US20060107674A1 - Multi-effect cooling system utilizing heat from an engine - Google Patents
Multi-effect cooling system utilizing heat from an engine Download PDFInfo
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- US20060107674A1 US20060107674A1 US10/993,518 US99351804A US2006107674A1 US 20060107674 A1 US20060107674 A1 US 20060107674A1 US 99351804 A US99351804 A US 99351804A US 2006107674 A1 US2006107674 A1 US 2006107674A1
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- heat
- primary
- cooling system
- condenser
- desorber
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B15/00—Sorption machines, plants or systems, operating continuously, e.g. absorption type
- F25B15/008—Sorption machines, plants or systems, operating continuously, e.g. absorption type with multi-stage operation
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B27/00—Machines, plants or systems, using particular sources of energy
- F25B27/02—Machines, plants or systems, using particular sources of energy using waste heat, e.g. from internal-combustion engines
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
- Y02A30/27—Relating to heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC] technologies
- Y02A30/274—Relating to heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC] technologies using waste energy, e.g. from internal combustion engine
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
- Y02B30/62—Absorption based systems
- Y02B30/625—Absorption based systems combined with heat or power generation [CHP], e.g. trigeneration
Definitions
- An absorption cooling system provides a method of cooling using a primary heat source as a primary energy source.
- Absorption systems function in a similar manner to vapor compression systems. However, instead of using a compressor to compress refrigerant and supply the refrigerant to a condenser, absorption systems use a solution circuit.
- the solution circuit consists of an absorber and a generator (also known as a desorber) supplied with an absorbent.
- the absorbent absorbs the refrigerant in the absorber and desorbs the refrigerant in the generator, thus bringing the refrigerant from a low pressure, low temperature state to a high pressure, high temperature state.
- the generator then supplies the refrigerant to a condenser.
- Multi-effect absorption systems function in a similar manner to the basic single effect absorption system. However, they include at least two generators and either an additional absorber, an additional condenser or both. Multi-effect absorption systems are typically more efficient than single effect absorption systems because they use heat dissipated from the additional absorber, additional condenser or both and apply that heat to one of the generators for use during the desorbing process.
- An adsorption cooling system provides a method of cooling using a primary heat source as a primary energy source.
- Adsorption systems function in a similar manner to absorption systems. However, instead of using an adsorber and generator, the adsorption system uses two adsorber chambers operated in bi-directional modes. In one mode, the first adsorber chamber adsorbs refrigerant from an evaporator while the second adsorber chamber desorbs refrigerant; which is then supplied to a condenser and the evaporator in turn. In another mode, the second adsorber chamber adsorbs refrigerant from the evaporator while the first adsorber chamber desorbs refrigerant; which is then supplied to the condenser and the evaporator in turn. In both modes, heat provides the energy for desorbing the refrigerant from the adsorber chamber.
- Multi-effect adsorptions systems function in a similar manner to the basic single effect adsorption system. However, they include at least another set of adsorber chambers. Multi-effect adsorption systems are typically more efficient than single effect adsorption systems because they use heat dissipated from the additional adsorber or other elements and apply that heat to one of the desorbing adsorber chambers for use during the desorbing process.
- a method of operating a multi-effect cooling system uses heat generated from an engine having an exhaust system and cooling system.
- the multi-effect cooling system includes a primary desorber and a secondary desorber.
- the primary desorber is heated using heat from the exhaust system.
- the secondary desorber is heated using heat from the cooling system.
- FIG. 1 shows a simplified schematic illustration of a multi-effect cooling system according to an embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 2 shows a simplified model of an absorption system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 3 shows a simplified model of an absorption system in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.
- FIGS. 4A and 4B collectively, show a simplified model of an adsorption system in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.
- FIGS. 5A and 5B collectively, show a simplified model of an adsorption system in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 6 shows a flow diagram of an operational mode depicting a manner in which a multi-effect cooling system may be implemented according to an embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 7 shows a flow diagram of an operational mode depicting a manner in which a multi-effect cooling system may be implemented according to another embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 8 shows a flow diagram of an operational mode depicting a manner in which a multi-effect cooling system may be implemented according to another embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 9 shows a flow diagram of an operational mode depicting a manner in which a multi-effect cooling system may be implemented according to another embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 10 shows a flow diagram of an operational mode depicting a manner in which a multi-effect cooling system may be implemented according to another embodiment of the invention.
- a desorber may be defined as a device in a cooling system for desorbing refrigerant from a substance.
- the primary desorber may be defined as any desorber in a multi-effect cooling system that operates at a higher temperature and/or pressure than another desorber in the multi-effect cooling system.
- the secondary desorber may be defined as any desorber in a multi-effect cooling system that operates at a lower temperature and/or pressure than another desorber in the multi-effect cooling system.
- the primary desorber is a primary generator that desorbs refrigerant from an absorbent while the secondary desorber is a secondary generator that desorbs refrigerant from an absorbent.
- the secondary generator operates at a lower temperature and/or pressure than the primary generator.
- the refrigerant may be water while the absorbent may be lithium bromide (Li—Br).
- the primary desorber is one of at least two primary adsorber chambers that desorbs refrigerant from an adsorbent while the secondary desorber is one of at least two secondary adsorber chambers that desorbs refrigerant from an adsorbent.
- the refrigerant may be water while the adsorbent may be silica gel.
- the heat generated by the engine may be defined as any heat produced as a result of fuel combustion by the engine.
- the engine may be any liquid cooled combustion engine that produces heat.
- the exhaust system may be defined as a system of pipes or conduits that carry waste gases and heat from the combustion engine to a predetermined location, usually outside of a compartment housing the engine.
- the cooling system may be defined as a system of pipes or conduits that carry a liquid from the engine to a radiator, which cools the liquid and returns it to the engine, in order to reduce the engine's temperature.
- a vehicle having the engine The vehicle may be defined as any mobile apparatus including an engine as defined above.
- the vehicle may be a boat, airplane, truck, car, train, or any other mobile device having an engine that generates heat.
- a multi-effect cooling system operates to cool an area.
- the area may include an insulated room or container for holding items (food and medicine are examples) at a predetermined temperature.
- the area may also include a room or container for holding heat producing devices such as electrical equipment.
- the area may include a room or compartment occupied by a humans or animals.
- the area may be the interior of a passenger car, a cabin on an airplane, a room located within a cruise ship, a data center located on a tractor-trailer, or simply an insulated storage compartment.
- the multi-effect cooling system may be located on a vehicle or on a static structure such as a building.
- the multi-effect cooling system operates utilizing heat generated from an engine having an exhaust system and a cooling system.
- the multi-effect cooling system includes a primary desorber and a secondary desorber and makes use of heat generated in one component to supply heat to the secondary desorber in order to increase the coefficient of performance for the entire system. In this manner, the total amount of energy required for cooling is reduced which saves money for the user and reduces strain on environmental resources, such as, coal, oil, and natural gas.
- the coefficient of performance for a multi-effect cooling system may be further increased by applying additional heat to the secondary desorber from another source.
- the primary desorber operates using heat from the exhaust system of the engine (in temperatures ranging from 300 to 800 degrees Celsius) while the secondary desorber operates using heat from the cooling system of the engine (in temperatures ranging from 80 to 90 degrees Celsius) in addition to heat generated from other components in the multi-effect cooling system.
- the multi-effect cooling system may be a multi-effect absorption system including a primary generator (as the primary desorber), a secondary generator (as the secondary desorber), a primary condenser, a secondary condenser, an absorber, and an evaporator.
- the primary generator operates using heat from the exhaust system while the secondary generator operates using heat from the cooling system.
- the secondary generator may also operate using heat collected from the primary condenser. Under some circumstances, waste heat produced from a device being cooled by the multi-effect cooling system may be used to operate the secondary generator.
- the multi-effect cooling system may be a multi-effect absorption system including a primary generator (as the primary desorber), a secondary generator (as the secondary desorber), a condenser, a primary absorber, a secondary absorber, and an evaporator.
- the primary generator operates using heat from the exhaust system while the secondary generator operates using heat from the cooling system.
- the secondary generator may also operate using heat collected from the primary absorber. Under some circumstances, waste heat produced from a device being cooled by the multi-effect cooling system may be used to operate the secondary generator.
- the multi-effect cooling system may be a multi-effect adsorption system including a primary adsorber chamber (as the primary desorber), a secondary adsorber chamber (as the secondary desorber), a primary condenser, a secondary condenser, another primary adsorber chamber, another secondary adsorber chamber, and an evaporator.
- the primary adsorber chamber operates using heat from the exhaust system while the secondary adsorber chamber operates using heat from the cooling system.
- the secondary adsorber chamber may also operate using heat collected from the primary condenser. Under some circumstances, waste heat produced from a device being cooled by the multi-effect cooling system may be used to operate the secondary adsorber chamber.
- the multi-effect cooling system may be a multi-effect adsorption system including a primary adsorber chamber (as the primary desorber), a secondary adsorber chamber (as the secondary desorber), a condenser, another primary adsorber chamber, another secondary adsorber chamber, and an evaporator.
- the primary adsorber chamber operates using heat from the exhaust system while the secondary adsorber chamber operates using heat from the cooling system.
- the secondary adsorber chamber may also operate using heat collected from the primary adsorber chamber. Under some circumstances, waste heat produced from a device being cooled by the multi-effect cooling system may be used to operate the secondary adsorber chamber.
- heat may be generated from components of the multi-effect cooling system such as condensers and absorbers. Efficiencies may be improved by dissipating this heat to the environment using air moving relative to a vehicle or water in contact with the vehicle. For example, moving air channeled through a radiator may dissipate heat generated by a condenser and thus increase the overall efficiency of the multi-effect cooling system.
- a heat exchanger such as a heat transfer plate, in contact with a body of water, such as an ocean or lake, may dissipate heat generated by an absorber and may thus increase the overall efficiency of the multi-effect cooling system.
- total efficiency of the engine and multi-effect cooling system may be increased through a variety of manners. For instance, heat from the exhaust system would normally be wasted. However, the primary desorber of the multi-effect cooling system uses the exhaust heat to operate. Therefore, the engine does not need to operate additional electrical power generators or compressors to cool an area, thus reducing the total load on the engine. In addition, extra energy used to cool the engine itself, such as energy used to operate a radiator fan, is reduced by using heat from the cooling fluid to operate the secondary desorber. This provides a dual benefit by reducing energy consumption of the engine and increasing the coefficient of performance of the multi-effect cooling system. Additionally, using heat from the cooling system may reduce the amount of heat supplied to the primary desorber from the exhaust system. This may reduce pressure in the exhaust system reducing the engine's workload and thus increasing the engine's efficiency.
- FIG. 1 there is shown a block diagram of a vehicle or static structure 100 having an engine 102 , a multi-effect cooling system 104 , and a cooled area 106 .
- the engine 102 includes an exhaust system 108 and a cooling system 110 .
- the multi-effect cooling system 104 includes a primary desorber 112 , a secondary desorber 114 , and an evaporator 116 .
- the exhaust system 108 supplies heat to the primary desorber 112 in any one of a variety of manners.
- One example includes routing hot exhaust gasses through a conduit represented by arrow 118 to a heat exchanger 120 that then provides heat to the primary desorber 112 .
- the hot exhaust gasses may then be routed to the environment through a conduit designated by arrow 122 .
- the hot exhaust gases may be routed back to the exhaust system 108 through a conduit designated by arrow 124 for further processing through a catalytic converter or muffler.
- the cooling system 110 supplies heat to the secondary desorber 114 in any one of a variety of manners.
- One example includes routing hot cooling fluid through a conduit represented by arrow 126 to a heat exchanger 128 that then provides heat to the secondary desorber 114 .
- the cooling fluid may then be routed back to the cooling system 110 through a conduit designated by arrow 130 .
- the multi-effect cooling system 104 may include additional components as shown and described in FIGS. 2-5B .
- the additional components may vary in number and type depending on the type of multi-effect cooling system 104 employed in the vehicle or static structure 100 .
- absorption systems use absorbers and generators while adsorption systems use adsorber chambers for both adsorption and desorption processes.
- Some of the additional components, designated by box 132 produce heat that is dissipated to the environment, shown by arrow 134 , through a heat exchanger 136 .
- the heat exchanger 136 may represent a pyroelectric device that may be used to generate electricity to charge batteries or provide additional electrical power to various other components from the heat dissipated by the component 132 .
- suitable pyroelectric devices may be found in co-pending and commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/678,268, filed on Oct. 6, 2003, and entitled, “Converting Heat Generated By A Component To Electrical Energy,” the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- the multi-effect cooling system 104 provides cooling to (removes heat from) the cooled area 106 using the evaporator 116 through any one of a variety of manners.
- the evaporator 116 may exchange heat through a heat exchanger 138 removing heat from a fluid that is then routed to the cooled area 106 through a conduit designated by arrow 140 .
- the fluid absorbs heat from the cooled area 106 and is routed back to the heat exchanger 138 through a conduit designated by arrow 142 .
- the multi-effect absorption system 200 illustrated in FIG. 2 is a double-effect double-condenser absorption system and includes an evaporator 202 , an absorber 204 , a secondary generator 206 (also known as a secondary desorber 114 shown in FIG. 1 ), a primary generator 208 (also known as a primary desorber 112 shown in FIG. 1 ), a primary condenser 210 and a secondary condenser 212 .
- absorption systems use a refrigerant and an absorbent.
- an absorption system may use an ammonia/water combination, a water/lithium bromide combination, or the like.
- the refrigerant vaporizes in the evaporator 202 thereby absorbing heat Q E 216 from, for instance, cooling fluid heated by heat dissipated from the cooled area 106 shown in FIG. 1 .
- the vaporized refrigerant flows to the absorber 204 , as indicated by the arrow 218 , and the vaporized refrigerant is absorbed into the absorbent contained in the absorber 204 , thereby dissipating heat Q A 220 .
- the heat Q A 220 may be dissipated to the environment through heat exchanger 136 shown in FIG. 1 .
- the absorbent and the absorbed refrigerant flow through the secondary generator 206 through operation of a pump 222 and then to the primary generator 208 through operation of a pump 224 , as indicated by the arrows 226 and 228 respectively.
- the absorbent and the absorbed refrigerant may flow to the primary generator 208 directly through operation of a pump and direct line (not shown).
- Heat Q P 230 is supplied into the primary generator 208 from the exhaust system 108 shown in FIG. 1 and the heat Q P 230 desorbs some of the vaporized refrigerant from the absorbent in the primary generator 208 .
- the desorbed refrigerant flows to the primary condenser 210 , as indicated by the arrow 232 , which condenses the refrigerant and dissipates heat Q PC 234 .
- the condensed refrigerant flows from the primary condenser 210 to the secondary condenser 212 through a valve 236 , as indicated by the arrow 238 .
- the absorbent with the remainder of the absorbed refrigerant then flows from the primary generator 208 to the secondary generator 206 through a valve 240 , as indicated by the arrow 242 .
- Heat Q PC 234 dissipated from the desorbed refrigerant is supplied from the primary condenser 210 to the secondary generator 206 .
- heat Q CS 244 collected from the cooling system 110 of the engine 102 shown in FIG. 1 is also supplied to the secondary generator 206 .
- the heat Q PC 234 and Q CS 244 desorbs additional refrigerant from the absorbent in the secondary generator 206 . Through use of the heat Q CS 244 received from the cooling system 110 , the amount of heat necessary for the primary generator 208 may be reduced.
- the additional desorbed refrigerant then flows to the secondary condenser 206 , as indicated by the arrow 246 , which condenses the refrigerant and dissipates heat Q SC 248 .
- the heat Q SC 248 may be dissipated to the environment through the heat exchanger 136 shown in FIG. 1 .
- the condensed refrigerant from the primary condenser 210 contained in the secondary condenser 212 mixes with the refrigerant condensed from the secondary condenser 212 .
- the mixed condensed refrigerant then flows through a valve 250 back to the evaporator 202 , as indicated by the arrow 252 .
- the refrigerant is returned to a lower temperature and lower pressure state to thereby cool the cooled area 106 .
- the above-identified process may then be repeated on a substantially continuous basis to provide heat removal from the cooled area 106 through the evaporator 202 .
- the absorbent separated from the absorbed refrigerant in the secondary generator 206 flows back to the absorber 204 through a valve 254 as indicated by the arrow 256 .
- the absorbent may be re-used in absorbing the vaporized refrigerant received from the evaporator 202 .
- FIG. 3 shows a simplified model of a multi-effect absorption system 300 according to another embodiment of the invention.
- the multi-effect absorption system 300 illustrated in FIG. 3 is a double-effect double-absorber absorption system and includes an evaporator 302 , a secondary absorber 304 , a primary absorber 306 , a secondary generator 308 (also known as a secondary desorber 114 shown in FIG. 1 ), a primary generator 310 (also known as a primary desorber 112 shown in FIG. 1 ), and a condenser 312 .
- absorption systems use a refrigerant and an absorbent as described hereinabove.
- the refrigerant vaporizes in the evaporator 302 thereby absorbing heat Q E 314 from, for instance, cooling fluid heated by heat dissipated from the cooled area 106 shown in FIG. 1 .
- the vaporized refrigerant flows to the secondary absorber 304 , as indicated by the arrow 316 , and a portion of the vaporized refrigerant is absorbed into a secondary absorbent contained in the secondary absorber 304 , thereby dissipating heat Q SA 318 .
- the heat Q SA 318 may be dissipated to the environment through the heat exchanger 136 shown in FIG. 1 .
- the absorbent and the absorbed refrigerant flow to the secondary generator 308 through operation of a pump 320 , as indicated by the arrow 322 .
- the remaining refrigerant flows to the primary absorber 306 , as indicated by the arrow 324 , and the remaining refrigerant is absorbed into a primary absorbent contained in the primary absorber 306 , thereby dissipating heat Q PA 326 .
- the heat Q PA 326 is supplied to the secondary generator 308 .
- the primary absorbent with the remaining refrigerant flow to the primary generator 310 through operation of a pump 328 , as indicated by the arrow 330 .
- Heat Q P 332 is supplied to the primary generator 310 from the exhaust system 108 shown in FIG. 1 and the heat Q P 332 desorbs most of the refrigerant from the primary absorbent in the primary generator 310 .
- the desorbed refrigerant flows to the secondary generator 308 , as indicated by the arrow 334 .
- the primary absorbent flows through valve 336 to the primary absorber 306 , as indicated by the arrow 338 , for re-use in the primary absorber 306 .
- heat Q PA 326 dissipated from the desorbed refrigerant is supplied from the primary absorber 306 to the secondary generator 308 .
- heat Q CS 340 collected from the cooling system 110 of the engine 102 shown in FIG. 1 is also supplied to the secondary generator 308 .
- the heat Q PA 326 and heat Q CS 340 desorbs refrigerant from the secondary absorbent at the secondary generator 308 .
- the amount of heat necessary for the primary generator 310 may be reduced.
- the secondary absorbent then flows through valve 342 to the secondary absorber 304 , as indicated by the arrow 344 , for re-use in the secondary absorber 304 .
- the desorbed refrigerant from the primary generator 310 contained in the secondary generator 308 mixes with the refrigerant desorbed at the secondary generator 308 .
- the combined refrigerant then flows to the condenser 312 , as indicated by the arrow 346 .
- the condenser 312 generally operates to condense the combined refrigerant and thereby dissipate heat Q C 348 .
- the heat Q C 348 may be dissipated to the environment through heat exchanger 136 shown in FIG. 1 .
- the condensed refrigerant then flows through valve 350 back to the evaporator 304 , as indicated by the arrow 352 .
- the refrigerant is returned to a lower temperature and lower pressure state to thereby cool the cooled area 106 .
- the above-identified process may then be repeated on a substantially continuous basis to provide heat removal from the cooled area 106 through the evaporator 302 .
- FIGS. 4A and 4B there is shown, collectively, a simplified model of a multi-effect adsorption system 400 according to an example of the invention.
- FIG. 4A shows the forward cycle while FIG. 4B shows the reverse cycle.
- Some components in the multi-effect adsorption system 400 function as desorbers in the forward cycle and then function as adsorbers in the reverse cycle. As a consequence, some items in FIGS. 4A and 4B are located in different positions in the simplified model.
- the multi-effect adsorption system 400 operates according to a reversible process, a forward cycle and a reverse cycle, each of which provides cooling by removing heat in the evaporator 402 .
- the multi-effect adsorption system 400 is a double-effect double-condenser adsorption system and includes an evaporator 402 , a first primary adsorber chamber (PAC 1 ) 404 , a second primary adsorber chamber (PAC 2 ) 406 (also known as the primary desorber 112 shown in FIG. 1 ), a first secondary adsorber chamber (SAC 1 ) 408 , a second secondary adsorber chamber (SAC 2 ) 410 (also known as a secondary desorber 114 shown in FIG. 1 ), a primary condenser 412 and a secondary condenser 414 .
- adsorption systems use a refrigerant and an adsorbent.
- an adsorption system may use water and silica gel or Kansi carbon combinations.
- the first primary adsorber chamber (PAC 1 ) 404 and the second primary adsorber chamber (PAC 2 ) 406 may be formed as two separate chambers arranged in such a manner as to transfer heat between one another.
- the first secondary adsorber chamber (SAC 1 ) 408 and the second secondary adsorber chamber (SAC 2 ) 410 may be formed as two separate chambers arranged in such a manner as to transfer heat between one another.
- some of the refrigerant vaporizes in the evaporator 402 , thereby absorbing heat Q E 416 from, for instance, cooling fluid heated by heat dissipated from the cooled area 106 shown in FIG. 1 .
- the vaporized refrigerant flows to the first secondary adsorber chamber 408 , as indicated by the arrow 418 , and the vaporized refrigerant is adsorbed into the adsorbent contained in the first secondary adsorber chamber 408 , thereby dissipating heat Q SA 420 .
- the refrigerant vaporizes in the evaporator 402 thereby absorbing heat Q E 416 from, for instance, cooling fluid heated by adsorbing heat from the cooled area 106 shown in FIG. 1 .
- the vaporized refrigerant flows to the first primary adsorber chamber 404 , as indicated by the arrow 422 , and the vaporized refrigerant is adsorbed into the adsorbent contained in the first primary adsorber chamber 404 , thereby dissipating heat Q PA 424 .
- the heat Q SA 420 and Q PA 424 may be dissipated to the environment through the heat exchanger 136 shown in FIG. 1 .
- the refrigerant adsorbed into the first secondary adsorber chamber 408 and the first primary adsorber chamber 404 originated from the second secondary adsorber chamber 410 and the second primary adsorber chamber 406 , respectively. Some of the refrigerant is desorbed from the second primary adsorber chamber 406 .
- Heat Q P 426 is supplied into the second primary adsorber chamber 406 from the exhaust system 108 shown in FIG. 1 and the heat Q P 426 desorbs some of the refrigerant from the adsorbent in the second primary adsorber chamber 406 .
- the desorbed refrigerant flows to the primary condenser 412 as indicated by the arrow 428 which condenses the refrigerant and dissipates heat Q PC 430 .
- the condensed refrigerant flows from the primary condenser 412 to the secondary condenser 414 , as indicated by the arrow 432 .
- the refrigerant is desorbed from the second secondary adsorber chamber 410 .
- the heat Q PC 430 is supplied to the second secondary adsorber chamber 410 along with the heat Q CS 434 from the cooling system 110 shown in FIG. 1 and together desorb some of the refrigerant from the adsorbent in the second secondary adsorber chamber 410 .
- the desorbed refrigerant flows to the secondary condenser 414 as indicated by the arrow 436 which condenses the refrigerant and dissipates heat Q SC 438 .
- the condensed refrigerant then flows from the secondary condenser 414 to the evaporator 402 , as indicated by the arrow 440 .
- the heat Q SC 438 may be dissipated to the environment through the heat exchanger 136 shown in FIG. 1 .
- some of the refrigerant vaporizes in the evaporator 402 thereby absorbing heat Q E 416 from, for instance, cooling fluid heated by heat dissipated from the cooled area 106 shown in FIG. 1 .
- the vaporized refrigerant flows to the second secondary adsorber chamber (SAC 2 ) 410 , as indicated by the arrow 418 , and the vaporized refrigerant is adsorbed into the adsorbent contained in the second secondary adsorber chamber 410 , thereby dissipating heat Q SA 420 .
- the refrigerant vaporizes in the evaporator 402 thereby absorbing heat Q E 416 from, for instance, cooling fluid heated by heat dissipated from the cooled area 106 shown in FIG. 1 .
- the vaporized refrigerant flows to the second primary adsorber chamber (PAC 2 ) 406 , as indicated by the arrow 422 , and the vaporized refrigerant is adsorbed into the adsorbent contained in the second primary adsorber chamber 406 , thereby dissipating heat Q PA 424 .
- the heat Q SA 420 and the heat Q PA 424 may be dissipated to the environment through the heat exchanger 136 shown in FIG. 1 .
- the refrigerant adsorbed into the second secondary adsorber chamber 410 and the second primary adsorber chamber 406 originated from the first secondary adsorber chamber (SAC 1 ) 408 and the first primary adsorber chamber (PAC 1 ) 404 , respectively. Some of the refrigerant is desorbed from the first primary adsorber chamber 404 .
- Heat Q P 426 is supplied into the first primary adsorber chamber 404 from the exhaust system 108 shown in FIG. 1 and the heat Q P 426 desorbs some of the refrigerant from the adsorbent in the first primary adsorber chamber 404 .
- the desorbed refrigerant flows to the primary condenser 412 as indicated by the arrow 428 which condenses the refrigerant and dissipates heat Q PC 430 .
- the condensed refrigerant flows from the primary condenser 412 to the secondary condenser 414 , as indicated by the arrow 432 .
- the refrigerant is desorbed from the first secondary adsorber chamber 408 .
- the heat Q PC 430 is supplied to the first secondary adsorber chamber 408 along with the heat Q CS 434 from the cooling system 110 shown in FIG. 1 and together desorb some of the refrigerant from the adsorbent in the first secondary adsorber chamber 408 .
- the desorbed refrigerant flows to the secondary condenser 414 as indicated by the arrow 436 which condenses the refrigerant and dissipates heat Q SC 438 .
- the condensed refrigerant then flows from the secondary condenser 414 to the evaporator 402 , as indicated by the arrow 440 .
- the heat Q SC 438 may be dissipated to the environment through the heat exchanger 136 shown in FIG. 1 .
- FIGS. 5A and 5B there is shown, collectively, a simplified model of a multi-effect adsorption system 500 according to an example of the invention.
- FIG. 5A shows the forward cycle while FIG. 5B shows the reverse cycle.
- Some components in the multi-effect adsorption system 500 function as desorbers in the forward cycle and then function as adsorbers in the reverse cycle.
- FIGS. 5A and 5B are located in different positions in the simplified model.
- the multi-effect adsorption system 500 operates according to a reversible process, a forward cycle and a reverse cycle, each of which provides cooling by removing heat in an evaporator 502 .
- FIG. 5A shows the forward cycle while FIG. 5B shows the reverse cycle.
- the multi-effect adsorption system 500 is a double-effect single-condenser adsorption system and includes an evaporator 502 , a first primary adsorber chamber (PAC 1 ) 504 , a second primary adsorber chamber (PAC 2 ) 506 (also known as the primary desorber 112 shown in FIG. 1 ), a first secondary adsorber chamber (SAC 1 ) 508 , a second secondary adsorber chamber (SAC 2 ) 510 (also known as a secondary desorber 114 shown in FIG. 1 ), and a condenser 512 .
- adsorption systems use a refrigerant and an adsorbent.
- an adsorption system may use water and silica gel or Kansi carbon combinations.
- the first primary adsorber chamber (PAC 1 ) 504 and the second primary adsorber chamber (PAC 2 ) 506 may be formed as two separate chambers arranged in such a manner as to transfer heat between one another.
- the first secondary adsorber chamber (SAC 1 ) 508 and the second secondary adsorber chamber (SAC 2 ) 510 may be formed as two separate chambers arranged in such a manner as to transfer heat between one another.
- some of the refrigerant vaporizes in the evaporator 502 thereby absorbing heat Q E 514 from, for instance, cooling fluid heated by heat dissipated from the cooled area 106 shown in FIG. 1 .
- the vaporized refrigerant flows to the first secondary adsorber chamber 508 , as indicated by the arrow 516 , and the vaporized refrigerant is adsorbed into the adsorbent contained in the first secondary adsorber chamber 508 , thereby dissipating heat Q SA 518 .
- the heat Q SA 518 may be dissipated to the environment through the heat exchanger 136 shown in FIG. 1 .
- the refrigerant vaporizes in the evaporator 502 thereby absorbing heat Q E 514 from, for instance, cooling fluid heated by heat dissipated from the cooled area 106 shown in FIG. 1 .
- the vaporized refrigerant flows to the first primary adsorber chamber 504 , as indicated by the arrow 520 , and the vaporized refrigerant is adsorbed into the adsorbent contained in the first primary adsorber chamber 504 , thereby dissipating heat Q PA 522 .
- the refrigerant adsorbed into the first secondary adsorber chamber 508 and the first primary adsorber chamber 504 originated from the second secondary adsorber chamber 510 and the second primary adsorber chamber 506 , respectively. Some of the refrigerant is desorbed from the second primary adsorber chamber 506 .
- Heat Q P 524 is supplied into the second primary adsorber chamber 506 from the exhaust system 108 shown in FIG. 1 and the heat Q P 524 desorbs some of the refrigerant from the adsorbent in the second primary adsorber chamber 506 .
- the desorbed refrigerant flows to the condenser 512 as indicated by the arrow 526 which condenses the refrigerant and dissipates heat Q C 528 .
- the refrigerant is desorbed from the second secondary adsorber chamber 510 .
- the heat Q PA 522 is supplied to the second secondary adsorber chamber 510 along with the heat Q CS 530 from the cooling system 110 shown in FIG. 1 and together desorb some of the refrigerant from the adsorbent in the second secondary adsorber chamber 510 .
- the desorbed refrigerant flows to the condenser 512 as indicated by the arrow 532 which condenses the refrigerant and dissipates heat Q C 528 .
- the condensed refrigerant then flows from the condenser 512 to the evaporator 502 , as indicated by the arrow 534 .
- the heat Q C 528 may be dissipated to the environment through the heat exchanger 136 shown in FIG. 1 .
- some of the refrigerant vaporizes in the evaporator 502 thereby absorbing heat Q E 514 from, for instance, cooling fluid heated by heat dissipated from the cooled area 106 shown in FIG. 1 .
- the vaporized refrigerant flows to the second secondary adsorber chamber 510 , as indicated by the arrow 516 , and the vaporized refrigerant is adsorbed into the adsorbent contained in the second secondary adsorber chamber 510 , thereby dissipating the heat Q SA 518 .
- the heat Q SA 518 may be dissipated to the environment through heat exchanger 136 shown in FIG. 1 .
- the refrigerant vaporizes in the evaporator 502 thereby absorbing heat Q E 514 from, for instance, cooling fluid heated by heat dissipated from the cooled area 106 shown in FIG. 1 .
- the vaporized refrigerant flows to the second primary adsorber chamber 506 , as indicated by the arrow 520 , and the vaporized refrigerant is adsorbed into the adsorbent contained in the second primary adsorber chamber 506 , thereby dissipating the heat Q PA 522 .
- the refrigerant adsorbed into the second secondary adsorber chamber 510 and the second primary adsorber chamber 506 originated from the first secondary adsorber chamber 508 and the first primary adsorber chamber 504 , respectively. Some of the refrigerant is desorbed from the first primary adsorber chamber 504 .
- Heat Q P 524 is supplied into the first primary adsorber chamber 504 from the exhaust system 108 shown in FIG. 1 and the heat Q P 524 desorbs some of the refrigerant from the adsorbent in the first primary adsorber chamber 504 .
- the desorbed refrigerant flows to the condenser 512 as indicated by the arrow 526 which condenses the refrigerant and dissipates heat Q C 528 .
- the refrigerant is desorbed from the first secondary adsorber chamber 508 .
- the heat Q PA 522 is supplied to the first secondary adsorber chamber 508 along with the heat Q CS 530 from the cooling system 110 shown in FIG. 1 and together desorb some of the refrigerant from the adsorbent in the first secondary adsorber chamber 508 .
- the desorbed refrigerant flows to the condenser 512 as indicated by the arrow 532 which condenses the refrigerant and dissipates heat Q C 528 .
- the condensed refrigerant then flows to the evaporator 502 , as indicated by the arrow 534 .
- the heat Q C 528 may be dissipated to the environment through the heat exchanger 136 shown in FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 6 shows a flow diagram of an operational mode 600 depicting a manner in which a multi-effect cooling system may be implemented in accordance with an example of the invention.
- the following description of the operational mode 600 is made with reference to the block diagram 100 illustrated in FIG. 1 , and thus makes reference to the elements cited therein.
- the following description of the operational mode 600 is one manner in which the multi-effect cooling system 104 may be implemented. In this respect, it is to be understood that the following description of the operational mode 600 is but one manner of a variety of different manners in which such a multi-effect cooling system 104 may be operated.
- the multi-effect cooling system 104 is operated utilizing heat from the engine 102 .
- the exhaust system 108 heats the primary desorber 112 at step 602 .
- the cooling system 110 heats the secondary desorber 114 at step 604 . Manners in which heat from the engine 102 may be transferred to the multi-effect cooling system 104 are described in greater detail with respect to FIG. 1 .
- the exhaust system 108 and the cooling system 110 provide substantially all of the power used to operate the multi-effect cooling system 104 .
- FIG. 7 shows a flow diagram of an operational mode 700 depicting a manner in which a multi-effect cooling system may be implemented according to an example of the invention.
- the following description of the operational mode 700 is made with reference to the block diagram 100 and schematic illustration 200 illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 , respectively, and thus makes reference to the elements cited therein.
- the following description of the operational mode 700 is one manner in which the multi-effect cooling system may be implemented. In this respect, it is to be understood that the following description of the operational mode 700 is but one manner of a variety of different manners in which such a multi-effect cooling system 104 may be operated.
- the exhaust system 108 of the engine 102 heats the primary generator 208 of the multi-effect absorption system 200 at step 702 .
- the heat Q P 230 provides the primary source of energy to the multi-effect absorption system 200 for cooling the cooled area 106 .
- the cooling system 110 of the engine 102 heats the secondary generator 206 of the multi-effect absorption system 200 at step 704 .
- the heat Q CS 244 provides a secondary source of energy to the multi-effect absorption system 200 .
- heat dissipated by the primary condenser 210 may be collected at step 706 . The collected heat may then be transferred to the secondary generator 206 to provide an additional source of energy to the multi-effect absorption system 200 at step 708 .
- the heat may be collected and transferred in a variety of manners including, but not limited to, using heat pipes and/or thermosiphons (not shown) to collect and transfer heat from the primary condenser 210 to the secondary generator 206 .
- heat pipes and/or thermosiphons not shown
- an evaporator of the heat pipe or thermosiphon may be wrapped around the primary condenser 210 while a condenser of the heat pipe or thermosiphon may be wrapped around the secondary generator 206 .
- both the secondary condenser 212 and the absorber 204 produce heat Q SC 248 and heat Q A 220 , respectively, which may be dissipated to the environment in a variety of manners.
- the heat exchanger 136 may disperse the heat Q SC 248 and/or the heat Q A 220 to the environment using air moving relative to the vehicle 100 having the engine 102 at step 710 .
- Step 710 may be implemented if the vehicle is a ship, automobile, train, airplane, or any other mobile vehicle.
- the heat exchanger 136 may disperse the heat Q SC 248 and/or heat Q A 220 to the environment using water in contact with the vehicle 100 having the engine 102 at step 712 .
- Step 712 may be implemented if the vehicle is a ship, submarine, amphibious vehicle, or any other vehicle which moves in an aquatic environment.
- heat Q SC 248 and heat Q A 220 may be converted into electricity using a pyroelectric device at step 714 , in manners as described herein above with respect to the heat exchanger 136 .
- FIG. 8 shows a flow diagram of an operational mode 800 depicting a manner in which a multi-effect cooling system may be implemented in accordance with an example of the invention.
- the following description of the operational mode 800 is made with reference to the block diagram 100 and schematic illustration 300 illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 3 , respectively, and thus makes reference to the elements cited therein.
- the following description of the operational mode 800 is one manner in which the multi-effect cooling system 104 may be implemented. In this respect, it is to be understood that the following description of the operational mode 800 is but one manner of a variety of different manners in which such a multi-effect cooling system may be operated.
- the exhaust system 108 of the engine 102 heats the primary generator 310 of the multi-effect absorption system 300 at step 802 .
- the heat Q P 322 provides the primary source of energy to the multi-effect absorption system 300 for cooling the cooled area 106 .
- the cooling system 110 of the engine 102 heats the secondary generator 308 of the multi-effect absorption system 300 at step 704 .
- the heat Q CS 340 provides a secondary source of energy to the multi-effect absorption system 300 .
- heat dissipated by the primary absorber 306 may be collected at step 806 . The collected heat may then be transferred to the secondary generator 308 to provide an additional source of energy to the multi-effect absorption system 300 at step 808 .
- the heat may be collected and transferred in a variety of manners including, but not limited to, using heat pipes and/or thermosiphons (not shown) to collect and transfer heat from the primary absorber 306 to the secondary generator 308 .
- heat pipes and/or thermosiphons not shown
- an evaporator of the heat pipe or thermosiphon may be wrapped around the primary absorber 306 while a condenser of the heat pipe or thermosiphon may be wrapped around the secondary generator 308 .
- both the condenser 312 and the secondary absorber 318 produce heat Q C 348 and heat Q SA 318 , respectively, which may be dissipated to the environment in a variety of manners.
- the heat exchanger 136 may disperse the heat Q C 348 and/or the heat Q SA 318 to the environment using air moving relative to the vehicle 100 having the engine 102 at step 810 .
- Step 810 may be implemented if the vehicle is a ship, automobile, train, airplane, or any other mobile vehicle.
- the heat exchanger 136 may disperse the heat Q C 348 and/or heat Q SA 318 to the environment using water in contact with the vehicle 100 having the engine 102 at step 812 .
- Step 812 may be implemented if the vehicle is a ship, submarine, amphibious vehicle, or any other vehicle which moves in an aquatic environment.
- heat Q C 348 and heat Q SA 318 may be converted into electricity using a pyroelectric device at step 814 .
- FIG. 9 shows a flow diagram of an operational mode 900 depicting a manner in which a multi-effect cooling system may be implemented according to an example of the invention.
- the following description of the operational mode 900 is made with reference to the block diagram 100 and schematic illustration 400 illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 4 A- 4 B, respectively, and thus makes reference to the elements cited therein.
- the following description of the operational mode 900 is one manner in which the multi-effect cooling system 104 may be implemented. In this respect, it is to be understood that the following description of the operational mode 900 is but one manner of a variety of different manners in which such a multi-effect cooling system 104 may be operated.
- the exhaust system 108 of the engine 102 heats the second primary adsorber chamber 406 of the multi-effect adsorption system 400 at step 902 .
- the heat Q P 426 provides the primary source of energy to the multi-effect adsorption system 400 for cooling the cooled area 106 .
- the cooling system 110 of the engine 102 heats the second secondary adsorber chamber 410 of the multi-effect adsorption system 400 at step 904 .
- the heat Q CS 434 provides a secondary source of energy to the multi-effect adsorption system 400 .
- heat dissipated by the primary condenser 412 may be collected at step 906 .
- the collected heat may then be transferred to the second secondary adsorber chamber 410 to provide an additional source of energy to the multi-effect adsorption system 400 at step 908 .
- the heat may be collected and transferred in a variety of manners including, but not limited to, using heat pipes and/or thermosiphons to collect and transfer heat from the primary condenser 412 to the secondary adsorber chamber 410 .
- an evaporator of the heat pipe or thermosiphon may be wrapped around the primary condenser 412 while a condenser of the heat pipe or thermosiphon may be wrapped around the secondary adsorber chamber 410 .
- the secondary condenser 438 , the first secondary adsorber chamber 408 , and the first primary adsorber chamber 404 produce heat Q SC 438 , heat Q SA 420 , and heat Q PA 424 , respectively, which may be dissipated to the environment in a variety of manners.
- the heat exchanger 136 may disperse the heat Q SC 438 , the heat Q SA 420 , and/or the heat Q PA 424 to the environment using air moving relative to the vehicle 100 having the engine 102 at step 910 .
- Step 910 may be implemented if the vehicle is a ship, automobile, train, airplane, or any other mobile vehicle.
- the heat exchanger 136 may disperse the heat Q SC 438 , the heat Q SA 420 , and/or the heat Q PA 424 to the environment using water in contact with the vehicle 100 having the engine 102 at step 912 .
- Step 912 may be implemented if the vehicle is a ship, submarine, amphibious vehicle, or any other vehicle which moves in an aquatic environment.
- heat Q SA 420 and heat Q PA 424 may be converted into electricity using a pyroelectric device at step 914 .
- FIG. 10 shows a flow diagram of an operational mode 1000 depicting a manner in which a multi-effect cooling system may be implemented according to an example of the invention.
- the following description of the operational mode 1000 is made with reference to the block diagram 100 and schematic illustration 500 illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 5 A- 5 B, respectively, and thus makes reference to the elements cited therein.
- the following description of the operational mode 1000 is one manner in which the multi-effect cooling system 104 may be implemented. In this respect, it is to be understood that the following description of the operational mode 1000 is but one manner of a variety of different manners in which such a multi-effect cooling system 104 may be operated.
- the exhaust system 108 of the engine 102 heats the second primary adsorber chamber 506 of the multi-effect adsorption system 500 at step 1002 .
- the heat Q P 524 provides the primary source of energy to the multi-effect adsorption system 500 for cooling the cooled area 106 .
- the cooling system 110 of the engine 102 heats the second secondary adsorber chamber 510 of the multi-effect adsorption system 500 at step 1004 .
- the heat Q CS 530 provides a secondary source of energy to the multi-effect adsorption system 500 . Additionally, heat dissipated by the first primary adsorber chamber 504 may be collected at step 1006 .
- the collected heat may then be transferred to the second secondary adsorber chamber 510 to provide an additional source of energy to the multi-effect adsorption system 500 at step 1008 .
- the heat may be collected and transferred in a variety of manners including, but not limited to, using heat pipes and/or thermosiphons to collect and transfer heat from the first primary adsorber chamber 504 to the second secondary adsorber chamber 510 .
- an evaporator of the heat pipe or thermosiphon may be wrapped around the primary absorber chamber 504 while a condenser of the heat pipe or thermosiphon may be wrapped around the secondary adsorber chamber 510 .
- the condenser 528 and the first secondary adsorber chamber 508 produce heat Q C 528 and heat Q SA 518 , respectively, which may be dissipated to the environment in a variety of manners.
- the heat exchanger 136 may disperse the heat Q C 528 and/or the heat Q SA 518 to the environment using air moving relative to the vehicle 100 having the engine 102 at step 1010 .
- Step 1010 may be implemented if the vehicle is a ship, automobile, train, airplane, or any other mobile vehicle.
- the heat exchanger 136 may disperse the heat Q C 528 and/or the heat Q SA 518 to the environment using water in contact with the vehicle 100 having the engine 102 at step 1012 .
- Step 1012 may be implemented if the vehicle is a ship, submarine, amphibious vehicle, or any other vehicle which moves in an aquatic environment.
- heat Q C 528 and heat Q SA 518 may be converted into electricity using a pyroelectric device at step 1014 .
- the steps illustrated in the operational modes 600 , 700 , 800 , 900 , and 1000 may be implemented manually or automatically.
- a user of the multi-effect cooling system 104 may open or close valves that route exhaust gases and/or cooling fluid to the desorbers thus providing the desorbers with energy to operate.
- valves may be controlled by a control system.
- the control system may contain a utility, program, subprogram, in any desired computer accessible medium.
- the operational modes 600 , 700 , 800 , 900 , and 1000 may be embodied by a computer program, which can exist in a variety of forms both active and inactive. For example, they can exist as software program(s) comprised of program instructions in source code, object code, executable code or other formats. Any of the above can be embodied on a computer readable medium, which include storage devices and signals, in compressed or uncompressed form.
- Examples of suitable computer readable storage devices include conventional computer system RAM (random access memory), ROM (read only memory), EPROM (erasable, programmable ROM), EEPROM (electrically erasable, programmable ROM), and magnetic or optical disks or tapes.
- Examples of computer readable signals are signals that a computer system hosting or running the computer program can be configured to access, including signals downloaded through the Internet or other networks. Concrete examples of the foregoing include distribution of the programs on a CD ROM or via Internet download. In a sense, the Internet itself, as an abstract entity, is a computer readable medium. The same is true of computer networks in general. It is therefore to be understood that those functions enumerated below may be performed by any electronic device capable of executing the above-described functions.
- the amount of heat supplied to the primary desorber 112 may be reduced based upon the amount of heat supplied to the secondary desorber 114 .
- the amount of heat supplied from the exhaust system 108 may be relatively reduced, reducing the pressure in the exhaust system 108 of the engine 102 and thereby increasing efficiency of the engine 102 .
- efficiency of the multi-effect cooling system 104 increases because of the increase in the coefficient of performance due to the use of heat from the cooling system 110 of the engine 102 .
- additional Q CS from the cooling system 110 can reduce the Q P consumed by the cycle without changing the delivered cooling (that is, Q E ).
- the COP may be improved with the additional Q CS from the cooling system 110 of the engine. This change may improve the COP by as much as 100%. Therefore, according to embodiments of the invention the COP of a multi-effect cooling system may be improved.
- the second law efficiency is improved from the arrangements shown above.
- the second law efficiency ( ⁇ II ) is defined as a ratio of actual work (W) over the available work (W max ).
- the available work is defined as a product of the heat added to the system and the Carnot efficiency. In embodiments of the invention, the available work is the total power supplied by the engine 102 for cooling the cooled area 106 .
- W W max 1 - W lost W max
- W lost is the heat rejected to the environment times the Carnot efficiency.
- heat generated through operation of an engine may be supplied to a multi-effect cooling system, either absorption or adsorption types, to cool cooling fluid delivered to a cooled area.
- the heat Q CS collected from the cooling system of the engine reduces the amount of energy used by the engine to cool itself. The reduction increases the efficiency of the engine.
- a dual efficiency increase may be obtained though implementation of examples of the multi-effect cooling systems described herein.
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Abstract
A method of operating a multi-effect cooling system uses heat generated from an engine having an exhaust system and cooling system. The multi-effect cooling system includes, a primary desorber and a secondary desorber. The primary desorber is heated using heat from the exhaust system. The secondary desorber is heated using heat from the cooling system.
Description
- An absorption cooling system provides a method of cooling using a primary heat source as a primary energy source. Absorption systems function in a similar manner to vapor compression systems. However, instead of using a compressor to compress refrigerant and supply the refrigerant to a condenser, absorption systems use a solution circuit. The solution circuit consists of an absorber and a generator (also known as a desorber) supplied with an absorbent. The absorbent absorbs the refrigerant in the absorber and desorbs the refrigerant in the generator, thus bringing the refrigerant from a low pressure, low temperature state to a high pressure, high temperature state. The generator then supplies the refrigerant to a condenser.
- Multi-effect absorption systems function in a similar manner to the basic single effect absorption system. However, they include at least two generators and either an additional absorber, an additional condenser or both. Multi-effect absorption systems are typically more efficient than single effect absorption systems because they use heat dissipated from the additional absorber, additional condenser or both and apply that heat to one of the generators for use during the desorbing process.
- An adsorption cooling system provides a method of cooling using a primary heat source as a primary energy source. Adsorption systems function in a similar manner to absorption systems. However, instead of using an adsorber and generator, the adsorption system uses two adsorber chambers operated in bi-directional modes. In one mode, the first adsorber chamber adsorbs refrigerant from an evaporator while the second adsorber chamber desorbs refrigerant; which is then supplied to a condenser and the evaporator in turn. In another mode, the second adsorber chamber adsorbs refrigerant from the evaporator while the first adsorber chamber desorbs refrigerant; which is then supplied to the condenser and the evaporator in turn. In both modes, heat provides the energy for desorbing the refrigerant from the adsorber chamber.
- Multi-effect adsorptions systems function in a similar manner to the basic single effect adsorption system. However, they include at least another set of adsorber chambers. Multi-effect adsorption systems are typically more efficient than single effect adsorption systems because they use heat dissipated from the additional adsorber or other elements and apply that heat to one of the desorbing adsorber chambers for use during the desorbing process.
- In multi-effect cooling systems, the use of waste heat generated by elements of the multi-effect cooling system itself improves the coefficient of performance. However, additional improvement of the coefficient of performance would be useful.
- In accordance with an example, a method of operating a multi-effect cooling system uses heat generated from an engine having an exhaust system and cooling system. The multi-effect cooling system includes a primary desorber and a secondary desorber. The primary desorber is heated using heat from the exhaust system. The secondary desorber is heated using heat from the cooling system.
- Embodiments of the invention are illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the accompanying figures in which like numeral references refer to like elements, and wherein:
-
FIG. 1 shows a simplified schematic illustration of a multi-effect cooling system according to an embodiment of the invention; -
FIG. 2 shows a simplified model of an absorption system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; -
FIG. 3 shows a simplified model of an absorption system in accordance with another embodiment of the invention; -
FIGS. 4A and 4B , collectively, show a simplified model of an adsorption system in accordance with another embodiment of the invention; -
FIGS. 5A and 5B , collectively, show a simplified model of an adsorption system in accordance with another embodiment of the invention; -
FIG. 6 shows a flow diagram of an operational mode depicting a manner in which a multi-effect cooling system may be implemented according to an embodiment of the invention; -
FIG. 7 shows a flow diagram of an operational mode depicting a manner in which a multi-effect cooling system may be implemented according to another embodiment of the invention; -
FIG. 8 shows a flow diagram of an operational mode depicting a manner in which a multi-effect cooling system may be implemented according to another embodiment of the invention; -
FIG. 9 shows a flow diagram of an operational mode depicting a manner in which a multi-effect cooling system may be implemented according to another embodiment of the invention; and -
FIG. 10 shows a flow diagram of an operational mode depicting a manner in which a multi-effect cooling system may be implemented according to another embodiment of the invention. - For simplicity and illustrative purposes, the operation of a multi-effect cooling system is described by referring mainly to examples thereof. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the examples. It will be apparent however, to one of ordinary skill in the art, that the examples described herein may be practiced without limitation to these specific details. In other instances, well known methods and structures have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure the examples described herein.
- Throughout the present disclosure, reference is made to a primary desorber and a secondary desorber. Generally, a desorber may be defined as a device in a cooling system for desorbing refrigerant from a substance. The primary desorber may be defined as any desorber in a multi-effect cooling system that operates at a higher temperature and/or pressure than another desorber in the multi-effect cooling system. The secondary desorber may be defined as any desorber in a multi-effect cooling system that operates at a lower temperature and/or pressure than another desorber in the multi-effect cooling system.
- In absorption type multi-effect cooling systems, the primary desorber is a primary generator that desorbs refrigerant from an absorbent while the secondary desorber is a secondary generator that desorbs refrigerant from an absorbent. The secondary generator operates at a lower temperature and/or pressure than the primary generator. The refrigerant may be water while the absorbent may be lithium bromide (Li—Br).
- In adsorption type multi-effect cooling systems, the primary desorber is one of at least two primary adsorber chambers that desorbs refrigerant from an adsorbent while the secondary desorber is one of at least two secondary adsorber chambers that desorbs refrigerant from an adsorbent. The refrigerant may be water while the adsorbent may be silica gel.
- Reference is also made to heat generated by an engine having an exhaust system and a cooling system. The heat generated by the engine may be defined as any heat produced as a result of fuel combustion by the engine. The engine may be any liquid cooled combustion engine that produces heat. The exhaust system may be defined as a system of pipes or conduits that carry waste gases and heat from the combustion engine to a predetermined location, usually outside of a compartment housing the engine. The cooling system may be defined as a system of pipes or conduits that carry a liquid from the engine to a radiator, which cools the liquid and returns it to the engine, in order to reduce the engine's temperature. In regards to the engine, reference is also made to a vehicle having the engine. The vehicle may be defined as any mobile apparatus including an engine as defined above. For example, the vehicle may be a boat, airplane, truck, car, train, or any other mobile device having an engine that generates heat.
- According to an example of the invention, a multi-effect cooling system operates to cool an area. The area may include an insulated room or container for holding items (food and medicine are examples) at a predetermined temperature. The area may also include a room or container for holding heat producing devices such as electrical equipment. Additionally, the area may include a room or compartment occupied by a humans or animals. For example, the area may be the interior of a passenger car, a cabin on an airplane, a room located within a cruise ship, a data center located on a tractor-trailer, or simply an insulated storage compartment. The multi-effect cooling system may be located on a vehicle or on a static structure such as a building.
- The multi-effect cooling system operates utilizing heat generated from an engine having an exhaust system and a cooling system. In general, the multi-effect cooling system includes a primary desorber and a secondary desorber and makes use of heat generated in one component to supply heat to the secondary desorber in order to increase the coefficient of performance for the entire system. In this manner, the total amount of energy required for cooling is reduced which saves money for the user and reduces strain on environmental resources, such as, coal, oil, and natural gas. The coefficient of performance for a multi-effect cooling system may be further increased by applying additional heat to the secondary desorber from another source. In the multi-effect cooling system, the primary desorber operates using heat from the exhaust system of the engine (in temperatures ranging from 300 to 800 degrees Celsius) while the secondary desorber operates using heat from the cooling system of the engine (in temperatures ranging from 80 to 90 degrees Celsius) in addition to heat generated from other components in the multi-effect cooling system.
- In an example, the multi-effect cooling system may be a multi-effect absorption system including a primary generator (as the primary desorber), a secondary generator (as the secondary desorber), a primary condenser, a secondary condenser, an absorber, and an evaporator. The primary generator operates using heat from the exhaust system while the secondary generator operates using heat from the cooling system. In addition, the secondary generator may also operate using heat collected from the primary condenser. Under some circumstances, waste heat produced from a device being cooled by the multi-effect cooling system may be used to operate the secondary generator.
- In another example, the multi-effect cooling system may be a multi-effect absorption system including a primary generator (as the primary desorber), a secondary generator (as the secondary desorber), a condenser, a primary absorber, a secondary absorber, and an evaporator. The primary generator operates using heat from the exhaust system while the secondary generator operates using heat from the cooling system. In addition, the secondary generator may also operate using heat collected from the primary absorber. Under some circumstances, waste heat produced from a device being cooled by the multi-effect cooling system may be used to operate the secondary generator.
- In another example, the multi-effect cooling system may be a multi-effect adsorption system including a primary adsorber chamber (as the primary desorber), a secondary adsorber chamber (as the secondary desorber), a primary condenser, a secondary condenser, another primary adsorber chamber, another secondary adsorber chamber, and an evaporator. The primary adsorber chamber operates using heat from the exhaust system while the secondary adsorber chamber operates using heat from the cooling system. In addition, the secondary adsorber chamber may also operate using heat collected from the primary condenser. Under some circumstances, waste heat produced from a device being cooled by the multi-effect cooling system may be used to operate the secondary adsorber chamber.
- In another example, the multi-effect cooling system may be a multi-effect adsorption system including a primary adsorber chamber (as the primary desorber), a secondary adsorber chamber (as the secondary desorber), a condenser, another primary adsorber chamber, another secondary adsorber chamber, and an evaporator. The primary adsorber chamber operates using heat from the exhaust system while the secondary adsorber chamber operates using heat from the cooling system. In addition, the secondary adsorber chamber may also operate using heat collected from the primary adsorber chamber. Under some circumstances, waste heat produced from a device being cooled by the multi-effect cooling system may be used to operate the secondary adsorber chamber.
- In any of the examples described above, heat may be generated from components of the multi-effect cooling system such as condensers and absorbers. Efficiencies may be improved by dissipating this heat to the environment using air moving relative to a vehicle or water in contact with the vehicle. For example, moving air channeled through a radiator may dissipate heat generated by a condenser and thus increase the overall efficiency of the multi-effect cooling system. In another example, a heat exchanger, such as a heat transfer plate, in contact with a body of water, such as an ocean or lake, may dissipate heat generated by an absorber and may thus increase the overall efficiency of the multi-effect cooling system.
- According to examples of the invention, total efficiency of the engine and multi-effect cooling system, taken as a unit, may be increased through a variety of manners. For instance, heat from the exhaust system would normally be wasted. However, the primary desorber of the multi-effect cooling system uses the exhaust heat to operate. Therefore, the engine does not need to operate additional electrical power generators or compressors to cool an area, thus reducing the total load on the engine. In addition, extra energy used to cool the engine itself, such as energy used to operate a radiator fan, is reduced by using heat from the cooling fluid to operate the secondary desorber. This provides a dual benefit by reducing energy consumption of the engine and increasing the coefficient of performance of the multi-effect cooling system. Additionally, using heat from the cooling system may reduce the amount of heat supplied to the primary desorber from the exhaust system. This may reduce pressure in the exhaust system reducing the engine's workload and thus increasing the engine's efficiency.
- With reference first to
FIG. 1 , there is shown a block diagram of a vehicle orstatic structure 100 having anengine 102, amulti-effect cooling system 104, and a cooledarea 106. Theengine 102 includes anexhaust system 108 and acooling system 110. Themulti-effect cooling system 104 includes aprimary desorber 112, asecondary desorber 114, and anevaporator 116. Theexhaust system 108 supplies heat to theprimary desorber 112 in any one of a variety of manners. One example includes routing hot exhaust gasses through a conduit represented byarrow 118 to aheat exchanger 120 that then provides heat to theprimary desorber 112. The hot exhaust gasses may then be routed to the environment through a conduit designated byarrow 122. In addition or alternatively, the hot exhaust gases may be routed back to theexhaust system 108 through a conduit designated byarrow 124 for further processing through a catalytic converter or muffler. - The
cooling system 110 supplies heat to thesecondary desorber 114 in any one of a variety of manners. One example includes routing hot cooling fluid through a conduit represented byarrow 126 to aheat exchanger 128 that then provides heat to thesecondary desorber 114. The cooling fluid may then be routed back to thecooling system 110 through a conduit designated byarrow 130. - The
multi-effect cooling system 104 may include additional components as shown and described inFIGS. 2-5B . The additional components may vary in number and type depending on the type ofmulti-effect cooling system 104 employed in the vehicle orstatic structure 100. For example, absorption systems use absorbers and generators while adsorption systems use adsorber chambers for both adsorption and desorption processes. Some of the additional components, designated bybox 132, produce heat that is dissipated to the environment, shown byarrow 134, through aheat exchanger 136. - In one example, the
heat exchanger 136 may represent a pyroelectric device that may be used to generate electricity to charge batteries or provide additional electrical power to various other components from the heat dissipated by thecomponent 132. Examples of suitable pyroelectric devices may be found in co-pending and commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/678,268, filed on Oct. 6, 2003, and entitled, “Converting Heat Generated By A Component To Electrical Energy,” the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. - The
multi-effect cooling system 104 provides cooling to (removes heat from) the cooledarea 106 using theevaporator 116 through any one of a variety of manners. In one example, theevaporator 116 may exchange heat through aheat exchanger 138 removing heat from a fluid that is then routed to the cooledarea 106 through a conduit designated byarrow 140. The fluid absorbs heat from the cooledarea 106 and is routed back to theheat exchanger 138 through a conduit designated byarrow 142. - Referring now to
FIG. 2 , there is shown a simplified model of amulti-effect absorption system 200 according to an embodiment of the invention. Themulti-effect absorption system 200 illustrated inFIG. 2 is a double-effect double-condenser absorption system and includes anevaporator 202, anabsorber 204, a secondary generator 206 (also known as asecondary desorber 114 shown inFIG. 1 ), a primary generator 208 (also known as aprimary desorber 112 shown inFIG. 1 ), aprimary condenser 210 and asecondary condenser 212. In general, absorption systems use a refrigerant and an absorbent. For example, an absorption system may use an ammonia/water combination, a water/lithium bromide combination, or the like. The refrigerant vaporizes in theevaporator 202 thereby absorbingheat Q E 216 from, for instance, cooling fluid heated by heat dissipated from the cooledarea 106 shown inFIG. 1 . The vaporized refrigerant flows to theabsorber 204, as indicated by thearrow 218, and the vaporized refrigerant is absorbed into the absorbent contained in theabsorber 204, thereby dissipatingheat Q A 220. Theheat Q A 220 may be dissipated to the environment throughheat exchanger 136 shown inFIG. 1 . - The absorbent and the absorbed refrigerant flow through the
secondary generator 206 through operation of apump 222 and then to theprimary generator 208 through operation of apump 224, as indicated by thearrows primary generator 208 directly through operation of a pump and direct line (not shown).Heat Q P 230 is supplied into theprimary generator 208 from theexhaust system 108 shown inFIG. 1 and theheat Q P 230 desorbs some of the vaporized refrigerant from the absorbent in theprimary generator 208. The desorbed refrigerant flows to theprimary condenser 210, as indicated by thearrow 232, which condenses the refrigerant and dissipatesheat Q PC 234. The condensed refrigerant flows from theprimary condenser 210 to thesecondary condenser 212 through avalve 236, as indicated by thearrow 238. - The absorbent with the remainder of the absorbed refrigerant then flows from the
primary generator 208 to thesecondary generator 206 through avalve 240, as indicated by thearrow 242.Heat Q PC 234 dissipated from the desorbed refrigerant is supplied from theprimary condenser 210 to thesecondary generator 206. In addition,heat Q CS 244 collected from thecooling system 110 of theengine 102 shown inFIG. 1 is also supplied to thesecondary generator 206. Theheat Q PC 234 andQ CS 244 desorbs additional refrigerant from the absorbent in thesecondary generator 206. Through use of theheat Q CS 244 received from thecooling system 110, the amount of heat necessary for theprimary generator 208 may be reduced. - The additional desorbed refrigerant then flows to the
secondary condenser 206, as indicated by thearrow 246, which condenses the refrigerant and dissipatesheat Q SC 248. Theheat Q SC 248 may be dissipated to the environment through theheat exchanger 136 shown inFIG. 1 . The condensed refrigerant from theprimary condenser 210 contained in thesecondary condenser 212 mixes with the refrigerant condensed from thesecondary condenser 212. The mixed condensed refrigerant then flows through avalve 250 back to theevaporator 202, as indicated by thearrow 252. Through operation of the above-identified process, the refrigerant is returned to a lower temperature and lower pressure state to thereby cool the cooledarea 106. The above-identified process may then be repeated on a substantially continuous basis to provide heat removal from the cooledarea 106 through theevaporator 202. - The absorbent separated from the absorbed refrigerant in the
secondary generator 206 flows back to theabsorber 204 through avalve 254 as indicated by thearrow 256. In this regard, the absorbent may be re-used in absorbing the vaporized refrigerant received from theevaporator 202. -
FIG. 3 shows a simplified model of amulti-effect absorption system 300 according to another embodiment of the invention. Themulti-effect absorption system 300 illustrated inFIG. 3 is a double-effect double-absorber absorption system and includes anevaporator 302, asecondary absorber 304, aprimary absorber 306, a secondary generator 308 (also known as asecondary desorber 114 shown inFIG. 1 ), a primary generator 310 (also known as aprimary desorber 112 shown inFIG. 1 ), and acondenser 312. In general, absorption systems use a refrigerant and an absorbent as described hereinabove. The refrigerant vaporizes in theevaporator 302 thereby absorbingheat Q E 314 from, for instance, cooling fluid heated by heat dissipated from the cooledarea 106 shown inFIG. 1 . The vaporized refrigerant flows to thesecondary absorber 304, as indicated by thearrow 316, and a portion of the vaporized refrigerant is absorbed into a secondary absorbent contained in thesecondary absorber 304, thereby dissipatingheat Q SA 318. Theheat Q SA 318 may be dissipated to the environment through theheat exchanger 136 shown inFIG. 1 . - The absorbent and the absorbed refrigerant flow to the
secondary generator 308 through operation of apump 320, as indicated by thearrow 322. The remaining refrigerant flows to theprimary absorber 306, as indicated by thearrow 324, and the remaining refrigerant is absorbed into a primary absorbent contained in theprimary absorber 306, thereby dissipatingheat Q PA 326. Theheat Q PA 326 is supplied to thesecondary generator 308. - The primary absorbent with the remaining refrigerant flow to the
primary generator 310 through operation of apump 328, as indicated by thearrow 330.Heat Q P 332 is supplied to theprimary generator 310 from theexhaust system 108 shown inFIG. 1 and theheat Q P 332 desorbs most of the refrigerant from the primary absorbent in theprimary generator 310. The desorbed refrigerant flows to thesecondary generator 308, as indicated by thearrow 334. The primary absorbent flows throughvalve 336 to theprimary absorber 306, as indicated by thearrow 338, for re-use in theprimary absorber 306. - As indicated hereinabove,
heat Q PA 326 dissipated from the desorbed refrigerant is supplied from theprimary absorber 306 to thesecondary generator 308. In addition,heat Q CS 340 collected from thecooling system 110 of theengine 102 shown inFIG. 1 is also supplied to thesecondary generator 308. Theheat Q PA 326 andheat Q CS 340 desorbs refrigerant from the secondary absorbent at thesecondary generator 308. Through use of theheat Q CS 340 received from thecooling system 110, the amount of heat necessary for theprimary generator 310 may be reduced. - The secondary absorbent then flows through
valve 342 to thesecondary absorber 304, as indicated by thearrow 344, for re-use in thesecondary absorber 304. The desorbed refrigerant from theprimary generator 310 contained in thesecondary generator 308 mixes with the refrigerant desorbed at thesecondary generator 308. The combined refrigerant then flows to thecondenser 312, as indicated by thearrow 346. Thecondenser 312 generally operates to condense the combined refrigerant and thereby dissipateheat Q C 348. Theheat Q C 348 may be dissipated to the environment throughheat exchanger 136 shown inFIG. 1 . The condensed refrigerant then flows throughvalve 350 back to theevaporator 304, as indicated by thearrow 352. Through operation of the above-identified process, the refrigerant is returned to a lower temperature and lower pressure state to thereby cool the cooledarea 106. The above-identified process may then be repeated on a substantially continuous basis to provide heat removal from the cooledarea 106 through theevaporator 302. - Referring now to
FIGS. 4A and 4B , there is shown, collectively, a simplified model of amulti-effect adsorption system 400 according to an example of the invention.FIG. 4A shows the forward cycle whileFIG. 4B shows the reverse cycle. Some components in themulti-effect adsorption system 400 function as desorbers in the forward cycle and then function as adsorbers in the reverse cycle. As a consequence, some items inFIGS. 4A and 4B are located in different positions in the simplified model. Themulti-effect adsorption system 400 operates according to a reversible process, a forward cycle and a reverse cycle, each of which provides cooling by removing heat in theevaporator 402. Themulti-effect adsorption system 400 is a double-effect double-condenser adsorption system and includes anevaporator 402, a first primary adsorber chamber (PAC1) 404, a second primary adsorber chamber (PAC2) 406 (also known as theprimary desorber 112 shown inFIG. 1 ), a first secondary adsorber chamber (SAC1) 408, a second secondary adsorber chamber (SAC2) 410 (also known as asecondary desorber 114 shown inFIG. 1 ), aprimary condenser 412 and asecondary condenser 414. In general, adsorption systems use a refrigerant and an adsorbent. For example, an adsorption system may use water and silica gel or Kansi carbon combinations. - In the
multi-effect adsorption system 400, the first primary adsorber chamber (PAC1) 404 and the second primary adsorber chamber (PAC2) 406 may be formed as two separate chambers arranged in such a manner as to transfer heat between one another. Similarly, the first secondary adsorber chamber (SAC1) 408 and the second secondary adsorber chamber (SAC2) 410 may be formed as two separate chambers arranged in such a manner as to transfer heat between one another. - Referring now to the forward cycle illustrated in
FIG. 4A , some of the refrigerant vaporizes in theevaporator 402, thereby absorbingheat Q E 416 from, for instance, cooling fluid heated by heat dissipated from the cooledarea 106 shown inFIG. 1 . The vaporized refrigerant flows to the firstsecondary adsorber chamber 408, as indicated by thearrow 418, and the vaporized refrigerant is adsorbed into the adsorbent contained in the firstsecondary adsorber chamber 408, thereby dissipatingheat Q SA 420. Additionally, more of the refrigerant vaporizes in theevaporator 402 thereby absorbingheat Q E 416 from, for instance, cooling fluid heated by adsorbing heat from the cooledarea 106 shown inFIG. 1 . The vaporized refrigerant flows to the firstprimary adsorber chamber 404, as indicated by thearrow 422, and the vaporized refrigerant is adsorbed into the adsorbent contained in the firstprimary adsorber chamber 404, thereby dissipatingheat Q PA 424. Theheat Q SA 420 andQ PA 424 may be dissipated to the environment through theheat exchanger 136 shown inFIG. 1 . - The refrigerant adsorbed into the first
secondary adsorber chamber 408 and the firstprimary adsorber chamber 404 originated from the secondsecondary adsorber chamber 410 and the secondprimary adsorber chamber 406, respectively. Some of the refrigerant is desorbed from the secondprimary adsorber chamber 406.Heat Q P 426 is supplied into the secondprimary adsorber chamber 406 from theexhaust system 108 shown inFIG. 1 and theheat Q P 426 desorbs some of the refrigerant from the adsorbent in the secondprimary adsorber chamber 406. The desorbed refrigerant flows to theprimary condenser 412 as indicated by thearrow 428 which condenses the refrigerant and dissipatesheat Q PC 430. The condensed refrigerant flows from theprimary condenser 412 to thesecondary condenser 414, as indicated by thearrow 432. - Likewise, some of the refrigerant is desorbed from the second
secondary adsorber chamber 410. Theheat Q PC 430 is supplied to the secondsecondary adsorber chamber 410 along with theheat Q CS 434 from thecooling system 110 shown inFIG. 1 and together desorb some of the refrigerant from the adsorbent in the secondsecondary adsorber chamber 410. The desorbed refrigerant flows to thesecondary condenser 414 as indicated by thearrow 436 which condenses the refrigerant and dissipatesheat Q SC 438. The condensed refrigerant then flows from thesecondary condenser 414 to theevaporator 402, as indicated by thearrow 440. Theheat Q SC 438 may be dissipated to the environment through theheat exchanger 136 shown inFIG. 1 . - Referring now to the reverse cycle illustrated in
FIG. 4B , some of the refrigerant vaporizes in theevaporator 402 thereby absorbingheat Q E 416 from, for instance, cooling fluid heated by heat dissipated from the cooledarea 106 shown inFIG. 1 . The vaporized refrigerant flows to the second secondary adsorber chamber (SAC2) 410, as indicated by thearrow 418, and the vaporized refrigerant is adsorbed into the adsorbent contained in the secondsecondary adsorber chamber 410, thereby dissipatingheat Q SA 420. Additionally, more of the refrigerant vaporizes in theevaporator 402 thereby absorbingheat Q E 416 from, for instance, cooling fluid heated by heat dissipated from the cooledarea 106 shown inFIG. 1 . The vaporized refrigerant flows to the second primary adsorber chamber (PAC2) 406, as indicated by thearrow 422, and the vaporized refrigerant is adsorbed into the adsorbent contained in the secondprimary adsorber chamber 406, thereby dissipatingheat Q PA 424. Theheat Q SA 420 and theheat Q PA 424 may be dissipated to the environment through theheat exchanger 136 shown inFIG. 1 . - The refrigerant adsorbed into the second
secondary adsorber chamber 410 and the secondprimary adsorber chamber 406 originated from the first secondary adsorber chamber (SAC1) 408 and the first primary adsorber chamber (PAC1) 404, respectively. Some of the refrigerant is desorbed from the firstprimary adsorber chamber 404.Heat Q P 426 is supplied into the firstprimary adsorber chamber 404 from theexhaust system 108 shown inFIG. 1 and theheat Q P 426 desorbs some of the refrigerant from the adsorbent in the firstprimary adsorber chamber 404. The desorbed refrigerant flows to theprimary condenser 412 as indicated by thearrow 428 which condenses the refrigerant and dissipatesheat Q PC 430. The condensed refrigerant flows from theprimary condenser 412 to thesecondary condenser 414, as indicated by thearrow 432. - Likewise, some of the refrigerant is desorbed from the first
secondary adsorber chamber 408. Theheat Q PC 430 is supplied to the firstsecondary adsorber chamber 408 along with theheat Q CS 434 from thecooling system 110 shown inFIG. 1 and together desorb some of the refrigerant from the adsorbent in the firstsecondary adsorber chamber 408. The desorbed refrigerant flows to thesecondary condenser 414 as indicated by thearrow 436 which condenses the refrigerant and dissipatesheat Q SC 438. The condensed refrigerant then flows from thesecondary condenser 414 to theevaporator 402, as indicated by thearrow 440. Theheat Q SC 438 may be dissipated to the environment through theheat exchanger 136 shown inFIG. 1 . - Referring now to
FIGS. 5A and 5B , there is shown, collectively, a simplified model of amulti-effect adsorption system 500 according to an example of the invention.FIG. 5A shows the forward cycle whileFIG. 5B shows the reverse cycle. Some components in themulti-effect adsorption system 500 function as desorbers in the forward cycle and then function as adsorbers in the reverse cycle. As a consequence, some items inFIGS. 5A and 5B are located in different positions in the simplified model. Themulti-effect adsorption system 500 operates according to a reversible process, a forward cycle and a reverse cycle, each of which provides cooling by removing heat in anevaporator 502.FIG. 5A shows the forward cycle whileFIG. 5B shows the reverse cycle. Themulti-effect adsorption system 500 is a double-effect single-condenser adsorption system and includes anevaporator 502, a first primary adsorber chamber (PAC1) 504, a second primary adsorber chamber (PAC2) 506 (also known as theprimary desorber 112 shown inFIG. 1 ), a first secondary adsorber chamber (SAC1) 508, a second secondary adsorber chamber (SAC2) 510 (also known as asecondary desorber 114 shown inFIG. 1 ), and acondenser 512. In general, adsorption systems use a refrigerant and an adsorbent. For example, an adsorption system may use water and silica gel or Kansi carbon combinations. - In the
multi-effect adsorption system 500, the first primary adsorber chamber (PAC1) 504 and the second primary adsorber chamber (PAC2) 506 may be formed as two separate chambers arranged in such a manner as to transfer heat between one another. Similarly, the first secondary adsorber chamber (SAC1) 508 and the second secondary adsorber chamber (SAC2) 510 may be formed as two separate chambers arranged in such a manner as to transfer heat between one another. - Referring now to the forward cycle illustrated in
FIG. 5A , some of the refrigerant vaporizes in theevaporator 502 thereby absorbingheat Q E 514 from, for instance, cooling fluid heated by heat dissipated from the cooledarea 106 shown inFIG. 1 . The vaporized refrigerant flows to the firstsecondary adsorber chamber 508, as indicated by thearrow 516, and the vaporized refrigerant is adsorbed into the adsorbent contained in the firstsecondary adsorber chamber 508, thereby dissipatingheat Q SA 518. Theheat Q SA 518 may be dissipated to the environment through theheat exchanger 136 shown inFIG. 1 . Additionally, more of the refrigerant vaporizes in theevaporator 502 thereby absorbingheat Q E 514 from, for instance, cooling fluid heated by heat dissipated from the cooledarea 106 shown inFIG. 1 . The vaporized refrigerant flows to the firstprimary adsorber chamber 504, as indicated by thearrow 520, and the vaporized refrigerant is adsorbed into the adsorbent contained in the firstprimary adsorber chamber 504, thereby dissipatingheat Q PA 522. - The refrigerant adsorbed into the first
secondary adsorber chamber 508 and the firstprimary adsorber chamber 504 originated from the secondsecondary adsorber chamber 510 and the secondprimary adsorber chamber 506, respectively. Some of the refrigerant is desorbed from the secondprimary adsorber chamber 506.Heat Q P 524 is supplied into the secondprimary adsorber chamber 506 from theexhaust system 108 shown inFIG. 1 and theheat Q P 524 desorbs some of the refrigerant from the adsorbent in the secondprimary adsorber chamber 506. The desorbed refrigerant flows to thecondenser 512 as indicated by thearrow 526 which condenses the refrigerant and dissipatesheat Q C 528. - Likewise, some of the refrigerant is desorbed from the second
secondary adsorber chamber 510. Theheat Q PA 522 is supplied to the secondsecondary adsorber chamber 510 along with theheat Q CS 530 from thecooling system 110 shown inFIG. 1 and together desorb some of the refrigerant from the adsorbent in the secondsecondary adsorber chamber 510. The desorbed refrigerant flows to thecondenser 512 as indicated by thearrow 532 which condenses the refrigerant and dissipatesheat Q C 528. The condensed refrigerant then flows from thecondenser 512 to theevaporator 502, as indicated by thearrow 534. Theheat Q C 528 may be dissipated to the environment through theheat exchanger 136 shown inFIG. 1 . - Referring now to the reverse cycle illustrated in
FIG. 5B , some of the refrigerant vaporizes in theevaporator 502 thereby absorbingheat Q E 514 from, for instance, cooling fluid heated by heat dissipated from the cooledarea 106 shown inFIG. 1 . The vaporized refrigerant flows to the secondsecondary adsorber chamber 510, as indicated by thearrow 516, and the vaporized refrigerant is adsorbed into the adsorbent contained in the secondsecondary adsorber chamber 510, thereby dissipating theheat Q SA 518. Theheat Q SA 518 may be dissipated to the environment throughheat exchanger 136 shown inFIG. 1 . Additionally, more of the refrigerant vaporizes in theevaporator 502 thereby absorbingheat Q E 514 from, for instance, cooling fluid heated by heat dissipated from the cooledarea 106 shown inFIG. 1 . The vaporized refrigerant flows to the secondprimary adsorber chamber 506, as indicated by thearrow 520, and the vaporized refrigerant is adsorbed into the adsorbent contained in the secondprimary adsorber chamber 506, thereby dissipating theheat Q PA 522. - The refrigerant adsorbed into the second
secondary adsorber chamber 510 and the secondprimary adsorber chamber 506 originated from the firstsecondary adsorber chamber 508 and the firstprimary adsorber chamber 504, respectively. Some of the refrigerant is desorbed from the firstprimary adsorber chamber 504.Heat Q P 524 is supplied into the firstprimary adsorber chamber 504 from theexhaust system 108 shown inFIG. 1 and theheat Q P 524 desorbs some of the refrigerant from the adsorbent in the firstprimary adsorber chamber 504. The desorbed refrigerant flows to thecondenser 512 as indicated by thearrow 526 which condenses the refrigerant and dissipatesheat Q C 528. - Likewise, some of the refrigerant is desorbed from the first
secondary adsorber chamber 508. Theheat Q PA 522 is supplied to the firstsecondary adsorber chamber 508 along with theheat Q CS 530 from thecooling system 110 shown inFIG. 1 and together desorb some of the refrigerant from the adsorbent in the firstsecondary adsorber chamber 508. The desorbed refrigerant flows to thecondenser 512 as indicated by thearrow 532 which condenses the refrigerant and dissipatesheat Q C 528. The condensed refrigerant then flows to theevaporator 502, as indicated by thearrow 534. Theheat Q C 528 may be dissipated to the environment through theheat exchanger 136 shown inFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 6 shows a flow diagram of anoperational mode 600 depicting a manner in which a multi-effect cooling system may be implemented in accordance with an example of the invention. The following description of theoperational mode 600 is made with reference to the block diagram 100 illustrated inFIG. 1 , and thus makes reference to the elements cited therein. The following description of theoperational mode 600 is one manner in which themulti-effect cooling system 104 may be implemented. In this respect, it is to be understood that the following description of theoperational mode 600 is but one manner of a variety of different manners in which such amulti-effect cooling system 104 may be operated. - In the
operational mode 600, themulti-effect cooling system 104 is operated utilizing heat from theengine 102. Theexhaust system 108 heats theprimary desorber 112 atstep 602. Thecooling system 110 heats thesecondary desorber 114 at step 604. Manners in which heat from theengine 102 may be transferred to themulti-effect cooling system 104 are described in greater detail with respect toFIG. 1 . In addition, theexhaust system 108 and thecooling system 110 provide substantially all of the power used to operate themulti-effect cooling system 104. -
FIG. 7 shows a flow diagram of anoperational mode 700 depicting a manner in which a multi-effect cooling system may be implemented according to an example of the invention. The following description of theoperational mode 700 is made with reference to the block diagram 100 andschematic illustration 200 illustrated inFIGS. 1 and 2 , respectively, and thus makes reference to the elements cited therein. The following description of theoperational mode 700 is one manner in which the multi-effect cooling system may be implemented. In this respect, it is to be understood that the following description of theoperational mode 700 is but one manner of a variety of different manners in which such amulti-effect cooling system 104 may be operated. - In the
operational mode 700, theexhaust system 108 of theengine 102 heats theprimary generator 208 of themulti-effect absorption system 200 at step 702. Theheat Q P 230 provides the primary source of energy to themulti-effect absorption system 200 for cooling the cooledarea 106. Thecooling system 110 of theengine 102 heats thesecondary generator 206 of themulti-effect absorption system 200 at step 704. Theheat Q CS 244 provides a secondary source of energy to themulti-effect absorption system 200. Additionally, heat dissipated by theprimary condenser 210 may be collected atstep 706. The collected heat may then be transferred to thesecondary generator 206 to provide an additional source of energy to themulti-effect absorption system 200 atstep 708. The heat may be collected and transferred in a variety of manners including, but not limited to, using heat pipes and/or thermosiphons (not shown) to collect and transfer heat from theprimary condenser 210 to thesecondary generator 206. For example, an evaporator of the heat pipe or thermosiphon may be wrapped around theprimary condenser 210 while a condenser of the heat pipe or thermosiphon may be wrapped around thesecondary generator 206. - In any respect, during operation of the
multi-effect absorption system 200, both thesecondary condenser 212 and theabsorber 204produce heat Q SC 248 andheat Q A 220, respectively, which may be dissipated to the environment in a variety of manners. For instance, theheat exchanger 136 may disperse theheat Q SC 248 and/or theheat Q A 220 to the environment using air moving relative to thevehicle 100 having theengine 102 at step 710. Step 710 may be implemented if the vehicle is a ship, automobile, train, airplane, or any other mobile vehicle. In another example, theheat exchanger 136 may disperse theheat Q SC 248 and/orheat Q A 220 to the environment using water in contact with thevehicle 100 having theengine 102 at step 712. Step 712 may be implemented if the vehicle is a ship, submarine, amphibious vehicle, or any other vehicle which moves in an aquatic environment. In another example,heat Q SC 248 andheat Q A 220 may be converted into electricity using a pyroelectric device atstep 714, in manners as described herein above with respect to theheat exchanger 136. -
FIG. 8 shows a flow diagram of anoperational mode 800 depicting a manner in which a multi-effect cooling system may be implemented in accordance with an example of the invention. The following description of theoperational mode 800 is made with reference to the block diagram 100 andschematic illustration 300 illustrated inFIGS. 1 and 3 , respectively, and thus makes reference to the elements cited therein. The following description of theoperational mode 800 is one manner in which themulti-effect cooling system 104 may be implemented. In this respect, it is to be understood that the following description of theoperational mode 800 is but one manner of a variety of different manners in which such a multi-effect cooling system may be operated. - In the
operational mode 800, theexhaust system 108 of theengine 102 heats theprimary generator 310 of themulti-effect absorption system 300 at step 802. Theheat Q P 322 provides the primary source of energy to themulti-effect absorption system 300 for cooling the cooledarea 106. Thecooling system 110 of theengine 102 heats thesecondary generator 308 of themulti-effect absorption system 300 at step 704. Theheat Q CS 340 provides a secondary source of energy to themulti-effect absorption system 300. Additionally, heat dissipated by theprimary absorber 306 may be collected atstep 806. The collected heat may then be transferred to thesecondary generator 308 to provide an additional source of energy to themulti-effect absorption system 300 atstep 808. The heat may be collected and transferred in a variety of manners including, but not limited to, using heat pipes and/or thermosiphons (not shown) to collect and transfer heat from theprimary absorber 306 to thesecondary generator 308. For example, an evaporator of the heat pipe or thermosiphon may be wrapped around theprimary absorber 306 while a condenser of the heat pipe or thermosiphon may be wrapped around thesecondary generator 308. - In any regard, during operation of the
multi-effect absorption system 300, both thecondenser 312 and thesecondary absorber 318produce heat Q C 348 andheat Q SA 318, respectively, which may be dissipated to the environment in a variety of manners. For instance, theheat exchanger 136 may disperse theheat Q C 348 and/or theheat Q SA 318 to the environment using air moving relative to thevehicle 100 having theengine 102 at step 810. Step 810 may be implemented if the vehicle is a ship, automobile, train, airplane, or any other mobile vehicle. In another example, theheat exchanger 136 may disperse theheat Q C 348 and/orheat Q SA 318 to the environment using water in contact with thevehicle 100 having theengine 102 at step 812. Step 812 may be implemented if the vehicle is a ship, submarine, amphibious vehicle, or any other vehicle which moves in an aquatic environment. In another example,heat Q C 348 andheat Q SA 318 may be converted into electricity using a pyroelectric device atstep 814. -
FIG. 9 shows a flow diagram of anoperational mode 900 depicting a manner in which a multi-effect cooling system may be implemented according to an example of the invention. The following description of theoperational mode 900 is made with reference to the block diagram 100 andschematic illustration 400 illustrated inFIGS. 1 and 4 A-4B, respectively, and thus makes reference to the elements cited therein. The following description of theoperational mode 900 is one manner in which themulti-effect cooling system 104 may be implemented. In this respect, it is to be understood that the following description of theoperational mode 900 is but one manner of a variety of different manners in which such amulti-effect cooling system 104 may be operated. - In the
operational mode 900, theexhaust system 108 of theengine 102 heats the secondprimary adsorber chamber 406 of themulti-effect adsorption system 400 at step 902. Theheat Q P 426 provides the primary source of energy to themulti-effect adsorption system 400 for cooling the cooledarea 106. Thecooling system 110 of theengine 102 heats the secondsecondary adsorber chamber 410 of themulti-effect adsorption system 400 at step 904. Theheat Q CS 434 provides a secondary source of energy to themulti-effect adsorption system 400. Additionally, heat dissipated by theprimary condenser 412 may be collected atstep 906. The collected heat may then be transferred to the secondsecondary adsorber chamber 410 to provide an additional source of energy to themulti-effect adsorption system 400 atstep 908. The heat may be collected and transferred in a variety of manners including, but not limited to, using heat pipes and/or thermosiphons to collect and transfer heat from theprimary condenser 412 to thesecondary adsorber chamber 410. For example, an evaporator of the heat pipe or thermosiphon may be wrapped around theprimary condenser 412 while a condenser of the heat pipe or thermosiphon may be wrapped around thesecondary adsorber chamber 410. - In any respect, during operation of the
multi-effect adsorption system 400, thesecondary condenser 438, the firstsecondary adsorber chamber 408, and the firstprimary adsorber chamber 404produce heat Q SC 438,heat Q SA 420, andheat Q PA 424, respectively, which may be dissipated to the environment in a variety of manners. For instance, theheat exchanger 136 may disperse theheat Q SC 438, theheat Q SA 420, and/or theheat Q PA 424 to the environment using air moving relative to thevehicle 100 having theengine 102 at step 910. Step 910 may be implemented if the vehicle is a ship, automobile, train, airplane, or any other mobile vehicle. In another example, theheat exchanger 136 may disperse theheat Q SC 438, theheat Q SA 420, and/or theheat Q PA 424 to the environment using water in contact with thevehicle 100 having theengine 102 at step 912. Step 912 may be implemented if the vehicle is a ship, submarine, amphibious vehicle, or any other vehicle which moves in an aquatic environment. In another example,heat Q SA 420 andheat Q PA 424 may be converted into electricity using a pyroelectric device atstep 914. -
FIG. 10 shows a flow diagram of anoperational mode 1000 depicting a manner in which a multi-effect cooling system may be implemented according to an example of the invention. The following description of theoperational mode 1000 is made with reference to the block diagram 100 andschematic illustration 500 illustrated inFIGS. 1 and 5 A-5B, respectively, and thus makes reference to the elements cited therein. The following description of theoperational mode 1000 is one manner in which themulti-effect cooling system 104 may be implemented. In this respect, it is to be understood that the following description of theoperational mode 1000 is but one manner of a variety of different manners in which such amulti-effect cooling system 104 may be operated. - In the
operational mode 1000, theexhaust system 108 of theengine 102 heats the secondprimary adsorber chamber 506 of themulti-effect adsorption system 500 at step 1002. Theheat Q P 524 provides the primary source of energy to themulti-effect adsorption system 500 for cooling the cooledarea 106. Thecooling system 110 of theengine 102 heats the secondsecondary adsorber chamber 510 of themulti-effect adsorption system 500 at step 1004. Theheat Q CS 530 provides a secondary source of energy to themulti-effect adsorption system 500. Additionally, heat dissipated by the firstprimary adsorber chamber 504 may be collected atstep 1006. The collected heat may then be transferred to the secondsecondary adsorber chamber 510 to provide an additional source of energy to themulti-effect adsorption system 500 atstep 1008. The heat may be collected and transferred in a variety of manners including, but not limited to, using heat pipes and/or thermosiphons to collect and transfer heat from the firstprimary adsorber chamber 504 to the secondsecondary adsorber chamber 510. For example, an evaporator of the heat pipe or thermosiphon may be wrapped around theprimary absorber chamber 504 while a condenser of the heat pipe or thermosiphon may be wrapped around thesecondary adsorber chamber 510. - In any respect, during operation of the
multi-effect adsorption system 500, thecondenser 528 and the firstsecondary adsorber chamber 508produce heat Q C 528 andheat Q SA 518, respectively, which may be dissipated to the environment in a variety of manners. For instance, theheat exchanger 136 may disperse theheat Q C 528 and/or theheat Q SA 518 to the environment using air moving relative to thevehicle 100 having theengine 102 at step 1010. Step 1010 may be implemented if the vehicle is a ship, automobile, train, airplane, or any other mobile vehicle. In another example, theheat exchanger 136 may disperse theheat Q C 528 and/or theheat Q SA 518 to the environment using water in contact with thevehicle 100 having theengine 102 at step 1012. Step 1012 may be implemented if the vehicle is a ship, submarine, amphibious vehicle, or any other vehicle which moves in an aquatic environment. In another example,heat Q C 528 andheat Q SA 518 may be converted into electricity using a pyroelectric device atstep 1014. - The steps illustrated in the
operational modes multi-effect cooling system 104 may open or close valves that route exhaust gases and/or cooling fluid to the desorbers thus providing the desorbers with energy to operate. In an automatic implementation, valves may be controlled by a control system. Additionally, the control system may contain a utility, program, subprogram, in any desired computer accessible medium. Furthermore, theoperational modes - Examples of suitable computer readable storage devices include conventional computer system RAM (random access memory), ROM (read only memory), EPROM (erasable, programmable ROM), EEPROM (electrically erasable, programmable ROM), and magnetic or optical disks or tapes. Examples of computer readable signals, whether modulated using a carrier or not, are signals that a computer system hosting or running the computer program can be configured to access, including signals downloaded through the Internet or other networks. Concrete examples of the foregoing include distribution of the programs on a CD ROM or via Internet download. In a sense, the Internet itself, as an abstract entity, is a computer readable medium. The same is true of computer networks in general. It is therefore to be understood that those functions enumerated below may be performed by any electronic device capable of executing the above-described functions.
- As described hereinabove, the amount of heat supplied to the
primary desorber 112 may be reduced based upon the amount of heat supplied to thesecondary desorber 114. Thus, for instance, if a greater volume or higher temperature heat is supplied to thesecondary desorber 114, the amount of heat supplied from theexhaust system 108 may be relatively reduced, reducing the pressure in theexhaust system 108 of theengine 102 and thereby increasing efficiency of theengine 102. Additionally, efficiency of themulti-effect cooling system 104 increases because of the increase in the coefficient of performance due to the use of heat from thecooling system 110 of theengine 102. - For instance, an improvement to the coefficient of performance is obtained from the arrangements described above. The coefficient of performance of a multi-effect cooling system may be given by the following equation:
Typically, QCS is zero in multi-effect cycles because the heat requirement in the secondary desorber is fulfilled by QX, heat obtained from another component. This leads to higher coefficients of performance compared to single effect cooling cycles. - By virtue of the arrangements described herein above, additional QCS from the
cooling system 110 can reduce the QP consumed by the cycle without changing the delivered cooling (that is, QE). In one respect, because any reduction in QP will improve the COP, as shown in the equation above, the COP may be improved with the additional QCS from thecooling system 110 of the engine. This change may improve the COP by as much as 100%. Therefore, according to embodiments of the invention the COP of a multi-effect cooling system may be improved. - Additionally, the second law efficiency is improved from the arrangements shown above. The second law efficiency (ηII) is defined as a ratio of actual work (W) over the available work (Wmax). The available work is defined as a product of the heat added to the system and the Carnot efficiency. In embodiments of the invention, the available work is the total power supplied by the
engine 102 for cooling the cooledarea 106. - In addition, the lost work (Wlost) is the heat rejected to the environment times the Carnot efficiency.
-
- where To is the ambient temperature.
- Any utilization of heat (QCS) for cooling of the cooled
area 106 reduces the Wlost significantly and generally improves the second law efficiency of multi-effect cooling systems. - By virtue of certain examples, heat generated through operation of an engine may be supplied to a multi-effect cooling system, either absorption or adsorption types, to cool cooling fluid delivered to a cooled area. In one regard, the heat QCS collected from the cooling system of the engine, reduces the amount of energy used by the engine to cool itself. The reduction increases the efficiency of the engine. A dual efficiency increase may be obtained though implementation of examples of the multi-effect cooling systems described herein.
- What has been described and illustrated herein are examples of multi-effect cooling systems along with some of variations. The terms, descriptions and figures used herein are set forth by way of illustration only and are not meant as limitations. Those skilled in the art will recognize that many variations are possible within the spirit and scope of the examples, which are intended to be defined by the following claims—and their equivalents—in which all terms are meant in their broadest reasonable sense unless otherwise indicated.
Claims (34)
1. A method of operating a multi-effect cooling system, including a primary desorber and a secondary desorber, utilizing heat generated from an engine having an exhaust system and cooling system, the method comprising:
heating the primary desorber using heat from the exhaust system; and
heating the secondary desorber using heat from the cooling system.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the step of heating the primary desorber comprises heating a primary generator, wherein the step of heating the secondary desorber comprises heating a secondary generator, and wherein the primary desorber comprises the primary generator and the secondary desorber comprises the secondary generator.
3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the multi-effect cooling system further includes a primary condenser, the method further comprising:
collecting heat dissipated by the primary condenser; and
transferring the collected heat from the primary condenser to the secondary generator.
4. The method according to claim 3 , further comprising:
collecting and transferring the collected heat using at least one of a heat pipe and a thermosiphon.
5. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the multi-effect cooling system further includes an absorber and a secondary condenser and wherein the engine is contained on a vehicle, the method further comprising:
dispersing heat generated from at least one of the absorber and the secondary condenser using air moving relative to the vehicle.
6. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the multi-effect cooling system further includes an absorber and a secondary condenser and wherein the engine is contained on a vehicle, the method further comprising:
dispersing heat generated from at least one of the absorber and the secondary condenser using water in contact with the vehicle.
7. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the multi-effect cooling system further includes a primary absorber, the method further comprising:
collecting heat dissipated by the primary absorber; and
transferring the collected heat from the primary absorber to the secondary generator.
8. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the multi-effect cooling system further includes a condenser and a secondary absorber and wherein the engine is contained on a vehicle, the method further comprising:
dispersing heat generated from at least one of the condenser and the secondary absorber using air moving relative to the vehicle.
9. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the multi-effect cooling system further includes a condenser and a secondary absorber and wherein the engine is contained on a vehicle, the method further comprising:
dispersing heat generated from at least one of the condenser and the secondary absorber using water in contact with the vehicle.
10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the step of heating the primary desorber comprises heating a primary adsorber chamber, wherein the step of heating the secondary desorber comprises heating a secondary adsorber chamber, and wherein the primary desorber comprises the primary adsorber chamber and the secondary desorber comprises the secondary adsorber chamber.
11. The method according to claim 10 , wherein the multi-effect cooling system further includes a primary condenser, the method further comprising:
collecting heat dissipated by the primary condenser; and
transferring the collected heat from the primary condenser to the secondary adsorber chamber.
12. The method according to claim 11 , further comprising:
collecting and transferring the collected heat using at least one of a heat pipe and a thermosiphon.
13. The method according to claim 10 , wherein the multi-effect cooling system further includes a secondary condenser and wherein the engine is contained on a vehicle, the method further comprising:
dispersing heat generated from at least one of the secondary adsorber chamber and the secondary condenser using at least one of air and water outside of the vehicle.
14. The method according to claim 10 , the method further comprising:
collecting heat dissipated by the primary adsorber chamber; and
transferring the collected heat from the primary adsorber chamber to the secondary adsorber chamber.
15. The method according to claim 14 , wherein the multi-effect cooling system further includes a condenser and wherein the engine is contained on a vehicle, the method further comprising:
dispersing heat generated from at least one of the condenser and the secondary adsorber chamber using at least one of air and water outside of the vehicle.
16. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the cooling system includes a cooling fluid for collecting heat dissipated by the engine and wherein the step of heating the secondary desorber comprises heating the secondary desorber with heat collected from the engine by the cooling fluid.
17. A vehicle comprising:
an engine having an exhaust system and a cooling system, both the exhaust system and cooling system conveying heat generated from the engine;
a multi-effect cooling system having a primary desorber and a secondary desorber;
means for heating the primary desorber using heat from the exhaust system of the engine; and
means for heating the secondary desorber using heat from the cooling system of the engine.
18. The vehicle of claim 17 , further comprising:
means for removing heat from the multi-effect cooling system using at least one of air moving relative to the vehicle and water outside of the vehicle.
19. The vehicle of claim 17 , further comprising:
means for reusing heat generated from the multi-effect cooling system.
20. The vehicle of claim 17 , wherein the primary desorber further comprises:
means for desorbing a refrigerant from a solid adsorbent.
21. The vehicle of claim 17 , wherein the primary desorber further comprises:
means for desorbing a refrigerant from a liquid absorbent.
22. A multi-effect cooling system for a vehicle including an engine having an exhaust system and a cooling system, the cooling system comprising:
a primary desorber;
a secondary desorber;
a primary heat exchanger for supplying heat to the primary desorber from the exhaust system; and
a secondary heat exchanger for supplying heat to the secondary desorber from the cooling system.
23. The multi-effect cooling system of claim 22 , wherein the primary desorber comprises a primary generator and the secondary desorber comprises a secondary generator.
24. The multi-effect cooling system of claim 23 , further comprising a primary condenser and wherein the secondary heat exchanger also supplies heat to the secondary generator from the primary condenser.
25. The multi-effect cooling system of claim 24 , further comprising:
an absorber;
a secondary condenser; and
a third heat exchanger for dissipating heat generated from the absorber or the secondary condenser.
26. The multi-effect cooling system of claim 25 , further comprising:
a pyroelectric device for converting the dissipated heat to electrical energy.
27. The multi-effect cooling system of claim 23 , further comprising a primary absorber and wherein the secondary heat exchanger also supplies heat to the secondary generator from the primary adsorber.
28. The multi-effect cooling system of claim 27 , further comprising:
a secondary absorber;
a condenser; and
a third heat exchanger for dissipating heat generated from the secondary absorber or the condenser.
29. The multi-effect cooling system of claim 22 , wherein the primary desorber comprises a primary adsorber chamber and the secondary desorber comprises a secondary adsorber chamber.
30. The multi-effect cooling system of claim 29 , further comprising a primary condenser and wherein the secondary heat exchanger also supplies heat to the secondary adsorber chamber from the primary condenser.
31. The multi-effect cooling system of claim 30 , further comprising:
a secondary condenser; and
a third heat exchanger for dissipating heat generated from the primary adsorber chamber or the secondary condenser.
32. The multi-effect cooling system of claim 31 , further comprising:
a pyroelectric device for converting the dissipated heat to electrical energy.
33. The multi-effect cooling system of claim 29 , wherein the secondary heat exchanger also supplies heat to the secondary adsorber from the primary adsorber.
34. The multi-effect cooling system of claim 33 , further comprising:
a condenser; and
a third heat exchanger for dissipating heat generated from the secondary absorber or the condenser.
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/993,518 US20060107674A1 (en) | 2004-11-22 | 2004-11-22 | Multi-effect cooling system utilizing heat from an engine |
PCT/US2005/039914 WO2006137930A2 (en) | 2004-11-22 | 2005-10-31 | A multi-effect cooling system utilizing heat from an engine |
CNA2005800469117A CN101103234A (en) | 2004-11-22 | 2005-10-31 | A multi-effect cooling system utilizing heat from an engine |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/993,518 US20060107674A1 (en) | 2004-11-22 | 2004-11-22 | Multi-effect cooling system utilizing heat from an engine |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20060107674A1 true US20060107674A1 (en) | 2006-05-25 |
Family
ID=36459686
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/993,518 Abandoned US20060107674A1 (en) | 2004-11-22 | 2004-11-22 | Multi-effect cooling system utilizing heat from an engine |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20060107674A1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101103234A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2006137930A2 (en) |
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US20060082263A1 (en) * | 2004-10-15 | 2006-04-20 | American Power Conversion Corporation | Mobile data center |
US20110240281A1 (en) * | 2010-03-31 | 2011-10-06 | Industrial Idea Partners, Inc. | Liquid-Based Cooling System For Data Centers Having Proportional Flow Control Device |
JP2012020731A (en) * | 2010-07-13 | 2012-02-02 | Meyer Werft Gmbh | Marine vessel equipped with at least one refrigerator |
US20120031131A1 (en) * | 2009-02-03 | 2012-02-09 | Vladimir Danov | Vehicle, in particular motor vehicle, having absoption refrigerating machine |
US8146374B1 (en) * | 2009-02-13 | 2012-04-03 | Source IT Energy, LLC | System and method for efficient utilization of energy generated by a utility plant |
US20150323236A1 (en) * | 2010-07-13 | 2015-11-12 | Ingersoll-Rand Company | Compressor Waste Heat Driven Cooling System |
US20160320106A1 (en) * | 2013-04-11 | 2016-11-03 | Carrier Corporation | Combined vapor absorption and mechanical compression cycle design |
DE102017200409A1 (en) * | 2017-01-12 | 2018-07-12 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | VEHICLE AND METHOD FOR AIR-CONDITIONING A VEHICLE |
DE102017200412A1 (en) * | 2017-01-12 | 2018-07-12 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | VEHICLE AND METHOD FOR AIR-CONDITIONING A VEHICLE |
US10571165B2 (en) | 2015-05-29 | 2020-02-25 | Thermo King Corporation | Sorption system in a transport refrigeration system |
EP3792088A1 (en) * | 2019-09-16 | 2021-03-17 | Evonik Operations GmbH | Vehicle system and process for efficient use of waste heat from the power unit |
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US10648712B1 (en) | 2017-08-16 | 2020-05-12 | Florida A&M University | Microwave assisted hybrid solar vapor absorption refrigeration systems |
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DE102017200409A1 (en) * | 2017-01-12 | 2018-07-12 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | VEHICLE AND METHOD FOR AIR-CONDITIONING A VEHICLE |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN101103234A (en) | 2008-01-09 |
WO2006137930A3 (en) | 2007-02-08 |
WO2006137930A2 (en) | 2006-12-28 |
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