US20060028191A1

US20060028191A1 - Time-based current control in switching regulators

Info

Publication number: US20060028191A1
Application number: US11/244,887
Authority: US
Inventors: Damon Lee
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Analog Devices International ULC
Priority date: 2001-11-06
Filing date: 2005-10-05
Publication date: 2006-02-09
Also published as: US6987380B1

Abstract

Control circuits that employ time-based current control methods for switching voltage regulators are provided. The control circuit includes a current estimation circuit and optionally, a transfer function circuit. The current estimation circuit generates estimates of regulator output current as function of switch period for use as a threshold indicative of peak current limit. This arrangement eliminates the need for error amplifiers to provide effective current mode control. The absence of error amplifiers allows fabrication of switching regulators on smaller die areas and provides switching regulators with reduced power consumption.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to switching regulator circuits. More particularly, the present invention relates to circuits and methods for regulating output voltage based on approximations of load current.
The purpose of a voltage regulator is to provide a predetermined and substantially constant output voltage to a load from a poorly-specified and fluctuating voltage source. One type of voltage regulator commonly used to accomplish this task is a switching voltage regulator. Switching voltage regulators are typically arranged to have a switching element, such as a power transistor, coupled between the voltage source and the load. The switching regulator controls the voltage across the load by turning the switching element ON and OFF so current passes through it and into an inductor in the form of discrete current pulses. The inductor and an output capacitor then convert these current pulses into a substantially steady load current so that the load voltage is regulated.
To generate a stream of current pulses, switching regulators include control circuitry that commands the switching element ON and OFF. The duty cycle of the switching element (i.e., the amount of time the switching element is ON compared to the period of an ON/OFF cycle), which controls the flow of current into the load, can be varied by a variety of methods. Pulse width modulation (PWM), for example, can be used to vary the duty cycle of the switching element by fixing the pulse stream frequency and varying the ON (or OFF) time of each current pulse. Another commonly employed technique is pulse frequency modulation (PFM), in which the ON or OFF time of each current pulse is fixed and the frequency of the pulse stream is varied.
The abrupt switching and accompanying discharge of energy stored in inductive filter elements typically results in undesirably large ripple voltages at the output of the regulator. This ripple voltage is generally proportional to the product of the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the filter capacitors and the inductor current. In many instances, the peak inductor current rises to relatively large levels due to the size of the inductor required to accommodate worst-case operating scenarios of the regulator. As a result, a significant amount of ripple may be present on the regulator output.
Ripple voltages may be minimized by using “current mode” type switching regulators. Rather than relying directly on output voltage for control, current-mode switching regulators use a signal indicative of switch current to provide regulation information. For example, a current-mode switching regulator may use peak switch current as the criteria for determining when to modify the switching element duty cycle. Current mode switching regulators often incorporate special circuits designed to reduce current flow and ripple depending on the load. For example, a current-mode switching regulator may use an error amplifier to control the peak, average, or minimum values of regulator output current (i.e., inductor or load current) based on the difference between the output voltage and the desired ideal regulated voltage.
The method of using a single peak current threshold for current mode control, however, may not be satisfactory under a variety of commonly encountered conditions (e.g., at start-up or under low output load currents). Under such conditions, a feedback loop using an error amplifier may not be stable. To avoid feedback instability, some switching regulators operate in one of two modes depending on the magnitude of an error signal, with each mode having a distinct peak current threshold. The use of two distinct peak current thresholds, however, may lead to undesirable subharmonic oscillations with the output current oscillating between the two distinct threshold levels. To avoid this problem, only one distinct peak level is used during normal operation. The dual thresholds are used only during startup or in cases where the output voltage is severely out of regulation. An example of this type of regulator is the LTC1174, manufactured by Linear Technology Corporation, Milpitas, Calif.
Other commercially available switching regulators, such as the MAX774/5/6 series manufactured by Maxim Integrated Products Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif., may also use two distinct peak current threshold levels for current control, albeit differently. With light loads, the first two switch cycles use the lower peak current threshold level in an attempt to regulate the output voltage. If regulation of the output voltage is achieved within two switch cycles, the regulator continues to operate with the lower peak current threshold level. If regulation is not achieved within two cycles, the regulator begins to operate with the higher peak current threshold level. This technique, however, does not always avoid instability in the feedback loop. It also exhibits poor pulse response because the initial pulses are set at low current levels.
In view of the foregoing, it would be desirable to provide switching regulator circuits that have the benefits of current mode control, such as low ripple, and yet provide efficient voltage regulation under a variety of input voltage and output load conditions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore a object of the present invention to provide voltage regulators that have the benefits of current mode control, such as low ripple, and yet provide efficient voltage regulation under a variety of input voltage and output load conditions.
This and other objects of the present invention are accomplished by providing control circuits and methods for switching regulators that employ time-based current control. The control circuit includes a current estimation circuit and optionally, a transfer function circuit. The current estimation circuit generates estimates of regulator output current as function of switch period that are used as a threshold indicative of peak current limit. This arrangement eliminates the need for error amplifiers to provide effective current mode control. The absence of error amplifiers allows fabrication of switching regulators on smaller die areas and provides switching regulators with lower power consumption.
The transfer function circuit may be used to obtain averages of output current estimates or to obtain a particular transfer function relating switch period to output current. By selecting a particular transfer function, a circuit designer may improve or optimize certain performance characteristics of the voltage regulator.
Furthermore, the control circuit of the present invention provides low ripple output signals characteristic of current-mode switching regulators without the use of additional pins or compensation components that may be required for feedback stability when using error amplifiers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters refer to like parts throughout, and in which:
FIG. 1 is an illustrative block diagram of a current control circuit constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of a linear transfer function relating switch OFF-time to peak load current;
FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of one possible specific implementation of the current control circuit shown in FIG. 1;
FIGS. 4A-4C are timing diagrams showing the estimated and updated peak current thresholds generated by the circuit of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of another possible specific implementation of the current control circuit shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a current mode switching regulator employing the control circuit of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a timing diagram illustrating the variation of load current, peak current threshold, and various control signals with respect to time;
FIG. 8 is a timing diagram illustrating the response of the circuits of FIGS. 3 and 5 to a load step.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 is an illustrative block diagram of a time-based current control system 100 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention that can be used to regulate the output of a switching regulator. System 100 may include two sections: a current estimation circuit 110 and a transfer function circuit 120.
During operation, a signal (T_DUTY) indicative of the duty cycle of a switching regulator (not shown) is provided to current estimation circuit 110. T_DUTYmay be, for example, a control signal used to command a switching element in the regulator ON and OFF (or a signal derived therefrom). Estimation circuit 110 generates an output signal I_LPEAK(est) in response to T_DUTYthat is an estimation of the switching regulator's peak output current. This estimation may be performed in various ways. One way is to measure the period of T_DUTYand make an approximation of output current based on the amount of time the switching element is held ON or OFF. Once this estimate is obtained, it may be used to adjust the regulator's output current to match the load current and thereby provide effective output regulation (discussed in more detail below). This may be done, for example, by using I_LPEAK(est) as a threshold value that determines when to turn the regulator's switching element ON or OFF.
In some embodiments, it may be desirable to pass I_LPEAK(est) through transfer function circuit 120 to obtain a certain transfer function from system 100 that relates switch period and regulator current in a particular way. With this configuration, specific performance characteristics may be obtained from the regulator such as reliable high frequency operation, improved stability, or improved bandwidth, etc. It will be appreciated, however, that I_LPEAK(est) may be used without further processing by transfer function circuit 120 to control the regulator's output.
In FIG. 2, line 140 represents a linear transfer function which includes terms that are substantially linear. This transfer function is suitable for use with a switching regulator that employs a minimum OFF-time architecture.
Generally speaking, it is desirable to have a linear transfer function to obtain a sufficiently fast frequency response to support current-mode control. As shown in FIG. 2, the value of I_LPEAK, which may be used to establish the regulators's switching threshold, varies with respect to switch OFF-time. Thus, as the switch OFF-time increases from T₁to T₂to T₃, the threshold value at which the regulator ceases to supply current also decreases. Using this transfer function, the regulator's switching point (I_LPEAK) can be adaptively adjusted to a specific value within a range of values represented by line 140 so that the switching threshold is specifically tailored meet the requirements of a given load. This provides a dramatic improvement over prior art techniques that merely switch back and forth between two static threshold values in an attempt to determine which of the two thresholds more closely approximates the load's need.
FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of one possible implementation of current control system 100 that can be used to obtain the linear transfer function shown in FIG. 2. As shown in FIG. 3, system 100 includes capacitors 220 and 270, switches 230 and 260, clamp voltage 215, constant current source 240, node 250, output node 290, and optionally resistor 280.
A clamp voltage 215 (Vc) representing the maximum peak inductor current, I_LPEAK(max), is applied to circuit 110 at node 210. With this implementation, the estimated peak current threshold, I_LPEAK(est), of a voltage regulator may be defined as being proportional to the time varying “control” voltage across capacitor 220. Furthermore, the average estimated peak current threshold, I_LPEAK(avg), may be defined to be proportional to a voltage across capacitor 270.
As shown in FIG. 3, when switch 260 is open, the application of a “clear” signal (which may be derived from T_DUTY), closes switch 230 and allows node 250 to reach the clamp voltage, Vc, that corresponds to I_LPEAK(max). Switch 230 is then opened. During a time delay after switch 230 is opened (e.g., a delay equal to minimum OFF-time, T_OFF(min)), constant current source 240 linearly ramps down the control voltage on capacitor 220 until interrupted by an “update” signal (which also may be derived from T_DUTY) that closes switch 260. At this point, a voltage representative of I_LPEAK(est) is present at node 250. Thus, by discharging capacitor 220 at a known rate, and then interrupting the discharge at a point in time proportional to the switching period of the voltage regulator, an estimate of peak current threshold, (I_LPEAK(est)) may be obtained in the form of a voltage remaining across capacitor 220. As noted above, this value may be used as a threshold value that determines when to turn the regulator's switching element ON or OFF.
If desired, additional processing may be performed on the I_LPEAK(est) signal to obtain a particular transfer characteristic for system 100. This may be accomplished by adding transfer function circuit 120. For example, if an average of the peak inductor current (I_LPEAK(avg)) is desired, the transfer function circuit 120 shown in FIG. 3 may be used.
As shown in FIG. 3, transfer function circuit 120 may include capacitor 270 and resistor 280. When switch 260 is closed, capacitor 270 and resistor 280 become electrically active and form a capacitor divider arrangement with capacitor 220. This causes the voltage difference between node 250 and node 290 to be distributed across capacitors 220 and 270. A fraction of the voltage at node 250 representing a time sample of I_LPEAK(est) is transferred to node 290 and combined with a pre-existing voltage obtained from previous samples. In this manner, the value of I_LPEAK(avg), which is proportional to the voltage at node 290, changes in response to the update signal. The new voltage present at node 250 is maintained until another clear signal closes switch 230 again and allows node 250 to reach the clamp voltage, Vc again.
The divider arrangement of capacitors 220 and 270, and resistor 280 provides an updated value of I_LPEAK(avg) by effectively generating a weighted average of a time sample of I_LPEAK(est) and a prior value of I_LPEAK(avg). The sizes of capacitors 220 and 270 determine the relative contributions of I_LPEAK(est) and I_LPEAK(avg) to the weighted average, and determine the time constants for settling of repeatedly updated I_LPEAK(avg) values. Simple, approximately linear, averaging may be obtained when capacitor 270 is much larger (e.g., a factor of ten or more) than capacitor 220. Conversely, if capacitor 270 is much smaller than capacitor 220, only a small contribution of I_LPEAK(est) is included in the updated value of I_LPEAK(avg). If both capacitors are of comparable size, however, nonlinear averaging (in which the magnitude of I_LPEAK(est) relative to the prior value of I_LPEAK(avg) determines the contribution of I_LPEAK(est) to the average) can be obtained. This nonlinear averaging can be used to obtain an exponentially smooth settling of I_LPEAK(avg) values towards an asymptotic value. The presence of resistor 280 in the capacitor divider arrangement enables the exponentially smooth settling using smaller capacitor sizes but makes the averaging dependent on the duration of the update signal.
In one embodiment of the present invention, updated values of I_LPEAK(avg) can be used to define the peak current thresholds used in a switching regulator (not shown). In this embodiment, the time constants for the settling of I_LPEAK(avg) values determine the response of output current to variations in load. This time constant may be roughly equivalent to the RC time constant in prior art current-mode switching regulators.
FIG. 4A is a graph illustrating the response of the I_LPEAK(est) signal that may be obtained with current estimation circuit 110. Waveform 310 shows I_LPEAK(est) initially constant at its maximum value (i.e., level V₁) proportional to the clamp voltage V_c, and then being linearly ramped down from time t₁until an update signal is applied at time t₂. After the update signal is applied, I_LPEAK(est) remains constant (i.e., at level V₂) until time t₃, at which a clear signal is applied to switch 230 (FIG. 3). I_LPEAK(est) then reverts back to V₁.
FIGS. 4B and 4C are graphs illustrating the response of I_LPEAK(avg) that can be obtained using transfer function circuit 120. Waveforms 320 and 330 show I_LPEAK(avg) for two cases, one where resistor 280 has a substantially zero value (FIG. 4B) and the other a non-zero value (FIG. 4C). Waveform 320 shows that the value of I_LPEAK(avg) experiences a sharp increase when an update signal is applied at time t₄. On the other hand, waveform 330 in FIG. 4C shows a relatively small change in the value of I_LPEAK(avg) in response to the update signal at time t₄(in proportion to the value of resistor 280). Increasing the value of resistor 280 reduces the magnitude of the response steps, thereby increasing both the averaging effect and stability of circuit 100. Increasing the value of resistor 280 also allows the size of capacitor 270 to be reduced.
Waveform 330 also shows repeatedly updated values of I_LPEAK(avg) in response to multiple applications of update signals at times t₄-t₁₀. This allows for substantially exponential settling characteristics that closely follow classic control theory, making compensation and response analysis relatively simple.
Another possible embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 5. As shown, current control circuit 400 includes an inverter 410, an AND gate 420, voltage sources 430 and 460, a substantially constant current source 440, a current comparator 450, capacitors 460 and 461, switches 471-74, and a resistor 480.
In the embodiment of FIG. 5, the peak current threshold estimate (I_LPEAK(est)) may be defined to be proportional to the voltage on capacitor 460, and the peak current threshold average may be defined to be proportional to a voltage (I_LPEAK(avg)) on capacitor 461.
Current control circuit 400 operates as follows. Source 430 supplies a maximum control voltage, Vmax, to capacitor 460 whenever switch 473 closes in response to a {overscore (MINOFF)} signal (applied through inverter 410). The {overscore (MINOFF)} and {overscore (SWITCH)} signals (which may be derived from T_DUTY) are processed at AND gate 420 to generate a T_OFFsignal. When switch 472 closes in response to a T_OFFsignal, and switch 471 is closed by a signal from current comparator 450, current source 440 linearly discharges the voltage on capacitor 460. When the voltage at the non-inverting terminal of current comparator 450 falls below V_min, switch 471 opens, and I_LPEAK(est) is present on capacitor 460.
Next, switch 474 is closed, and circuit 400 averages I_LPEAK(est) across the capacitor divider formed by resistor 480, and capacitors 460 and 461, to generate a peak current threshold average, I_LPEAK(avg). I_LPEAK(avg) may be used as the peak current threshold to control the switching regulator's ON-OFF timing.
In circuit 400, the voltage on capacitor 460 is preferably not allowed to fall below a certain minimum value, V_min, established by voltage source 460. Typically, when the voltage on capacitor 460 is greater than V_min, current comparator 450 closes switch 471 enabling current source 440 to pull I_LPEAK(est) further down. This feature establishes a minimum value for the peak current threshold estimate and prevents a switching regulator from running at high frequencies with low output current. Thus, when a regulator employing control circuit 400 supplies a low output current, each switch cycle supplies a fixed minimum current proportional to V_min.
Under these conditions (i.e., with a fixed minimum current), output regulation can be maintained by allowing switch frequency to decrease (i.e., by keeping the switch OFF for longer intervals of time). Allowing the switch frequency to decrease, however, also decreases the power conversion efficiency of the regulator. One reason this occurs is because of the dissipation of charge stored in the gate terminals of control circuitry during a long OFF interval. At low output currents, operating the regulator for short intervals of time in response to falling current can be more efficient than allowing switch frequency decrease indefinitely.
In addition to maintaining a minimum peak current threshold in circuit 400, current comparator 450 may also be configured to change states during low load intervals after a delay determined by current source 440 and capacitor 460 to improve regulator efficiency. This also aids in maintaining gate charge. An embodiment of the present invention may employ this type of comparator to periodically initiate a short interval of switch cycles to maintain the gate charge rather than allowing switch frequency decrease indefinitely.
FIG. 6 is an illustrative schematic diagram of a switching regulator circuit 500 constructed in accordance with the present invention using current control circuit 400 to generate peak threshold current values derived from time based sampling of output current. Although regulator 500 uses a minimum switch OFF-time architecture, other architectures may be used if desired.
Circuit 500 includes switch 580, pin 590, output sense resistor 592, NAND gates 520 and 540, one- shots 530 and 560, voltage comparator 510, current comparator 570, input voltage pin 516, and variable voltage source 575.
The operation of switching regulator 500 may be understood by considering the timing diagram of FIG. 7 in conjunction with the schematic of FIG. 6. FIG. 7 shows waveforms for load current 610, control signals {overscore (SWITCH)} 620, {overscore (COMPV)} 630, {overscore (COMPI)} 640, BLANK 650, {overscore (MINOFF)} 660, T _OFF 670, and peak current threshold estimate, I_LPEAK(est) 680.
In operation, the output of regulator 500 is created from an input voltage source coupled to pin 516 (V_IN). Comparator 510 generates a {overscore (COMPV)} signal 630 when the output voltage of the regulator, which is sensed at the non-inverting terminal of comparator 510, rises above the value of a reference voltage 512 (V_REF) coupled to the inverting terminal. The rising edge of the {overscore (COMPV)} signal 630 (acting through NAND gate 520 and one-shot 530) causes NAND gate 540 to generate a {overscore (SWITCH)} signal 620 which turns switch 580 ON. Switch 580 remains ON until the output current measured by resistor 592 is greater than or equal to that of voltage source 575. FIG. 7 shows the rising edges of the {overscore (COMPV)} signal 630 during intervals T1 and T4, and also shows the {overscore (SWITCH)} signal 620 becoming a logic low, which turns ON switch 580.
While switch 580 is ON, current is delivered through switch 580 to pin 590. In some implementations, an inductor may be coupled to pin 590 (not shown) to facilitate voltage regulation. The current passing through switch 580 is monitored by measuring a voltage drop across sense resistor 592. This voltage drop is compared with a threshold voltage generated by source 575 (which is proportional to the average peak current limit, I_LPEAK(avg)) with current comparator 570. The result of this comparison is provided to NAND gate 520 as an indication of switch current.
Viewing the I_LPEAK(avg) 680 waveform in FIG. 7 and progressing forward in time from T1, it can be seen that load current 610 (I_L) delivered through pin 590 rises from a minimum at T1 until T2 at which point the switch current exceeds I_LPEAK(avg).
When the switch current exceeds I_LPEAK(avg), comparator 570 trips and generates a {overscore (COMPI)} signal 640 that causes one-shot 530 to generate a logic low {overscore (MINOFF)} signal 660, that turns switch 580 OFF. Switch 580 remains OFF for a period of time determined by the output voltage but has a preset minimum delay value determined by settings on one-shot 530.
The output of regulator 500 is regulated by using control circuit 400 to adjust each switch cycle with respect to the peak current threshold (I_LPEAK(avg)) at which switch 580 is turned OFF. Circuit 400, as described above, generates a substantially linear transfer function relating peak current thresholds to time. When the {overscore (MINOFF)} signal turns switch 580 OFF, it also causes circuit 400 to reset peak current threshold estimate I_LPEAK(est) to its maximum value.
Regulator 500 obtains an updated value of I_LPEAK(avg) for each switch cycle, using a BLANK signal 650 generated by one-shot 560. One-shot 560 generates BLANK signal 650 in response to a rising edge of {overscore (SWITCH)} signal 620 that follows the beginning of a switch cycle. This is shown, for example, in FIG. 7, where BLANK signal 650 is a logic high at T1 and T4 corresponding to the rising edges of {overscore (SWITCH)} signal 620. The BLANK signal causes circuit 400 to update values of I_LPEAK(avg) by sampling the peak current threshold estimate, I_LPEAK(est), across the capacitive divider circuit shown in FIG. 5. Using values of I_LPEAK(avg) regulator 500 is able to regulate output voltage without using an error amplifier. This is a significant improvement over prior art regulators for many reasons. Chief among these is the reduction in regulator quiescent current and elimination of an input pin for the error amplifier.
In switching regulator 500, time constants for the settling of peak current threshold values to asymptotic values in response to load steps are, as described earlier, primarily determined by the values of capacitors 460 and 461, the value of resistor 482, and the pulse width of the “updating” BLANK signal. When capacitors 460 and 461 are comparable in size, time constants yielding an exponentially smooth rise in load current in response to a load step are obtained.
In FIG. 8, waveform 720 is a graphical depiction a load step placed on the input of regulator 500. Dotted line 715 above the of load current waveform 710 (I_L) illustrates the exponentially smooth pulse response of regulator 500 achieved using the current control circuit of the present invention. Waveform 730 depicts the corresponding shape (i.e., the transfer function) of the peak current threshold estimate I_LPEAK(est) generated by circuit 400. Waveform 740 shows the peak current threshold average I_LPEAK(avg) as updated by BLANK signals during the load step.
In addition to the mode of current regulation described above, switching regulator 500 may be operated in a low output power mode in which switch 580 turns ON and OFF for short intervals of time rather than allowing switch frequency decrease indefinitely. In this mode, the {overscore (COMPV)} signal may be used to override current-mode regulation and define certain time intervals for turning switch 580 ON and OFF.
For example, voltage comparator 510 may include switchable hysteresis feature that can be used to set time intervals in the {overscore (COMPV)} signal to control switch 580. The hysteresis may be switched in at certain appropriate times such as when low loads are sensed by measurement of a long T_OFFperiod (indicative of low switch frequencies) or when the peak current thresholds as estimated or averaged fall below a minimum voltage such as Vmin, set by source 460 (FIG. 5). During low output power operation, peak current thresholds I_LPEAK(est) and I_LPEAK(avg) can be optionally reduced or fixed at Vmin if desired.
Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention can be practiced by other than the described embodiments, which are presented for purposes of illustration and not of limitation, and the present invention is limited only by the claims which follow.

Claims

1-29. (canceled)

30. A system comprising:

a current-mode regulator, having an output switch with a switching threshold, that provides an output current at a voltage; and

a controller, coupled to said current-mode regulator, that provides a time-based estimate of said output current by measuring a switching period of said output switch and provides a control signal to said current-mode regulator to regulate said voltage by adaptively adjusting said switching threshold.

31. The system of claim 30, wherein said time-based estimate of said output current estimates the peak of said output current.

32. The system of claim 30, wherein said voltage is regulated such that said voltage is maintained substantially constant.

33. The system of claim 30, wherein the controller comprises a estimation circuit for providing said time-based estimate of said output current, wherein said estimation circuit comprises at least one capacitive element.

34. The system of claim 33, wherein said estimation circuit further comprises a voltage source coupled to said at least one capacitive element.

35. The system of claim 34, wherein said voltage source charges said at least one capacitive element to a predetermined initial condition.

36. The system of claim 33, wherein said estimation circuit further comprises a current source coupled to said at least one capacitive element for discharging the at least one capacitive element at a predetermined rate.

37. The system of claim 33, wherein said estimation circuit further comprises:

a voltage source coupled to said at least one capacitive element for charging said at least one capacitive element; and

a current source coupled to said at least one capacitive element for discharging said at least one capacitive element.

38. The system of claim 33, wherein said estimation circuit further comprises:

a voltage source coupled to said at least one capacitive element for charging said at least one capacitive element to a predetermined initial condition; and

a current source coupled to said at least one capacitive element for discharging said at least one capacitive element at a predetermined rate.

39. The system of claim 33, wherein said estimation circuit further comprises:

a current source coupled to said at least one capacitive element for discharging said at least one capacitive element at a predetermined rate for a period of time such that the charge remaining on said at least one capacitive element is proportional to said output current of said regulator.

40. The system of claim 33, wherein said estimation circuit further comprises a switching element for selectively charging the at least one capacitive element to a predetermined initial condition.

41. The system of claim 30, wherein said controller comprises a transfer function circuit for exponentially relating said estimate to said switching period.

42. The system of claim 30, wherein said controller comprises a transfer function circuit for linearly relating said estimate to said switching period.

43. The system of claim 30, wherein said controller comprises a transfer function circuit for relating said estimate to said switching period.

44. The system of claim 30, wherein said controller provides a second time-based estimate of said output current by measuring a second switching period of said output switch.

45. The system of claim 44, wherein said controller provides an average value of said time-based estimate and said second time based estimate.

46. A system comprising:

regulator means, having an output switch with a switching threshold, for providing an output current at a voltage; and

controller means, coupled to regulator means, for providing a time-based estimate of said output current by measuring a switching period of said output switch and providing a control signal to said regulator means to regulate said voltage by adaptively adjusting said switching threshold.

47. The system of claim 46, wherein said time-based estimate of said output current estimates the peak of said output current.

48. The system of claim 46, wherein said voltage is regulated such that said voltage is maintained substantially constant.

49. The system of claim 46, wherein said controller means comprises estimation means for providing said time-based estimate of said output current, wherein said estimation means comprises at least one capacitive element.

50. The system of claim 49, wherein said estimation means further comprises a voltage source coupled to said at least one capacitive element.

51. The system of claim 50, wherein said voltage source charges said at least one capacitive element to a predetermined initial condition.

52. The system of claim 49, wherein said estimation means further comprises a current source coupled to said at least one capacitive element for discharging said at least one capacitive element at a predetermined rate.

53. The system of claim 49, wherein said estimation means further comprises:

54. The system of claim 49, wherein said estimation means further comprises:

55. The system of claim 49, wherein said estimation means further comprises:

56. The system of claim 49, wherein said estimation means further comprises a switching element for selectively charging said at least one capacitive element to a predetermined initial condition.

57. The system of claim 46, wherein said controller means comprises a transfer function means for exponentially relating said estimate to said switching period.

58. The system of claim 46, wherein said controller means comprises a transfer function means for linearly relating said estimate to said switching period.

59. The system of claim 46, wherein said controller means comprises a transfer function means for relating said estimate to said switching period.

60. The system of claim 46, wherein said controller means provides a second time-based estimate of said output current by measuring a second switching period of said output switch.

61. The system of claim 60, wherein said controller provides an average value of said time-based estimate and said second time based estimate.