e.g., S. Baeck and K. L. March, Circut. Research, 82, (1998) 295-305; T. Shenk, B. N. Fields, D. M. Knipe, P. M. Howley et al. (1996), Adenbviridae: Viruses and Replication (in virology). 211-2148, EDS—Raven Publishers, Philadelphia; Yeh, P. et al. FASEB 11 (1997) 615-623).
Various adenovirus serotypes, whose structure and properties vary somewhat, have been characterized. Among these serotypes, use may be made in the context of the present invention, for example, of the type 2 or type 5 human adenoviruses (Ad 2 or Ad 5), or adenoviruses of animal origin, such as those described in Application FR 93 05954, or adenoviruses of mixed origin. Among the adenoviruses of animal origin that may be used in the context of the present invention, there may be mentioned the adenoviruses of canine, bovine, murine (Beard et al., Virology 75 (1990) 81), ovine, porcine, avian or simian origin. In one embodiment, the adenovirus of animal origin is a canine adenovirus, which may, for example, be a CAV2 adenovirus (Manhattan or A26/61 strain) as described in Application WO 94/26914.
The defective adenoviruses of the invention generally comprise an inverted terminal repeat (ITR) at each end, a sequence allowing encapsidation (Psi), the E1 gene, with at least one of the genes E2, E4 and L1-L5 having been inactivated by any technique known to persons skilled in the art (Levero et al., Gene, 101 (1991) 195, EP 185 573; Graham, EMBO J. 3 (1984) 2917).
In one embodiment, the recombinant adenovirus used in the invention comprises a deletion in the E1 region of its genome. This deletion may, for example, comprise a deletion of the E1a and E1b regions. By way of a specific example, there may be mentioned deletions affecting nucleotides 454-3328, 382-3446 or 357-4020 (with reference to the genome of Ad5).
According to another embodiment, the recombinant adenovirus used in the invention comprises, in addition to a deletion in the E1 region, a deletion in the E4 region of its genome. More particularly, the deletion in the E4 region affects all the open reading frames. There may be mentioned, by way of a specific example, deletion of nucleotides 33466-35535 or 33093-35535, again with reference to the genome of Ad5. Other types of deletions in the E4 region are described in applications WO 95/02697 and WO 96/22378, which are incorporated by reference into the present application.
Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are relatively small-sized DNA viruses, which integrate into the genome of infected cells in a stable and site-specific manner. AAV can infect a broad spectrum of cells without having any effect on cell growth, morphology or differentiation. Moreover, AAV does not appear to be involved in pathologies in humans. The AAV genome has been cloned, sequenced and characterized. It comprises about 4700 bases and contains, at each end, an inverted terminal repeat (ITR) of about 145 bases, which serves as an origin of replication for the virus. The remainder of the genome is divided into 2 essential regions carrying the encapsidation functions: the left portion of the genome, which contains the rep gene involved in viral replication and in the expression of the viral genes, and the right portion of the genome, which contains the cap gene encoding the virus capsid proteins.
The use of AAV-derived vectors for the transfer of genes in vitro and in vivo has been described in the literature (see in particular WO 91/18088; WO 93/09239; U.S. Pat. No. 4,797,368, U.S. Pat. No. 5,139,941, EP 488528). These patent applications describe various AAV-derived constructs in which the rep and/or cap genes have been deleted and replaced with a gene of interest, and the use of these constructs for transferring in vitro (into cells in culture) or in vivo (into cells in an organism) the gene of interest. The defective recombinant AAVs according to the invention may be prepared by co-transfection, into a cell line infected with a human helper virus (for example, an adenovirus), of a plasmid containing the nucleic sequences of the invention bordered by two AAV inverted terminal repeats (ITR) and of a plasmid carrying the AAV encapsidation genes (rep and cap genes). The recombinant AAVs produced are then purified by conventional techniques.
Lentiviruses also may be used in the invention. They allow the transfer and the efficient and stable integration of a gene of interest into quiescent cells. There may be mentioned, for example, HTLV-1 and animal lentiviruses, such as FIV (feline infections virus), EIAV (equine infectious anemia virus; WO 98/51810), BIV (bovine immunodeficiency virus), SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus), CAEV (caprine arthritisencephalitis virus) (WO 98/39463; Naldini et al. Science 272 (1996) 263-267; Schnele et al. Hum Gen Ther 11 (2000) 439-447), or a lentivirus related to the one that causes AIDS, HIV-2, which is not highly pathogenic in humans (Kundra et al., Hum Gen Ther 9 (1998) 1371-1380).
The expression cassette may be inserted at various sites of the recombinant genome. It may be inserted in the E1, E3, or E4 region, as a replacement for suppressed or surplus sequences. It may also be inserted at any other site, outside of the sequences necessary in cis for the production of the viruses (ITR sequences and the encapsidation sequence).
It will be noted, however, that the introduction of the sequences according to the present invention into the vectors described above is not essential. That is, cardiac cells may be directly transfected with DNA comprising these sequences.
The nucleic sequences according to the present invention may be introduced after covalent coupling of the nucleic acid to compounds that promote their penetration into cells or their transport to the nucleus, the resulting conjugates being, optionally, encapsidated into polymeric microparticles, as in International Application WO 94/27238.
According to another embodiment, the nucleic sequences of the invention may be included in a transfection system comprising polypeptides promoting their penetration into cells, as in International Application WO 95/10534.
The polynucleotides, cassettes and vectors of the invention may be administered in situ by any means known to persons skilled in the art, for example, by coronary infusion (Barr et al., Gene Ther, 1, (1994) 51-58), by intracardiac injection, by epicardiac injection, that is to say through the ventricular wall (Guzman et al., Cir Res, 73 (1993) 1202-1207), by intrapericardiac injection (Fromes et al., Gene Ther, 6 (1999) 683-688), or by retrofusion of the coronary veins (Boeckstegers et al., Circulation, 100 (Suppl I) (1999), 1-815).
The polynucleotides, cassettes, or vectors according to the invention may be administered as part of a composition containing them, for example, with the aid of a chemical or biochemical transfer agent facilitating their transfection into cardiac cells. The phrase “chemical or biochemical transfer agent” is understood to mean any compound facilitating the penetration of a nucleic acid into a cell. This may include cationic agents such as cationic lipids, peptides, polymers (Polyethylenimine, Polylysine), nanoparticles, and non-cationic agents, such as non-cationic liposomes, non-cationic nanoparticles, or polymers. Such agents are well known to persons skilled in the art and are, for example, described in applications WO 95/18863, WO 97/18185 and WO 98/15639.
The present invention, in addition, relates to medicaments containing such polynucleotides, expression cassettes or vectors, as well as to pharmaceutical compositions containing them in a pharmaceutically-effective quantity, as well as pharmaceutically-compatible excipients.
Such polynucleotides, expression cassettes, or vectors may be used for the manufacture of medicaments for delivery to cardiac tissue, which may express a gene encoding a protein of interest for the treatment of cardiac diseases, for example, for the treatment and/or prevention of cardiac insufficiency, hypoxia, cardiac hypertrophy, myocarditis, cardiac ischemia, or for preventing rejection after cardiac transplant.
Such a medicament may, for example, comprise a cassette or vector according to the invention that is capable of expressing the functional form of an impaired gene according to the cardiac pathology that it is desired to treat.
Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition contains pharmaceutically-acceptable vehicles for an injectable formulation, for example, for intracardiac injection. This may include, for example, isotonic, sterile saline solutions (monosodium or disodium phosphate, sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium chloride, and the like, or mixtures of such salts), or dry, for example, freeze-dried, compositions, which, upon addition of sterilized water or of physiological saline, as appropriate, allow the preparation of injectable solutions. Other excipients may be used, such as, for example, a hydrogel. This hydrogel may be prepared using any biocompatible and non-cytotoxic (homo or hetero) polymer. Such polymers have been described, for example, in application WO 93/08845. Some of them, such as those obtained from ethylene and/or propylene oxide, are commercially available. The doses used for the injection may be adjusted according to various parameters and according to the aim pursued (labeling, pathology, screening, etc.), the transgene to be expressed, or the duration of expression desired.
In general, the recombinant adenoviruses according to the invention are formulated and administered in the form of doses of between 10⁴and 10¹⁴pfu, and, preferably, between 10⁶and 10¹⁰pfu. The term pfu (plaque forming unit) corresponds to the infectious power of a viral solution, and is determined by infecting an appropriate cell culture, and measuring the number of plaques of infected cells. The techniques for determining the pfu titer of a viral solution are well known in the art.
The subject of the present invention is, in addition, a method of expressing a transgene of therapeutic interest during which the polynucleotides, cassettes or vectors according to the present invention are used, such that the transgene can be expressed.
Moreover, the invention also relates to any cell modified with a cassette or a vector (e.g., an adenovirus) as described above. The expression “modified” cell is understood to mean any cell containing a polynucleotide or a cassette according to the invention. Modified cells may be intended for implantation into an organism, according to the methodology described in application WO 95/14785. These cells may be, for example, human cardiac cells.
The present invention also relates to transgenic animals, for example, mice carrying a polynucleotide or a cassette as defined above in which the gene encoding the protein of therapeutic interest is replaced with a reporter gene. Such transgenic mice may be used to screen molecules for their activity on the regulatory sequences of the gene encoding the CARP protein. Molecules may be administered to mice and, after sacrificing, histological sections may be prepared in order to identify the tissues stained with the reporter gene.
The transgenic animals according to the present invention also constitute molecular biology study means for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac pathologies of genetic origin, such as cardiac insufficiency, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac hyperplasia, and myocardial infarction. By way of example, there may be mentioned murine models for studying myocarditis in which the gene encoding interferon-1 (IFN-1) is inactivated (Aitken et al., Circulation, 90 (1994) 1-139).
Other animal models of interest according to the present invention may comprise the polynucleotide according to the invention linked to transgenes such as protooncogenes or oncogenes, for example, c-myc, thus constituting models of hyperplasia (Jackson et al., Mol Cell Biol, 10 (1990) 3709-3716), p21-ras for models of ventricular hypertrophy (Hunter et al., J Biol Chem, 270 (1995) 23176-23178), and the nuclear antigen of the Epstein-Barr virus for studying certain cardiomyopathies (Huen et al., J Gen Virol, 74 (1993) 1381-1391).
According to another embodiment, the transgenic animals according to the invention are experimental models of cardiac hypertrophy and comprise an expression cassette in which the transgene encodes for example calmodulin (Gruver et al., Endocrinology, 133 (1.993) 376-388), interleukin-6 or the interieukin-6 receptor (Hirota et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA, 92 (1995) 4862-4866), cardiotrophin-1 (Pennica et al., Proc Nat Acad. Sci. USA, 92 (1995) 1142-1146), and, finally, the α-adrenergic receptor (Milano et al., Proc Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 92 (1994) 10109-10113).
Additionally, the polynucleotides according to the invention, modified to allow an increase in the expression of the CARP gene, also form part of the invention. The transgenic animals thus obtained constitute experimental tools for myocardial infarction (Stanton et al., Circul Res, 86 (2000) 939-945).
To carry out the present invention, a person skilled in the art can advantageously refer to the following manual: Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York 1989), or one of its recent editions.
The present invention is described in greater detail with the aid of the following examples, which should be considered as illustrative and nonlimiting.

LEGENDS TO THE FIGURES

FIG. 1: illustrates the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) of the polynucleotide upstream of the gene encoding the mouse CARP protein;
FIG. 2: illustrates the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) of the polynucleotide upstream of the gene encoding the human CARP protein;
FIG. 3: is a schematic representation of the plasmid pXL3634;
FIG. 4: is a schematic representation of the plasmid pXL3728;
FIG. 5: illustrates the relative activity in vitro of the plasmids pXL3635 and pXL3634 with respect to the reference activity of the CMV promoter (pRL-CMV). The activity of each promoter is expressed as the Photinus pyralis luciferase activity normalized with the Renilla reniformis luciferase activity.
FIG. 6A: is a schematic representation of the plasmid pXL3759;
FIG. 6B: is a schematic representation of the adenovirus AV1.0 CARP-Luc+;
FIG. 7A: illustrates the luciferase activity (pg luciferase/heart) 7 days after intracardiac transdiaphragmatic injection in rats of variable quantities of plasmids pXL3031 and pXL3634;
FIG. 7B: illustrates the luciferase expression (pg luciferase/heart) 7 days after intracardiac transdiaphragmatic injection in rats hearts of 25 g of plasmids pXL3031 and pXL3635, pXL3130, and pXL3153.
FIG. 8: represents the ratio of the expression of luciferase in the heart relative to the expression in the muscle as a function of the expression in the heart obtained following intracardiac administrations of plasmids pXL3031, pXL 3634, pXL3635, pXL3153, and pXL3130.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

Characterization of the Polynucleotide Upstream of the CARP Gene

A BamHI-XhoI fragment of 2.3 Kb of the sequence at the 5′-end of the mouse gene encoding the CARP protein was cloned and sequenced on both strands according to the chain termination method (Sanger et al., 1977, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 74, 5463) using the Sequenase® kit (United States Biochemical, Cleveland, Ohio). The sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) is represented in FIG. 1 and comprises a portion upstream of the gene encoding the mouse CARP protein between nucleotides −2266 and +92 relative to transcription start position +1.

Example 2

Construction of CARP Plasmid Vectors

2.1 Plasmid pXL3634
The BamHI-XhoI fragment of 2.3 Kb characterized in Example 1 was cloned after filling in the BamHI site into the plasmid pGL3-Basic (Promega), which had been digested with XhoI and SmaI, in order to obtain the plasmid pXL3634. A schematic representation of this plasmid is presented in FIG. 3.
2.2 Plasmid pXL3728
The plasmid pXL3728 was obtained from the plasmid pXL3179, which was derived from the plasmid pXL2774 (WO 97/10343) in which the gene encoding a fusion between the signal peptide of human fibroblast interferon and the cDNA of FGF1 (fibroblast growth factor 1) (sp-FGF1, Jouanneau et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 88 (1991), 2893-2897) was introduced under the control of the promoter obtained from the human cytomegalovirus early region (hCMV IE) and the polyadenylation signal of the SV40 virus late region (GenBank SV4CG).
The BamHI-XhoI fragment of 2.3 Kb characterized in Example 1, whose ends have been filled in, was cloned into the plasmid pXL3179 (pCOR CMV-FGF), previously digested with XbaI and EcoRI, in order to obtain the plasmid pXL3728. A schematic representation of this plasmid is presented in FIG. 4.
2.3 Plasmid pXL3729
An EcoRI-SalI fragment of the plasmid pXL3634 was cloned into the plasmid pXL3728 previously digested with EcoRI-SalI in order to obtain the plasmid pXL3729.

Example 3

Comparative Plasmids

3.1 Plasmids pXL3130 and pXL3153
Plasmids pXL3130 and pXL3153 contain, respectively, the human smooth muscle α-actin promoter (−680 to +30) and the mouse SM22 promoter (−436 to +43) coupled to the CMV enhancer (−522 to −63) as described in application WO 00/18908.
3.2 Plasmid pXL3635
The RSV −229 to +34 promoter was cloned from a construct containing a longer version of the RSV promoter (contained in Ad1.0RSVLAcZ, Strafford-Perricaudet et al., J Clin Invest 90 (1992) 626-30) by PCR using of the primers 5′-GGC GAT TTA AAT AAT GTA GTC TTA TGC MT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 4) and 5′-GGG GTC TAG MG GTG CAC ACC AAT GTG GTG A-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 5), which introduce, respectively, an SwaI and XbaI site at the 5′- and 3′-ends of the PCR fragment. These two restriction sites were then used to introduce the promoter fragment into pGL3-basic to generate pXL3635.
3.2 Plasmid pXL3031
The plasmid pXL3031 is described by Soubrier et al., Gene Ther. 6 (1999), 1482-8. It is a vector derived from the plasmid pXL2774 (WO 97/10343) in which the luc gene encoding the modified Photinus pyralis luciferase (cytoplasmic) obtained from pGL3basic (GenBank: CVU47295) was introduced under the control of the promoter obtained from the human cytomegalovirus early region (hCMV IE, GenBank HS5IEE) and of the polyadenylation signal of the SV40 virus late region (GenBank SV4CG).

Example 4

Cell Cultures

In order to establish primary cultures of rat cardiomyocytes, gestating rats were killed in a chamber saturated with CO₂. After opening the abdomen, the uterine horns were removed and washed in PBS at room temperature. The embryos were released from their envelopes and the placenta cut (10 to 12 embryos per rat). The hearts were removed and washed in ADS/glucose. Under a binocular lens, the auricles and large vessels were removed, and then the hearts were again cleaned in ADS/glucose so as to retain only the ventricles and then rinsed 3 times in sterile ADS/glucose.
The hearts were then trypsinized in 0.3 ml of an ADS/glucose/trypsin mixture per heart, using trypsin T 4674 (Sigma, St Louis, Mo.) at a final concentration of 0.1 mg/ml, for 20 min at 37° C., with gentle stirring (60 to 100 revolutions per min).
The supernatant was removed and the trypsin was inactivated by adding 1 ml of decomplemented fetal calf serum (FCS). After centrifugation at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes, the supernatant was removed and the cardiac cells were taken up in 1 ml of decomplemented FCS. In parallel, the steps of treating with trypsin were repeated 5 to 6 times until complete dissociation of the cells was obtained. The pool of cells was centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes, then washed twice in FCS and the cells were finally filtered on a grid filter.
The cells thus separated were placed in culture at a concentration of 10⁶cells/well for a 24-well plate or at a concentration of 2×10⁶cells/well for a 12-well plate. Each well contained 1 ml of culture medium.
The culture medium comprises, for a total volume of 100 ml, 68 ml of DMEM (without pyruvate) (Gibco-BRL), 17 ml of M199 (Sigma M 4530), 10 ml of decomplemented horse serum (Sigma H6762), 5 ml of decomplemented FCS (Gibo-BRL) and 1 ml of 100×Pen/Strep/glutamine mixture (Gibco-BRL).
The cardiomyocytes were cultured for a period of about 1 or 2 days.

Example 5

Transfection of Primary Cultures of Cardiomyocytes

The primary cultures of cardiomyocytes were cotransfected with a total quantity of DNA equal to 500 ng per well, comprising 1 ng of a plasmid pRL-CMV (Promega Inc., Madison, Wis.), variable quantities ranging from 1 to 100 ng of each of the plasmids pXL3635 and pXL3634 as described above, qs 500 ng of pUC19.
For that, the mixture of the plasmids was incubated with 6 nmol of RPR 120535B (Byk et al., J Med. Chem. 41 (1998) 229-35) per μg of DNA (0.3 μl of solution of lipid at 10 mM) in a final volume of 20 μl in 150 mM NaCl, 50 mM bicarbonate, and then vortex-mixed for 5 seconds, and again incubated for about 20 to 30 minutes at room temperature.
The mixture was then added to 250 μl of serum-free medium and incubated with the cells for at least 2 hours. The medium was finally removed and the cells were incubated for a period ranging from 24 hours to 7 days at a temperature of 37° C. in the presence of 5% CO₂.
The cells were harvested at 24 hours or at 48 hours after transfection and the Renillia luciferase and Firefly luciferase activities were analyzed With the Promega Dual Luc kit according the manufacturer's instructions. The activities were read on a Victor apparatus.

Example 6

Comparative Evaluation of the In Vitro Activity of the Polynucleotide

The relative activities of the CARP polynucleotide (pXL3634) and of the RSV (pXL3635) promoters were evaluated in vitro by transient transfection of primary cultures of rat cardiomyocytes and were expressed relative to the activity of the plasmid pRL-CMV (FIG. 5).
The results show that the polynucleotide upstream of the CARP gene (pXL3634) has a very low in vitro activity, on the order of 0.04% relative to that of the CMV promoter.
The relative activity of the nonspecific strong RSV promoter (pXL3635) was also low, respectively on the order of 0.05% and 0.68% of that of the reference CMV promoter.

Example 7

Construction of an Adenovirus

An adenovirus allowing the expression of the luciferase under the control of the CARP promoter was constructed according to the method of Crouzet et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94 (1997) 1414-1419), the expression cassette being identical to that of the plasmid pXL3634 (FIG. 3).
A shuttle vector allowing recombination in Escherichia coli was constructed in two stages. First, the CARP promoter (fragment: XhoI filled with Klenow/BamHI) was introduced into pXL3474 (digested with ScaI and BglII) between the regions ITR- and pIX in order to generate the plasmid pXL3758. Plasmid pXL3759 was then generated by introducing into pXL3758, which had been digested with BstBII (filled in with Klenow) and BstEII, the fragment containing the luciferase cDNA and the SV40 polyadenylation site (BamHI fragment filled with Klenow/BstEII of pXL3634). pXL3759 is schematically represented in FIG. 6A.
Homologous double recombination in E. coli was accomplished as described above, against a plasmid pXL3215 containing an E1/E3 adenoviral genome into which an RSV-LacZ expression cassette had been introduced into the E1 region. The plasmid pXL3215 is a derivative of the plasmid pXL2689, which contains the replication origin of the plasmid RK2, the tetracycline resistance gene (Crouzet et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1997). The product of this double recombination, the plasmid pXL3778, was verified by sequencing of the expression cassette. After cleavage with PacI in order to release a linear viral genome, the plasmid was transfected into the Per.C6 cell line (WO 97/00326) in order to generate the virus AV1.0CARP-Luc+.
The virus was also verified by sequencing of the expression cassette and by restriction analysis. The presence of RCA E1+ (replication competent adenovirus) particles was tested for by hybridization with a probe.
Stocks with high virus titer were obtained by amplification of the virus in the Per.C6 line and the viral particles were purified on a CsCl gradient. The titer of this virus in viral particles/ml (vp/ml) was obtained by chromatography and its activity was checked in vitro by titration of the luciferase activity after infection of skeletal or cardiac muscle cells and comparison with a virus used as a control comprising a CMV promoter.

Example 8

Injection of DNA In Vivo

CD SPRAGUE rats weighing 200 g were anesthetized with a Ketamine (70 mg/ml)/Xylazine (6 mg/ml) mixture at 1 ml/kg injected by the intraperitoneal route.
The intramyocardiac injections were carried out after laparotomy by the transdiaphragmatic route with a 100 μl Hamilton glass syringe connected to a Steriflex catheter (ref. 167.10 G19 V) provided with a stop flange and ending with a BD 26G*3.8 needle (short bezel).
Fifty microliters of the DNA solution, adjusted to 0.9% of NaCl, were injected over 5 seconds.
After sacrificing the animals, the hearts were removed, rinsed in a 0.9% NaCl solution and macroscopically examined. They were then analyzed for luciferase activity using a kit (Promega E151A) after grinding with the aid of a homogenizer (Ultra-thurax, Diax600 Heidolph) in lysis buffer from the kit supplemented with protease inhibitors (Cmplete, Roche Diagnostics), followed by centrifugation for 20 minutes at 4000 rpm at 4° C. The readings were made on the apparatus LUMAT LB 9501 (10 μl of supernatant +50 μl of Promega luciferase substrate). Luciferase activities were converted to luciferase mass per heart (pg luciferase/heart) using the calibration described in Mir et al (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999), 4262-4267).
Alternatively, the hearts were fixed in 3.7% paraformaldehyde and analyzed by immunohistochemistry for the expression of FGF-1.

Example 9

Comparative Evaluation of the In Vivo Activity of the CARP Polynucleotide

The results presented in FIG. 7A show that the levels of expression of luciferase obtained upon injection of increasing doses 1, 5, 25 and 125 μg of plasmids pXL3031 and pXL3634 were not significantly different, thus, clearly demonstrating that the polynucleotide upstream of the CARP gene is capable of inducing high levels of expression equivalent to those of a strong promoter such as CMV.
On the other hand, the expression obtained with another strong viral promoter, the RSV promoter (pXL3635), was weaker than that obtained with either the CMV promoter or the polynucleotide upstream of the CARP gene (FIG. 7B).
Moreover, the addition of the CMV enhancer upstream of smooth muscle cell promoters (SM α-actin, pXL3130 or SM22, pXL3153) although demonstrated to be highly efficient in vitro (WO 00/18908) appeared to be ineffective in cardiac cells in vivo.

Example 10

Evaluation of the Specificity of Expression of the CARP Polynucleotide

25 μg of each of the plasmids pXL3634, pXL3435 and pXL3031 were administered to rats by intracardiac transdiaphragmatic injection.
In parallel, intramuscular injections were performed into the cranial tibial muscle of groups of mice with 10 μg of each of these plasmids with or without electrotransfer.
The expression of luciferase was analyzed 7 days after the injection as described (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999), 4262-4267).
The levels of expression of luciferase in the heart were expressed relative to the levels observed in the cranial tibial muscle, and are presented in FIG. 8.
The results clearly show that the polynucleotide upstream of the CARP gene and the CMV promoter were the only two promoters capable of inducing the highest expression in the cardiac tissue. However, the heart/muscle expression ratio was 1 with the CMV promoter, whereas this ratio was close to 100 when the polynucleotide upstream of the CARP gene was used, which clearly shows the very high selectivity of the latter for the cardiac tissue.
The superior specificity of the expression driven by the polynucleotide of the invention was also clear relative to other constructs comprising an enhancer and a promoter specific for smooth muscle cells such as that of the gene coding for the protein SM-22 and for actin for which the heart/muscle expression ratios are also presented in FIG. 8 by way of illustration.

Claims

1-39. (canceled)

40. A polynucleotide comprising a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a fragment having at least 90% sequence identity to a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 2,

wherein said polynucleotide in the absence of inverted terminal repeat sequences from human adeno-associated virus specifically induces expression in cardiac cells in vivo of a gene which is operably linked to said polynucleotide.

41. An expression cassette comprising a sequence encoding a protein or an RNA of therapeutic interest operably linked to the polynucleotide according to claim 4.

42. The expression cassette according to claim 41, wherein the protein or RNA of therapeutic interest increases a rate of cardiac cell division, reduces or suppresses an immune response, induces angiogenesis, changes muscle contractility, reduces cardiac hypertrophy, reduces cardiac insufficiency, or reduces myocarditis.

43. The expression cassette according to claim 41, wherein the protein or RNA of therapeutic interest is a vascular endothelial growth factor, a fibroblast growth factor, an angiopoietin, or a cytokine.

44. The expression cassette according to claim 41, wherein the protein or RNA of therapeutic interest is an activating or an inhibiting transcription factor.

45. The expression cassette according to claim 41, wherein the protein of therapeutic interest is an immunosuppressive protein.

46. The expression cassette according to claim 45, wherein the immunosuppressive protein is interleukin-10, interleukin-2, or interleukin-8.

47. The expression cassette according to claim 41, wherein the RNA of therapeutic interest is an antisense RNA or a ribozyme.

48. The expression cassette according to claim 41, wherein the protein of therapeutic interest is nitric oxide synthetase, superoxide dismutase, or catalase.

49. A vector comprising the polynucleotide according to claim 40.

50. A vector comprising the expression cassette according to claim 41.

51. The vector according to claim 49, further comprising an origin of replication which is active in cardiac cells.

52. The vector according to claim 49, which is a plasmid or a cosmid.

53. The vector according to claim 49, which is or is derived from an adenovirus, a retrovirus, a herpesvirus, or an adeno-associated virus.

54. A composition comprising a therapeutically-effective amount of the polynucleotide according to claim 40 and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.

55. A composition comprising a therapeutically-effective amount of the vector according to claim 49 and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.

56. A transgenic nonhuman animal comprising a reporter gene operably linked to the polynucleotide according to claim 40.

57. A method for expressing a protein or an RNA of therapeutic interest in cardiac cells in vivo, comprising

preparing a vector according to claim 50, and

introducing said vector into cardiac cells in vivo so that said protein or RNA of therapeutic interest is expressed.

58. The vector according to claim 49, which is any DNA not encapsidated by viral proteins.