US20050214111A1 - Pressure relief of a flange connection in overflow lines between a live steam valve and a high-pressure steam turbine inlet - Google Patents
Pressure relief of a flange connection in overflow lines between a live steam valve and a high-pressure steam turbine inlet Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20050214111A1 US20050214111A1 US11/078,499 US7849905A US2005214111A1 US 20050214111 A1 US20050214111 A1 US 20050214111A1 US 7849905 A US7849905 A US 7849905A US 2005214111 A1 US2005214111 A1 US 2005214111A1
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- steam
- pressure
- live steam
- steam turbine
- live
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D9/00—Stators
- F01D9/06—Fluid supply conduits to nozzles or the like
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D25/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
- F01D25/24—Casings; Casing parts, e.g. diaphragms, casing fastenings
- F01D25/243—Flange connections; Bolting arrangements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D25/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
- F01D25/24—Casings; Casing parts, e.g. diaphragms, casing fastenings
- F01D25/26—Double casings; Measures against temperature strain in casings
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a steam turbine having an upper housing part and a lower housing part, in which the steam turbine has at least one overflow line between a live steam adjusting valve and a high-pressure steam turbine inlet, and the valve housing of the live steam adjusting valve communicates with the overflow line via a flange connection, and a live steam pipe in the live steam adjusting valve is provided as a steam duct between the valve housing and the overflow line, and a sealing element is disposed between the live steam pipe and a sealing seat in the overflow line.
- overflow lines are provided between the live steam adjusting valve or the live steam overload valve and the high-pressure steam turbine inlet.
- Such overflow lines are provided with flange connections or pipe couplings.
- steam leakage often occurs when live steam values are high, that is, at a high temperature or high pressure in non-steady-state operation. The tightness of the flanges or pipe couplings is therefore a problem in many steam turbine systems.
- European Patent Disclosure EP 0128343 B1 presented a steam turbine of modular construction with intermediate superheaters and in which the live steam turbine valve is a component of the outside housing of the turbine.
- the valve housing is mounted directly on the outside housing of the turbine by means of a flange.
- the diffusor in the valve is used as a steam duct between the valve housing and the turbine housing.
- the flange between the outside turbine housing and the valve housing is subjected in this case only to the high exhaust steam pressure and to forces of pipe reactions.
- the object of the invention to make an improved steam turbine available with pressure relief of flanges in overflow lines between the live steam adjusting valves and the high-pressure steam turbine inlet, which avoids the aforementioned disadvantages of the prior art.
- the flange should be capable of being designed as lighter in weight and made with greater thermal elasticity.
- the annular chamber between the live steam pipe and the valve housing is provided with a pressure relief line into a chamber of lower pressure than the live steam pressure.
- One advantageous embodiment of the present invention provides that the pressure relief line communicates with the exhaust steam of the high-pressure turbine. Its communication with other chambers at a lower pressure level is equally conceivable.
- sealing elements are embodied as piston rings. These sealing elements are especially temperature- and pressure-resistant and withstand even non-steady loads.
- Another advantageous embodiment of the present invention provides that the pressure relief line is embodied in the flange connection.
- a connection with the high-pressure exhaust steam can then be integrally formed on in a simple, uninterfering way.
- a further advantageous embodiment of the present invention provides that the pressure relief line is provided for a valve housing with an inserted diffusor.
- the diffusor forms both the valve seat and the live steam pipe.
- a further advantageous embodiment of the present invention provides that the pressure relief line is provided for a valve housing with a diffusor and a bell.
- the diffusor and the live steam pipe are separate from one another.
- a further advantageous embodiment of the present invention provides that the flange connection is designed for a temperature difference of 500° C. to 700° C., preferably for a temperature difference of 550° C. to 600° C.
- the invention can be provided by retrofitting existing steam turbines.
- a further advantageous embodiment of the present invention provides that the flange connection is designed for a temperature difference greater than or equal to 700° C.
- the lesser pressure loads in the non-steady-state range make themselves advantageously notable for designing the flange connection for steam turbines with high-temperature materials.
- FIG. 1 a schematic elevation view of an example of a steam turbine of the present invention
- FIG. 2 a schematic longitudinal section in the region of the live steam valve and overflow line of a first advantageous embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 3 a schematic view, partly in section, of a second advantageous embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 4 a schematic view, partly in section, of a third advantageous embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a steam turbine 1 , with a live steam supply represented by the arrows 2 and 3 leading into the upper housing part 4 and the lower housing part 5 , respectively.
- the live steam furnished by the boiler, not shown, enters at 2 and 3 into quick-closing valves 6 and 7 , and when the quick-closing valves 6 and 7 are open it reaches live steam adjusting valves 8 and 9 , through which whatever flow of steam is required to the steam turbine 1 can be adjusted and regulated.
- the adjustment and regulation of the live steam adjusting valves 8 , 9 is effected by control motors 10 and 11 structurally joined to them.
- the quick-closing valves 6 and 7 are actuated by actuators 12 and 13 , whose task is to abruptly shut off the steam supply line in an emergency.
- a flange connection 27 between the live steam adjusting valve 8 and an overflow line 18 is also shown, communicating with the upper housing part 4 of the steam turbine 1 .
- a pressure relief line in the flange connection 27 is provided with a connection 22 to the high-pressure exhaust steam of the steam turbine 1 .
- FIG. 2 is a schematic longitudinal section in the region of the valve housing and overflow line of a first advantageous embodiment of the present invention with an inserted diffusor.
- the rotationally symmetrical valve housing 14 communicates with a likewise rotationally symmetrical overflow line 18 via a flange 16 of the valve housing, a flange 17 of the overflow line, and expansion pin screws 20 .
- the flow connection for the live steam is established by means of an integrally embodied diffusor 15 and live steam pipe 25 , located inside the valve housing 14 and the overflow line 18 , which is thrust from the valve housing 14 into an annular chamber 24 and is received with sealing elements 19 in a dc 28 of the overflow line.
- the diffusor 15 On its end toward the valve, the diffusor 15 forms a valve seat. Sealing of the end toward the overflow line of the live steam pipe 25 from leakage is effected by means of a sealing element 19 , which comprises piston rings.
- the annular chamber 24 formed between the live steam pipe 25 and the valve housing 14 communicates with the high-pressure exhaust steam via a pressure relief line 21 , which has a connection 22 .
- the pressure relief line 21 is machined into the flange 16 of the valve housing and extends perpendicularly to the center line of the diffusor. As a result, no interfering additional protrusions are created on the component.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view, partly in section, of a second advantageous embodiment of the present invention with an inserted diffusor.
- the layout is in principle like that described for FIG. 2 and will therefore not be described again here.
- the pressure relief line 21 and the connection 22 to the high-pressure exhaust steam are located on the end of the annular chamber 24 toward the diffusor.
- the pressure relief line 21 extends perpendicular to the center line of the diffusor. As a result, weakening of the flange is avoided.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic view, partly in section, of a third advantageous embodiment of the present invention, with a live steam pipe 25 and a bell 23 .
- the live steam pipe 25 is embodied separately from the diffusor 15 .
- the overflow line 18 and the live steam pipe 25 are embodied integrally as a so-called bell 23 , in which an annular chamber 24 is also embodied.
- the cylindrically embodied live steam pipe 25 protrudes into the valve housing 14 via the front edge 26 of the flange 17 of the overflow line and is sealed off in the valve housing by sealing elements 19 .
- the sealing elements 19 are embodied as piston rings.
- the pressure relief line 21 and the connection 22 to the high-pressure exhaust steam are located on the end toward the valve housing of the annular chamber 24 , slightly obliquely to the center axis of the valve housing.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Control Of Turbines (AREA)
- Safety Valves (AREA)
Abstract
A steam turbine (1) having an upper housing part (4) and a lower housing part (5), in which the steam turbine (1) has at least one overflow line (18) between a live steam adjusting valve (8, 9) and a high-pressure steam turbine inlet, and the valve housing (14) of the live steam adjusting valve (8, 9) communicates with the overflow line (18) via a flange connection (27), and a live steam pipe (25) in the live steam adjusting valve (8, 9) is provided as a steam duct between the valve housing (14) and the overflow line (18), and a sealing element (19) is disposed between the live steam pipe (25) and a sealing seat (28) in the overflow line (18), is distinguished in that an annular chamber (24) between the live steam pipe (25) and the valve housing (14) is provided with a pressure relief line (21) into a chamber of lower pressure than the live steam pressure. As a result, an improved steam turbine with pressure relief of flanges in overflow lines between live steam adjusting valves and high-pressure steam turbine inlets is made available, and as a result the flange connections are lighter in weight and embodied with greater thermal elasticity.
Description
- The present invention relates to a steam turbine having an upper housing part and a lower housing part, in which the steam turbine has at least one overflow line between a live steam adjusting valve and a high-pressure steam turbine inlet, and the valve housing of the live steam adjusting valve communicates with the overflow line via a flange connection, and a live steam pipe in the live steam adjusting valve is provided as a steam duct between the valve housing and the overflow line, and a sealing element is disposed between the live steam pipe and a sealing seat in the overflow line.
- From the prior art, steam turbines are known which have an upper and a lower housing part. To make for easier assembly and disassembly, the valves, or more precisely live steam adjusting valves or live steam overload valves, are secured directly to the upper housing part of the turbine.
- In such steam turbines, overflow lines are provided between the live steam adjusting valve or the live steam overload valve and the high-pressure steam turbine inlet. Such overflow lines are provided with flange connections or pipe couplings. In the versions with a flange or pipe couplings, steam leakage often occurs when live steam values are high, that is, at a high temperature or high pressure in non-steady-state operation. The tightness of the flanges or pipe couplings is therefore a problem in many steam turbine systems.
- For solving this problem, European Patent Disclosure EP 0128343 B1 presented a steam turbine of modular construction with intermediate superheaters and in which the live steam turbine valve is a component of the outside housing of the turbine. The valve housing is mounted directly on the outside housing of the turbine by means of a flange. The diffusor in the valve is used as a steam duct between the valve housing and the turbine housing. The flange between the outside turbine housing and the valve housing is subjected in this case only to the high exhaust steam pressure and to forces of pipe reactions. Although in this case the aforementioned sealing problems are largely avoided, nevertheless here as well the flange connection is very heavy and has hardly any thermal elasticity, since in some cases it is loaded for instance with a live steam pressure of 250 bar, at rated widths of 300 mm to 350 mm.
- It is therefore the object of the invention to make an improved steam turbine available with pressure relief of flanges in overflow lines between the live steam adjusting valves and the high-pressure steam turbine inlet, which avoids the aforementioned disadvantages of the prior art. Moreover, the flange should be capable of being designed as lighter in weight and made with greater thermal elasticity.
- This object is attained by the characteristics of claim 1. Further advantageous features and refinements of the invention are defined by the dependent claims.
- This object is attained by the invention in that the annular chamber between the live steam pipe and the valve housing is provided with a pressure relief line into a chamber of lower pressure than the live steam pressure. As a result, an improved steam turbine with pressure relief of flanges in overflow lines between live steam adjusting valves and high-pressure steam turbine inlets is made available, and as a result the flange connections are lighter in weight and embodied with greater thermal elasticity. The danger of leaks of steam to the outside in non-steady-state operation can be effectively minimized. Moreover, pressure-relieved flange connections in the region of the valve housing and overflow line can be retrofitted in existing steam turbines by being exchanged for worn valves. The lower-pressure chamber may for instance be the surrounding environment, a heat exchanger, or any other suitable place. By means of the flange connection between the live steam adjusting valve and the overflow line, the high-pressure upper part can easily be removed in an inspection.
- One advantageous embodiment of the present invention provides that the pressure relief line communicates with the exhaust steam of the high-pressure turbine. Its communication with other chambers at a lower pressure level is equally conceivable.
- Another advantageous embodiment of the present invention provides that the sealing elements are embodied as piston rings. These sealing elements are especially temperature- and pressure-resistant and withstand even non-steady loads.
- Another advantageous embodiment of the present invention provides that the pressure relief line is embodied in the flange connection. A connection with the high-pressure exhaust steam can then be integrally formed on in a simple, uninterfering way.
- A further advantageous embodiment of the present invention provides that the pressure relief line is provided for a valve housing with an inserted diffusor. In that case, in one component, the diffusor forms both the valve seat and the live steam pipe.
- A further advantageous embodiment of the present invention provides that the pressure relief line is provided for a valve housing with a diffusor and a bell. In this embodiment, the diffusor and the live steam pipe are separate from one another.
- A further advantageous embodiment of the present invention provides that the flange connection is designed for a temperature difference of 500° C. to 700° C., preferably for a temperature difference of 550° C. to 600° C. As a result, the invention can be provided by retrofitting existing steam turbines.
- A further advantageous embodiment of the present invention provides that the flange connection is designed for a temperature difference greater than or equal to 700° C. In particular, in this case the lesser pressure loads in the non-steady-state range make themselves advantageously notable for designing the flange connection for steam turbines with high-temperature materials.
- Advantageous embodiments of the invention are described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Shown in them are:
-
FIG. 1 , a schematic elevation view of an example of a steam turbine of the present invention; -
FIG. 2 , a schematic longitudinal section in the region of the live steam valve and overflow line of a first advantageous embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 3 , a schematic view, partly in section, of a second advantageous embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 4 , a schematic view, partly in section, of a third advantageous embodiment of the present invention. - Only those elements essential to comprehension of the invention are shown. In the ensuing description, elements that are the same or similar are identified by the same reference numerals.
-
FIG. 1 shows a steam turbine 1, with a live steam supply represented by thearrows lower housing part 5, respectively. The live steam, furnished by the boiler, not shown, enters at 2 and 3 into quick-closing valves 6 and 7, and when the quick-closing valves 6 and 7 are open it reaches livesteam adjusting valves steam adjusting valves control motors closing valves 6 and 7 are actuated byactuators flange connection 27 between the livesteam adjusting valve 8 and anoverflow line 18 is also shown, communicating with the upper housing part 4 of the steam turbine 1. For pressure relief, a pressure relief line in theflange connection 27 is provided with aconnection 22 to the high-pressure exhaust steam of the steam turbine 1. -
FIG. 2 is a schematic longitudinal section in the region of the valve housing and overflow line of a first advantageous embodiment of the present invention with an inserted diffusor. In this embodiment, the rotationally symmetrical valve housing 14 communicates with a likewise rotationallysymmetrical overflow line 18 via aflange 16 of the valve housing, aflange 17 of the overflow line, andexpansion pin screws 20. This represents theflange connection 27. The flow connection for the live steam is established by means of an integrally embodieddiffusor 15 andlive steam pipe 25, located inside thevalve housing 14 and theoverflow line 18, which is thrust from thevalve housing 14 into anannular chamber 24 and is received withsealing elements 19 in adc 28 of the overflow line. On its end toward the valve, thediffusor 15 forms a valve seat. Sealing of the end toward the overflow line of thelive steam pipe 25 from leakage is effected by means of a sealingelement 19, which comprises piston rings. Theannular chamber 24 formed between thelive steam pipe 25 and thevalve housing 14 communicates with the high-pressure exhaust steam via apressure relief line 21, which has aconnection 22. Thepressure relief line 21 is machined into theflange 16 of the valve housing and extends perpendicularly to the center line of the diffusor. As a result, no interfering additional protrusions are created on the component. -
FIG. 3 is a schematic view, partly in section, of a second advantageous embodiment of the present invention with an inserted diffusor. The layout is in principle like that described forFIG. 2 and will therefore not be described again here. In a distinction from the embodiment ofFIG. 2 , here thepressure relief line 21 and theconnection 22 to the high-pressure exhaust steam are located on the end of theannular chamber 24 toward the diffusor. Once again, thepressure relief line 21 extends perpendicular to the center line of the diffusor. As a result, weakening of the flange is avoided. -
FIG. 4 is a schematic view, partly in section, of a third advantageous embodiment of the present invention, with alive steam pipe 25 and abell 23. In contrast to the embodiments shown inFIGS. 2 and 3 , here thelive steam pipe 25 is embodied separately from thediffusor 15. Theoverflow line 18 and thelive steam pipe 25 are embodied integrally as a so-calledbell 23, in which anannular chamber 24 is also embodied. The cylindrically embodiedlive steam pipe 25 protrudes into thevalve housing 14 via thefront edge 26 of theflange 17 of the overflow line and is sealed off in the valve housing by sealingelements 19. In this exemplary embodiment, the sealingelements 19 are embodied as piston rings. Thepressure relief line 21 and theconnection 22 to the high-pressure exhaust steam are located on the end toward the valve housing of theannular chamber 24, slightly obliquely to the center axis of the valve housing. - During startup of the turbine, that is, in non-steady-state operation, surges and pressure- and temperature-dictated fluctuations are compensated for by changes in length in the region of the
live steam valve 8 andoverflow line 18. Because of thepressure relief line 21 according to the invention, the incident loads on theflange connection 27 then are minimized. - 1 Steam turbine
- 2 Live steam supply
- 3 Live steam supply
- 4 Upper housing part
- 5 Lower housing part
- 6 Quick-closing valve
- 7 Quick-closing valve
- 8 Live steam adjusting valve
- 9 Live steam adjusting valve
- 10 Control motor
- 11 Control motor
- 12 Actuator
- 13 Actuator
- 14 Valve housing
- 15 Diffusor
- 16 Flange of valve housing
- 17 Flange of overflow line
- 18 Overflow line
- 19 Sealing element
- 20 Expansion pin screw
- 21 Pressure relief line
- 22 Connection to high-pressure exhaust steam
- 23 Bell
- 24 Annular chamber
- 25 Live steam pipe
- 26 Front edge of flange
- 27 Flange connection
- 28 Sealing seat
- 29 Exhaust steam conduit
Claims (8)
1. A steam turbine having an upper housing part and a lower housing part, in which the steam turbine has at least one overflow line between a live steam adjusting valve and a high-pressure steam turbine inlet, and the valve housing of the live steam adjusting valve communicates with the overflow line via a flange connection, and a live steam pipe in the live steam adjusting valve is provided as a steam duct between the valve housing and the overflow line, and a sealing element is disposed between the live steam pipe and a sealing seat in the overflow line,
wherein
an annular chamber between the live steam pipe and the valve housing is provided with a pressure relief line into a chamber of lower pressure than the live steam pressure.
2. The steam turbine of claim 1 , wherein the pressure relief line communicates with an exhaust steam conduit of the high-pressure turbine.
3. The steam turbine of claim 1 , wherein the sealing elements are embodied as piston rings.
4. The steam turbine of claim 1 , wherein the pressure relief line is embodied in the flange connection.
5. The steam turbine of claim 1 , wherein the pressure relief line is provided for a valve housing with an inserted diffusor.
6. The steam turbine of claim 1 , wherein the pressure relief line is provided for a valve housing with a diffusor and a bell.
7. The steam turbine of claim 1 , wherein the flange connection is designed for a temperature difference of 500° C. to 700° C., preferably for a temperature difference of 550° C. to 600° C.
8. The steam turbine of claim 1 , wherein the flange connection is designed for a temperature difference greater than or equal to 700° C.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102004012599.6 | 2004-03-12 | ||
DE102004012599A DE102004012599A1 (en) | 2004-03-12 | 2004-03-12 | Pressure relief of a flange connection in overflow lines between live steam valve and HP steam turbine inlet |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20050214111A1 true US20050214111A1 (en) | 2005-09-29 |
Family
ID=34895391
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/078,499 Abandoned US20050214111A1 (en) | 2004-03-12 | 2005-03-14 | Pressure relief of a flange connection in overflow lines between a live steam valve and a high-pressure steam turbine inlet |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20050214111A1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1667245A (en) |
DE (1) | DE102004012599A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN106523040A (en) * | 2017-01-10 | 2017-03-22 | 上海电气电站设备有限公司 | Connecting structure for steam cylinder and steam inlet valve of steam turbine |
US11569642B2 (en) * | 2017-06-01 | 2023-01-31 | R. Stahl Schaltgeräte GmbH | Housing having cast pressure relief means |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2216514A1 (en) * | 2009-02-10 | 2010-08-11 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Triple shell steam turbine with valve |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4398393A (en) * | 1981-09-25 | 1983-08-16 | General Electric Company | Steam turbine control apparatus |
US5181381A (en) * | 1992-07-08 | 1993-01-26 | Ahlstrom Pyropower Corporation | Power plant with dual pressure reheat system for process steam supply flexibility |
US6237543B1 (en) * | 1999-04-29 | 2001-05-29 | Alstom (Switzerland) Ltd | Sealing-steam feed |
-
2004
- 2004-03-12 DE DE102004012599A patent/DE102004012599A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2005
- 2005-03-14 CN CNA2005100547090A patent/CN1667245A/en active Pending
- 2005-03-14 US US11/078,499 patent/US20050214111A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4398393A (en) * | 1981-09-25 | 1983-08-16 | General Electric Company | Steam turbine control apparatus |
US5181381A (en) * | 1992-07-08 | 1993-01-26 | Ahlstrom Pyropower Corporation | Power plant with dual pressure reheat system for process steam supply flexibility |
US6237543B1 (en) * | 1999-04-29 | 2001-05-29 | Alstom (Switzerland) Ltd | Sealing-steam feed |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN106523040A (en) * | 2017-01-10 | 2017-03-22 | 上海电气电站设备有限公司 | Connecting structure for steam cylinder and steam inlet valve of steam turbine |
US11569642B2 (en) * | 2017-06-01 | 2023-01-31 | R. Stahl Schaltgeräte GmbH | Housing having cast pressure relief means |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE102004012599A1 (en) | 2005-09-29 |
CN1667245A (en) | 2005-09-14 |
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Owner name: ALSTOM TECHNOLOGY LTD, SWITZERLAND Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:DIERKER, OLAF;KOERPER, KARL-HEINZ;SUTER, FRANZ;REEL/FRAME:016325/0645;SIGNING DATES FROM 20050405 TO 20050418 |
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