US20050271474A1 - Sensor system for buried waste containment sites - Google Patents
Sensor system for buried waste containment sites Download PDFInfo
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- US20050271474A1 US20050271474A1 US11/197,185 US19718505A US2005271474A1 US 20050271474 A1 US20050271474 A1 US 20050271474A1 US 19718505 A US19718505 A US 19718505A US 2005271474 A1 US2005271474 A1 US 2005271474A1
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- soil
- barrier
- sensor
- detecting
- barriers
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
- B09B1/00—Dumping solid waste
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D31/00—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
- E02D31/002—Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
- E02D31/004—Sealing liners
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
- E02F5/00—Dredgers or soil-shifting machines for special purposes
- E02F5/02—Dredgers or soil-shifting machines for special purposes for digging trenches or ditches
- E02F5/14—Component parts for trench excavators, e.g. indicating devices travelling gear chassis, supports, skids
- E02F5/145—Component parts for trench excavators, e.g. indicating devices travelling gear chassis, supports, skids control and indicating devices
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M3/00—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures
- G01M3/02—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum
- G01M3/04—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point
- G01M3/042—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point by using materials which expand, contract, disintegrate, or decompose in contact with a fluid
- G01M3/045—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point by using materials which expand, contract, disintegrate, or decompose in contact with a fluid with electrical detection means
- G01M3/047—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point by using materials which expand, contract, disintegrate, or decompose in contact with a fluid with electrical detection means with photo-electrical detection means, e.g. using optical fibres
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M3/00—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures
- G01M3/02—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum
- G01M3/04—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point
- G01M3/16—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point using electric detection means
- G01M3/165—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point using electric detection means by means of cables or similar elongated devices, e.g. tapes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M3/00—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures
- G01M3/38—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using light
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M3/00—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures
- G01M3/40—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using electric means, e.g. by observing electric discharges
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
- G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
- G21F9/28—Treating solids
- G21F9/34—Disposal of solid waste
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to a sensor system for monitoring the structural integrity of an underground waste containment barrier, and leakage therefrom of waste products or byproducts, and for improved characterization of zones of interest.
- a containment barrier may be compared to a huge bathtub, with the hazardous waste contained within four side walls and a generally horizontal floor.
- a typical, currently-used method of containment is to physically remove the hazardous waste and haul it to a permitted storage facility.
- Such method is costly, impractical, and dangerous.
- Digging up sites with buried drums, radioactive dusts, or other airborne wastes may actually release the contaminants, spreading them into the atmosphere and through the soil.
- the above-described system has a number of shortcomings, including the possibility of further spreading contaminants by the use of hydraulic jets, the difficulty of maintaining balance between the amount of slurry needed for cutting and the amount of slurry needed for hardening the soil, the difficulty of providing a barrier of consistent strength since it would depend in part upon the soil composition encountered and the amount of slurry deposited, and, finally, the lack of testing of excavated soil to know whether soil surrounding the waste site has become contaminated.
- any approach to holding hazardous waste it would be desirable to monitor the site in terms of both the structural integrity of any containment barrier put in place about the waste material, and leakage of contaminants away from the site. Additionally, it would be desirable to monitor material being excavated from around a waste site in preparation for emplacement of a containment barrier for the site, to determine the extent of contamination of surrounding soils and thus the possible need to extend the containment barrier to a location completely surrounding all contaminated materials and soils. Finally, it would be desirable to efficiently and inexpensively install a long-term monitoring system soon after or simultaneously with the installation of the containment barrier.
- the above and other objects of the invention are realized in a specific illustrative embodiment of a sensor system for a buried waste containment site having a bottom wall barrier and/or sidewall barriers, for containing hazardous waste.
- the sensor system includes one or more sensor devices disposed in one or more of the barriers for detecting a physical parameter either of the barrier itself or of the physical condition of the surrounding soils and buried waste, and for producing a signal representing the physical parameter detected.
- a signal processing device for receiving signals produced by the sensor device and for developing information identifying the physical parameter detected, either for sounding an alarm, displaying a graphic representation of the physical parameter detected on a viewing screen and/or a hard copy printout, etc.
- the sensor device disposed in one or more of the barriers comprises a strain or crack transducer for detecting strain or cracking and thus possible leakage locations in the barrier in which the transducer is disposed.
- a strain or crack transducer for detecting strain or cracking and thus possible leakage locations in the barrier in which the transducer is disposed.
- One embodiment of such a transducer includes a grid of detecting elements disposed in the barriers to detect strains wherever they might occur.
- one or more access tubes are disposed in or below the barriers with at least one end of the tubes extending from the barriers to allow access thereinto.
- Sensor devices are then disposed in the access tube or tubes and coupled to the signal processing device through the one end of the tubes.
- the access tubes provide protection for the sensor device without inhibiting operation thereof. Also, use of access tubes allows for selective removal and deployment of a variety of sensors.
- the sensor device is adapted to detect radiation that may be leaking or may have already leaked through the barriers, and/or the presence of RCRA metals. Also, a sensor device may be provided to detect volatile organic compounds using fiber optic spectroscopy deployed in the access tubes.
- conveyor apparatus for removing and carrying away excavated earthen material.
- Disposed above the conveyor apparatus and above any material being carried by the conveyor apparatus is one or more sensor devices for detecting various conditions and components of the material being carried.
- the sensor device is coupled to a processing device for developing information identifying the condition or components detected by the sensor device, just as with the sensor device disposed in the containment barriers described above.
- sensor detectable tracers could be used to verify barrier integrity. Specifically, tracers could be placed within the barrier with sensors outside the barrier to determine whether the tracers have migrated through a breach in the barrier, or stayed in place.
- sensors or sensor arrays are installed in or about a barrier simultaneously with the installation of the barrier.
- the sensors or sensor arrays could be disposed between layers of a multi-layer barrier as the barrier is being installed in a trench dug for that purpose.
- one approach to installing a containment barrier around a waste site involves the use of high pressure jets shooting a slurry into soil surrounding the waste site.
- This is also known as grouting, and typically involves a grouting beam or arm which carries the jets and which is moved along a locus to both remove soil and produce the containment barrier with a mixture of slurry and soil.
- a sensor or sensors are disposed on the grouting arm to detect physical properties of the soil through which the arm moves, to thus determine whether contaminants have leaked from the waste site into the surrounding soil.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a plot of ground contaminated by hazardous waste
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the plot of ground with the hazardous waste contained by a protective ground barrier;
- FIG. 3 is a side, schematic view of sensor apparatus positioned above a conveyor carrying excavated material, in accordance with the present invention
- FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a grid sensor system deployed in a containment barrier, in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a side, schematic view of a fiber optic strain/crack sensor system deployed in a containment barrier, in accordance with the present invention
- FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a gamma spectroscopy sensor system suitable for use in the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a side view of a barrier placement machine suitable for constructing a multi-layer underground barrier and for simultaneously deploying sensor devices in the barrier;
- FIG. 8 is a side, cross-sectional view, enlarged, of the multi-layer underground barrier of FIG. 7 ;
- FIG. 9 is a side schematic view of a grouting arm including sensors disposed thereon.
- FIG. 1 a typical waste site 11 is shown containing drums 13 filled with hazardous waste, both on the surface 15 and buried under the ground 17 .
- Contaminants 19 leaking from the drums 13 , threaten to migrate into a water table 12 , unless some type of containment barrier can be provided.
- FIG. 2 One such containment barrier 21 is shown in FIG. 2 to include side barriers or walls 23 and a floor or horizontal barrier 29 .
- the side barriers 23 may be made using conventional methods and interconnected to the horizontal barrier 29 .
- the waste site 11 could be completely encapsulated by forming an upper barrier cover (not shown) and interconnecting it with the side barriers 23 and front and rear barriers 25 and 27 (front barriers 25 are shown in phantom line in FIG. 2 ).
- the afore-cited co-pending patent application describes how containment barriers of the type described may be constructed using apparatus such as that to next be briefly described.
- FIG. 3 is a side, schematic view of one embodiment of excavated soil sensor and assay equipment, in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 3 shows a conveyor 710 on which excavated soil 700 (from a waste containment site) is being carried for ultimate deposit.
- a gamma ray spectrometer 704 Disposed above the conveyor 991 for detecting various physical parameters and contaminants of the soil 700 are a gamma ray spectrometer 704 , an X-ray fluorescence detector 708 , and a hood 712 for collecting vapors rising from the soil 700 and passing the vapors to an analyzer 716 .
- Disposed under (or could be over) the upper section of the conveyor 991 is a scintillating fiber bundle 720 coupled to an optical-to-electrical converter 728 .
- the gamma ray spectrometer 704 , X-ray fluorescence detector 708 , analyzer 716 and optical-to-electrical converter 728 are all coupled to a monitor 732 for processing signals received from the various components shown for displaying information represented by the received signals or for taking other action.
- the gamma ray spectrometer 704 is provided for making measurements of the energies of particles emitted by different radioactive sources in the soil 700 to thereby distinguish among the sources and identify them.
- the gamma ray spectrometer 704 supplies signals to the monitor 732 identifying the different sources of radioactivity, and the monitor processes these signals to provide a display, hard copy printout, or other indication to a user of what sources of radioactivity are present in the soil 700 .
- Gamma ray spectrometers are well known in the art.
- the X-ray fluorescence detector 708 is provided for detecting the presence of RCRA metals in the soil 700 .
- the detector 708 supplies signals to the monitor 732 indicating whether or not RCRA metals have been detected, and the monitor then develops a suitable display, printout, etc. This type of detection is well known.
- the hood 712 collects whatever vapors may be emitted by the soil 700 , but in particular volatile organic compounds, and these are supplied to the analyzer 716 .
- the analyzer 716 could include a variety of devices for detecting the presence of volatile organic compounds including an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) infrared spectrometer or a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer. Either of these devices is suitable for detecting the presence of volatile organic compounds and both are well known in the prior art. If volatile organic compounds are detected by the analyzer 716 , the analyzer supplies signals to the monitor 732 identifying the volatile organic compounds and this information may then be displayed, provided on a hard copy printout, etc.
- AOTF acousto-optic tunable filter
- the scintillating fiber bundle 720 is provided to detect the presence of radiation emanating from the soil 700 being conveyed on the conveyor 991 .
- the fiber bundle 720 in the presence of different types of radiation, emits light of a characteristic frequency, and this light is then supplied to the optical-to-electrical converter 728 . There, the light is converted to electrical signals for supply to the monitor 732 , for producing a display or other indication of the nature of the radiation detected.
- Scintillating fiber bundles illustratively may be made of polystyrene fibers, doped with fluorescent compounds that scintillate in response to various kinds of ionizing radiation. This radiation-induced scintillation comprises the light supplied to the optical-to-electrical converter 728 for conversion to electrical signals. Scintillating fiber bundles are commercially available.
- the monitor 732 might, advantageously, be a conventional computer-based data acquisition and display system, such as a Dell PC with Pentium processor.
- FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a grid sensor system for monitoring the integrity of a waste containment barrier 800 .
- the grid sensor system includes a first plurality of conductors 804 extending generally in parallel in one direction through the barrier 800 , and a second plurality of conductors 808 extending also generally in parallel in another direction in the barrier to intersect with the first plurality of conductors at an end wall 800 a and a bottom wall 800 b (and the other end wall not shown) of the barrier 800 .
- Both ends of the first plurality of conductors 804 and of the second plurality of conductors 808 are gathered and routed to a signal source and processor 812 .
- the signal source and processor 812 supplies electrical signals to both sets of conductors 804 and 808 , which have a predetermined characteristic impedance.
- any strain i.e., change in dimension, which takes place in the material of the barrier 800 , for example, such as the development of cracks or openings, will affect the conductors 804 and 808 .
- the affect will be generally to elongate the conductors where the strain occurs and this will result in a change in the characteristic impedance of the affected conductors. If a strain, for example, occurs near an intersection of one of the conductors 804 and one of the conductors 808 , then the characteristic impedance of those two conductors could be read by the signal source and processor 812 and that would locate the location of the strain as being near the intersection.
- the change in characteristic impedance can be measured with electrical time domain reflectometry, a well-known measuring technique.
- the signal source and processor 812 e.g., spectrum analyzer
- the monitor 816 which develops an output identifying the location of the strain.
- the monitor 816 might advantageously be a computer-based data acquisition system, as with the monitor 732 in FIG. 3 .
- An alternative embodiment to the conductor grid described above for determining integrity of the barrier 800 is a grid of fiber optic strands disposed in the barrier 800 in the same manner as are the conductors. Assume that the conductors 804 and 808 are simply replaced with fiber optic strands (as shown in a side view in FIG. 5 ) and that the signal source and processor 812 provides light of a certain intensity and wavelength to one end of strands 804 and 808 and then that the signal source and processor receives from the corresponding opposite ends the light that has been transmitted through the strands.
- the signal source and processor 812 If a change in wavelength and/or intensity of the light in any of the strands is detected by the signal source and processor 812 , such change indicates that strain or cracking has occurred in the barrier 800 at a location near the affected strands. Thus, detecting a change in the wavelength and/or intensity of light in two or more intersecting strands would indicate that the strain or cracking has occurred near that intersection and this information could be supplied by the signal source and processor 812 to the monitor 816 for display or other disposition.
- the signal source and processor 812 might illustratively be a commercially available optic time domain reflectometer, or optical spectrum analyzer, interfaced to a personal computer.
- the spacing between conductors 804 and 808 or between fiber optic strands 804 or 808 could illustratively be about one foot. This would enable identification of the location of strain or cracks in the barrier 100 to resolution of about six inches.
- a strain or crack which affects a single wire can be located using electrical time domain reflectometry in which a wavelength shift in a signal applied to the wire indicates a strain or cracking in the barrier, as analyzed by a spectrum analyzer. Electrical time domain reflectometry is a well-known operation.
- the location of a crack or strain affecting a fiber optic strand could be determined by measuring a back-reflected signal (reflected from the crack or strain in the fiber) of an optical pulse sent down the fiber, using optical time domain reflectometry.
- FIG. 5 shows another embodiment of a fiber optic strain/crack sensor system embedded in a containment barrier made of grout.
- FIG. 6 shows a side schematic view of another embodiment of the present invention in which hollow access tubes 604 are disposed in a containment barrier 600 , with the tubes being placed into the barrier (or below) during emplacement of the barrier.
- the access tubes 604 are used to deploy, among others, radiation sensors, such as scintillating fiber bundles or thermoluminescent dosimeters, X-ray fluorescence sensors for detecting the presence of RCRA metals, and/or a fiber-optic spectroscopy system to detect volatile organic compounds.
- the access tubes 904 could be emplaced in the barrier 900 using a variety of known deployment methods.
- the access tubes 904 may be placed in the bottom wall of the barrier and/or the sidewalls thereof.
- FIG. 6 shows a specific embodiment of a sensor system carried in the access tube 604 to include scintillating fiber bundles 608 (best seen in the enlarged view 612 of a section of the barrier 600 and tube 604 ).
- the scintillating fiber bundles 608 were discussed earlier in connection with FIG. 3 , and operate to emit light of different frequencies depending upon the type of radiation to which the fiber bundles are exposed.
- Fiber optic strands 616 are carried by the access tube 604 and coupled to the scintillating fiber bundles so that light emitted by the fiber bundles when exposed to radiation is carried by the fiber optic strands to a monitor 620 .
- the monitor 620 would include an optical-to-electrical convertor for converting the light to electrical signals for processing by a signal processing circuit to develop information identifying the type of radiation detected which information could then be provided to a user.
- X-ray fluorescence sensors could also be deployed in the access tube 604 , for detecting the migration of RCRA metals through the barrier 600 , in a manner similar to that discussed in connection with FIG. 3 .
- Conductors would be coupled to the X-ray fluorescence sensors for carrying signals to the monitor 620 for processing and display of information relating to the presence of RCRA metals.
- Fiber-coupled optical systems based upon Raman and/or fluorescence spectroscopies could also be deployed in access tubes in or around the barrier to detect and identify volatiles permeating through the containment barrier and through perforations 628 in the tube 604 .
- Such systems operate by transmitting an excitation signal from a laser to a sample volume at the distal end of an optical fiber, or fiber bundle, and then sampling and analyzing the excited gas in the volume with a second fiber. This signal is then returned to a spectrometer and analyzed to determine the type and concentration of volatiles present.
- the systems can be multiplexed to obtain samples from multiple locations beneath the barrier.
- the laser itself can be fiber-optically coupled and placed in the access tubes.
- a fiber optic spectroscopy sensor 624 at the distal end of a fiber 626 is shown in the enlarged views 612 and 614 of the access tube 604 .
- acoustic sensors could be used to determine barrier emplacement performance and to gather information about waste pit contents.
- arrays of acoustic transmitters would be disposed in tubes extending through the bottom wall containment barrier, for transmitting acoustic signals upwardly through the waste pit contents.
- Arrays of acoustic receivers are deployed on the surface or just under the surface at the top of the waste pit for receiving transmitted acoustic signals.
- the acoustic receivers in effect measure the propagation of various seismic waves, such as pressure waves, shear waves, raleigh waves, etc. (through the waste pit contents), such propagation depending upon the elastic properties of the contents.
- the arrays of transmitters and arrays of receivers are coupled via control cables to signal source and processor equipment and monitors for processing the acoustic signals and displaying information determined from the sensors, in a manner similar to the systems discussed earlier.
- a radar system could also be used to map barrier performance.
- transmitters could be deployed in the tubes extending in the bottom wall of a barrier containment system to transmit electromagnetic waves upwardly through the waste pit contents to electromagnetic wave receivers deployed on or near the surface of the waste pit.
- Heterogeneities in the waste pit contents e.g., different soils, objects, moisture content, etc.
- have different electromagnetic properties transmitting electromagnetic waves through the waste contents and then receiving and mapping the transmitted signals will provide data about the contents and the performance of the waste containment barrier in containing the contents.
- the transmitter arrays and receiver arrays would be coupled by cables (or telemetry devices) to signal source and processor equipment and monitors for displaying the data derived from the transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves through the waste pit contents.
- the acoustic sensor system and radar system described above were defined as transmitting signals from the bottom of the waste pit up to the surface thereof, it is obvious that the transmitters could be arranged on one side of the waste pit, with receivers arranged on the opposite side and that the signals could be transmitted effectively horizontally through the waste pit contents. In this case, the transmitters would be deployed in access tubes located on one side of the waste pit, with receivers deployed in access tubes located on the other side of the waste pit.
- a resistivity system might also be deployed in the tubes for measuring long-term barrier performance.
- Such a system utilizes very low frequency electromagnetic fields (approaching the direct-current limit) to perform direct current resistivity measurements of the barrier contents.
- An electromagnetic wave transmitter would be deployed in a tube near the center of the waste pit at the bottom thereof, to transmit 360 degrees outwardly, with receivers being located outside of the waste pit, either underground or on the surface for receiving the transmitted waves.
- the resistivity measurements would provide an indication of barrier integrity such as imperfections, cracks and breaks.
- the access tubes 604 could be made of any flexible, electrically neutral material, and may be perforated, as shown at 628 in FIG. 6 , to allow entry of VOC's for detection purposes.
- the access tubes 604 could illustratively have an inside diameter of from 0.5 to 6 inches.
- the spacing of the access tubes advantageously, is about three feet.
- tracers are placed at various locations in the barrier.
- the tracers could be dye, detectable by fluorescence spectroscopy, visual or chemical testing of samples of soil or groundwater, or ferromagnetic material, detectable by magnetic sensors.
- the sensors would be placed outside the barrier in positions to detect movement of the tracers and thus a possible breach in the integrity of the barrier.
- the barrier placement machine 220 includes an operator's cab 97 , a cutting chain and grout injector assembly 333 including cutter teeth 31 and discharge paddles 33 , a grout receiving conveyor 959 , a soil retaining shield traveling pan 953 , a soil retaining shield consolidator 955 , a side trench excavator 91 , soil conveyor 933 , and track mechanism 975 for moving the entire machine 220 .
- the machine 220 is depicted in FIG. 7 in schematic form, and may include all other components necessary for its operation, as understood by those of ordinary skill in the relevant field.
- a trench excavator 91 digs a side trench shown in phantom line at 226 .
- the trench excavator 91 carries the excavated soil 984 up out of the ground and dumps it on the trench excavator conveyor 991 , which carries the soil backwardly along the machine 220 .
- Grout or other suitable barrier forming material is then placed within the side trench 226 by the soil retaining shield traveling pan 953 and the soil retaining shield consolidator 955 , along with any other necessary grout injecting devices known to those of ordinary skill, to form the side barrier.
- the trench excavator conveyor 991 dumps the soil 984 behind the barrier placement machine 220 , refilling the side trench 226 .
- the cutting chain and grout injector assembly 333 and soil conveyor 933 operate to excavate earthen material 985 from beneath the in-situ portion of earth 216 without removing said in-situ portion, and discharges the soil 985 above ground as shown in FIG. 7 where it lies conveniently accessible for testing if desired.
- the machine 220 further includes a barrier-forming means 953 , 955 and 224 attached to the excavating means 31 , 33 and 91 for simultaneously forming a side barrier and a generally horizontal, multi-layer barrier 228 (or could be a single-layer) within the generally horizontal trench 222 , said multi-layer barrier 228 having at least a first layer 202 and a second layer 204 .
- a barrier-forming means 953 , 955 and 224 attached to the excavating means 31 , 33 and 91 for simultaneously forming a side barrier and a generally horizontal, multi-layer barrier 228 (or could be a single-layer) within the generally horizontal trench 222 , said multi-layer barrier 228 having at least a first layer 202 and a second layer 204 .
- a horizontal barrier forming mechanism 224 is provided for forming at least a portion of the second layer 204 simultaneously with forming at least a portion of the first layer 202 . More specifically, the horizontal barrier forming mechanism 224 includes: a first injector 232 for injecting a first material for forming the first layer 202 in the horizontal trench 222 ; a mechanism for placing an intermediate shield 234 over the material for the first layer 202 ; a second injector 236 for injecting a second material for forming the second layer 204 onto the intermediate shield 234 ; and a frame 238 to which the intermediate shield 234 is attached for removing the intermediate shield 234 from between the first and second material forming the first and second layers 202 and 204 .
- the intermediate injectors 232 and 236 and, as an extension of the frame 238 is advanced horizontally between the first and second layers 202 and 204 as they are formed, as the track mechanism 975 advances the machine 220 .
- the first and second injectors 232 and 236 are contained within first and second chambers 240 and 242 , respectively.
- the intermediate shield 234 thus operates as a carrying member coupled to the chambers 240 and 242 .
- the third, middle layer 212 begins a dispensable, pre-formed roll 244 of barrier material that resides in a suitably sized trench 246 .
- the roll 244 of barrier material includes a first end 248 . Any suitable attaching means known to those of ordinary skill in the art may be used for attaching the first end 248 of the roll 244 of barrier material to the intermediate shield 234 , such that barrier material is withdrawn from the dispensable roll 244 as the machine 220 advances.
- the roll of material 244 which might comprise a high performance material such as polyethylene or any suitable geo-textile membrane material, is pulled between the first and second layers 202 and 204 as the machine 220 advances.
- the barrier material of the roll 244 preferably has sufficient strength to be pulled between the first and second layers 202 and 204 without substantial tearing.
- FIG. 8 depicts another embodiment of a barrier placement approach in which a dispenser 250 comprises a pre-formed roll of barrier material rotatably disposed between horizontal digging elements 31 , 33 and the chambers 240 , 242 .
- the second injector 236 is positioned to inject the second layer 204 on top of an intermediate shield 234 a such that said shield 34 separates the second layer 204 and the pre-formed layer 212 as said second layer 204 and said pre-formed layer 212 are being respectively injected and dispensed.
- the intermediate shield 34 a thereby operates as a retaining plate.
- sensors 846 FIG. 7
- 850 FIG. 8
- the types described may be disposed on the barrier material (geo-textile membrane) of the rolls 244 and 250 , respectively, for sensing barrier integrity, radiation, etc.
- any desired sensor can be deployed between the first and second layers 202 and 204 by being incorporated into the membrane barrier material forming the roll 244 or the roll 250 .
- the sensors 846 or 850 can be installed at the same time as the barrier 228 is installed.
- sensors 35 may be installed in the cutting teeth 31 to detect characteristics of the soil being removed such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), heavy metals and radiation, to determine if contamination has leaked from the waste site.
- the sensors 35 might illustratively be comprised of scintillating fiber optic bundles, x-ray fluorescence sensors, or fiber-coupled optical systems, for transmitting signals to a receiver located, for example, on the surface to indicate the soil characteristics being detected.
- sensors 35 on the cutting teeth 31 could be mounted on a grouting beam or arm, such as those disclosed in the foresighted International Publication Numbers WO 94/19547 & WO 93/00483 by Halliburton Nus Environmental Corp., for detecting soil characteristics of soil through which the grouting beam is moved to form the containment barrier.
- another embodiment of the present invention includes an apparatus for deploying a waste containment barrier 890 in soil adjacent a buried waste containment site 880 , and for detecting conditions of the soil in which the barrier is deployed.
- This embodiment includes a grouting arm 870 (also referred to as a grouting beam), a means 860 (also referred to as grouting arm transporter 860 ) for moving the grouting arm through the soil, and sensors 872 disposed on the grouting arm for detecting conditions of the soil as the grouting arm moves through the soil.
- the grouting arm 870 also includes means 875 (also referred to as jet ports 875 ) for directing a slurry under pressure into soil adjacent the buried waste containment site 880 , to mix with the soil and form the barrier 890 .
- the sensors 872 disposed on the grouting arm may be any of the sensors described herein.
Abstract
A sensor system is disclosed for a buried waste containment site having a bottom wall barrier and/or sidewall barriers, for containing hazardous waste. The sensor system includes one or more sensor devices disposed in one or more of the barriers for detecting a physical parameter either of the barrier itself or of the physical condition of the surrounding soils and buried waste, and for producing a signal representing the physical parameter detected. Also included is a signal processor for receiving signals produced by the sensor device and for developing information identifying the physical parameter detected, either for sounding an alarm, displaying a graphic representation of a physical parameter detected on a viewing screen and/or a hard copy printout. The sensor devices may be deployed in or adjacent the barriers at the same time the barriers are deployed and may be adapted to detect strain or cracking in the barriers, leakage of radiation through the barriers, the presence and leaking through the barriers of volatile organic compounds, or similar physical conditions.
Description
- This application is a Divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/673,101, filed on Sep. 26, 2003, which is a Divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/418,681 filed Oct. 14, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,648,552, issued Nov. 18, 2003.
- The United States Government has certain rights in this invention pursuant to Contract No. DE-AC07-94ID13223, DE-AC07-99ID13727, and Contract No. DE-AC07-05ID14517 between the U.S. Department of Energy and Battelle Energy Alliance, LLC.
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The present invention relates generally to a sensor system for monitoring the structural integrity of an underground waste containment barrier, and leakage therefrom of waste products or byproducts, and for improved characterization of zones of interest.
- 2. State of the Art
- It is often necessary to form a containment barrier around a hazardous waste site to stop or prevent the migration of contaminants into the nearby soil and water tables. The containment barrier must prevent the migration of contaminants both horizontally and vertically away from the waste site. Therefore, a properly constructed containment barrier may be compared to a huge bathtub, with the hazardous waste contained within four side walls and a generally horizontal floor.
- A typical, currently-used method of containment is to physically remove the hazardous waste and haul it to a permitted storage facility. However, such method is costly, impractical, and dangerous. Digging up sites with buried drums, radioactive dusts, or other airborne wastes may actually release the contaminants, spreading them into the atmosphere and through the soil.
- In response to this problem, a number of suggestions have been made for placing containment barriers around hazardous waste sites, without removing the waste. One approach for doing this is disclosed in International Publication Nos. WO 94/19547 and WO 93/00483 by Halliburton Nus Environmental Corp. The Halliburton system uses a row of high pressure jets to shoot a slurry into soil surrounding a hazardous waste site, somewhat liquefying the surrounding soil. The slurry cuts a path through the soil as it intermixes with the liquified soil. Gravity and/or mechanical means pull the row of high pressure jets through the mix of liquified soil and slurry, after which the liquified soil and slurry harden into a protective barrier.
- The above-described system has a number of shortcomings, including the possibility of further spreading contaminants by the use of hydraulic jets, the difficulty of maintaining balance between the amount of slurry needed for cutting and the amount of slurry needed for hardening the soil, the difficulty of providing a barrier of consistent strength since it would depend in part upon the soil composition encountered and the amount of slurry deposited, and, finally, the lack of testing of excavated soil to know whether soil surrounding the waste site has become contaminated.
- Another suggested approach for installing a containment barrier around a hazardous waste site is disclosed in patent application Ser. No. 08/925,101, filed Sep. 8, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,016,714 issued Jan. 25, 2000. In this approach, a multi-layer containment barrier is put in place under a hazardous waste site without disturbing any buried waste, in a simple and efficient fashion. The disclosure in the above-noted co-pending patent application is incorporated herein by reference.
- In any approach to holding hazardous waste, it would be desirable to monitor the site in terms of both the structural integrity of any containment barrier put in place about the waste material, and leakage of contaminants away from the site. Additionally, it would be desirable to monitor material being excavated from around a waste site in preparation for emplacement of a containment barrier for the site, to determine the extent of contamination of surrounding soils and thus the possible need to extend the containment barrier to a location completely surrounding all contaminated materials and soils. Finally, it would be desirable to efficiently and inexpensively install a long-term monitoring system soon after or simultaneously with the installation of the containment barrier.
- It is an object of the invention to provide a sensor system for sensing a variety of physical parameters of a buried waste containment site.
- It is also an object of the invention to provide such a sensor system especially suitable for use in connection with a containment barrier disposed under and around a buried waste site.
- It is a further object of the invention to provide such a sensor system for monitoring the structural integrity of such a containment barrier.
- It is also an object of the invention to provide such a sensor system for sensing leakage of contaminants from a buried waste containment site.
- It is still another object of the invention to provide such a sensor system, in accordance with one aspect thereof, for monitoring soil and material excavated from a buried waste containment site.
- It is an additional object of the invention to provide such a sensor system, in accordance with another aspect thereof, for sensing physical parameters of soil being excavated, during the excavation process.
- It is a further object of the invention to provide such a sensor system which may be readily installed at a buried waste containment site simultaneously with the installation of a containment barrier.
- It is also an object of the invention to provide such a sensor system in which sensors may be installed and removed after the buried waste containment site is in place.
- The above and other objects of the invention are realized in a specific illustrative embodiment of a sensor system for a buried waste containment site having a bottom wall barrier and/or sidewall barriers, for containing hazardous waste. The sensor system includes one or more sensor devices disposed in one or more of the barriers for detecting a physical parameter either of the barrier itself or of the physical condition of the surrounding soils and buried waste, and for producing a signal representing the physical parameter detected. Also included is a signal processing device for receiving signals produced by the sensor device and for developing information identifying the physical parameter detected, either for sounding an alarm, displaying a graphic representation of the physical parameter detected on a viewing screen and/or a hard copy printout, etc.
- In accordance with one aspect of the invention, the sensor device disposed in one or more of the barriers comprises a strain or crack transducer for detecting strain or cracking and thus possible leakage locations in the barrier in which the transducer is disposed. One embodiment of such a transducer includes a grid of detecting elements disposed in the barriers to detect strains wherever they might occur.
- In accordance with another aspect of the invention, one or more access tubes are disposed in or below the barriers with at least one end of the tubes extending from the barriers to allow access thereinto. Sensor devices are then disposed in the access tube or tubes and coupled to the signal processing device through the one end of the tubes. The access tubes provide protection for the sensor device without inhibiting operation thereof. Also, use of access tubes allows for selective removal and deployment of a variety of sensors.
- In accordance with still another aspect of the invention, the sensor device is adapted to detect radiation that may be leaking or may have already leaked through the barriers, and/or the presence of RCRA metals. Also, a sensor device may be provided to detect volatile organic compounds using fiber optic spectroscopy deployed in the access tubes.
- In another embodiment of the invention, conveyor apparatus is provided for removing and carrying away excavated earthen material. Disposed above the conveyor apparatus and above any material being carried by the conveyor apparatus is one or more sensor devices for detecting various conditions and components of the material being carried. The sensor device is coupled to a processing device for developing information identifying the condition or components detected by the sensor device, just as with the sensor device disposed in the containment barriers described above.
- In another aspect of the invention, sensor detectable tracers could be used to verify barrier integrity. Specifically, tracers could be placed within the barrier with sensors outside the barrier to determine whether the tracers have migrated through a breach in the barrier, or stayed in place.
- In a further aspect of the invention, sensors or sensor arrays are installed in or about a barrier simultaneously with the installation of the barrier. For example the sensors or sensor arrays could be disposed between layers of a multi-layer barrier as the barrier is being installed in a trench dug for that purpose.
- As indicated earlier, one approach to installing a containment barrier around a waste site involves the use of high pressure jets shooting a slurry into soil surrounding the waste site. This is also known as grouting, and typically involves a grouting beam or arm which carries the jets and which is moved along a locus to both remove soil and produce the containment barrier with a mixture of slurry and soil. In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, a sensor or sensors are disposed on the grouting arm to detect physical properties of the soil through which the arm moves, to thus determine whether contaminants have leaked from the waste site into the surrounding soil.
- The above and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from a consideration of the subsequent detailed description presented in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:
-
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a plot of ground contaminated by hazardous waste; -
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the plot of ground with the hazardous waste contained by a protective ground barrier; -
FIG. 3 is a side, schematic view of sensor apparatus positioned above a conveyor carrying excavated material, in accordance with the present invention; -
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a grid sensor system deployed in a containment barrier, in accordance with the present invention; -
FIG. 5 is a side, schematic view of a fiber optic strain/crack sensor system deployed in a containment barrier, in accordance with the present invention; -
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a gamma spectroscopy sensor system suitable for use in the present invention; -
FIG. 7 is a side view of a barrier placement machine suitable for constructing a multi-layer underground barrier and for simultaneously deploying sensor devices in the barrier; -
FIG. 8 is a side, cross-sectional view, enlarged, of the multi-layer underground barrier ofFIG. 7 ; and -
FIG. 9 is a side schematic view of a grouting arm including sensors disposed thereon. - Referring now to
FIG. 1 , atypical waste site 11 is shown containingdrums 13 filled with hazardous waste, both on thesurface 15 and buried under theground 17.Contaminants 19, leaking from thedrums 13, threaten to migrate into a water table 12, unless some type of containment barrier can be provided. - One
such containment barrier 21 is shown inFIG. 2 to include side barriers orwalls 23 and a floor orhorizontal barrier 29. Theside barriers 23 may be made using conventional methods and interconnected to thehorizontal barrier 29. Additionally, thewaste site 11 could be completely encapsulated by forming an upper barrier cover (not shown) and interconnecting it with theside barriers 23 and front andrear barriers 25 and 27 (front barriers 25 are shown in phantom line inFIG. 2 ). The afore-cited co-pending patent application describes how containment barriers of the type described may be constructed using apparatus such as that to next be briefly described. -
FIG. 3 is a side, schematic view of one embodiment of excavated soil sensor and assay equipment, in accordance with the present invention.FIG. 3 shows a conveyor 710 on which excavated soil 700 (from a waste containment site) is being carried for ultimate deposit. Disposed above theconveyor 991 for detecting various physical parameters and contaminants of thesoil 700 are agamma ray spectrometer 704, anX-ray fluorescence detector 708, and ahood 712 for collecting vapors rising from thesoil 700 and passing the vapors to ananalyzer 716. Disposed under (or could be over) the upper section of theconveyor 991 is ascintillating fiber bundle 720 coupled to an optical-to-electrical converter 728. Thegamma ray spectrometer 704,X-ray fluorescence detector 708,analyzer 716 and optical-to-electrical converter 728 are all coupled to amonitor 732 for processing signals received from the various components shown for displaying information represented by the received signals or for taking other action. - The
gamma ray spectrometer 704 is provided for making measurements of the energies of particles emitted by different radioactive sources in thesoil 700 to thereby distinguish among the sources and identify them. Thegamma ray spectrometer 704 supplies signals to themonitor 732 identifying the different sources of radioactivity, and the monitor processes these signals to provide a display, hard copy printout, or other indication to a user of what sources of radioactivity are present in thesoil 700. Gamma ray spectrometers are well known in the art. - The
X-ray fluorescence detector 708 is provided for detecting the presence of RCRA metals in thesoil 700. Thedetector 708 supplies signals to themonitor 732 indicating whether or not RCRA metals have been detected, and the monitor then develops a suitable display, printout, etc. This type of detection is well known. - The
hood 712 collects whatever vapors may be emitted by thesoil 700, but in particular volatile organic compounds, and these are supplied to theanalyzer 716. Theanalyzer 716 could include a variety of devices for detecting the presence of volatile organic compounds including an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) infrared spectrometer or a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer. Either of these devices is suitable for detecting the presence of volatile organic compounds and both are well known in the prior art. If volatile organic compounds are detected by theanalyzer 716, the analyzer supplies signals to themonitor 732 identifying the volatile organic compounds and this information may then be displayed, provided on a hard copy printout, etc. - The
scintillating fiber bundle 720 is provided to detect the presence of radiation emanating from thesoil 700 being conveyed on theconveyor 991. Thefiber bundle 720, in the presence of different types of radiation, emits light of a characteristic frequency, and this light is then supplied to the optical-to-electrical converter 728. There, the light is converted to electrical signals for supply to themonitor 732, for producing a display or other indication of the nature of the radiation detected. - Scintillating fiber bundles illustratively may be made of polystyrene fibers, doped with fluorescent compounds that scintillate in response to various kinds of ionizing radiation. This radiation-induced scintillation comprises the light supplied to the optical-to-
electrical converter 728 for conversion to electrical signals. Scintillating fiber bundles are commercially available. - The
monitor 732 might, advantageously, be a conventional computer-based data acquisition and display system, such as a Dell PC with Pentium processor. - The sensing and assaying discussed above is for soil excavated as a result of installing a waste containment barrier, for example in accordance with the method described in the afore-cited co-pending patent application. It is also desirable to monitor the barrier itself for integrity and to determine whether leakage of contaminated material through the barrier is taking place.
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a grid sensor system for monitoring the integrity of awaste containment barrier 800. In one embodiment, the grid sensor system includes a first plurality ofconductors 804 extending generally in parallel in one direction through thebarrier 800, and a second plurality ofconductors 808 extending also generally in parallel in another direction in the barrier to intersect with the first plurality of conductors at anend wall 800 a and abottom wall 800 b (and the other end wall not shown) of thebarrier 800. Both ends of the first plurality ofconductors 804 and of the second plurality ofconductors 808 are gathered and routed to a signal source andprocessor 812. The signal source andprocessor 812 supplies electrical signals to both sets ofconductors processor 812 from the other end. Any strain, i.e., change in dimension, which takes place in the material of thebarrier 800, for example, such as the development of cracks or openings, will affect theconductors conductors 804 and one of theconductors 808, then the characteristic impedance of those two conductors could be read by the signal source andprocessor 812 and that would locate the location of the strain as being near the intersection. The change in characteristic impedance can be measured with electrical time domain reflectometry, a well-known measuring technique. Once the location or locations of strain are detected by the signal source and processor 812 (e.g., spectrum analyzer), it signals amonitor 816 which develops an output identifying the location of the strain. Themonitor 816 might advantageously be a computer-based data acquisition system, as with themonitor 732 inFIG. 3 . - An alternative embodiment to the conductor grid described above for determining integrity of the
barrier 800, is a grid of fiber optic strands disposed in thebarrier 800 in the same manner as are the conductors. Assume that theconductors FIG. 5 ) and that the signal source andprocessor 812 provides light of a certain intensity and wavelength to one end ofstrands processor 812, such change indicates that strain or cracking has occurred in thebarrier 800 at a location near the affected strands. Thus, detecting a change in the wavelength and/or intensity of light in two or more intersecting strands would indicate that the strain or cracking has occurred near that intersection and this information could be supplied by the signal source andprocessor 812 to themonitor 816 for display or other disposition. For processing the received light, the signal source andprocessor 812 might illustratively be a commercially available optic time domain reflectometer, or optical spectrum analyzer, interfaced to a personal computer. - The spacing between
conductors optic strands - Although a grid of either conductors or fiber optic strands were shown and described for
FIG. 4 , it is also possible to detect the location of a strain or crack occurring in a barrier by an array of wires or fiber optic strands extending parallel to one another and just in one direction. In particular, a strain or crack which affects a single wire can be located using electrical time domain reflectometry in which a wavelength shift in a signal applied to the wire indicates a strain or cracking in the barrier, as analyzed by a spectrum analyzer. Electrical time domain reflectometry is a well-known operation. Similarly, the location of a crack or strain affecting a fiber optic strand could be determined by measuring a back-reflected signal (reflected from the crack or strain in the fiber) of an optical pulse sent down the fiber, using optical time domain reflectometry. -
FIG. 5 shows another embodiment of a fiber optic strain/crack sensor system embedded in a containment barrier made of grout. -
FIG. 6 shows a side schematic view of another embodiment of the present invention in which hollowaccess tubes 604 are disposed in acontainment barrier 600, with the tubes being placed into the barrier (or below) during emplacement of the barrier. Theaccess tubes 604 are used to deploy, among others, radiation sensors, such as scintillating fiber bundles or thermoluminescent dosimeters, X-ray fluorescence sensors for detecting the presence of RCRA metals, and/or a fiber-optic spectroscopy system to detect volatile organic compounds. The access tubes 904 could be emplaced in the barrier 900 using a variety of known deployment methods. The access tubes 904 may be placed in the bottom wall of the barrier and/or the sidewalls thereof. -
FIG. 6 shows a specific embodiment of a sensor system carried in theaccess tube 604 to include scintillating fiber bundles 608 (best seen in theenlarged view 612 of a section of thebarrier 600 and tube 604). Thescintillating fiber bundles 608 were discussed earlier in connection withFIG. 3 , and operate to emit light of different frequencies depending upon the type of radiation to which the fiber bundles are exposed.Fiber optic strands 616 are carried by theaccess tube 604 and coupled to the scintillating fiber bundles so that light emitted by the fiber bundles when exposed to radiation is carried by the fiber optic strands to amonitor 620. Themonitor 620 would include an optical-to-electrical convertor for converting the light to electrical signals for processing by a signal processing circuit to develop information identifying the type of radiation detected which information could then be provided to a user. - X-ray fluorescence sensors could also be deployed in the
access tube 604, for detecting the migration of RCRA metals through thebarrier 600, in a manner similar to that discussed in connection withFIG. 3 . Conductors would be coupled to the X-ray fluorescence sensors for carrying signals to themonitor 620 for processing and display of information relating to the presence of RCRA metals. - Fiber-coupled optical systems based upon Raman and/or fluorescence spectroscopies could also be deployed in access tubes in or around the barrier to detect and identify volatiles permeating through the containment barrier and through
perforations 628 in thetube 604. Such systems operate by transmitting an excitation signal from a laser to a sample volume at the distal end of an optical fiber, or fiber bundle, and then sampling and analyzing the excited gas in the volume with a second fiber. This signal is then returned to a spectrometer and analyzed to determine the type and concentration of volatiles present. The systems can be multiplexed to obtain samples from multiple locations beneath the barrier. Using available microchip laser technology, the laser itself can be fiber-optically coupled and placed in the access tubes. A fiberoptic spectroscopy sensor 624 at the distal end of afiber 626 is shown in theenlarged views access tube 604. - Two other types of sensor systems could utilize the
tube 604 ofFIG. 6 including acoustic sensors and radar sensor systems. Acoustic sensors could be used to determine barrier emplacement performance and to gather information about waste pit contents. Typically, arrays of acoustic transmitters would be disposed in tubes extending through the bottom wall containment barrier, for transmitting acoustic signals upwardly through the waste pit contents. Arrays of acoustic receivers are deployed on the surface or just under the surface at the top of the waste pit for receiving transmitted acoustic signals. The acoustic receivers in effect measure the propagation of various seismic waves, such as pressure waves, shear waves, raleigh waves, etc. (through the waste pit contents), such propagation depending upon the elastic properties of the contents. The arrays of transmitters and arrays of receivers are coupled via control cables to signal source and processor equipment and monitors for processing the acoustic signals and displaying information determined from the sensors, in a manner similar to the systems discussed earlier. - A radar system could also be used to map barrier performance. With such a system, transmitters could be deployed in the tubes extending in the bottom wall of a barrier containment system to transmit electromagnetic waves upwardly through the waste pit contents to electromagnetic wave receivers deployed on or near the surface of the waste pit. Heterogeneities in the waste pit contents (e.g., different soils, objects, moisture content, etc.) have different electromagnetic properties, transmitting electromagnetic waves through the waste contents and then receiving and mapping the transmitted signals will provide data about the contents and the performance of the waste containment barrier in containing the contents. Of course, the transmitter arrays and receiver arrays would be coupled by cables (or telemetry devices) to signal source and processor equipment and monitors for displaying the data derived from the transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves through the waste pit contents.
- Although the acoustic sensor system and radar system described above were defined as transmitting signals from the bottom of the waste pit up to the surface thereof, it is obvious that the transmitters could be arranged on one side of the waste pit, with receivers arranged on the opposite side and that the signals could be transmitted effectively horizontally through the waste pit contents. In this case, the transmitters would be deployed in access tubes located on one side of the waste pit, with receivers deployed in access tubes located on the other side of the waste pit.
- A resistivity system might also be deployed in the tubes for measuring long-term barrier performance. Such a system utilizes very low frequency electromagnetic fields (approaching the direct-current limit) to perform direct current resistivity measurements of the barrier contents. An electromagnetic wave transmitter would be deployed in a tube near the center of the waste pit at the bottom thereof, to transmit 360 degrees outwardly, with receivers being located outside of the waste pit, either underground or on the surface for receiving the transmitted waves. The resistivity measurements would provide an indication of barrier integrity such as imperfections, cracks and breaks.
- With the arrangement of access tubes described in particular with respect to
FIG. 6 , it is apparent that various sensors could be deployed in the access tubes simultaneously or one type sensor might be deployed for data gathering at one point in time, then removed and another type sensor deployed in the access tubes for acquisition of different data. Since one or both ends of the access tubes would extend through the surface of the ground, sensor arrays could easily be installed and later removed from the access tubes to make way for a different sensor array. - Advantageously, the
access tubes 604 could be made of any flexible, electrically neutral material, and may be perforated, as shown at 628 inFIG. 6 , to allow entry of VOC's for detection purposes. Theaccess tubes 604 could illustratively have an inside diameter of from 0.5 to 6 inches. The spacing of the access tubes, advantageously, is about three feet. - Another approach to monitoring barrier integrity involves the use of a tracer system in which tracers are placed at various locations in the barrier. The tracers could be dye, detectable by fluorescence spectroscopy, visual or chemical testing of samples of soil or groundwater, or ferromagnetic material, detectable by magnetic sensors. The sensors would be placed outside the barrier in positions to detect movement of the tracers and thus a possible breach in the integrity of the barrier.
- Referring now to
FIG. 7 , there is shown an embodiment of abarrier placement machine 220. Thebarrier placement machine 220 includes an operator'scab 97, a cutting chain andgrout injector assembly 333 including cutter teeth 31 and discharge paddles 33, agrout receiving conveyor 959, a soil retainingshield traveling pan 953, a soil retainingshield consolidator 955, aside trench excavator 91,soil conveyor 933, andtrack mechanism 975 for moving theentire machine 220. Themachine 220 is depicted inFIG. 7 in schematic form, and may include all other components necessary for its operation, as understood by those of ordinary skill in the relevant field. - As the
barrier placement machine 220 moves forward, atrench excavator 91 digs a side trench shown in phantom line at 226. Thetrench excavator 91 carries the excavatedsoil 984 up out of the ground and dumps it on thetrench excavator conveyor 991, which carries the soil backwardly along themachine 220. Grout or other suitable barrier forming material is then placed within theside trench 226 by the soil retainingshield traveling pan 953 and the soil retainingshield consolidator 955, along with any other necessary grout injecting devices known to those of ordinary skill, to form the side barrier. Thetrench excavator conveyor 991 dumps thesoil 984 behind thebarrier placement machine 220, refilling theside trench 226. Simultaneously, the cutting chain andgrout injector assembly 333 andsoil conveyor 933 operate to excavateearthen material 985 from beneath the in-situ portion ofearth 216 without removing said in-situ portion, and discharges thesoil 985 above ground as shown inFIG. 7 where it lies conveniently accessible for testing if desired. - The
machine 220 further includes a barrier-formingmeans horizontal trench 222, saidmulti-layer barrier 228 having at least afirst layer 202 and asecond layer 204. This is further described in the afore-cited co-pending application. - Regarding the horizontal,
multi-layer barrier 228, a horizontalbarrier forming mechanism 224 is provided for forming at least a portion of thesecond layer 204 simultaneously with forming at least a portion of thefirst layer 202. More specifically, the horizontalbarrier forming mechanism 224 includes: afirst injector 232 for injecting a first material for forming thefirst layer 202 in thehorizontal trench 222; a mechanism for placing anintermediate shield 234 over the material for thefirst layer 202; asecond injector 236 for injecting a second material for forming thesecond layer 204 onto theintermediate shield 234; and aframe 238 to which theintermediate shield 234 is attached for removing theintermediate shield 234 from between the first and second material forming the first andsecond layers intermediate injectors frame 238, is advanced horizontally between the first andsecond layers track mechanism 975 advances themachine 220. - The first and
second injectors second chambers intermediate shield 234 thus operates as a carrying member coupled to thechambers middle layer 212 begins a dispensable,pre-formed roll 244 of barrier material that resides in a suitablysized trench 246. Theroll 244 of barrier material includes afirst end 248. Any suitable attaching means known to those of ordinary skill in the art may be used for attaching thefirst end 248 of theroll 244 of barrier material to theintermediate shield 234, such that barrier material is withdrawn from thedispensable roll 244 as themachine 220 advances. In such manner the roll ofmaterial 244, which might comprise a high performance material such as polyethylene or any suitable geo-textile membrane material, is pulled between the first andsecond layers machine 220 advances. In this embodiment, the barrier material of theroll 244 preferably has sufficient strength to be pulled between the first andsecond layers -
FIG. 8 depicts another embodiment of a barrier placement approach in which adispenser 250 comprises a pre-formed roll of barrier material rotatably disposed between horizontal digging elements 31, 33 and thechambers second injector 236 is positioned to inject thesecond layer 204 on top of anintermediate shield 234 a such that said shield 34 separates thesecond layer 204 and thepre-formed layer 212 as saidsecond layer 204 and saidpre-formed layer 212 are being respectively injected and dispensed. The intermediate shield 34 a thereby operates as a retaining plate. - Various sensors 846 (
FIG. 7 ) and 850 (FIG. 8 ), of the types described, may be disposed on the barrier material (geo-textile membrane) of therolls second layers roll 244 or theroll 250. In other words, thesensors barrier 228 is installed. - Referring again to
FIG. 8 ,sensors 35 may be installed in the cutting teeth 31 to detect characteristics of the soil being removed such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), heavy metals and radiation, to determine if contamination has leaked from the waste site. Thesensors 35 might illustratively be comprised of scintillating fiber optic bundles, x-ray fluorescence sensors, or fiber-coupled optical systems, for transmitting signals to a receiver located, for example, on the surface to indicate the soil characteristics being detected. - In a manner similar to
sensors 35 on the cutting teeth 31, sensors could be mounted on a grouting beam or arm, such as those disclosed in the foresighted International Publication Numbers WO 94/19547 & WO 93/00483 by Halliburton Nus Environmental Corp., for detecting soil characteristics of soil through which the grouting beam is moved to form the containment barrier. - Thus, another embodiment of the present invention includes an apparatus for deploying a
waste containment barrier 890 in soil adjacent a buriedwaste containment site 880, and for detecting conditions of the soil in which the barrier is deployed. This embodiment includes a grouting arm 870 (also referred to as a grouting beam), a means 860 (also referred to as grouting arm transporter 860) for moving the grouting arm through the soil, andsensors 872 disposed on the grouting arm for detecting conditions of the soil as the grouting arm moves through the soil. Thegrouting arm 870 also includes means 875 (also referred to as jet ports 875) for directing a slurry under pressure into soil adjacent the buriedwaste containment site 880, to mix with the soil and form thebarrier 890. Thesensors 872 disposed on the grouting arm may be any of the sensors described herein. - It is to be understood that the above-described arrangements are only illustrative of the application of the principles of the present invention. Numerous modifications and alternative arrangements may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention and the appended claims are intended to cover such modifications and arrangements.
Claims (19)
1. Apparatus for deploying a waste containment barrier in soil, and for detecting conditions of the soil in which the barrier is deployed, comprising:
grouting arm means for directing a slurry under pressure into soil to mix with the soil and form a barrier,
means for moving the grouting arm through the soil, and
sensor means disposed on the grouting arm for detecting conditions of the soil as the grouting arm moves through the soil.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the sensor means comprises a gamma ray spectrometer configured for detecting radiation emanating from the soil substantially near the at least one sensor.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the sensor means comprises an X-ray fluorescence detector configured for detecting at least one RCRA metal present in the soil substantially near the at least one sensor.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the sensor means comprises a scintillating fiber bundle configured for detecting radiation emanating from the soil substantially near the at least one sensor.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the sensor means comprises an acousto-optic tunable filter configured for detecting at least one volatile organic compound present in the soil substantially near the at least one sensor.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the sensor means comprises a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer configured for detecting at least one volatile organic compound present in the excavated material on the conveyor.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the sensor means comprises a plurality of sensor means.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the plurality of sensor means comprise at least two sensor means from the group consisting of a gamma ray spectrometer, an X-ray fluorescence detector, a scintillating fiber bundle, an acousto-optic tunable filter, and a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the grouting arm means is configured to form the barrier as an injected grout barrier formed in-situ.
10. A method of detecting soil conditions as a waste containment barrier is deployed in the soil, comprising:
(a) directing a slurry under pressure into soil adjacent a buried waste containment site, to mix with the soil and form a barrier; and
(b) detecting soil conditions of the soil into which the slurry is directed, as step (b) is being performed.
11. An apparatus for deploying a waste containment barrier in soil, and for detecting conditions of the soil in which the barrier is deployed comprising:
a grouting arm including jet ports disposed thereon, the jet ports configured for directing a pressurized slurry into a soil to mix with the soil and form a barrier,
a grouting arm transporter configured for moving the grouting arm through the soil, and
at least one sensor disposed on the grouting arm and configured for detecting conditions of the soil as the grouting arm moves through the soil.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the at least one sensor comprises a gamma ray spectrometer configured for detecting radiation emanating from the soil substantially near the at least one sensor.
13. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the at least one sensor comprises an X-ray fluorescence detector configured for detecting at least one RCRA metal present in the soil substantially near the at least one sensor.
14. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the at least one sensor comprises a scintillating fiber bundle configured for detecting radiation emanating from the soil substantially near the at least one sensor.
15. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the at least one sensor comprises an acousto-optic tunable filter configured for detecting at least one volatile organic compound present in the soil substantially near the at least one sensor.
16. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the at least one sensor comprises a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer configured for detecting at least one volatile organic compound present in the excavated material on the conveyor.
17. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the at least one sensor comprises a plurality of sensors.
18. The apparatus of claim 17 , wherein the plurality of sensors comprise at least two sensors from the group consisting of a gamma ray spectrometer, an X-ray fluorescence detector, a scintillating fiber bundle, an acousto-optic tunable filter, and a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer.
19. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the grouting arm is configured to form the barrier as an injected grout barrier formed in-situ from the pressurized slurry.
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US11/197,185 US20050271474A1 (en) | 1999-10-14 | 2005-08-03 | Sensor system for buried waste containment sites |
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US11/197,185 US20050271474A1 (en) | 1999-10-14 | 2005-08-03 | Sensor system for buried waste containment sites |
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US10/673,101 Expired - Fee Related US6948882B2 (en) | 1999-10-14 | 2003-09-26 | Sensor system for buried waste containment sites |
US11/197,185 Abandoned US20050271474A1 (en) | 1999-10-14 | 2005-08-03 | Sensor system for buried waste containment sites |
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US09/418,681 Expired - Fee Related US6648552B1 (en) | 1999-10-14 | 1999-10-14 | Sensor system for buried waste containment sites |
US10/673,101 Expired - Fee Related US6948882B2 (en) | 1999-10-14 | 2003-09-26 | Sensor system for buried waste containment sites |
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US9452989B2 (en) | 2012-05-24 | 2016-09-27 | University Of Utah Research Foundation | Compounds, sensors, methods, and systems for detecting gamma radiation |
US9429463B2 (en) | 2013-03-04 | 2016-08-30 | International Road Dynamics, Inc. | System and method for measuring moving vehicle information using electrical time domain reflectometry |
US9880045B2 (en) | 2013-03-04 | 2018-01-30 | International Road Dynamics | Sensor including electrical transmission-line parameter that changes responsive to vehicular load |
US10006799B2 (en) * | 2013-03-04 | 2018-06-26 | International Road Dynamics Inc. | System and method for measuring moving vehicle information using electrical time domain reflectometry |
US20180340816A1 (en) * | 2013-03-04 | 2018-11-29 | International Road Dynamics, Inc. | System and method for measuring moving vehicle information using electrical time domain reflectometry |
US10859430B2 (en) | 2013-03-04 | 2020-12-08 | International Road Dynamics | Sensor including electrical transmission-line parameter that changes responsive to vehicular load |
US10876884B2 (en) * | 2013-03-04 | 2020-12-29 | International Road Dynamics Inc. | System and method for measuring moving vehicle information using electrical time domain reflectometry |
Also Published As
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US6948882B2 (en) | 2005-09-27 |
US6648552B1 (en) | 2003-11-18 |
US20040064979A1 (en) | 2004-04-08 |
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