US20050017509A1 - Sealing mechanism - Google Patents
Sealing mechanism Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20050017509A1 US20050017509A1 US10/926,126 US92612604A US2005017509A1 US 20050017509 A1 US20050017509 A1 US 20050017509A1 US 92612604 A US92612604 A US 92612604A US 2005017509 A1 US2005017509 A1 US 2005017509A1
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- adapter
- seal
- tensioner
- conduit
- metal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L19/00—Joints in which sealing surfaces are pressed together by means of a member, e.g. a swivel nut, screwed on or into one of the joint parts
- F16L19/02—Pipe ends provided with collars or flanges, integral with the pipe or not, pressed together by a screwed member
- F16L19/0212—Pipe ends provided with collars or flanges, integral with the pipe or not, pressed together by a screwed member using specially adapted sealing means
- F16L19/0218—Pipe ends provided with collars or flanges, integral with the pipe or not, pressed together by a screwed member using specially adapted sealing means comprising only sealing rings
Abstract
An apparatus includes a body, an adapter and a seal ring. The apparatus may be coupled to provide a seal that has a primary metal to metal seal and a secondary seal obtained via extrusion of the seal ring.
Description
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The invention provides an improved connection for sealably joining two members. More particularly, the invention relates to a leakproof union coupling, which may be used, for example, in a refrigeration system.
- 2. Description of the Prior Art
- Refrigeration systems typically include several components, such as compressors, condensers, heat exchangers, and valves, which must be connected together in a way that effectively seals the interior of the refrigerant circulating system from the environment around it. Refrigerants, such as Freon, which are introduced into such systems as the working fluid, are expensive, hazardous to the environment, and sometimes toxic, and it is therefore critical that a closed circulating system be effectively sealed to prevent escape of the fluid or gas.
- Sealing of a refrigeration system is often complicated by the fact that various portions of the system are simultaneously hot and cold, and may be operated under a high pressure and a vacuum, and vibration is often a factor. Also, the common refrigerant fluids may be incompatible with many common sealing materials, and specialized materials such as polytetrafluoroethylene (TEFLON) must be used.
- It is often desirable that a connection between two components of a refrigeration system be easily disconnected, so that installation and replacement of a component may be accomplished without the use of heat connecting methods or extensive tools. It is also desirable that the connection be accomplished by abutting the ends of two fixed conduits and sealably joining them, without rotating either conduit. Connections known as “unions” are common in plumbing and other pipefitting arts, which employ a rotatable nut or collar to connect abutting ends of conduits, where the ends have been previously fitted with appropriate hardware. The typical union may be repeatedly connected and disconnected by rotating the collar.
- As described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,131,695, commonly assigned with the present application, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference, one manner of joining conduits is by providing a variable width seal within the union. Such seal includes a washer disposed between two metal portions of the union so that the two metal portions do not contact each other in normal usage. That is, the compressed washer is the primary sealing mechanism, and such seal may be backed up by metal on metal contact only on failure of the compressed washer. While this arrangement is generally suitable, several potential problems exist.
- First, the compressed washer is manufactured preferably from TEFLON, and more preferably glass filled TEFLON. The washer tends to suffer from relaxation of tension with time due to cold flow of the seal material. Second, the secondary metal on metal seat is purely compressive in nature, and allows for some small degree of leakage if one or both of the metal parts are damaged during handling. Further, if the compression is insufficient to fill any gaps in the metal, a small but detectable leak can result. If such a leak were to develop, the union may require disassembly and possible replacement, a process that may involve loss of refrigerant and increased costs. Thus a need exists for a more robust sealing mechanism for a union or coupling.
- In one embodiment, the present invention is an apparatus having a body with first and second ends, one of which has an annular protrusion extending therefrom. The apparatus further has an adapter with an axial groove dimensioned so that an outward edge of the groove contacts the annular protrusion of the body while the body is coupled to the adapter. A seal ring is disposed within the axial groove. In operation, the apparatus may be coupled, such as by a tensioner, so that a metal to metal seal is made between the body and the adapter that acts as a primary seal, while the seal ring, portions of which may be extruded out of the axial groove, acts as a secondary seal.
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FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a coupling in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of another coupling in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 3 is an enlarged cross-sectional view illustrating the sealing portion of the embodiment ofFIG. 2 . -
FIG. 4 is an enlarged cross-sectional view illustrating the sealing portion of the embodiment ofFIG. 2 in final sealing relation. -
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a coupling with a tensioning mechanism in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of an adapter assembly in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. - Referring now to
FIG. 1 , elements of a reusable coupling in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention includebody 10,adapter 20, andseal ring 30, which are to be coupled together removably and sealably.FIG. 1 shows these elements at the beginning of a joining sequence and without a tensioning mechanism, such as a nut, for joining the elements together. - It is to be understood that embodiments of the present invention may be used to join together a pair of
conduits FIG. 1 . Such conduits are typically generally cylindrical, thin wall conduits, but any fluid carrying conduits may be joined with the present invention.Conduits FIG. 1 at the top of the page) ofbody 10 may be permanently fitted to the end offirst conduit 14, whileadapter 20 may be permanently fitted to the end ofsecond conduit 24. This fitting may be accomplished in both cases by inserting the respective conduits into the body and the adapter and soldering or brazing them in place. Alternatively, the body and adapter may be joined to the respective conduits in any other conventional manner, for example, such as threading. -
Body 10 oradapter 20 may of course be connected directly to a vessel or apparatus rather than to a conduit. Similarly,body 10, rather than being adapted to be connected to a conduit, may be constructed as a cap (havingchannel 16 open only at the second (i.e., lower) end of body 10), a spray nozzle, a distribution junction, or any other desired device. In other embodiments the top end of body 10 (for example, the angled portions) may be fitted with a plurality of holes to which tubes may be connected, such as used in a distributor for a refrigeration system or the like. -
Body 10 has a generally cylindricalcentral channel 16 through which fluid can pass during operation of the coupling. In certain embodiments, a piston or similar flow control device may be positioned within the coupling (e.g., in channel 16) to regulate flow therethrough. Extending from the mating (i.e. lower) end ofbody 10 ismating surface 11, from which extendsannulus 12. While shown inFIG. 1 (and following figures) as a generally frustoconical point it is to be understood that in other embodiments,annulus 12 may be more or less sharply pointed, triangular, rounded, semi-circular, or otherwise shaped. The mating end ofbody 10 also includes an internalannular wall 13. - As shown in
FIG. 1 ,adapter 20 includes anaxial groove 22 withinmating surface 21 having aninner edge 23 and anouter edge 26. While shown as being angular, it is to be understood that in other embodiments,mating surface 21 may be flat, multi-angled, or otherwise shaped. - Preferably,
groove 22 is dimensioned to retain theseal ring 30 prior to the joining operation. Further,groove 22 is dimensioned so that during the joining operation (as discussed further below),annulus 12 contactsouter edge 26 ofgroove 22. - In certain embodiments, the
seal ring 30 may be sized so that its diameter in relaxation is slightly smaller than the diameter ofaxial groove 22. In such manner,seal ring 30 may be placed withingroove 22 and will remain affixed therein unless intentionally removed, thus avoiding the accidental loss ofseal ring 30 prior to its use. Thusseal ring 30 may be placed withingroove 22 after manufacture ofadapter 20 and may be reliably shipped and used without accidental loss. - In various embodiments,
seal ring 30 may be constructed of any suitable material. In a preferred embodiment for refrigeration service a polymer, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (TEFLON), is preferred due to its high temperature resistance and its resistance to many refrigerants and oils. In one embodiment, virgin TEFLON may be used. In addition to being less expensive than other TEFLON formulations, such as glass filled TEFLON, virgin TEFLON is subject to relaxation of tension over time due to cold flow of the seal material. Other TEFLON formulations, such as glass filled TEFLON, seek to minimize such relaxation. As will be discussed below, embodiments of the present invention using virgin TEFLON take advantage of the cold flow characteristics to create a more robust seal. - Referring now to
FIG. 2 , shown is a cross-section of a coupling in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention at the start of the compression phase of the joining operation. Note in the embodiment ofFIG. 2 ,body 10 terminates in a cap, that is, no conduit extends therefrom. Further, for ease of reference,adapter 20 is shown without a conduit extending therefrom. While not shown inFIG. 2 , it is to be understood that the joining may be effected by tightening a tensioner such as a nut or collar, positioned around theadapter 20 and mating with theexternal threads 15 ofbody 10. - At the start of compression,
annulus 12 imbeds itself in the face ofseal ring 30, which begins to deform to fillgroove 22 tightly. As shown inFIG. 2 , the deformed portion ofseal ring 30 begins to escape over theouter edge 26 ofgroove 22. -
FIG. 3 shows an enlarged cross-section of the seating joint of the coupling during a further portion of the compression phase of the joining operation. As shown inFIG. 3 ,seal ring 30 cold flows axially in both directions as more tension is placed on the coupling by tightening of the tensioner (not shown inFIG. 3 ). TEFLON does not cold flow until a certain amount of force is applied. This force is retained when the cold flow stops (in the form of hysteresis). As the joint is tightened, a metal to metal seat is formed asannulus 12 contacts theouter edge 26 ofgroove 22 and the two surfaces slide along each other, deforming the annuli (i.e.,annulus 12 and edge 26) and forming a seal. During this movement,seal ring 30 becomes a backup seal to this metal to metal seal. - When contact between
annulus 12 andedge 26 is made, any imperfections in the two metal surfaces are filled with a layer ofseal ring 30 being extruded through the opening. Such imperfections may occur if the primary metal seal were to become damaged during changing of a piston within the coupling or during normal setup procedures, for example. The configuration of this seal thus takes advantage of the cold flow characteristics of TEFLON to retain a backup seal at a substantially fixed tension. - The metal on metal seal engages two metal surfaces (i.e.,
annulus 12 and edge 26) in such a way as to cause a sliding motion combined with compression to inherently smooth out any surface damage to the mating surfaces and remove any surface contaminants from the joint. Thus, the metal on metal seal is a sliding seal as well as a compressive seal. The metal on metal seal has two compressive annuli working against each other to roughly double the amount of gasket-like seal material being displaced. Specifically, as the two metal surfaces are brought together during compression, portions ofseal ring 30 are extruded into the gap between the two metal surfaces asfirst extrusion 32 andsecond extrusion 34.Seal ring 30 is displaced by the two surfaces as they contact each other (through cold flow), except where small gaps may have been caused by surface damage. In such instances,seal ring 30 acts to fill any gaps in the seal that are not filled by metal compression. The small strings of extruded material, being a polymer, maintain a connection to the larger portion ofseal ring 30, anchoring the strings against blowout due to pressure behind the seal of course, the pressure likely will never get to the metal to metal seal becauseseal ring 30 is also extruded in the opposite direction to form a seal (i.e., second extrusion 34) behind the primary external metal/polymer seal (i.e., first extrusion 32). - Referring now to
FIG. 4 , shown is an enlarged cross-section of the coupling at completion of the joint. As the joint is tightened to approximately 30 foot-pounds of torque (for a 20 thread per inch (TPI) connection), the pointed end ofedge 26 ofgroove 22 slides down theoutward slope 18 ofannulus 12, expanding in diameter and scraping the slope, thereby forming a seal as the metals scrape against each other. In other embodiments in which the components are differently dimensioned,axial groove 22 may be contracted rather than expanded. It is to be understood that the torque level may be increased or reduced using differently pitched connections. For example, the approximate torque required may be reduced in half by using a 40 pitch thread, or doubled using 10 pitch thread. The inventor has determined that the actual contact force involved is on the order of approximately 22,600 pounds of force (reduced by the torque absorbed in friction as the fitting is tightened). In another embodiment in which the connections use a differential thread of 34 and 36 pitch, the approximate torque required may be about 1 foot-pound. - At whatever the desired torque level, the pointed end of
edge 26 may be in contact with bothdeformed annulus 12 andmating surface 11 ofbody 10 upon conclusion of the joining. The deformation ofannulus 12 andedge 26 stops at some point after contact when the surface area of the joint is high enough to support the force applied in joining the coupling. - Any imperfections in the metal seal large enough to escape the deformation caused by the sliding of the two metal surfaces are sealed by the extruding portions of
seal ring 30 between the surfaces. The remainder ofseal ring 30 forms a secondary backup seal due to the hysteresis of the material as it is deformed. Thus upon completion of joining, a primary metal to metal seal is effected, which is supported bysecondary seal ring 30, viaextruded portions groove 22. -
FIG. 5 shows a cross section of the completed coupling, including collar ornut 40 adapted thereon as a tensioner. While shown inFIG. 5 as a threaded nut, it is to be understood that the tensioner may take other forms in different embodiments. As shown inFIG. 5 ,adapter 20 is held tobody 10 bynut 40 which has an inwardly facingflange ring 42 at one end andinternal threads 44 at the opposite end. The radiallyoutward surface 45 ofnut 40 may be hexagonal to accommodate manipulation with standard hand tools.Flange ring 42 engages a retainingsurface 28 ofadapter 20 and is rotatable with respect thereto whilecollar threads 44 engagebody threads 15. Asnut 40 is rotated,adapter 20 is pulled into correct concentric alignment withbody 10 and theleading end 29 ofadapter 20 engageschannel 16 ofbody 10. Asnut 40 is rotated further, the desired axial position ofadapter 20 with respect tobody 10 may be achieved. - Referring now to
FIG. 6 , shown is a partial cross-section of a consolidated adapter assembly in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. For ease of reference,FIG. 6 is shown without certain components of the present invention, such as the seal ring, annulus, and axial groove. However, it is contemplated that such a consolidated adapter assembly may be used with the embodiments of the present invention discussed above. The adapter assembly includesadapter 20 withconduit 24 extending therefrom. As shown inFIG. 6 ,conduit 24 includes anassembly retainer 25. Theretainer 25 may be used to holdnut 40 together withadapter 20. Thusretainer 25 permits a consolidated adapter assembly to be created. In other words,retainer 25 maintainsnut 40 in substantial axial communication withadapter 20 andconduit 24 prior to its placement in a system or coupling. Such a consolidated assembly is desirable for delivery and ease of installation, asnut 40 is already in the proper location with respect toadapter 20 andconduit 24. - In one embodiment, a consolidated adapter assembly may be constructed as follows.
Conduit 24 may be joined toadapter 20 by conventional means such as brazing or welding. Then,nut 40 is placed aroundconduit 24 andadapter 20. Finally,conduit 24 is placed within a crimping die in order to form the desired retainer at the selected axial distance fromadapter 20. In various embodiments, the retainer may be located from flush to the back end ofadapter 20 to any point short of the lower end ofconduit 24. In preferred embodiments,retainer 25 is located within approximately two inches of the lower end ofadapter 20, and in one preferred embodiment,retainer 25 is located directly belowadapter 20. In various embodiments, theretainer 25 may be a protrusion of generally cylindrical shape, which may extend in various dimensions from the otherwise substantiallyuniform wall 27 of theconduit 24, which may be made of annealed copper in one embodiment. In certain embodiments, theretainer 25 may extend between about 0.15 to 0.175 inches in diameter fromwall 27. -
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of asystem 100 in accordance with the present invention.System 100 may be, for example, a heat pump. Thesystem 100 includes afirst coil 110 and asecond coil 120, which may be evaporator and condenser coils, respectively. Connected to each of the coils is a plurality oftubes 130 which terminate in avalve 140 connected totubing 150. The embodiments of the present invention discussed above may be used to coupletubing 150 totubes 130 viavalves 140. It is to be understood thatsystem 100 may include many other typical components well known to those of skill in the art but not needed for understanding of the present invention, such ascompressor 160, for example. In addition to such a heat pump, it is to be understood that embodiments of the present invention may be used with other refrigeration systems such as air conditioners, cooling towers and the like. - In one embodiment designed for connecting, for example, {fraction (3/8)} inch conduits,
seal ring 30 may be generally circular with a substantially rectangular cross section having a width of approximately 0.040 to 0.060 inches and a depth of between approximately 0.040 and 0.060 inches. The width ofgroove 22 may closely match these width dimensions, while the depth ofgroove 22 may vary from slightly smaller than the above stated depths to slightly larger than them, particularly where the groove is formed in an angled portion ofadapter 20. However, as can be appreciated, the cross section ofgroove 22 andseal ring 30 may be varied to include appropriate other shapes. For example, and without limitation,seal ring 30 may be circular, oblong or triangular in cross section. The seal cavity may also have various cross-sectional shapes which may function adequately for various seal shapes. - As shown in
FIG. 1 , for example,body 10 may be dimensioned so that when in coupling relation toadapter 20,annular wall 13 is situated radially outwardly frominner edge 23 ofgroove 22 and inwardly fromouter edge 26 ofgroove 22. More so,annulus 12 may be positioned onmating surface 11 so that it contactsouter edge 26 during joining. In certain embodiments,annulus 12 may be between approximately 0.008 to 0.012 inches wide and between approximately 0.007 to 0.010 inches in depth. Also, groove 22 ofadapter 20 may be formed in an angled portion of the adapter having an angle of between about 45 and 60 degrees with respect to the longitudinal axis. - In one preferred embodiment, the adapter, body, and collar may be all constructed of brass. In the preferred embodiment designed for connecting, for example, {fraction (3/8)} inch outside diameter conduits, the body may be manufactured from ¾ inch hexagonal stock, the collar may be manufactured from {fraction (15/16)} inch hexagonal brass stock, and the adapter may be manufactured from {fraction (11/16)} inch brass rod. The threads on the exterior of the body and the interior of the collar may be ¾-20-2A, for example. In such an embodiment, the approximate torque required for joining is about 30 foot-pounds.
- While the present invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate numerous modifications and variations therefrom. It is intended that the appended claims cover all such modifications and variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of this present invention.
Claims (18)
1-26 (canceled)
27. An apparatus comprising:
a body with a first end and a second end, the second end having a mating surface with an annular protrusion extending therefrom;
an adapter having an axial groove with an outward edge to contact the mating surface, the axial groove being dimensioned so that the outward edge contacts the annular protrusion while the body is coupled to the adapter;
a seal ring disposed within the axial groove; and
a tensioner to couple the body to the adapter.
28. The apparatus of claim 27 , wherein the seal ring comprises virgin polytetrafluoroethylene.
29. The apparatus of claim 27 , wherein the mating surface of the body contacts the adapter when coupled to form a primary metal to metal seal.
30. The apparatus of claim 29 , wherein the seal ring forms a secondary seal when the body and the adapter are coupled.
31. The apparatus of claim 30 , wherein the secondary seal comprises a first extruded portion and a second extruded portion.
32. The apparatus of claim 31 , wherein the axial groove is radially modified by the annular protrusion.
33. The apparatus of claim 29 , wherein the primary metal to metal seal comprises a sliding seal.
34. The apparatus of claim 27 , wherein the outward edge and the annular protrusion are deformed when the body is coupled to the adapter.
35. An apparatus comprising:
an adapter to couple to a corresponding body;
a tensioner adapted around the adapter to mate with the corresponding body; and
a conduit coupled to the adapter, the conduit having a tensioner retainer protruding from a portion thereof to maintain the tensioner in substantial axial communication between the tension retainer and the adapter.
36. The apparatus of claim 35 , wherein the tension retainer comprises a cylindrical protrusion on the conduit.
37. The apparatus of claim 35 , wherein the cylindrical protrusion is crimped on the conduit.
38. The apparatus of claim 35 , wherein the tensioner retainer to maintain the substantial axial communication prior to mating of the tensioner and the corresponding body.
39. An apparatus comprising:
an adapter;
a tensioner adapted around the adapter; and
a conduit coupled to the adapter, the conduit having a tensioner retainer extending from a portion thereof to maintain the tensioner in substantial axial communication with the adapter and the conduit.
40. The apparatus of claim 39 , wherein the adapter has an axial groove dimensioned to receive a seal ring.
41. The apparatus of claim 40 , further comprising a body with a first end and a second end, the second end having an annular protrusion extending therefrom.
42. The apparatus of claim 41 , wherein the second end of the body contacts the adapter when coupled by the tensioner to form a primary metal to metal seal.
43. The apparatus of claim 42 , wherein the seal ring forms a secondary seal when the body and the adapter are coupled.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US10/926,126 US20050017509A1 (en) | 2002-08-14 | 2004-08-25 | Sealing mechanism |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US10/218,360 US6805384B1 (en) | 2002-08-14 | 2002-08-14 | Sealing mechanism |
US10/926,126 US20050017509A1 (en) | 2002-08-14 | 2004-08-25 | Sealing mechanism |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US10/218,360 Continuation US6805384B1 (en) | 2002-08-14 | 2002-08-14 | Sealing mechanism |
Publications (1)
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US20050017509A1 true US20050017509A1 (en) | 2005-01-27 |
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Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US10/218,360 Expired - Lifetime US6805384B1 (en) | 2002-08-14 | 2002-08-14 | Sealing mechanism |
US10/926,126 Abandoned US20050017509A1 (en) | 2002-08-14 | 2004-08-25 | Sealing mechanism |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US10/218,360 Expired - Lifetime US6805384B1 (en) | 2002-08-14 | 2002-08-14 | Sealing mechanism |
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Cited By (3)
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US20070024054A1 (en) * | 2005-07-27 | 2007-02-01 | Chung Cheng Faucet Co., Ltd. | Tube connection structure |
US20100084853A1 (en) * | 2007-01-23 | 2010-04-08 | Teknikbolaget K. Samuelsson Ab | Nozzle means for extinguisher system |
US20100109295A1 (en) * | 2005-06-02 | 2010-05-06 | Mccormick David M | Gas generating system |
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DE10216280A1 (en) * | 2002-04-12 | 2003-10-30 | Siemens Ag | Sealing device for high-pressure sealing of line transitions |
NL1025631C2 (en) * | 2004-03-03 | 2005-09-08 | Berkin Bv | Sealing assembly. |
US7392664B2 (en) * | 2005-09-27 | 2008-07-01 | Danfoss Chatleff, Inc. | Universal coupling device |
US7730778B2 (en) * | 2005-10-11 | 2010-06-08 | Vega Grieshaber Kg | Filling level and/or limit level measuring device with flexible connecting piece |
DE102005049034A1 (en) * | 2005-10-11 | 2007-04-12 | Vega Grieshaber Kg | Measuring device for levels/limiting status has a transmitter/receiver for generating an oscillation and for picking up an oscillation and making a corresponding receiving signal available |
CA3147584A1 (en) * | 2019-07-16 | 2021-01-21 | James TAUSCH, Jr. | Hammer union |
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US6568718B1 (en) * | 1999-07-08 | 2003-05-27 | Allegri Cesare S.P.A. | Junction for flexible tube for high pressure fluids |
US6431613B1 (en) * | 1999-10-26 | 2002-08-13 | Walterscheid Rohrverbindungstechnik Gmbh | Pipe connection with a connecting portion formed onto the pipe |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20100109295A1 (en) * | 2005-06-02 | 2010-05-06 | Mccormick David M | Gas generating system |
US20070024054A1 (en) * | 2005-07-27 | 2007-02-01 | Chung Cheng Faucet Co., Ltd. | Tube connection structure |
US20100084853A1 (en) * | 2007-01-23 | 2010-04-08 | Teknikbolaget K. Samuelsson Ab | Nozzle means for extinguisher system |
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US6805384B1 (en) | 2004-10-19 |
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