US20060060730A1 - Adjustable screw-in post support - Google Patents
Adjustable screw-in post support Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20060060730A1 US20060060730A1 US11/199,501 US19950105A US2006060730A1 US 20060060730 A1 US20060060730 A1 US 20060060730A1 US 19950105 A US19950105 A US 19950105A US 2006060730 A1 US2006060730 A1 US 2006060730A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- post
- shaft
- post support
- curved
- receiving unit
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- DJGAAPFSPWAYTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M metamizole sodium Chemical compound [Na+].O=C1C(N(CS([O-])(=O)=O)C)=C(C)N(C)N1C1=CC=CC=C1 DJGAAPFSPWAYTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010257 thawing Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
- E04H12/00—Towers; Masts or poles; Chimney stacks; Water-towers; Methods of erecting such structures
- E04H12/22—Sockets or holders for poles or posts
- E04H12/2253—Mounting poles or posts to the holder
- E04H12/2269—Mounting poles or posts to the holder in a socket
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
- E04H12/00—Towers; Masts or poles; Chimney stacks; Water-towers; Methods of erecting such structures
- E04H12/22—Sockets or holders for poles or posts
- E04H12/2207—Sockets or holders for poles or posts not used
- E04H12/2215—Sockets or holders for poles or posts not used driven into the ground
- E04H12/2223—Sockets or holders for poles or posts not used driven into the ground by screwing
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of structural supports and in particular to adjustable screw-in post supports.
- post supports When building a structure such as a fence or deck, post supports can be used to simplify the construction process.
- these post supports take the form of an open-top metal unit section connected to a spike having vertically tapered blades.
- the spike may be hammered into the ground and the supported element, such as a fence post or deck support post are seated snugly in the metal unit section where they are secured with bolts, screws, nails or the like. Because the post support is hammered into the ground, it is often difficult to ensure a proper vertical orientation. Removal of the post support may also prove difficult in such cases.
- spikes disclosed above can easily be driven into the ground, such spikes may be driven at something other than a vertical angle. This may be unavoidable because of a number of factors including, the slope of the ground surface, underground impediments, such as rocks, which may deflect the spike, or simply through misjudgment by the person embedding the spike. As a result, the fence-post supported atop the spike may extend upwardly at a skewed angle from vertical. This is particularly noticeable for relatively tall fence posts, and adversely affects the overall construction of the fencing supported by such posts.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,884,874 discloses a post support with a lower spike portion and an upper bracket portion.
- a bracket portion is adjustable relative to the spike portion. This allows for upright positioning of the fence post even if the spike portion is not driven vertically into the ground.
- the spike portion has a flat upper surface which receives a curved lower surface on the bracket portion. This connection is what allows adjustment of the bracket portion.
- the two surfaces do not properly mate with one another, it is essentially impossible to secure them with one-another in a manner which precludes undesirable deflection of the bracket portion when it is subjected to load applied to it by the fence post.
- an adjustable post support for supporting a post above the ground.
- the support may include a shaft having an upper end and a lower end wherein the lower end has at least one helical blade thereon and the upper end has a first curved dome.
- a post-receiving unit is also provided having a second curved dome; the first and second domes nesting with one-another to provide a ball and socket type adjustable connection between the shaft and the post-receiving unit.
- Opposed first and second side walls extend from the second curved dome and a fastener is used for tightening the first and second domes together.
- the fastener may be a threaded bolt with an enlarged head and a corresponding threaded nut.
- the first and second walls may be spaced from one another a distance substantially equal to one dimension of a standard size of dimensioned lumber.
- the post support may further include opposed third and fourth side walls extending generally between the first and second side walls wherein the third and fourth side walls have bottom edges that are spaced from the second curved dome to define opposed generally rectangular slots in the unit.
- the post support may further include at least one pair of opposed, parallel and spaced flanges extending outwardly from the first and third walls.
- the flanges may be adapted to be drawn towards one another.
- the bottom side of the slots may be defined by the second curved dome and each of the slots may be dimensioned to accommodate a standard sized cut of lumber.
- the first and second curved domes may be curved towards or away from the shaft.
- the post support may further include a locking mechanism for locking the first and second domes together against rotation relative to one-another.
- the locking mechanism may be a pin.
- an adjustable post support for supporting a post above the ground.
- the post support may include a shaft having an upper end and a lower end wherein the lower end has at least one helical blade thereon and the upper end has a first curved dome.
- a post-receiving unit may be provided having a second curved dome, the first and second domes nesting with one-another to provide a ball and socket type adjustable connection between the shaft and the post-receiving unit.
- Opposed first and second side walls extending from the second curved dome and opposed third and fourth side walls extending generally between the first and second side walls.
- At least one pair of opposed, parallel and spaced flanges extend outwardly from the first and third walls.
- the flanges may be adapted to be drawn towards one-another.
- a fastener may be used to tighten the first and second domes together.
- an adjustable post support for supporting a post above the ground.
- the post support includes a shaft having an upper end and a lower end wherein the lower end has at least one helical blade thereon and the upper end has a first curved dome.
- a post-receiving unit which has a second curved dome, the first and second domes nesting with one-another to provide a ball and socket type adjustable connection between the shaft and the post-receiving unit.
- Opposed first and second side walls extend from the second curved dome and opposed third and fourth side walls extend generally between the first and second side walls.
- the third and fourth side walls have bottom edges that are spaced from the second curved dome to define opposed generally rectangular slots in the unit.
- One of the bottom edges may be spaced further from the second dome than the other bottom edge.
- At least one pair of opposed, parallel and spaced flanges extend outwardly from the first and third walls.
- the flanges may be adapted to be drawn towards one-another.
- a fastener may be used for tightening the first and second domes together.
- an adjustable post support for supporting a post.
- the post support includes a shaft having an upper end and a lower end wherein the lower end has at least one helical blade thereon.
- a post-receiving unit is provided having a base plate and opposed first and second side walls extending substantially perpendicular from the base plate.
- a shaft plate is connected to the upper end of the shaft and cooperates with the base plate for adjustment of the post-receiving unit relative to the shaft.
- a fastener is also provided for tightening the base plate and the shaft plate together.
- FIG. 1 is a front elevation of a post support according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, shown inserted into the ground;
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the post-receiving unit of the post support of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the post-receiving unit of the post support of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 4 is a front elevation cutaway view of an alternative embodiment of an adjustable post support
- FIG. 5 is front elevation view of yet another embodiment of an adjustable post support.
- FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a user embedding the adjustable post support of FIG. 1 into the ground.
- FIG. 1 a preferred embodiment of the post support 10 of the invention is illustrated inserted into the ground 5 .
- a shaft 12 has a helical blade 14 affixed thereto, preferably by welding.
- the blade is adapted to screw into the ground and is preferably disposed only at the ground-engaging end of the shaft.
- the ground-engaging end of the shaft 12 tapers to a point 13 .
- the shaft 12 may be hollow and point 13 may be provided with an opening 15 defined by the wall of the shaft.
- soil may enter the hollow interior through opening 15 . This allows for easier insertion of the shaft into the ground, as less soil must be displaced to create space for the shaft.
- a shaft plate 16 is affixed to the top of the shaft 12 , preferably by welding.
- the shaft plate 16 is a dome curved towards the shaft 12 .
- the shaft plate 16 may be a dome curved away from the shaft 12 , as illustrated in FIG. 4 .
- the shaft plate 16 may be a flat plate with a divot 40 as illustrated in FIG. 5 .
- a post-receiving unit 18 has a base plate 20 .
- base plate 20 is a dome curved towards the shaft 12 so that the base plate 20 and shaft plate can nest with one-another to provide a ball and socket type adjustable connection between the post unit 18 and shaft 12 .
- the base plate 20 may be a dome curved away from the shaft 12 , as illustrated in FIG. 4 .
- the base plate 20 may be a flat plate having dome 42 curved towards the shaft plate 16 . The dome 42 is shaped to nest in the divot 40 , thereby allowing the post-receiving unit 18 to pivot relative to the shaft plate 16 as illustrated in FIG. 5 .
- post-receiving unit 18 also includes preferably four side walls 22 , 24 , 26 and 28 , although two opposing side walls is also contemplated as illustrated in FIG. 5 .
- Opposed side walls 22 , 24 extend vertically from and substantially perpendicular to base plate 20 .
- Side walls 26 and 28 each extend substantially between side walls 22 and 24 , but the bottom edges 27 and 29 of side walls 26 and 28 are spaced from base plate 20 a distance sufficient to accommodate a standard width of dimensioned lumber, for example at least 13 ⁇ 4′′ for 2 ⁇ 4 lumber.
- the spacing of the bottom edges 27 and 29 from base plate 20 form rectangular slots 30 , 32 through which dimensioned lumber may be inserted horizontally to torque the post support 10 .
- base plate 20 and side walls 22 and 24 are formed from a single piece of metal rather than being formed separately then welded, so as to minimize the risk of failure of such weld when applying torque to the unit 18 to screw the post support 10 into the ground 5 .
- Insertion of a piece of 2 ⁇ 4 lumber through slots 30 and 32 allows for application of sufficient torque to screw the post support 10 into the ground 5 .
- the post support 10 is used in the construction of fences, decks and the like, a plentiful supply of lumber should be available for use in screwing the post support into the ground 5 .
- the lumber used to screw in the post support may be used in construction of the intended structure, burned or otherwise disposed of.
- the edges of side walls 22 and 24 are not likely to bend inwards or otherwise distort when torque is applied.
- walls 22 and 28 further comprise flange portions 40 and 42 respectively, extending diagonally outward from a corner of unit 18 , substantially parallel to each other.
- Bolts 44 or the like may be inserted through holes (not shown) in each of flange portions 40 and 42 .
- a post is inserted into post-receiving unit 18 and bolts 44 may be tightened, thereby reducing the cross sectional size of the unit 18 so as to hold the post firmly in place.
- side wall 28 strictly speaking does not extend between side wall 22 and side wall 24 but more precisely it extends between side wall 24 and flange portion 42 .
- the size of the unit 18 , and the post support 10 as a whole, may be varied in order to accommodate different standard sizes of dimensioned lumber.
- the spacing between walls 22 and 24 and between walls 26 and 28 is chosen to correspond to standard widths of cut lumber, for example 3 and 1 ⁇ 2 inches to accommodate 4 ⁇ 4 lumber in the unit.
- the size of the unit increases, so does the size of slots 30 , 32 .
- lumber inserted into slots 30 and 32 shares similar dimensions as the slots in order to prevent excessive forces being placed on the outer edges of side walls 22 and 24 .
- a smaller lumber piece for example a 2 ⁇ 4
- an opening sized for a 2 ⁇ 8 the resultant forces would not alter the effectiveness of the unit 18 .
- FIG. 3 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the post support in which bottom edges 27 and 29 of side walls 26 and 28 , respectively, are spaced at different distances from the base 20 .
- bottom edge 27 is spaced from the base 25 to form a large slot 30 .
- Bottom edge 29 is spaced from the base 20 to form a small slot 32 opposed to the large slot 30 .
- Other aspects of the post support in this embodiment remain the same as discussed above.
- FIG. 4 illustrates yet an alternative embodiment of the post support in which the shaft plate 16 may be a dome curved away from the shaft 12 .
- Base plate 20 is also a dome curved away from the shaft 12 .
- Each of the shaft plate 12 and base plate 20 are dimensioned to that they may nest with one-another to provide a ball and socket type adjustable connection between the post unit 18 and shaft 12 .
- Other aspects of the post support in this embodiment remain the same as discussed above.
- FIG. 5 illustrates yet an alternative embodiment of the post support in which the shaft plate 16 may be a flat plate with a divot 40 .
- Base plate 20 may be a flat plate having dome 42 curved towards the shaft plate 16 .
- the dome 42 is shaped to nest in the divot 40 , thereby allowing the post-receiving unit 18 to pivot relative to the shaft plate 16 .
- Other aspects of the post support in this embodiment remain the same as discussed above.
- a user employs a fastening means to tighten the base plate 20 and shaft plate 16 to one-another.
- the fastening means may be a threaded bolt with an enlarged bolt head 34 and a corresponding threaded nut 36 .
- the enlarged bolt head 34 may rise over the plane of base plate 20 to enable a user to access the bolt head for tightening, as illustrated in FIG. 1 .
- a washer 38 may also be provided and nut 36 may be integrally formed in shaft 12 .
- a user may employ a locking means.
- the locking means may be a pin 46 and a corresponding locking nut 48 as best illustrated in FIG. 4 .
- Pin 46 may simply fit through corresponding holes (not illustrated) in the shaft plate 16 and base plate 20 .
- pin 46 locks the shaft plate and base plate together.
- a user then inserts a piece of lumber 100 into slot 30 through the post-receiving unit 18 and finally, through the slot 32 .
- the user then rotates the post support 10 along line 101 to embed the post support into the ground 10 .
- the user When the post-receiving unit 18 gets closer to ground level, the user merely lifts the free end of the lumber 100 in the direction of arrow 102 causing the lumber 100 to sit at an angle within post-receiving unit 18 .
- the user By continuing to angle the lumber 100 within the post-receiving unit 20 as the post support in screwed into the ground, the user can remain more upright during operation.
- a substantially four-sided unit provides reliable and complete support for the post, while the slots 30 , 32 at the base of the unit allow the insertion of a torquing element without the need for specialized tools and minimizing the risk of deformation of the unit due to torquing.
- the unit 18 When the shaft 12 is embedded into the ground with its axis being angled off from vertical, the unit 18 needs to be axially off-set from the shaft in order to have the fence post sit perfectly vertical in the unit. This is achieved by angling the unit 18 relative to the shaft 12 such that the unit itself is completely vertical. Such an adjustment is easily accomplished as a result of the above described ball and socket type connections. By removing locking nut 46 and loosening the fastening means a user may then swivel unit 18 relative to shaft 12 .
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Fencing (AREA)
- Tents Or Canopies (AREA)
- Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA2,481,568 | 2004-09-17 | ||
CA002481568A CA2481568A1 (fr) | 2004-09-17 | 2004-09-17 | Support de poteau vissant reglable |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20060060730A1 true US20060060730A1 (en) | 2006-03-23 |
Family
ID=36072914
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/199,501 Abandoned US20060060730A1 (en) | 2004-09-17 | 2005-08-09 | Adjustable screw-in post support |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20060060730A1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU2005203556A1 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2481568A1 (fr) |
NZ (1) | NZ541731A (fr) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2469304A (en) * | 2009-04-08 | 2010-10-13 | Richard Perry | A fence post holder |
US20110036026A1 (en) * | 2009-08-11 | 2011-02-17 | Lee Robert E | Ergonomic post with integral anchor |
US20120167489A1 (en) * | 2007-06-20 | 2012-07-05 | Anchor Systems (Europe) Ltd. | Anchor Post |
WO2013062802A1 (fr) * | 2011-10-26 | 2013-05-02 | Okobi Anthony Obiesie | Ancre de terre à panneaux amovibles pour conduits souterrains et son procédé d'installation |
Citations (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US513115A (en) * | 1894-01-23 | Charles m | ||
US3710523A (en) * | 1971-08-03 | 1973-01-16 | J Taylor | Earth anchor |
US4271646A (en) * | 1975-04-10 | 1981-06-09 | Mills Derek J | Post support means |
US4588157A (en) * | 1983-03-14 | 1986-05-13 | Metpost Limited | Post support |
US4593872A (en) * | 1983-05-25 | 1986-06-10 | Svensson Sven Eric A | Anchoring device for posts for fences, guard-rails, tents etc. |
US4874149A (en) * | 1988-09-15 | 1989-10-17 | The Gordon Corporation | Post support |
US4923165A (en) * | 1988-05-02 | 1990-05-08 | Cockman Boyce R | Stabilized post anchor |
US5011107A (en) * | 1990-03-15 | 1991-04-30 | Reece Roger R | Post anchor apparatus |
US5457918A (en) * | 1995-03-06 | 1995-10-17 | Plourde; Bernard | Anchoring device for umbrellas |
US5884874A (en) * | 1997-09-25 | 1999-03-23 | Steel City Corporation | Swivel post anchor |
US6273790B1 (en) * | 1998-12-07 | 2001-08-14 | International Processing Systems, Inc. | Method and apparatus for removing coatings and oxides from substrates |
US6272798B1 (en) * | 2000-05-23 | 2001-08-14 | Norman F. Cockman | Anchor with pivotal attachment |
US6273390B1 (en) * | 1999-10-20 | 2001-08-14 | Royal Capital Stamping And Tooling Ltd. | Post holder with upright adjustment |
US6308926B1 (en) * | 1999-10-19 | 2001-10-30 | Royal Capital Stamping & Tooling Ltd. | Ground embedding post holder with adjustable bracket |
US6412235B1 (en) * | 2000-09-08 | 2002-07-02 | Joseph T. Pylant | Removable screw-type, in-ground anchor device |
US7219872B2 (en) * | 2003-04-09 | 2007-05-22 | Peak Innovations Inc. | Adjustable post support |
USD543438S1 (en) * | 2005-03-14 | 2007-05-29 | Peak Innovations Inc. | Adjustable screw-in post support |
USD549853S1 (en) * | 2003-04-10 | 2007-08-28 | Peak Innovations Inc. | Adjustable post support |
-
2004
- 2004-09-17 CA CA002481568A patent/CA2481568A1/fr not_active Abandoned
-
2005
- 2005-08-09 US US11/199,501 patent/US20060060730A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-08-10 NZ NZ541731A patent/NZ541731A/en unknown
- 2005-08-11 AU AU2005203556A patent/AU2005203556A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US513115A (en) * | 1894-01-23 | Charles m | ||
US3710523A (en) * | 1971-08-03 | 1973-01-16 | J Taylor | Earth anchor |
US4271646A (en) * | 1975-04-10 | 1981-06-09 | Mills Derek J | Post support means |
US4588157A (en) * | 1983-03-14 | 1986-05-13 | Metpost Limited | Post support |
US4593872A (en) * | 1983-05-25 | 1986-06-10 | Svensson Sven Eric A | Anchoring device for posts for fences, guard-rails, tents etc. |
US4923165A (en) * | 1988-05-02 | 1990-05-08 | Cockman Boyce R | Stabilized post anchor |
US4874149A (en) * | 1988-09-15 | 1989-10-17 | The Gordon Corporation | Post support |
US5011107A (en) * | 1990-03-15 | 1991-04-30 | Reece Roger R | Post anchor apparatus |
US5457918A (en) * | 1995-03-06 | 1995-10-17 | Plourde; Bernard | Anchoring device for umbrellas |
US5884874A (en) * | 1997-09-25 | 1999-03-23 | Steel City Corporation | Swivel post anchor |
US5927677A (en) * | 1997-09-25 | 1999-07-27 | The Steel City Corporation | Swivel post anchor |
US6273790B1 (en) * | 1998-12-07 | 2001-08-14 | International Processing Systems, Inc. | Method and apparatus for removing coatings and oxides from substrates |
US6308926B1 (en) * | 1999-10-19 | 2001-10-30 | Royal Capital Stamping & Tooling Ltd. | Ground embedding post holder with adjustable bracket |
US6273390B1 (en) * | 1999-10-20 | 2001-08-14 | Royal Capital Stamping And Tooling Ltd. | Post holder with upright adjustment |
US6272798B1 (en) * | 2000-05-23 | 2001-08-14 | Norman F. Cockman | Anchor with pivotal attachment |
US6412235B1 (en) * | 2000-09-08 | 2002-07-02 | Joseph T. Pylant | Removable screw-type, in-ground anchor device |
US7219872B2 (en) * | 2003-04-09 | 2007-05-22 | Peak Innovations Inc. | Adjustable post support |
USD549853S1 (en) * | 2003-04-10 | 2007-08-28 | Peak Innovations Inc. | Adjustable post support |
USD543438S1 (en) * | 2005-03-14 | 2007-05-29 | Peak Innovations Inc. | Adjustable screw-in post support |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20120167489A1 (en) * | 2007-06-20 | 2012-07-05 | Anchor Systems (Europe) Ltd. | Anchor Post |
US20140230347A1 (en) * | 2007-06-20 | 2014-08-21 | Anchor Systems (Europe) Ltd. | Anchor post |
US9003722B2 (en) * | 2007-06-20 | 2015-04-14 | Anchor Systems (Europe) Ltd. | Anchor post |
US9151070B2 (en) * | 2007-06-20 | 2015-10-06 | Anchor Systems (Europe) Ltd | Anchor post |
US9677296B2 (en) * | 2007-06-20 | 2017-06-13 | Anchor Systems (International) Limited | Anchor post |
GB2469304A (en) * | 2009-04-08 | 2010-10-13 | Richard Perry | A fence post holder |
GB2469304B (en) * | 2009-04-08 | 2016-03-02 | Richard Perry | Improvements to a fence post holder |
US20110036026A1 (en) * | 2009-08-11 | 2011-02-17 | Lee Robert E | Ergonomic post with integral anchor |
WO2013062802A1 (fr) * | 2011-10-26 | 2013-05-02 | Okobi Anthony Obiesie | Ancre de terre à panneaux amovibles pour conduits souterrains et son procédé d'installation |
US8985907B2 (en) | 2011-10-26 | 2015-03-24 | Anthony Obiesie Okobi | Mountable earth-embedding anchor with removable underground conduit panels and installation apparatus |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2481568A1 (fr) | 2006-03-17 |
NZ541731A (en) | 2007-05-31 |
AU2005203556A1 (en) | 2006-04-06 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: PEAK INNOVATIONS INC., CANADA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:WALKER, SIMON, MR.;REEL/FRAME:018267/0920 Effective date: 20060915 |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: EXPRESSLY ABANDONED -- DURING EXAMINATION |