US20050013285A1 - Optimal routing when two or more network elements are integrated in one element - Google Patents
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- US20050013285A1 US20050013285A1 US10/479,051 US47905104A US2005013285A1 US 20050013285 A1 US20050013285 A1 US 20050013285A1 US 47905104 A US47905104 A US 47905104A US 2005013285 A1 US2005013285 A1 US 2005013285A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/66—Arrangements for connecting between networks having differing types of switching systems, e.g. gateways
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q3/00—Selecting arrangements
- H04Q3/0016—Arrangements providing connection between exchanges
- H04Q3/0029—Provisions for intelligent networking
- H04Q3/0037—Provisions for intelligent networking involving call modelling techniques, e.g. modifications to the basic call state model [BCSM]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L65/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for supporting real-time applications in data packet communication
- H04L65/1066—Session management
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L65/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for supporting real-time applications in data packet communication
- H04L65/1066—Session management
- H04L65/1069—Session establishment or de-establishment
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
- H04L69/30—Definitions, standards or architectural aspects of layered protocol stacks
- H04L69/32—Architecture of open systems interconnection [OSI] 7-layer type protocol stacks, e.g. the interfaces between the data link level and the physical level
- H04L69/322—Intralayer communication protocols among peer entities or protocol data unit [PDU] definitions
- H04L69/329—Intralayer communication protocols among peer entities or protocol data unit [PDU] definitions in the application layer [OSI layer 7]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L65/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for supporting real-time applications in data packet communication
- H04L65/10—Architectures or entities
- H04L65/1016—IP multimedia subsystem [IMS]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L65/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for supporting real-time applications in data packet communication
- H04L65/1066—Session management
- H04L65/1101—Session protocols
- H04L65/1104—Session initiation protocol [SIP]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W76/00—Connection management
- H04W76/10—Connection setup
Definitions
- the present invention relates to All-IP (All-Internet Protocol) communication systems, and in particular to routing between network elements, such as CSCFs (Call State Control Functions), BGCFs (Breakout Gateway Control Functions) and MGCFs (Media Gateway Control Functions), when two or more of these network elements are the same element.
- CSCFs Call State Control Functions
- BGCFs Band Pass Gateway Control Functions
- MGCFs Media Gateway Control Functions
- FIG. 1 shows a call-setup between subscriber A and B via an originating P-CSCF (Proxy Call State Control Function), originating S-CSCF (Serving Call State Control Function), I-CSCF (Interrogating Call State Control Function), terminating S-CSCF and terminating P-CSCF.
- P-CSCF Proxy Call State Control Function
- S-CSCF Serving Call State Control Function
- I-CSCF Interrogating Call State Control Function
- terminating S-CSCF terminating S-CSCF
- terminating P-CSCF terminating P-CSCF.
- CSMs Call State Models
- O-CSM Oil-CSM
- T-CSM Terminal CSM
- CSCF Carrier Control Function
- BGCF Band Control Function
- MGCF Traffic Control Function
- the logical functionalities of the originating operator could be e.g. P-CSCF, S-CSCF, I-CSCF, S-CSCF and P-CSCF; or P-CSCF, S-CSCF, BGCF and MGCF
- the logical functionalities of the terminating operator could be e.g. MGCF, I-CSCF, S-CSCF and P-CSCF; or BGCF and MGCF.
- CSM has one or more states.
- the set-up is done via an external loopback ME 1 from a T-CSM to an O-CSM as shown in FIG. 7 . No care is taken as to whether the network elements are the same element, and the signaling is conducted always through an interface between two network elements.
- FIG. 8 An example for this prior art solution is given in FIG. 8 .
- logical functionalities P-CSCF and S-CSCF are used as example of the two logical functionalities that are located in the same network element called here P-CSCF/S-CSCF. Originated and terminated call state models (i.e. O-CSM and T-CSM) of a logical functionality are separated.
- SIP is used as NNI (Network to Network Interface) protocol i.e. as protocol that is used between network elements.
- NNI Network to Network Interface
- An originating call case where P-CSCF and S-CSCF are located in the same network is used as an example.
- a terminal A when a terminal A wants to invite another party to a session, in a step 801 , it sends an INVITE message to the P-CSCF/S-CSCF network element. Then, in a step 802 , Call control signaling adaptation transforms the INVITE message to the internal format of the call control and stores it to an internal data structure.
- a step 803 the content of the internal data structure is passed as data to an O-CSM of the P-CSCF.
- the O-CSM stores the data to an internal data structure in a step 804 , and handles its content.
- a step 805 the O-CSM passes the control and the handled data in the internal data structure to a T-CSM of the P-CSCF.
- the T-CSM stores the data to an internal data structure in a step 806 , and handles its content.
- a step 807 the content of the internal data structure is passed to Call control signaling adaptation.
- Call control signaling adaptation stores the data to an internal data structure and transforms its content to an INVITE message in a step 808 .
- DNS Domain Name Server
- resolving is used to find out the IP address of the next network element.
- an INVITE message is sent from the-P-CSCF to an S-CSCF via external routing.
- This INVITE message is received by an S-CSCF the functionality of which is located in the same network element P-CSCF/S-CSCF.
- Call control signaling adaptation transforms the INVITE message to the internal format of the call control and stores it to an internal data structure.
- a step 811 the content of the internal data structure is passed as data to an O-CSM of the S-CSCF.
- the O-CSM stores the data to an internal data structure in a step 812 , and handles its content.
- a step 813 the O-CSM passes the control and the handled data in the internal data structure to a T-CSM of the S-CSCF.
- the T-CSM stores the data to an internal data structure in a step 814 , and handles its content.
- a step 815 the content of the internal data structure is passed to Call control signaling adaptation.
- Call control signaling adaptation stores the data to an internal data structure and transforms its content to an INVITE message in a step 816 .
- DNS resolving is used to find out the IP address of the next network element.
- an INVITE message is sent from the S-CSCF to an I-CSCF via external routing.
- this object is achieved by routing a call between at least two logical network elements each performing a logical functionality on the call, the logical functionalities of the at least two logical network elements being accommodated in one physical control entity in an IP communication network system.
- call-related processing is performed in the physical control entity as the first logical functionality, thereby obtaining a content of a first data structure.
- a second logical functionality is invoked in the physical control entity, wherein the content of the first data structure is supplied inside the physical control entity to a second data structure of the second logical functionality so that the content of the second data structure is substantially similar to a content obtained at the same stage in said second logical functionality by external routing between logical network elements.
- “Substantial similarity” between two contents of data structures means, for example, that the data structures are similar enough to avoid the introduction of significantly different program codes for the processing of the contents.
- the content of the first data structure is supplied within one call state model for a beginning of a functionality and an ending of a functionality.
- the content of the first data structure is supplied by sending a message inside the physical control entity from a call state model for an ending of a functionality to a call state model for a beginning of a functionality.
- the content of the first data structure is supplied by sending a first message from a call state model for an ending of a functionality to a first adapter process for translating the content of the first data structure to a data structure of an inter network element sending signaling, sending a second message from the first adapter process to a second adapter process for supplying the content of the inter network element sending signaling data structure to a data structure of an inter network element receiving signaling, so that the content of the inter network element receiving signaling data structure is substantially similar to a content obtained at the same stage in said second adapter process by external routing between logical network elements, and sending a third message from the second adapter process to a call state model for a beginning of a functionality, for translating the content of the inter network element receiving signaling data structure to the second data structure.
- the content of the first data structure is supplied by sending a first message from a call state model for an ending of a functionality to a first adapter process for translating the content of the first data structure to a data structure of an inter network element sending signaling, performing processing on the content of the inter network element sending signaling data structure, thereby obtaining a content of a processed inter network element sending signaling data structure, sending a second message from the first adapter process to a second adapter process for supplying the content of the processed inter network element sending signaling data structure to a data structure of a processed inter network element receiving signaling, so that the content of the processed inter network element receiving signaling data structure is substantially similar to a content obtained at the same stage in said second adapter process by external routing between logical network elements, performing processing on the content of the processed inter network element receiving signaling data structure, thereby obtaining a content of an inter network element receiving signaling data structure and sending a third message from the second adapter process to a call state model for a beginning of
- the content of the first data structure is supplied by sending a first message from a call state model for an ending of a functionality to a first adapter process for translating the content of the first data structure to a data structure of an inter network element sending signaling, performing processing on the content of the inter network element sending signaling data structure, thereby obtaining a content of a processed inter network element sending signaling data structure, performing looping from the first adapter process to a second adapter process via a protocol level below the used signaling protocol between network elements for supplying the content of the processed inter network element sending signaling data structure to a data structure of a processed inter network element receiving signaling, so that the content of the processed inter network element receiving signaling data structure is substantially similar to a content obtained at the same stage in said second adapter process by external routing between logical network elements, performing processing on the content of the processed inter network element receiving signaling data structure, thereby obtaining a content of an inter network element receiving signaling data structure and sending a third message from the second adapter process
- an extremely efficient use of messages and processes is achieved, i.e. the number of messages and processes can be reduced significantly compared with an external loopback. Moreover, an efficient use of bandwidth can be obtained.
- bandwidth is used efficiently.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic block diagram of a signaling path when subscriber A makes a call to subscriber B and both subscribers are located in the same network.
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic block diagram according to a control entity of a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic block diagram according to a control entity of a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 shows a schematic block diagram according to a control entity of a third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 shows a schematic block diagram according to a control entity of a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 shows a schematic block diagram according to a control entity of a fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 shows a schematic block diagram of a solution according to the prior art.
- FIG. 8 shows an example of the prior art solution.
- FIG. 9 shows an example of the solution according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 10 shows an example of the solution according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 11 shows an example of the solution according to the third embodiment.
- FIG. 12 shows an example of the solution according to the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 13 shows an example of the solution according to the fifth embodiment.
- the idea of the present invention is to route outgoing signaling internally in a control entity accommodating two or more logical functionalities of different logical network elements.
- the respective functionality of a calling S-CSCF (Serving CSCF) and a called I-CSCF and possibly also of a called S-CSCF may be performed in the same physical CSCF.
- the S-CSCF must inspect the logical address e.g. FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name) or an IP (Internet Protocol) address obtained by performing a DNS (Domain Name Server) resolution procedure to check whether it refers to an own network.
- the S-CSCF may perform an I-CSCF functionality (e.g. a called party S-CSCF search), and then it may invoke a logical called party S-CSCF functionality, if the logical address or the returned IP address refers to the same node.
- I-CSCF functionality e.g. a called party S-CSCF search
- a call refers to any multimedia sessions in addition to voice calls, e.g. video calls.
- a call state control function is not necessarily just a CSCF in accordance with 3GPP specifications.
- it can also be a call processing server in accordance with IETF session initiation protocol RFC 2543.
- It can also be a gatekeeper in accordance with ITU-T H.323 specifications. It can be any call processing server or call state control function performing call signaling related tasks.
- the present invention is not bound to any specific NNI (Network to Network Interface) protocol.
- the messages described in the embodiments may reside on call control level, SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) level or TCP/UDP (Transmission Control Protocol/User Datagram Protocol) level, for example.
- SIP Session Initiation Protocol
- TCP/UDP Transmission Control Protocol/User Datagram Protocol
- FIGS. 2 to 7 merely a T-CSM of a first logical functionality and an O-CSM of a second logical functionality are illustrated.
- the O-CSM of the first and the T-CSM of the second logical functionality are not shown.
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic block diagram according to a control entity of a first embodiment.
- a control entity accommodating two or more logical functionalities of network elements on a signaling path is represented by a CSCF, BGCF or MGCF.
- one integrated CSM (Call State Model) is used that contains the functionality to route outgoing signaling internally in the CSCF/BGCF/MGCF.
- the integrated CSM combines both functionalities of an originating CSM and a terminating CSM.
- this signaling is done internally in the integrated CSM in the CSCF/BGCF/MGCF by a process R3 processing the content of a data structure A.
- a content of a data structure F is obtained which is substantially similar to a content as if the signaling was conducted externally from a terminating CSM to an originating CSM.
- the broken lines in FIG. 2 and in the following figures represent an input/output of data.
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic block diagram according to a second embodiment.
- the second embodiment differs from the first embodiment in that a CSCF/BGCF/MGCF accommodating two or more logical funtionalities of different logical network elements comprises an originating CSM and a terminating CSM.
- the terminating CSM sends a signaling message MI 3 directly to the originating CSM inside the CSCF/BGCF/MGCF.
- the message MI 3 carries the content of the data structure A to the data structure F so that the content of F is substantially similar to a content of F as if the message path was an external path between logical network elements.
- A is needed for sending the message MI 3 from the terminating CSM
- a process P 6 is needed when the message is received at the originating CSM in the CSCF/BGCF/MGCF.
- the process P 6 may add the FQDN (Full Qualified Domain Name) of a network element corresponding to the originating CSM functionality receiving the message to a Record-Route header, but may add nothing to the Via header.
- FIG. 4 shows a schematic block diagram according to a third embodiment. This embodiment differs from the second one in that the terminating CSM sends the signaling via an adapter process CC-SS to the originating CSM.
- the terminating CSM sends a message MI 1 to a first adapter process CC-SS.
- the message MI 1 is received by a process P 2 in the first CC-SS and the content of the data structure A is converted into a data structure B.
- a message MI 4 is sent from a process P 7 in the first adapter process.
- the message MI 4 carries the content of the data structure B to a data structure E in a second adapter process CC-SS, so that the content of E is substantially similar to a content of E if the message path was an external signaling path between adapter processes.
- the message MI 4 is received at a process P 8 , where the FQDN of the network element corresponding to the functionality of the second adapter process may be added to a Record-Route header, but nothing may be added to the Via header.
- a message MI 2 is sent from a process P 5 in the second adapter process to the originating CSM.
- the message MI 2 is received at the process P 6 in the originating CSM.
- FIG. 5 shows a schematic block diagram according to a fourth embodiment. This embodiment differs from the third one in that also processing is performed in the adapter processes CC-SS.
- the data structure B is processed into a data structure C by a process R 1 .
- the content of the data structure C is then carried to a data structure D in the second adapter process by a message MI 5 , so that the content of D is substantially similar to a content of D if the message path was an external signaling path between adapter processes.
- a process P 3 serves to send the message MI 5
- a process P 4 serves to receive the message MI 5 .
- the FQDN of the network element corresponding to the functionality of the second adapter process may be added to a Record-Route header, but nothing may be added to the Via header.
- FIG. 6 shows a schematic block diagram according to a fifth embodiment.
- This embodiment differs from the fourth one in that the content of the data structure C is looped to the data structure D from the first adapter process to the second adapter process, so that the content of D is substantially similar to a content of D if the signaling path was an external path between logical network elements.
- looping L “localhost” hostname and/or loopback address are used.
- the idea is to go down in the protocol stack from application and signaling protocol level to the lower levels and use a protocol there, e.g. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) or IP (Internet Protocol), to transfer the information from T-CSM to O-CSM without external route.
- UDP User Datagram Protocol
- IP Internet Protocol
- the IP protocol finds out that the target is the same as the origin and does not send the message via external route.
- the FQDN of the network element corresponding to the functionality of the second adapter process may be added to a Record-Route header, but nothing may be added to the Via header.
- the FQDN address is used in Record-Route and Via headers instead of the “localhost” hostname, and real IP address is used instead of the loopback IP address. However, if the usage of the “localhost” hostname and loopback IP address is insisted, the entry has to be swapped with the previous entry in the Via header.
- Via and Record-Route headers may be updated somewhere else than in P 6 , P 8 and P 4 .
- SIP is used as NNI protocol
- Via header and Record-Route header are normally updated.
- Via header is used to route the response back via the same route.
- Record-Route header is used to record the route in order to be used in the subsequent messages.
- Via and Record-Route headers can be handled at least in two ways. In the first way the address of each logical functionality on the route is inserted to the message as Via header as well as Record-Route header if it is used. If the Via header is utilized for the loop detection, identical addresses should be avoided in Via header because they indicate a loop.
- the second way to handle Via header and Record-Route header is to add only one Via header and possibly one Record-Route header to the message so that the both headers contain the address of the physical network element instead of the logical functionalities included in the physical network element.
- the data is not yet in the format of external signaling while in C and D it might be.
- One of the tasks of the adapter function CC-SS is to transform the internal signaling to external signaling and vice versa. This is depicted with R 1 and R 2 .
- the message MI 2 or MI 3 can be used to indicate what service is required in the next network element. This indication may be deduced from the content of the message and/or from the format of the message and/or from the name of the message and/or from the type of the message and/or from the address of the message.
- a call state model may be stateless or comprise at least two states. Or, in other words, a call state model has at least one or more states.
- an I-CSCF may be transactionally statefull, i.e. stores the state only during the registration when it communicates with HSS (Home Subscriber Server).
- FIG. 9 shows an example of the solution according to the first embodiment, i.e. the combined CSM.
- an INVITE message is sent from a terminal A to the P-CSCF/S-CSCF.
- Call control signaling adaptation transforms the INVITE message to the internal format of the call control and stores it to an internal data structure.
- the content of the internal data structure is passed as data to an O-CSM of the P-CSCF.
- the O-CSM of the P-CSCF stores the data to an internal data structure and handles its content in a step 904 .
- the O-CSM of the P-CSCF passes the control and the handled data in the internal data structure to the combined CSM.
- the combined CSM stores the data to an internal data structure and handles its content like a T-CSM of the P-CSCF in a step 906 .
- a method is used to find out whether the next logical functionality is located in the same network element. For example, DNS resolving is done or addresses are compared. Because the next logical functionality is located in this same network element, combined CSM continues handling the data like an O-CSM of the S-CSCF instead of passing it to a call control signaling adaptation for outgoing messages (step 808 of FIG. 8 .) The steps 807 - 812 of FIG. 8 are skipped in this case.
- the combined CSM passes the control and the handled data in the internal data structure to a T-CSM of the S-CSCF.
- the T-CSM of the S-CSCF stores the data to an internal data structure and handles its content in a step 914 .
- the content of the internal data structure is passed to Call control signaling adaptation.
- the Call control signaling adaptation stores the data to an internal data structure and transforms its content to an INVITE message in a step 916 . For example, DNS resolving is used to find out the IP address of the next network element.
- an INVITE message is sent from the P-CSCF/S-CSCF to an I-CSCF via external routing.
- FIG. 10 shows an example of the solution according to the second embodiment.
- the steps 1001 to 1004 correspond to steps 901 to 904 of FIG. 9 .
- an O-CSM of the P-CSCF passes the control and the handled data in the internal data structure to a T-CSM of the P-CSCF.
- the T-CSM of the P-CSCF stores the data to an internal data structure and handles its content in a step 1006 .
- a method is used to find out whether the next logical functionality is located in the same network element. For example, DNS resolving is done or addresses are compared. Because the next logical functionality is located in this same network element, the T-CSM of the P-CSCF modifies the data if needed.
- the T-CSM of the P-CSCF passes the control and the modified data to an O-CSM of the S-CSCF instead of passing it to Call control signaling adaptation for outgoing messages (step 808 in FIG. 8 ). Steps 808 - 811 according to FIG. 8 are skipped in this case.
- a step 1012 the O-CSM of the S-CSCF stores the data to an internal data structure, modifies it if needed and handles its content.
- the O-CSM of the S-CSCF passes the control and the handled data in the internal data structure to a T-CSM of the S-CSCF in a step 1013 .
- Steps 1014 to 1017 correspond to steps 914 to 917 in FIG. 9 .
- FIG. 11 shows an example for the solution according to the third embodiment.
- steps 1101 to 1105 correspond to steps 1001 to 1005 of FIG. 10 .
- the T-CSM of the P-CSCF stores the data to an internal data structure and handles its content.
- the content of the internal data structure is passed to Call control signaling adaptation in a step 1107 .
- the Call control signaling adaptation stores the data to an internal data structure, modifies it if needed and handles its content.
- a method is used to find out whether the next logical functionality is located in the same network element. For example, DNS resolving is done or addresses are compared. Because the next logical functionality is located in this same network element, the Call control signaling adaptation modifies the data if needed.
- the Call control signaling adaptation of the T-CSM of the P-CSCF passes the control and the modified data to the Call control signaling adaptation of an O-CSM of the S-CSCF instead of building a SIP message (INVITE) and sending it to the next network element via external routing.
- the Call control signaling adaptation of the O-CSM of the S-CSCF stores the data to an internal data structure, modifies it if needed and handles its content in a step 1110 .
- the content of the internal data structure is passed as data to the O-CSM of the S-CSCF.
- Steps 1112 to 1117 correspond to steps 1012 to 1017 of FIG. 10 .
- FIG. 12 shows an example of the solution according to the fourth embodiment.
- steps 1201 to 1207 correspond to steps 1101 to 1107 of FIG. 11 .
- the Call control signaling adaptation stores the data to an internal data structure, modifies it if needed, handles its content and transforms its content to an INVITE message.
- a method is used to find out whether the next logical functionality is located in the same network element. For example, DNS resolving is done or addresses are compared. Because the next logical functionality is located in this same network element, Call control signaling adaptation modifies the INVITE message if needed.
- Step 1209 Call control signaling adaptation of the T-CSM of the P-CSCF passes the control and the INVITE message to the Call control signaling adaptation of an O-CSM of the S-CSCF instead of sending it to the next network element via external routing.
- Call control signaling adaptation of the O-CSM of the S-CSCF transforms the INVITE message to the internal format of the call control and stores it to an internal data structure, modifies the data if needed and handles the content of the internal data structure in a step 1210 .
- Steps 1211 to 1217 correspond to steps 1111 to 1117 of FIG. 11 .
- FIG. 13 shows an example of the solution according to the fifth embodiment.
- steps 1301 to 1308 correspond to steps 1201 to 1208 of FIG. 12 .
- Call control signaling adaptation of the T-CSM of the P-CSCF passes the INVITE message down to the outgoing protocol stack.
- IP protocol level finds out that the target address is the same as the address of the current network element.
- IP protocol level doesn't send the message (i.e. the corresponding IP packets) to the external IP media but moves the message (or the corresponding IP packets) from the outgoing IP stack to the incoming IP stack.
- Step 1310 Call control signaling adaptation of an O-CSM of the S-CSCF receives the INVITE message (or the corresponding IP packets) from the incoming protocol stack and transforms the INVITE message to the internal format of the call control and stores it to an internal data structure, modifies the data if needed and handles the content of the internal data structure.
- Steps 1311 to 1317 correspond to steps 1111 to 1117 of FIG. 11 .
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Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US20050105526A1 (en) * | 2003-11-18 | 2005-05-19 | Nec Corporation | Method for traversing network address translators for SIP-signaled sessions |
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EP2296343B1 (en) * | 2003-02-19 | 2015-04-15 | Nokia Technologies OY | Routing messages via an IMS system |
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US20220166661A1 (en) * | 2020-11-25 | 2022-05-26 | Nokia Solutions And Networks Oy | Loop detection for ip packets |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2447627A1 (en) | 2002-12-05 |
BR0117030A (pt) | 2004-04-20 |
JP3776429B2 (ja) | 2006-05-17 |
CN1223236C (zh) | 2005-10-12 |
KR20040003018A (ko) | 2004-01-07 |
KR100624803B1 (ko) | 2006-09-19 |
EP1402748A1 (en) | 2004-03-31 |
JP2004527989A (ja) | 2004-09-09 |
AU2001272428B2 (en) | 2007-01-04 |
WO2002098157A1 (en) | 2002-12-05 |
CN1507763A (zh) | 2004-06-23 |
CA2447627C (en) | 2010-02-16 |
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