US20050129355A1 - Managing channels with different wavelengths in optical networks - Google Patents
Managing channels with different wavelengths in optical networks Download PDFInfo
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- US20050129355A1 US20050129355A1 US11/032,812 US3281205A US2005129355A1 US 20050129355 A1 US20050129355 A1 US 20050129355A1 US 3281205 A US3281205 A US 3281205A US 2005129355 A1 US2005129355 A1 US 2005129355A1
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- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 abstract description 16
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000010363 phase shift Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/12007—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer
- G02B6/12009—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides
- G02B6/12019—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides characterised by the optical interconnection to or from the AWG devices, e.g. integration or coupling with lasers or photodiodes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/12004—Combinations of two or more optical elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to optical networks and, particularly, to wavelength division multiplexed networks.
- WDM wavelength division multiplexed
- WDM optical networks several signals are transmitted at different wavelengths over a single fiber.
- various wavelengths may be added to an existing network along the way or removed from the network along the way.
- conflicts may arise where several channels of the same wavelength are delivered to the same network node and must be sent along the same fiber.
- one signal of the duplicate wavelengths needs to be converted to a different wavelength.
- Existing wavelength converters operate as standalone devices, converting a signal from one incoming channel to a signal of a different wavelength in one outgoing channel.
- An intricate management of the network is needed to multiplex the signals and to avoid channel conflicts in subsequent nodes.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic depiction of one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional depiction of a wavelength converter which is part of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- An arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) 10 may be formed as an integrated optical circuit.
- the AWG 10 may include a plurality of input waveguides 18 that leads to a star coupler 12 a , an array of waveguides 14 between the star coupler 12 a and the star coupler 12 b , and an output waveguide 19 coupled to the coupler 12 b .
- the length of each arrayed waveguide 14 in the array of waveguides 14 may be distinguished from its adjacent waveguide by a length difference ( ⁇ L).
- a channel of certain wavelength enters the AWG in one of the input waveguides 18 .
- the input coupler 12 a splits the light in the channel among the arrayed waveguides 14 .
- Each portion of the input light traveling through an arrayed waveguide 14 includes any wavelength that has entered the AWG 10 in any of the input channels 18 .
- Each wavelength then acquires an individual phase shift.
- each wavelength for each channel receives phase shifts in the input and output star couplers 12 . Therefore, each portion of light of a given wavelength requires different phase shifts, and all these portions interfere at the output coupler 12 b . That leads to the property of an AWG that the light channel focuses on one of the output waveguides 19 depending on the position of an input waveguide 18 and the wavelength of the channel.
- these channels In order to multiplex the light channels from input waveguides 18 a , . . . 18 d into the same output waveguide 19 , these channels must be set on a wavelength grid ⁇ 1 , . . . ⁇ N .
- This grid is usually such that the frequency difference between adjacent channels ⁇ n and ⁇ n+1 is constant.
- the input channels do not satisfy this condition. Some of the input channels occupy the same wavelength. Besides this situation changes dynamically as traffic patterns in the network changes.
- each of a plurality of lasers 32 such as a continuous wave laser, generates one of N signals that are placed into the input waveguide 18 .
- Each laser 32 generates a constant intensity light of a single wavelength from ⁇ 1 through ⁇ N .
- Each channel includes a wavelength converter 20 .
- the laser 32 a at wavelength ⁇ 1 , generates a light signal that enters a wavelength converter 20 a .
- the resulting output signal is passed to the coupler 12 a.
- Each converter 20 converts the input light signal, that comes in at some wavelength from a fiber 30 a , to a different wavelength.
- a regular grid of wavelengths with regular spacing there between is defined by the array of lasers 32 .
- the incoming wavelengths on the incoming channels indicated by the fibers 30 are then converted to the appropriate grid of wavelengths.
- the signal that comes in on each input fiber 30 is modulated so as to carry the same information, but using a light signal having a different wavelength.
- a laser 32 a produces light of a wavelength ⁇ 1 .
- the input signal from another optical component comes in over the fiber 30 a at a wavelength ⁇ 3 .
- the output signal from the converter 20 a carries the information that came in on the fiber 30 a , but provides it using the wavelength ⁇ 1 supplied by the laser 32 a .
- the wavelength ⁇ 1 is then provided to an optical fiber coupled to the output waveguide 19 a.
- the same operation occurs in each of the other channels.
- the input signal has a potential wavelength conflict, for example, because the input signal on the fibers 30 a and 30 d are at the same wavelength ( ⁇ 3 ), the resulting converted signals all have different wavelengths.
- the wavelength that came in on the fiber 30 a is converted to the wavelength ⁇ 1 and the signal that came in on the fiber 30 d is converted to a wavelength ⁇ N .
- the converters 20 may each receive a blank optical channel from a different laser 32 in the plane of the integrated circuit forming the AWG 10 .
- the incoming signal from the fiber 30 may be brought vertically into the converter 20 .
- the conversion may occur in a group III-V semiconductor material wavelength converter 20 , as shown in FIG. 2 .
- the converter 20 comprises a PIN detector diode 34 on top of a PIN diode modulator 36 .
- the PIN diode modulator 36 includes a p-type region 42 , an intrinsic region 40 , and an n-type region 38 .
- the AWG 10 may include an upper silica layer 46 over a substrate 42 that may be silicon in one embodiment. In the upper layer 46 , the germanium doped buried-channel silica waveguide 44 are formed.
- the wavelength converter 20 sits in a trench 40 formed in the substrate 42 .
- the layer of silica waveguide 44 is aligned to the modulator 38 .
- the input signal from a fiber 30 is absorbed in the PIN detector 20 , thereby creating free carriers and changing the voltage on the modulator 36 .
- the blank light is then modulated due to a change in absorption caused by the voltage change.
- the wavelength conversion may occur due to cross-gain modulation between the two laser beams.
- the modulated blank signal is coupled to a silica output waveguide 18 which then passes on to a star coupler 12 a as shown in FIG. 1 .
- the waveguides 18 are actually formed in the silica layer 46 (and are positioned in the page in FIG. 2 ) behind the p-type region 42 and intrinsic region 40 of the PIN diode modulator 36 .
- the AWG 10 may be defined by lithographic methods and fabricated of a III-V semiconductor material in a single process to include the waveguides 14 , the couplers 12 , and the converters 20 .
- the cost of optical components may be reduced because the cost of optical components is largely driven by fiber interfacing and aligning of the devices and the cost of testing them.
- Combining multiple devices into a single integrated circuit may significantly decrease cost in some embodiments.
- the integrated approach may decrease losses of optical power in the network since most of optical losses occur in the interfaces between fibers and integrated circuits.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Optical Communication System (AREA)
Abstract
An arrayed waveguide grating may include a plurality of waveguides, each associated with a different channel in a wavelength division multiplexed system. Each incoming signal channel in a node of a wavelength division multiplexed network may be of an arbitrary wavelength and is provided to one of the wavelength converters attached on the arrayed waveguide grating. Each converter also receives one of blank light channels of different wavelengths on a grid. The converters convert each of the incoming wavelength signals to one of the distinct new wavelength signals on the grid of wavelengths, and these new wavelength signals are multiplexed into a fiber.
Description
- This invention relates generally to optical networks and, particularly, to wavelength division multiplexed networks.
- In wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) optical networks, several signals are transmitted at different wavelengths over a single fiber. In a variety of circumstances, various wavelengths may be added to an existing network along the way or removed from the network along the way. As a result, conflicts may arise where several channels of the same wavelength are delivered to the same network node and must be sent along the same fiber.
- To overcome these conflicts, one signal of the duplicate wavelengths needs to be converted to a different wavelength. Existing wavelength converters operate as standalone devices, converting a signal from one incoming channel to a signal of a different wavelength in one outgoing channel. An intricate management of the network is needed to multiplex the signals and to avoid channel conflicts in subsequent nodes.
- Thus, there is a need for better ways to handle the issue of wavelength conflicts in optical networks.
-
FIG. 1 is a schematic depiction of one embodiment of the present invention; and -
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional depiction of a wavelength converter which is part of the embodiment shown inFIG. 1 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. - An arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) 10, sometimes also called a waveguide grating router (WGR) or a phasar, may be formed as an integrated optical circuit. The AWG 10 may include a plurality of
input waveguides 18 that leads to astar coupler 12 a, an array ofwaveguides 14 between thestar coupler 12 a and thestar coupler 12 b, and anoutput waveguide 19 coupled to thecoupler 12 b. The length of eacharrayed waveguide 14 in the array ofwaveguides 14 may be distinguished from its adjacent waveguide by a length difference (ΔL). - A channel of certain wavelength enters the AWG in one of the
input waveguides 18. Theinput coupler 12 a splits the light in the channel among thearrayed waveguides 14. Each portion of the input light traveling through anarrayed waveguide 14 includes any wavelength that has entered the AWG 10 in any of theinput channels 18. Each wavelength then acquires an individual phase shift. In addition, each wavelength for each channel receives phase shifts in the input and output star couplers 12. Therefore, each portion of light of a given wavelength requires different phase shifts, and all these portions interfere at theoutput coupler 12 b. That leads to the property of an AWG that the light channel focuses on one of theoutput waveguides 19 depending on the position of aninput waveguide 18 and the wavelength of the channel. In order to multiplex the light channels from input waveguides 18 a, . . . 18 d into thesame output waveguide 19, these channels must be set on a wavelength grid λ1, . . . λN. This grid is usually such that the frequency difference between adjacent channels λn and λn+1 is constant. - In an arbitrary situation in a WDM network, the input channels do not satisfy this condition. Some of the input channels occupy the same wavelength. Besides this situation changes dynamically as traffic patterns in the network changes.
- In the embodiment shown in
FIG. 1 , each of a plurality of lasers 32, such as a continuous wave laser, generates one of N signals that are placed into theinput waveguide 18. Each laser 32 generates a constant intensity light of a single wavelength from λ1 through λN. Each channel includes awavelength converter 20. Thus, thelaser 32 a, at wavelength λ1, generates a light signal that enters awavelength converter 20 a. The resulting output signal is passed to thecoupler 12 a. - Each
converter 20 converts the input light signal, that comes in at some wavelength from afiber 30 a, to a different wavelength. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a regular grid of wavelengths with regular spacing there between is defined by the array of lasers 32. The incoming wavelengths on the incoming channels indicated by thefibers 30 are then converted to the appropriate grid of wavelengths. In particular, the signal that comes in on eachinput fiber 30 is modulated so as to carry the same information, but using a light signal having a different wavelength. - Again, referring to the example shown in
FIG. 1 , alaser 32 a produces light of a wavelength λ1. The input signal from another optical component comes in over thefiber 30 a at a wavelength λ3. The output signal from theconverter 20 a carries the information that came in on thefiber 30 a, but provides it using the wavelength λ1 supplied by thelaser 32 a. The wavelength λ1 is then provided to an optical fiber coupled to the output waveguide 19 a. - The same operation occurs in each of the other channels. Thus, for example, if the input signal has a potential wavelength conflict, for example, because the input signal on the
fibers fiber 30 a is converted to the wavelength λ1 and the signal that came in on thefiber 30 d is converted to a wavelength λN. - As a result, a regular grid of distinct wavelength channels is generated for all the incoming signals, regardless of their original wavelength. The resulting output signal coming out of the
output waveguide 19 has the regular grid of distinct wavelengths preordained by the array of lasers 32. Outgoing wavelength channels are then directed into a single fiber connected to the AWG 10. This avoids the possibility of wavelength conflict. - In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the
converters 20 may each receive a blank optical channel from a different laser 32 in the plane of the integrated circuit forming the AWG 10. The incoming signal from thefiber 30 may be brought vertically into theconverter 20. - In one embodiment, the conversion may occur in a group III-V semiconductor
material wavelength converter 20, as shown inFIG. 2 . Theconverter 20 comprises aPIN detector diode 34 on top of aPIN diode modulator 36. ThePIN diode modulator 36 includes a p-type region 42, anintrinsic region 40, and an n-type region 38. The AWG 10 may include anupper silica layer 46 over asubstrate 42 that may be silicon in one embodiment. In theupper layer 46, the germanium doped buried-channel silica waveguide 44 are formed. Thewavelength converter 20 sits in atrench 40 formed in thesubstrate 42. The layer ofsilica waveguide 44 is aligned to themodulator 38. - In one embodiment, the input signal from a
fiber 30 is absorbed in thePIN detector 20, thereby creating free carriers and changing the voltage on themodulator 36. The blank light is then modulated due to a change in absorption caused by the voltage change. - In another embodiment, the wavelength conversion may occur due to cross-gain modulation between the two laser beams.
- The modulated blank signal is coupled to a
silica output waveguide 18 which then passes on to astar coupler 12 a as shown inFIG. 1 . Thewaveguides 18 are actually formed in the silica layer 46 (and are positioned in the page inFIG. 2 ) behind the p-type region 42 andintrinsic region 40 of thePIN diode modulator 36. - In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the AWG 10 may be defined by lithographic methods and fabricated of a III-V semiconductor material in a single process to include the
waveguides 14, the couplers 12, and theconverters 20. As a result, the cost of optical components may be reduced because the cost of optical components is largely driven by fiber interfacing and aligning of the devices and the cost of testing them. Combining multiple devices into a single integrated circuit may significantly decrease cost in some embodiments. Also, the integrated approach may decrease losses of optical power in the network since most of optical losses occur in the interfaces between fibers and integrated circuits. - While the present invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate numerous modifications and variations therefrom. It is intended that the appended claims cover all such modifications and variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of this present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A method comprising:
providing a plurality of channels of wavelength division multiplexed signals to a plurality of converters, each associated with a waveguide of an arrayed waveguide grating;
providing each converter with one continuous wave light channels on a grid of distinct wavelengths; and
converting the channels of each wavelength division multiplexed signal to one of the wavelengths of the grid.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein providing a plurality of channels of wavelength division multiplexed signals includes providing at least two channels with the same wavelength.
3. The method of claim 1 including forming an arrayed waveguide grating integrated with wavelength converters in the same substrate.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein providing each converter with one of a grid of distinct wavelengths includes providing an array of continuous wave lasers to produce said grid of distinct wavelengths.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein converting the channels includes converting the channels using a PIN diode detector and PIN diode modulator.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein converting the channels includes modulating a blank light with a subsequently multiplexed plurality of signals.
7-17. (canceled)
Priority Applications (1)
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US11/032,812 US20050129355A1 (en) | 2002-04-12 | 2005-01-11 | Managing channels with different wavelengths in optical networks |
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US10/121,346 US6873763B2 (en) | 2002-04-12 | 2002-04-12 | Managing channels with different wavelengths in optical networks |
US11/032,812 US20050129355A1 (en) | 2002-04-12 | 2005-01-11 | Managing channels with different wavelengths in optical networks |
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US10/121,346 Division US6873763B2 (en) | 2002-04-12 | 2002-04-12 | Managing channels with different wavelengths in optical networks |
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US20050129355A1 true US20050129355A1 (en) | 2005-06-16 |
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US10/121,346 Expired - Lifetime US6873763B2 (en) | 2002-04-12 | 2002-04-12 | Managing channels with different wavelengths in optical networks |
US11/032,812 Abandoned US20050129355A1 (en) | 2002-04-12 | 2005-01-11 | Managing channels with different wavelengths in optical networks |
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US20030194180A1 (en) | 2003-10-16 |
US6873763B2 (en) | 2005-03-29 |
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