US20050200809A1 - System and method for analyzing wavefront aberrations - Google Patents

System and method for analyzing wavefront aberrations Download PDF

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Publication number
US20050200809A1
US20050200809A1 US11/064,382 US6438205A US2005200809A1 US 20050200809 A1 US20050200809 A1 US 20050200809A1 US 6438205 A US6438205 A US 6438205A US 2005200809 A1 US2005200809 A1 US 2005200809A1
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Prior art keywords
patient
high order
aberration
statistical model
eye
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Andreas Dreher
Shui Lai
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Ophthonix Inc
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Individual
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Priority to US11/064,382 priority Critical patent/US20050200809A1/en
Assigned to OPHTHONIX, INC. reassignment OPHTHONIX, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DREHER, ANDREAS W., LAI, SHUL T.
Publication of US20050200809A1 publication Critical patent/US20050200809A1/en
Assigned to COMERICA BANK reassignment COMERICA BANK SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: OPHTHONIX, INC.
Priority to US12/755,352 priority patent/US7954950B2/en
Priority to US13/099,190 priority patent/US8388137B2/en
Assigned to COMERICA BANK reassignment COMERICA BANK SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: OPHTHONIX, INC.
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02C—SPECTACLES; SUNGLASSES OR GOGGLES INSOFAR AS THEY HAVE THE SAME FEATURES AS SPECTACLES; CONTACT LENSES
    • G02C13/00—Assembling; Repairing; Cleaning
    • G02C13/003—Measuring during assembly or fitting of spectacles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B3/00—Apparatus for testing the eyes; Instruments for examining the eyes
    • A61B3/0016—Operational features thereof
    • A61B3/0025—Operational features thereof characterised by electronic signal processing, e.g. eye models
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
    • B29D11/00—Producing optical elements, e.g. lenses or prisms
    • B29D11/00009—Production of simple or compound lenses
    • B29D11/00413—Production of simple or compound lenses made by moulding between two mould parts which are not in direct contact with one another, e.g. comprising a seal between or on the edges
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
    • B29D11/00—Producing optical elements, e.g. lenses or prisms
    • B29D11/00009—Production of simple or compound lenses
    • B29D11/00432—Auxiliary operations, e.g. machines for filling the moulds
    • B29D11/00442—Curing the lens material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
    • B29D11/00—Producing optical elements, e.g. lenses or prisms
    • B29D11/00009—Production of simple or compound lenses
    • B29D11/0048—Moulds for lenses
    • B29D11/00528—Consisting of two mould halves joined by an annular gasket
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02C—SPECTACLES; SUNGLASSES OR GOGGLES INSOFAR AS THEY HAVE THE SAME FEATURES AS SPECTACLES; CONTACT LENSES
    • G02C7/00—Optical parts
    • G02C7/02—Lenses; Lens systems ; Methods of designing lenses
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02C—SPECTACLES; SUNGLASSES OR GOGGLES INSOFAR AS THEY HAVE THE SAME FEATURES AS SPECTACLES; CONTACT LENSES
    • G02C7/00—Optical parts
    • G02C7/02—Lenses; Lens systems ; Methods of designing lenses
    • G02C7/024—Methods of designing ophthalmic lenses
    • G02C7/027—Methods of designing ophthalmic lenses considering wearer's parameters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02C—SPECTACLES; SUNGLASSES OR GOGGLES INSOFAR AS THEY HAVE THE SAME FEATURES AS SPECTACLES; CONTACT LENSES
    • G02C2202/00—Generic optical aspects applicable to one or more of the subgroups of G02C7/00
    • G02C2202/22—Correction of higher order and chromatic aberrations, wave front measurement and calculation

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a system and method for correcting aberrations of the human eye. More particularly, the invention relates to method and system for statistically correlating objective measurements of aberrations associated with the human eye with subjective measurements of visual acuity to create a statistical model that can be used to predict vision correction prescriptions based at least in part on objectively measured aberrations of a patient's eye.
  • the human eye namely the cornea and lens
  • the human eye can exhibit a variety of optical aberrations that diminish the optical performance of the eye, resulting in blurred vision.
  • the correction of blurred vision by lenses has typically been limited to correction of low order aberrations only, such as defocus and astigmatism.
  • high order aberrations e.g. those describable with Zernike polynomials of the third order or higher, could not be corrected using lenses.
  • defocus and astigmatism are typically only corrected in discrete steps, with any correction being made to the nearest one quarter (1 ⁇ 4) diopter.
  • the resolution of one quarter (1 ⁇ 4) diopter results in incomplete vision corrections and limits the performance of the patient's eye.
  • the invention relates to correlating or establishing a relationship between objectively measured values or parameters of a patient's eyes with subjectively measured or reported values or parameters of visual performance.
  • this correlation is performed via machine learning techniques that create a statistical model (e.g., a neural network).
  • a statistical model e.g., a neural network
  • a method for specifying a vision correction prescription for a patient's eye comprises: obtaining a wavefront aberration measurement of a patient's eye; applying at least one value from the wavefront aberration measurement to a statistical model trained to analyze the at least one value; and predicting a vision correction prescription for the patient's eye based at least in part on the analysis of the at least one value by the statistical model.
  • a method of predicting a difference in visual acuity resulting from high order correction versus standard correction of a patient's eyes comprises: obtaining a wavefront aberration measurement of a patient's eye; inputting at least one value derived from the wavefront aberration measurement into a statistical model trained to analyze the at least one value; and predicting a difference in visual acuity resulting from high order correction versus standard correction of a patient's eyes, based on the at least one value and the statistical model.
  • the invention provides a method of creating a statistical model for use in predicting vision correction prescriptions for patients, the method comprising: obtaining a plurality of wavefront aberration measurements from a plurality of patient's eyes; obtaining a plurality of visual acuity measurements from the plurality of patients; applying values associated with the plurality of wavefront measurements to an input layer of a statistical model; applying values associated with the plurality of visual acuity measurements to an output layer of the statistical model; and generating a plurality of weight values associated with respective input nodes of the input layer based on the applied values associated with the plurality of wavefront measurements and corresponding values associated with the plurality of visual acuity measurements.
  • the invention provides a learned data structure created using the above method of creating a statistical model.
  • the invention provides a computer readable medium that stores computer executable code, which when executed performs a method for specifying a vision correction prescription for a patient's eye, the method comprising: obtaining a wavefront aberration measurement of a patient's eye; applying at least one value derived from the wavefront aberration measurement to a statistical model trained to analyze the at least one value; and predicting a vision correction prescription for the patient's eye based on the at least one value and the statistical model.
  • a system for specifying a vision correction prescription for a patient's eye comprises: means for obtaining a wavefront aberration measurement of a patient's eye; and means for analyzing at least one value derived from the wavefront aberration measurement to predict a vision correction prescription for the patient's eye based at least in part on the at least one value.
  • FIG. 1 graphically depicts one embodiment of a neural network for predicting visual acuity based on measured aberrations in a patient's eye.
  • FIG. 2 is a perspective view of one embodiment of an apparatus for measuring wavefront aberrations in a human eye.
  • FIG. 3 is a detailed perspective view of a portion of the apparatus of FIG. 2 being operated in conjunction with a patient.
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram depicting the components of the apparatus of FIG. 2 .
  • FIG. 5 is a flow chart depicting one embodiment of a process for predicting a standard prescription in a patient by using an embodiment of a neural network similar to that of FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 6 is a flow chart depicting an embodiment of a process for using an embodiment of the neural network similar to that in FIG. 1 to help determine the relative importance of correcting aberrations found in a patient's eyes.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a color-coded table and graphic images of high order aberrations in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 8 depicts an embodiment of a process using an embodiment of a neural network similar to that of FIG. 1 for predicting what level of improvement in visual acuity may be obtained by a patient by choosing eyeglasses or contact lenses containing custom wavefront aberrators.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates a graphic depiction of side-by-side comparative images of blurred vision resulting from standard correction compared to corrected vision resulting from high order aberration correction of a patient's eye, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
  • wavefront aberrometry measurements of low-order aberrations in a patient's eyes should correspond to the traditional prescription of sphere, cylinder, and axis.
  • interaction of high order aberrations may contribute to the patient's perceived blur on the retina, and therefore should be accounted for in predicting “subjective” measures of visual performance.
  • Subjective measures of visual performance include, for example, Snellen visual acuity, based on a patient's ability to read letters of decreasing size in rows of a Snellen chart, and contrast sensitivity.
  • a diffraction-limited image is formed on the retina of the patient's eye.
  • the visual acuity of the eye is then determined by the entrance size of the pupil.
  • subjective visual acuity is therefore determined by many factors such as the observable wavefront aberrations of a patient's eyes, interactions between each aberration in a patient's eyes, and interactions between the aberrations and the patient's neurological visual processing path.
  • Machine learning techniques have been applied in a variety of fields, including financial forecasting, business decision making, medical diagnosis, and pattern recognition, to make predictions where direct observation of all relevant factors is not possible.
  • inductive learning techniques take as input a training set of observed data points to “learn” an equation, a set of rules, or some other data structure. This learned structure or statistical model may then be used to make generalizations about the training set or predictions about new data.
  • statistical model refers to any learned and/or statistical data structure that establishes or predicts a relationship between two or more data parameters (e.g., inputs and outputs).
  • each data point of the training data set may include a set of values that correlate with, or predict, another value in the data point.
  • a set of biometrics such as blood pressure and age
  • an inductive learning technique may construct a data structure that, when given a new patient's biometrics, predicts the new patient's five-year likelihood of another heart attack.
  • Inductive learning methods that are well known to those of skill in the art include techniques such as, for example, Bayesian reasoning, memory based density estimation, parametric density estimation, and neural networks.
  • neural networks a training set is used to learn weights attached to a data structure comprising a network. See, e.g., Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition, Christopher M. Bishop (Oxford University Press, 1995).
  • a neural network generally includes a set of nodes for inputting data values, the input layer, and an output layer for producing a predicted data value.
  • Back-propagation neural networks also comprise one or more hidden layers, between the input and output layers. The input layer and each hidden layer are represented as having outputs to each node of the next layer, either another hidden layer or an output layer.
  • the neural network comprises a set of weights for each node in the network. These weight values express a relationship between the training data that is applied to input nodes and training data applied to output nodes, as well as any hidden layer node values. Using this trained relationship, the neural network can predict one or more output values when new input values or parameters are fed into corresponding nodes of the input layer. For each node, a weight for the node is applied as a coefficient to a fixed equation that expresses the trained relationship (which may vary in different embodiments of the neural network) relating each of the node's inputs to at least one output value. The output value of one or more output layer nodes constitutes the output of the network.
  • neural network topology While certain embodiments are discussed with respect to a particular neural network topology, other network topologies, such as, for example, having different numbers of hidden layers, or differing numbers of input or output nodes, can also be used. Further, while certain embodiments are discussed with respect to using neural networks, other inductive machine learning techniques or statistical analysis techniques, such as, for example, those mentioned above, can be used.
  • FIG. 1 depicts one embodiment of a neural network 100 adapted for receiving wavefront aberration data having five input nodes 110 , a hidden layer with three nodes 120 , and one output layer with a single node 130 for producing a predicted visual acuity value.
  • Embodiments of the neural network 100 adapted to receive a different number, or all, of the measured wavefront aberrations generally include one input node per wavefront aberration.
  • Embodiments of the neural network 100 may be implemented to execute on any general purpose or specialized computer processor. It is also to be appreciated that the neural network 100 may be implemented in software, which may itself be produced using any computer language or environment, including general-purpose languages such as C or FORTRAN.
  • the neural network software is generated using a neural network development tool such as, for example, Brainmaker Pro, produced by California Scientific Software, Nevada City, Calif.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 depict one embodiment of an apparatus for measuring wavefront aberrations in a patient's eyes both to collect the training data for the neural network 100 and for subsequent use in conjunction with the neural network 100 .
  • the apparatus 10 as described in more detail in the co-pending patent applications incorporated herein, comprises a housing 12 that may be mounted on a movable stand 14 , for positioning the housing 12 in front of a patient 15 who may sit in an examination chair 16 .
  • the apparatus 10 may also comprise a phoropter (not pictured).
  • the housing 12 comprises a set of optics that is configured to measure wavefront aberrations in the eye of patient 15 .
  • one embodiment of the neural network 100 has been trained using a set of data relating the measured wavefront aberrations of a patient to one measure of visual acuity, e.g., the best corrected spectacle visual acuity (BCSVA), of the patient.
  • a learning set comprising patient aberrations corresponding to the Zernike polynomials that are generally known in the art as spherical aberration, coma, trefoil, tetrafoil, and astigmatic tetrafoil as input values and BCSVA values as the output values was constructed for 85 myopic eyes and 167 astigmatic eyes.
  • the resulting trained neural network predicted visual acuity in a random subset of the data set accurately in 85% of the test cases.
  • improved accuracy may be obtained in some circumstances by including a greater number of, or all, measured high order aberrations during training and subsequent testing.
  • additional output values such as contrast sensitivity are used to train an embodiment of the network 100 to obtain greater accuracy.
  • other measures of visual acuity such as best corrected visual acuity of a patient's eye using contacts, intraocular lenses or Laser In Situ Keratomileuis (LASIK), for example, may also be used as training data for the neural network 100 .
  • LASIK Laser In Situ Keratomileuis
  • FIG. 5 is a flow chart depicting one embodiment of a process 200 for predicting a standard prescription in a patient based on objectively measured aberrations rather than a subjective phoropter test.
  • a standard prescription the patient's subjective refraction measure, comprises measurements of sphere, cylinder, and axis, which correspond to low order aberrations.
  • subjective measures of visual acuity may also be affected in a particular eye by the interaction of higher order aberrations and the patient's neurological visual path.
  • a training set of patients is first measured to objectively determine the aberrations in their eyes.
  • the subjective refraction of each training patient is also measured by using, for example, a phoropter and a Snellen Chart.
  • the neural network 100 is trained using the objectively measured aberrations as input and the subjective measurements of sphere, cylinder, and axis as output. It is appreciated that any number of additional data parameters that may have some bearing on a patient's visual acuity can be used to train and create a statistical model in accordance with the present invention. For example, in one embodiment, factors or parameters such as a patient's age, a patient's preferences for improving vision (e.g., improved long distance vision, improved short distance vision, improved contrast, improved resolution of fine detail, improved depth of focus, etc.), and information concerning the patient's prescription history, for example, may serve as training data for building a statistical model.
  • factors or parameters such as a patient's age, a patient's preferences for improving vision (e.g., improved long distance vision, improved short distance vision, improved contrast, improved resolution of fine detail, improved depth of focus, etc.), and information concerning the patient's prescription history, for example, may serve as training data for building a statistical model.
  • patient personal profile parameters or “profile parameters.”
  • the model may then be used to predict a prescription of a new patient.
  • Such a process 200 begins at a step 210 where the aberrations of the patient's eyes are objectively measured using, for example, the measurement apparatus 10 .
  • the patient's aberration measurements are input into the trained network 100 which is run to produce predicted sphere, cylinder, and axis measurements based at least in part on objectively measured aberration parameters.
  • These predicted values of sphere, cylinder and axis may then be used, for example, to provide a patient with a standard prescription based at least in part on objective measurements or parameters, to allow the patient and doctor to compare different treatment options (e.g., corrective lenses, contacts or surgery), or in the formulation of a LASIK scheme, for example, to confirm a subjectively measured prescription before executing the LASIK procedure.
  • different treatment options e.g., corrective lenses, contacts or surgery
  • a LASIK scheme for example, to confirm a subjectively measured prescription before executing the LASIK procedure.
  • the statistical model can express relationships between various high order aberrations and visual acuity such that the relative impact of certain high order aberrations and/or combinations thereof can be predicted.
  • certain high order aberrations or combinations of aberrations may consistently reveal poor vision or superior vision among patients having such aberrations. This would indicate that such aberrations or combinations thereof may contribute to the poor or superior vision.
  • a predicted visual correction prescription may be generated that not only corrects for standard low order aberrations (sphere, cylinder and axis) but also indicates which high order aberrations (e.g., spherical aberration, coma, trefoil, tetrafoil, astigmatic tetrafoil) and/or combinations thereof may be beneficial, detrimental or neutral to a patient's subjectively perceived visual acuity.
  • high order aberrations e.g., spherical aberration, coma, trefoil, tetrafoil, astigmatic tetrafoil
  • a different neural network 100 may be used for eyes in each of those categories of eyes.
  • a neural network 100 may be trained using primarily patients with astigmatic eyes, resulting in a statistical model that is customized especially for patients having astigmatic aberrations.
  • eye correction techniques or devices that correct high order aberrations such as eyeglasses or contact lenses, for example, containing custom wavefront aberrators, as described in the co-pending patent applications incorporated herein, may be further improved by correcting only those aberrations that have a negative affect on visual acuity, and leaving those that have a positive affect.
  • FIG. 6 is a flow chart depicting another embodiment of a process 300 for using a neural network or statistical model 100 to help determine a course of corrective action for a patient's eyes.
  • a neural network 100 is trained using some or all objectively measured Zernike aberrations as the training inputs.
  • One or more measures of subjective visual performance, such as visual acuity, and/or contrast sensitivity are measured for each patient using traditional, low-order corrections, as with a phoropter or eyeglasses.
  • the weights W 1n of each of the input layer nodes 110 indicate, for each aberration, the relative importance, when the weight is positive, of correcting that aberration for improving visual acuity. In cases where the weight of the node 110 is negative, the corresponding aberration is one that improves vision, i.e. correcting the aberrations does not improve vision, but rather worsens visual acuity.
  • each aberration is analyzed with reference to the weights of the input layer nodes 110 of the neural network 100 trained with the aberrations as inputs and visual performance improvement as outputs and assigned an importance based on the relative magnitude and sign of the weight.
  • a table of measured aberrations such as Zernike polynomials in a table according to the order of the polynomial, from, for example, second order to sixth order, is presented with each aberration color coded based on the relative importance of adjusting that aberration as determined in the analysis of the step 320 .
  • adjusting the aberration may include minimizing the magnitude of the aberration, increasing the magnitude of the aberration, or introducing the aberration.
  • aberrations that have small amplitudes, or that do not correlate to an improvement in vision are keyed in green, for example, aberrations having smaller, but still significant, amplitudes are keyed in yellow, for example, and aberrations having a large amplitude are keyed in red, for example, to indicate the importance of adjusting those aberrations.
  • adjusting an aberration may include decreasing the magnitude of the aberration or increasing the magnitude of a beneficial aberration.
  • some or all aberrations, whether present in the patient's eyes or not, may also be keyed to a color, for example, to indicate whether introducing the aberration may improve visual acuity.
  • the eye care professional and the patient may use this information to develop a plan for correcting the patient's vision, and allow the eye care professional to advise the client more accurately on the value of correcting the higher order aberrations using, for example, spectacles, contacts, intraocular lenses, or surgery (e.g., LASIK).
  • this correction plan may include introducing or increasing aberrations that have a beneficial impact on visual acuity.
  • FIG. 8 depicts an embodiment of a process 400 for predicting what level of improvement in visual acuity may be obtained by a patient by choosing eyeglasses or contact lenses, for example, containing custom wavefront aberrators.
  • An embodiment of a neural network is constructed as discussed for use in process 300 above.
  • the aberrations of a patient's eyes are measured.
  • a predicted improvement in visual acuity from using custom high order wavefront corrected glasses versus standard eyeglasses is calculated using the neural network 100 .
  • Custom high order wavefront corrected glasses include a custom wavefront aberrator that corrects the patient's vision by adjusting wavefront aberrations in the patient's visual path.
  • This adjusting may include any combination of the following adjustments: minimizing the magnitude of existing aberrations; increasing the magnitude of existing, beneficial, aberrations; or introducing beneficial aberrations.
  • this improvement is presented.
  • the improvement is depicted graphically in terms of the additional number of Snellen chart letters that high order corrected glasses would allow the patient to read versus standard eyeglasses.
  • a graphical depiction may be presented using a computerized display to simulate the relative blurring of the letters of the chart as shown in exemplary FIG. 9 .
  • the letters in the left chart are more blurred to indicate poorer vision resulting from standard correction or no correction.
  • the right chart is clearer and more focused to illustrate the improved vision possible with high order aberration correction.
  • Such graphics may provide a best approximation of a patient's visual acuity based on predicted improvement using standard correction and high-order correction, respectively. For example, if a patient's predicted improvement using standard correction is 20/25 vision and using high-order correction is 20/15 vision, for example, respective graphic charts selected (automatically or manually) to represent corresponding blurring may be presented to the patient.
  • neural network 100 may also be advantageously used to predict the results of more permanent corrections, including surgical procedures and techniques such as intraocular lens insertion and corneal sculpting such as Radial Keratotomy, Astigmatic Keratotomy, Automated Lamellar Keratoplasty, Photo Refractive Keratectomy, or LASIK.
  • surgical procedures and techniques such as intraocular lens insertion and corneal sculpting such as Radial Keratotomy, Astigmatic Keratotomy, Automated Lamellar Keratoplasty, Photo Refractive Keratectomy, or LASIK.
  • the predictive ability of the trained neural network 100 is of even greater value when used in conjunction with the planning of these procedures than with custom wavefront aberrator eyeglasses due to the permanent nature of the changes that are made.
  • an embodiment of a process similar to the process 400 includes generating an embodiment of the neural network 100 using training data that uses improvements resulting from high-order correction in LASIK patients when compared to standard correction for those patients, measured prior to performing a LASIK procedure.
  • a statistical model can be trained using objectively measured high order aberrations as training input values for the input layer nodes and the subjective improvement measurement values as training output values for the output node of the statistical model. After the statistical model is trained using training data, it may then be used to determine or predict the relative importance and status (e.g., beneficial, detrimental, neutral) of various high order aberrations found in LASIK patient candidates.
  • the ablation pattern of the LASIK laser can be changed to optimize the patient's visual performance as a result of LASIK surgery.
  • the patient is presented with a visual depiction of the relative improvement (or worsening) of vision that is predicted to result from LASIK that is similar to the depictions illustrated in FIG. 9 , for example.
  • This process may be combined with steps of process 400 to provide the patient with a comparison of the predicted outcome of regular eyeglasses, LASIK (with standard or high-order correction), and of using eyeglasses incorporating custom aberrators.
  • a process similar to process 400 may be performed for patients using or considering contact lenses or intraocular lenses.
  • patients with corrective contact lenses or intraocular lenses to obtain training data, statistical models may be created to predict relative results between the different types of treatments (e.g., intraocular lenses v. regular eyeglasses v. contacts) and the different types of corrections (e.g., standard correction v. high-order aberration correction).
  • the computational steps comprising using the neural network 100 on a new patient, and presenting the result on a display may be performed directly on the measurement apparatus 10 using, for example, an attached video display to present the result, or the measured aberrations may be input into another computerized system for immediate use as described herein, or for storage and later use and presentation by a different display system.
  • additional steps may be added, others removed, steps merged, or the order of the steps rearranged without departing from the scope of the invention.

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Cited By (33)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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US20060164655A1 (en) * 2002-05-24 2006-07-27 Carl Zeiss Smt Ag Method for determining wavefront aberrations
US20060187413A1 (en) * 2005-01-11 2006-08-24 The University Of Houston Method of filtering data for the objective classification of eyes
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CN116670568A (zh) * 2020-11-03 2023-08-29 罗登斯托克有限责任公司 从眼睛区域的图像确定至少一只眼睛的眼科相关生物特征
CN121003413A (zh) * 2025-10-28 2025-11-25 浙江大学嘉兴研究院 视力筛查方法、电子设备及存储介质

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IL177331A0 (en) 2007-02-11
US20100195053A1 (en) 2010-08-05
AU2005215056A1 (en) 2005-09-01
JP2007531559A (ja) 2007-11-08
US20110255053A1 (en) 2011-10-20
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WO2005079546A2 (en) 2005-09-01
AU2005215056B2 (en) 2011-06-09

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