US20050055930A1

US20050055930A1 - Air permeable cladding panel

Info

Publication number: US20050055930A1
Application number: US10/500,154
Authority: US
Inventors: Mohammed Imbabi
Original assignee: University of Aberdeen
Current assignee: ENVIRONMENTAL BUILDING PARTNERSHIP Ltd
Priority date: 2002-01-11
Filing date: 2003-01-13
Publication date: 2005-03-17
Also published as: JP2010090699A; GB0200610D0; JP4524423B2; ATE478763T1; EP1467858B1; JP2005514541A; DE60333897D1; EP1467858A1; AU2003202008A1; WO2003057470A1

Abstract

The present invention relates to a cladding material, for a building or other construction. The cladding material comprises an outer air permeable cover (3) an inner air permeable cover (4) and an intermediate layer (2). The intermediate layer has a graduated filtering profile for allowing selective particle filtration, thereby enhancing filtration through depth and hence delay clogging.

Description

The present invention relates to cladding and in particular, but not exclusively, to such cladding when applied to buildings located in relatively polluted areas.
In this regard, airborne particulate and gaseous pollution is known to have a hugely detrimental effect on human health. In conventional buildings, much emphasis is placed on achieving airtightness and low infiltration losses, with controlled fresh air intake ducted into the building using a mechanical Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system. Floor and wall apertures are traditionally specified in Codes of Practice to provide trickle ventilation, with opening size specified on the basis of floor area. Thermal insulation in such buildings passively curtails conduction heat loss, to achieve energy efficiency. This outlines the tried-and-tested approach, and though it continues to be technically valid, its drawbacks are high capital and maintenance costs and tight minimum ventilation quotas to limit heating energy demand. In some cases, illnesses known as ‘Sick Building Syndrome’ have been attributed to inherent design shortcomings, poor implementation or lax maintenance of the HVAC installation itself.
The current UK Government has declared its commitment to reduce the concentration of airborne particulate matter (Review of Air Quality Strategy, 2001). Significant research has been carried out in recent years to understand the effect of particulate matter on human health (Seaton et al, 1995; COMEAP, 1998). Nonetheless, uncertainty still exists. The potential effects are substantial enough, however, for the UK Government to recommend that the precautionary approach be applied to the issue of particulate emissions. This asserts that the potential risk should be reduced to as low as is reasonably practicable even though there is much that is still not understood.
Efforts to derive a strategy to minimise particulate emissions have been problematical. Much of the problem is due to the source and location of source of particulate matter.
In this regard, the source of particulate air pollution in cities is principally derived from;

1. Primary particles—from the products of incomplete combustion (mainly road traffic, electricity production, building space heating)
2. Secondary particles—formed in the atmosphere from the chemical reaction of sulphurous and nitrous emissions.
3. Biological particles—re-suspended road dust, construction, quarrying, sea salt, agricultural.

Each source is responsible for roughly a third of the total of urban background concentration. In the UK, typically 80% of emissions originate from UK sources but this percentage can fall if certain wind conditions exist. Anti-cyclone wind conditions can cause this figure to fall to 50% (or lower in the SE of England). Current strategies to limit particulate emissions concentrate on front of pipe solutions, mitigating or eliminating emissions from diesel engines and power plants for instance.
However, due to the diverse nature and location of the sources of particulate matter, the original limits set in initial World Health Organisation guidelines in 1997 were rejected as unattainable. These initial World Health Organisation guidelines could not have been met, for instance, even if the utopian situation of no road traffic were to be achieved. The limits were thus increased.
It is clear, therefore, that an alternative strategy is required to deal with removal of particulate matter from the atmosphere.
In this respect some work has been undertaken by the inventors of the present application in providing a “breathable” wall cladding for buildings, whereby the building is provided with panels which are permeable to air and which include a single insulating layer. Air flows through the panels, driven by a negative differential in pressure between the interior and exterior of the building. Air that flows into the building picks up heat that is being conducted outwards, thus further improving the building's space heating performance. The insulation media provides filtration characteristics such that particulates can be trapped by the insulation as they pass through the cladding. However, the inventors have identified problems in relation to clogging of the insulation which reduce the effectiveness of the “breathable” wall cladding concept.
An object of the present invention is to alleviate the problems identified above.
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a cladding material comprising:—an outer air permeable cover; an inner air permeable cover; and an intermediate layer, wherein the intermediate layer is provided with a graduated filtering profile.
With respect to the intermediate layer, the development of a graduated filtering profile has been found to enable selective particle filtration, to enhance filtration through depth within the intermediate layer and hence delay clogging. This thereby avoids the existence of predominantly surface filtration and rapid filter-cake deposition that can lead to premature clogging.
Preferably, the filtering characteristics of the intermediate layer are such as to trap relatively large particles (>10 μm) towards the outer cover end of the intermediate layer and to trap relatively smaller particles (0.01 μm) towards the inner cover end of the intermediate layer. With constant filter loading, (i.e. static particulate pollution levels) and a uniform rate of particle deposition through depth, the life of the intermediate layer would then be a function of the layer's thickness. All things being equal, as layer thickness is increased then so does the volume (per unit area of cladding) available for particle capture and sequestration increase.
Of comparable significance, the graduated filtering profile also permits incorporating materials that have been optimised for the filtration of gaseous pollutants and biological agents' (or contaminants). Adsorption of gases generally requires large surface area of the media and long residence time of the incoming gas in contact with this media to work effectively. Both conditions are satisfied with dynamic insulation used over a large wall area. For example, any natural fibre presented n the correct packing density and thickness could be used to filter a reactive species such as ozone, as well as capturing ultra-fine particulates.
Alternative solutions to clogging, such as incorporating “mufti-stage” disposable filter layers in the design, are also possible. A clogged layer could simply be ‘peeled-off’, and safely disposed of to expose a fresh filter surface every few years. It is thus realistic to target a life in excess of 20 years before entire wall panels have to be replaced, or possibly regenerated, irrespective of the clogging risk outlined. It is worth noting at this point that the problem of premature clogging becomes less significant the more buildings per city block are dynamically insulated, an important factor to consider when specifying this construction form in a heavily polluted urban setting.
In preferred embodiments, the cladding material has other features including thermal and/or sound insulating properties for energy efficiency and indoor ambiance.
Conveniently, the intermediate layer comprises one or more of:—mineral wool, wet-blown cellulose, glass wool or any other suitable fibre material.
Preferably, the intermediate layer is provided in the form of one or more of:—membranes, fibers, pulp or cellular based (foam or sponge) materials, modified aerated concrete, or other such materials which are cost effective and readily available. The intermediate layer may comprise additional components to provide structural support, to facilitate uniform airflow through the insulation media, to provide air distribution, prefiltration, heating, cooling and/or dehumidification and may provide sealing components to stop undesirable air leakage at borders and edges.
The cladding material may be provided in the form of a Structural Insulation Panel (SIP) and may comprise materials possessing filtration properties specific for one or more of:—particulate emissions, gas pollutants, chemical agents and biological agents.
In preferred embodiments, the cladding material is provided in the form of panel units. Conveniently, the panel units are provided in modular format. Implemented in a modular format, walls can be fabricated from such panel units comprising layers of different materials with complementary particulate filtration characteristics, one or more of which could additionally enable filtration of gaseous pollutants, chemical and/or biological agents, etc. The adoption of a modular approach is important, since the panels can ultimately be produced in a variety of shapes, sizes and finishes to meet the demands of a diverse construction market, optimised for either new-build or retrofitting, and mass produced to keep costs low and availability high.
Preferably, the intermediate layer may be formed of a plurality of separate air permeable filter layers, of different, yet complementary filtering characteristics. The intermediate layer may alternatively be formed of a single filter layer, whose filtering characteristics vary across its thickness. The or each filter layer of the intermediate layer may be independently replaceable, whereby a clogged filter layer can be removed and replaced or reconditioned when required.
In preferred embodiments, the or each filter layer of the intermediate layer may comprise one or more disposable filter elements. If clogged, such filter elements can be removed, for example as discussed above, by “peeling off” and safely disposed of to expose a fresh filter surface. The lifespan of the panel can be prolonged in this manner.
In preferred embodiments where a plurality of filter layers are present, each filter layer of the intermediate layer is selected to extract a specified range of particle sizes, gaseous pollutants, and/or biological agents. Conveniently, the separate filter layers of the intermediate layer together define substantially the complete filtration spectrum of particulate and other pollution.
In preferred embodiments, the cladding material is for a building or other construction. Other embodiments without limitation include air, land and sea vehicles, tunnels, roads, car parks, and various other constructions.
The cladding material may be combined with other components, such as glazing, renewable energy devices, or smart elements as part of a composite modular panel unit.
According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a cladding system for cladding a building or other constriction at a particular location, comprising the steps of:—

a) identifying the nature of pollutants at that location;
b) establishing an appropriate filter configuration for that building or other construction at that location;
c) forming cladding panel units for the building or other construction, the panel units having a graduated filtering profile across their thickness according to the filter configuration; and
d) applying the panel units to the building or other construction.

The present invention further encompasses a building or other construction comprising a plurality of panels formed of cladding material as defined above and a building or other construction cladding layer for use in cladding material as defined above, the cladding layer having a graduated filter profile.
According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided a building or other construction cladding panel comprising an air-permeable material, the material further being configured to filter out harmful chemical and/or biological agents.
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided a system for improving air quality in a particular location, the system comprising the steps of:—

a) placing at that location a building or other construction adopting air permeable cladding material; the cladding material comprising a filtration layer for removing one or more of:—particulate emissions, gas pollutants, chemical agents and biological agents as air passes from the exterior of the building or other construction to its interior; and
b) arranging for filtered air from within the building or other construction to pass to the exterior of the building or other construction.

The present invention hence provides for a pollution removing dynamically insulated, air permeable cladding material, that also can enhance energy efficiency for internal heating and/or cooling. When applied to a building or other construction, fresh ventilation air can be pre-heated (or cooled) and filtered as it is drawn into the building or other construction through a durable, purpose-designed porous building envelope. A new type of ‘breathing wall’ cladding panel is hereby provided enabling urban environments to be developed that are less polluted and healthier to live in, and contributing positively to sustainable future development.
Dynamic insulation permits the movement of air through an air permeable, dynamically insulated wall. This reduces conduction heat loss (or gain in cooling applications) and provides a method of bringing filtered fresh air into the building. The materials needed to achieve this (i.e., possessing appropriate insulation and permeability characteristics) are available, and include conventional insulation materials such as mineral wool, wet-blown cellulose and glass wool. A well designed dynamically insulated building or other construction can dispense with large heating and ventilation plant and ancillaries (ducting, etc.), allow higher controlled ventilation rates to be achieved, and reduce fossil fuel consumption by cutting out conduction heat fluxes. They effectively enable any desired building fabric heat-loss-coefficient, or U-value, to be achieved using thinner than conventional walls in a range of building and other construction types, including multi-storey buildings, easily surpassing current UK and European Building Standards and Regulations.
An embodiment of the present invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the drawing in which:—
FIG. 1 shows schematically a cross-section taken through a section of cladding according to the invention.
As shown in the example of, FIG. 1, the invention concerns a multi-layer cladding panel 1 of modular construction, comprising a series arrangement of one or more air permeable intermediate or internal layers 2 of varying properties and thickness contained within an, optional vented outdoor-facing weatherproof cover 3 and an optional indoor-facing wearing surface cover 4.
The panel may contiguously incorporate the above components. Alternatively, the internal layers may be bonded directly to discrete outer and inner covers, or separated by one or more air plenums, with additional (not shown) structural support, air distribution, pre-filtration, heating, cooling and/or dehumidification and sealing components, depending on design/fabrication requirements. In operation, fresh ventilation air is drawn into the building or other construction through such cladding panels forming all or part of the envelope (skin) of the building or other construction, and stale air is exhausted from the building or other construction, through an outlet duct to atmosphere (not shown). Used over a sufficiently large area of the building envelope, the panels will provide heat and sound insulation characteristics that surpass existing regulations and standards. More importantly, as air is slowly drawn into the building or other construction through the panels, the different internal layers will each extract a fraction of the overall particulate content and other forms of pollution from the air flow in a manner commensurate with their individual filtration characteristics. Such characteristics may include porosity, permeability, packing density, fibre size (in the case of fibrous insulation), as well as chemical properties, biological properties, etc.
This gradation of complementary filtration properties of the intermediate or internal layer 2 may be provided by using separate filtration layers as shown, or by use of a single contiguous layer of air permeable insulation. The cumulative effect of this combination of insulation layers or gradation of properties is permanent removal an safe sequestration of substantially all pollution from the air being used to ventilate the building or other construction, and in time cleaning of the outdoor environment itself.
The multi-layer construction or graduated single layer construction and the selection of the filter characteristics of the layers facilitates filtration through the depth of the cladding panel, which correctly implemented prevents pre-mature clogging of the panel and ensures an acceptable service life before replacement or refurbishment is required. This provides a unique and innovative solution to the air pollution problem, including the unchecked hazards of particulates. Buildings or other constructions using such cladding panels, in the manner described, will act to preserve the health and well-being of both building occupant and the surrounding outdoor environment as part of their normal operation, unlike the conventional buildings of today which do neither.
To function correctly in a specific building or other construction, the cladding material requires appropriate filtration and pressure drop properties across its component layers, good thermal and sound insulation, and resistance to environmentally induced degradation to be established.
The intermediate layers 2 may be formed of membranes, fibres, pulp, or cellular-based (foam or sponge) materials, or modified aerated concrete. The range of applications across the filtration spectrum spans the ionic (atomic radius) to the macro-particle (fine sand) ranges. Fibres present an attractive choice for use in dynamically insulated buildings due to their efficacy in the PM_2.6-PM₁₀range at the flow velocities of interest, wide availability, utility, low cost, and prevalence as conventional building insulation materials.
The cladding may further comprise materials for gaseous adsorption or room-temperature catalytic conversion of for example COx, NOx, Sox and ozone, Chemical and biological agent filters can also be included as part of an enhanced cladding panel design.
The or each filtration layer of the intermediate or internal layer 2 may comprise one or more disposable filter elements. If clogged, such filter elements can be removed, for example by “peeling off”, and safely disposed of to expose a fresh filter surface. The lifespan of the panel can be prolonged in this manner.
Where a plurality of filter layers are present, each filter layer of the intermediate layer can be selected to extract a specified range of particle sizes.
The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiment described herein. Indeed, various modifications of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying figure. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A cladding material comprising:—

an outer air permeable cover;

an inner air permeable cover; and

an intermediate layer, wherein the intermediate layer is provided with a graduated filtering profile.

2. A cladding material according to claim 1, wherein the filtering characteristics of the intermediate layer are such as to trap relatively large particles towards the outer cover end of the intermediate layer and to trap relatively smaller particles towards the inner cover end of the intermediate layer.

3. A cladding material according to claim 1 wherein the intermediate layer has thermal and/or sound insulating properties.

4. A cladding material according to claim 1, wherein the intermediate layer comprises one or more of:—mineral wool, wet-blown cellulose and glass wool.

5. A cladding material according to claim 1, wherein the intermediate layer is provided in the form of one or more of:—membranes, fibres, pulp or cellular based (foam or sponge) materials, or modified aerated concrete.

6. A cladding material according to claim 5, wherein the intermediate layer comprises fibres.

7. A cladding material according to claim 1, wherein the cladding material comprises filter materials for one or more of:—particulate emissions, gas pollutants, chemical agents and biological agents.

8. A cladding material according to claim 1, wherein the cladding material is provided in the form of panel units.

9. A cladding material according to claim 8, wherein the panel units are provided in modular format.

10. A cladding material according to claim 1, wherein the intermediate layer is formed of a plurality of one or more separate filter layers, of different filtering characteristics.

11. A cladding material according to claim 10, wherein each filter layer of the intermediate layer is selected to extract a specified range of particle sizes, gaseous pollutants, chemical pollutants, and/or biological agents.

12. A cladding material according to claim 11, wherein the separate filter layers of the intermediate layer together define substantially the complete filter spectrum of particulate and other pollution.

13. A cladding material according to claim 1, wherein the intermediate layer is formed of a single filter layer, whose filtering characteristics vary across its thickness.

14. A cladding material according to claim 13, wherein the or each filter layer of the intermediate layer is independently replaceable.

15. A cladding material according to claim 13, wherein the or each filter layer of the intermediate layer comprises one or more disposable filter elements.

16. A cladding system for cladding a building or other construction at a particular location, comprising the steps of:—

a) identifying the nature of pollutants at that location;

b) establishing an appropriate filter configuration for that building or other construction at that location;

c) forming cladding panel units for the building or other construction, the panel units having a graduated filtering profile across their thickness according to the filter configuration; and

d) applying the panel units to the building or other construction.

17. A building or other construction comprising a plurality of panels formed of cladding material according to claim 1.

18. A building or other construction cladding layer for use in the cladding material according to claim 1 comprising a graduated filter profile.

19. A building cladding panel comprising:—

an air-permeable material, the material further being configured to filter out harmful chemical and/or biological agents.

20. A system for improving air quality in a particular location, the system comprising the steps of:—

a) placing at that location a building or other construction adopting air permeable cladding material; the cladding material comprising a filtration layer for removing one or more of:—particulate emissions, gas pollutants, chemical agents and biological agents as air passes from the exterior of the building or other construction to its interior; and

b) arranging for filtered air from within the building or other construction to pass to the exterior of the building or other construction.

21. A system for improving air quality according to claim 20, comprising a cladding material including:

an outer air permeable cover;

an inner air permeable cover: and

22. A durable cladding material comprising:—

an outer air permeable weatherproof cover;

an inner air permeable wearing surface cover; and

an intermediate layer, wherein the intermediate layer is provided with a graduated filtering profile for the removal of one or more particulate, gaseous, chemical and biological pollutants and contaminants.

23. (Cancelled)

24. (Cancelled)

25. (Cancelled)