US20040250322A1 - Tomatoes having reduced polygalacturonase activity caused by non-transgenic mutations in the polygalacturonase gene - Google Patents

Tomatoes having reduced polygalacturonase activity caused by non-transgenic mutations in the polygalacturonase gene Download PDF

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US20040250322A1
US20040250322A1 US10/691,374 US69137403A US2004250322A1 US 20040250322 A1 US20040250322 A1 US 20040250322A1 US 69137403 A US69137403 A US 69137403A US 2004250322 A1 US2004250322 A1 US 2004250322A1
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tomato
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plant
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Claire McCallum
Ann Slade
Trenton Colbert
Vic Knauf
Susan Hurst
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Arcadia Biosciences Inc
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Anawah Inc
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Priority to US10/691,374 priority Critical patent/US20040250322A1/en
Priority to EP03789950A priority patent/EP1679950B1/en
Priority to AT03789950T priority patent/ATE539607T1/en
Priority to PCT/US2003/037406 priority patent/WO2005046309A2/en
Assigned to ANAWAH, INC. reassignment ANAWAH, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: COLBERT, TRENTON G., HURST, SUSAN, KNAUF, VIC C., MCCALLUM, CLAIRE M., SLADE, ANN J.
Publication of US20040250322A1 publication Critical patent/US20040250322A1/en
Priority to US11/246,793 priority patent/US7393996B2/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H21/00—Compounds containing two or more mononucleotide units having separate phosphate or polyphosphate groups linked by saccharide radicals of nucleoside groups, e.g. nucleic acids
    • C07H21/04—Compounds containing two or more mononucleotide units having separate phosphate or polyphosphate groups linked by saccharide radicals of nucleoside groups, e.g. nucleic acids with deoxyribosyl as saccharide radical
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/24—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2)
    • C12N9/2402—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2) hydrolysing O- and S- glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y302/00—Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
    • C12Y302/01—Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12Y302/01015—Polygalacturonase (3.2.1.15)

Definitions

  • This invention concerns mutations in the fruit polygalacturonase (PG) gene of tomato. This invention further concerns tomato plants having mutations in their PG genes. This invention further concerns a method that utilizes non-transgenic means to create tomato plants having mutations in their PG genes.
  • PG fruit polygalacturonase
  • Tomato fruit PG (Della Penna et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1986 83:6420-6424; Bird et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 1988 11:651-662) belongs to a family of tomato PG genes. PG enzyme activity increases dramatically during the ripening of many fruits, including tomato, and is the primary enzymatic activity responsible for cell wall polyuronide degradation.
  • Reduced PG enzyme activity is important not only to the fresh market tomato industry but also to the processed tomato industry.
  • pectin integrity of the tomato is lost by enzymatic degradation of the pectin by PG.
  • a rapid, high heat treatment is used to destroy the PG enzyme activity.
  • the annual cost associated with the total energy required to bring millions of tons of tomatoes to a temperature sufficient to rapidly inactivate the PG enzyme is a significant cost to the tomato processing industries.
  • this invention includes a tomato plant, tomato fruits, seeds, plant parts, and progeny thereof having reduced fruit polygalacturonase enzyme activity compared to the wild type tomato plants wherein the reduced fruit polygalacturonase enzyme activity is caused by non-transgenic mutation in the tomato fruit polygalacturonase gene.
  • this invention includes a tomato plant having tomato fruits which soften slower post harvest compared to wild type tomato fruits due to an altered polygalacturonase enzyme, as well as fruit, seeds, pollen, plant parts and progeny of that plant.
  • this invention includes food and food products incorporating tomato fruit having reduced polygalacturonase enzyme activity caused by a non-transgenic mutation in the fruit polygalacturonase gene.
  • this invention includes a tomato plant having reduced fruit polygalacturonase enzyme activity compared to the wild type tomato plants created by the steps of obtaining plant material from a parent tomato plant, inducing at least one mutation in at least one copy of a fruit polygalacturonase gene of the plant material by treating the plant material with a mutagen to create mutagenized plant material, culturing the mutagenized plant material to produce progeny tomato plants, analyzing progeny tomato plants to detect at least one mutation in at least one copy of a fruit polygalacturonase gene, selecting progeny tomato plants that have reduced fruit polygalacturonase enzyme activity compared to the parent tomato plant; and repeating the cycle of culturing the progeny tomato plants to produce additional progeny plants having reduced fruit polygalacturonase enzyme activity.
  • SEQ. ID. NO: 1 shows the DNA sequence between the start and stop codons for the coding region of Polygalacturonase (Gen Bank Accession No. M37304).
  • SEQ. ID. No.: 2 shows the protein sequence encoded by SEQ. ID. No. 1.
  • SEQ. ID. NOS.: 3-46 show the DNA sequences for Polygalacturonase specific primers of the present invention.
  • SEQ. ID. No.: 47 shows the DNA sequence of the Polygalacturonase gene for Mutation 13345.
  • SEQ. ID. No.: 48 shows the protein sequence encoded by SEQ. ID. No. 47.
  • SEQ. ID. No.: 49 shows the DNA sequence of the Polygalacturonase gene for Mutation 13342.
  • SEQ. ID. No.: 50 shows the protein sequence encoded by SEQ. ID. No. 49.
  • FIG. 1 is an illustration of the regions of the PG gene.
  • FIG. 2 is a LOGO analysis of Mutation 13345.
  • FIG. 3 is a LOGO analysis of Mutation 13342.
  • FIG. 4 is a graph of the results of a blind “squeeze” test.
  • FIG. 5 is a graph of the results of the DNS based assay for PG activity.
  • FIG. 6 is a composite graph of the results of the BCA based assay for PG activity.
  • FIG. 7 shows a Western blot of PG protein levels in Mutant 13345.
  • FIG. 8 shows a Western blot of PG protein levels in developing Wild Type Tomatoes.
  • FIG. 9 shows Western blots of PG protein levels in Mutants 13345 and 13342.
  • the present invention describes: a series of independent non-transgenic mutations created in the polygalacturonase (PG) gene of tomato; tomato plants having these mutations in their PG gene; and a method of creating and identifying similar and/or additional mutations in the PG gene of tomato plants.
  • the present invention further describes tomato plants exhibiting reduced PG enzyme activity and slower fruit softening post harvest without the inclusion of foreign nucleic acids in the tomato plants' genomes.
  • the tomato fruit PG gene (GenBank accession no. M37304) consists of nine exons 1 separated by eight introns 2, and 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions. The DNA surrounding the gene regulates expression of the PG gene.
  • the PG protein sequence contains eight highly conserved regions called blocks 3 (http://blocks.fhcrc.org/blocks-bin/getblock. sh?IPB000743), listed under IPB000773 at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Blocks website. These regions are conserved amongst polygalacturonases from many organisms.
  • TILLING In order to create and identify the PG gene mutations and slower softening tomatoes of the present invention, a method known as TILLING was utilized. See McCallum, et al., Nature Biotechnology (April 2000), 18: 455-457; McCallum, et al., (June 2000) Plant Physiology, Vol. 123, pp. 439-442; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,075, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • plant material such as seeds
  • chemical mutagenesis which creates a series of mutations within the genomes of the seeds' cells.
  • the mutagenized seeds are grown into adult M1 plants and self-pollinated.
  • DNA samples from the resulting M2 plants are pooled and are then screened for mutations in a gene of interest. Once a mutation is identified in a gene of interest, the seeds of the M2 plant carrying that mutation are grown into adult M3 plants and screened for the phenotypic characteristics associated with the gene of interest.
  • Any cultivar of tomato having at least one PG gene with substantial homology to Seq. I.D. No. 1 may be used in the present invention.
  • the homology between the PG gene and Seq. I.D. No. 1 may be as low as 60% provided that the homology in the conserved regions of the gene are higher.
  • a tomato cultivar having commercial popularity or one having specific desired characteristics in which to create their PG-mutated tomato plants may be prefer.
  • a tomato cultivar having few polymorphisms such as an in-bred cultivar, in order to facilitate screening for mutations within the PG gene.
  • seeds from the tomato plant are mutagenized and then grown into M1 plants.
  • the M1 plants are then allowed to self-pollinate and seeds from the M1 plant are grown into M2 plants, which are then screened for mutations in their PG genes.
  • M1 plants are then allowed to self-pollinate and seeds from the M1 plant are grown into M2 plants, which are then screened for mutations in their PG genes.
  • PG-mutated tomato plants of the present invention may be mutagenized in order to create the PG-mutated tomato plants of the present invention.
  • the type of plant material mutagenized may affect when the plant DNA is screened for mutations.
  • the seeds resulting from that pollination are grown into M1 plants. Every cell of the M1 plants will contain mutations created in the pollen, thus these M1 plants may then be screened for PG gene mutations instead of waiting until the M2 generation.
  • Mutagens creating primarily point mutations and short deletions, insertions, transversions, and or transitions may be used to create the mutations of the present invention.
  • mutagens such as ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), methylmethane sulfonate (MMS), N-ethyl-N-nitrosurea (ENU), triethylmelamine (TEM), N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), procarbazine, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, diethyl sulfate, acrylamide monomer, melphalan, nitrogen mustard, vincristine, dimethylnitosamine, N-methyl-N′-nitro-Nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), nitrosoguanidine, 2-aminopurine, 7, 12 dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene (DMBA), ethylene oxide, hexamethylphosphoramide, bisulfan, diepoxyalkanes (diepoxyoctane (DEO), diepoxybutane (BEB), and the like), 2-methoxy-6-ch
  • EMS eth
  • any method of plant DNA preparation known to those of skill in the art may be used to prepare the tomato plant DNA for PG mutation screening.
  • Any method of plant DNA preparation known to those of skill in the art may be used to prepare the tomato plant DNA for PG mutation screening.
  • kits are available, including kits from Qiagen (Valencia, Calif.) and Qbiogene (Carlsbad, Calif.).
  • the prepared DNA from individual tomato plants are then pooled in order to expedite screening for mutations in the PG genes of the entire population of plants originating from the mutagenized plant tissue.
  • the size of the pooled group is dependent upon the sensitivity of the screening method used. Preferably, groups of four or more individuals are pooled.
  • PG gene-specific amplification techniques such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
  • PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction
  • Any primer specific to the PG gene or the sequences immediately adjacent to the PG gene may be utilized to amplify the PG genes within the pooled DNA sample.
  • the primer is designed to amplify the regions of the PG gene where useful mutations are most likely to arise.
  • the primer should maximize the amount of exonic sequence of the PG gene and, likewise, avoid intronic sequences of the gene. Additionally, it is preferable for the primer to avoid known polymorphism sites in order to ease screening for point mutations. Furthermore, when specifically screening for mutations that will knock out the PG enzymatic activity, it is preferable to target the 5′-end of the PG gene or to target areas of the PG gene that are highly conserved. To facilitate detection of PCR products on a gel, the PCR primer may be labeled using any conventional labeling method. Exemplary primers (SEQ. ID. Nos.346) that have proven useful in identifying useful mutations within the PG gene sequence are shown below in Table 1. TABLE 1 SEQUENCE NAME SEQUENCE I.D.
  • the PCR amplification products may be screened for PG mutations using any method that identifies heteroduplexes between wild type and mutant genes. For example, but not limited to, denaturing high pressure liquid chromatography (dHPLC), constant denaturant capillary electrophoresis (CDCE), temperature gradient capillary electrophoresis (TGCE) (Q. Li, et al., Electrophoresis, 23(10):1499-1511 (May 2002), or by fragmentation using chemical cleavage, such as used in the high throughput method described by Colbert et al, Plant Physiology, 126:480-484 (June 2001).
  • dHPLC denaturing high pressure liquid chromatography
  • DCE constant denaturant capillary electrophoresis
  • TGCE temperature gradient capillary electrophoresis
  • fragmentation using chemical cleavage such as used in the high throughput method described by Colbert et al, Plant Physiology, 126:480-484 (June 2001).
  • the PCR amplification products are incubated with an endonuclease that preferentially cleaves mismatches in heteroduplexes between wild type and mutant sequences.
  • Cleavage products are electrophoresed using an automated sequencing gel apparatus, and gel images are analyzed with the aid of a standard commercial image-processing program.
  • Mutations that reduce PG enzyme activity in the plant are desirable.
  • Preferred mutations include those that prematurely truncate the translation of the PG protein, such as those mutations that create a stop codon within the amino acid sequence of the PG protein.
  • Additional preferred mutations include those that cause the mRNA to be alternatively spliced, such as mutations in and around the intron splice sites within the mRNA.
  • any mutations that create an amino acid change within one of the fifteen highly conserved residues of the PG polypeptide are also preferred.
  • the mutations are analyzed to determine its potential affect on the expression, translation, and/or activity of the PG enzyme.
  • the PCR fragment containing the mutation is sequenced, using standard sequencing techniques, in order to determine the exact location of the mutation in relation to the overall PG gene sequence.
  • a LOGO analysis is performed on the amino acid sequence BLOCK in which a mutation is located. Protein BLOCKS are multiply-aligned, ungapped segments corresponding to the most highly conserved regions of the protein families. Henikoff et al., Gene 163: GC17-GC26 (1995).
  • LOGOs are a graphical representation of aligned sequences where the size of each amino acid residue is proportional to its frequency in that position.
  • the LOGO for a BLOCK is calculated from the position-specific scoring matrix (PSSM).
  • PSSM position-specific scoring matrix
  • Tomato PG belongs to the glycoside hydrolase protein family 28 (BLOCK IPB000743). One hundred and forty-seven members of this family were used to identify the seven conserved blocks within the family that are included in the BLOCKS database.
  • the initial assessment of the mutation in the M2 plant appears to be in a useful position within the PG gene, then further phenotypic analysis of the tomato plant containing that mutation is pursued.
  • the M2 plant is backcrossed twice in order to eliminate background mutations. Then the M2 plant is self-pollinated in order to create a plant that is homozygous for the PG mutation.
  • Mutant PG tomatoes are evaluated for delayed softening compared to the normal (wild type) parental tomato lines. Normal fruit ripens such that the color of the tomato changes from light green to red. As this change happens, the fruit tends to become softer such that compression under a specified weight becomes greater and/or the force required to depress the surface of the fruit a specified distance becomes greater. See Cantwell, M. Report to the California Tomato Commission: Tomato Variety Trials: Postharvest Evaluations for 2001; Edan, Y., H. Pasternak, I. Shmulevich, D. Rachmani, D. Guedalia, S. Grinberg and E. Fallik. 1997.
  • the following mutations are exemplary of the tomato mutations created and identified according to the present invention.
  • One exemplary mutation correlates with a change of G to A at nucleotide 1969 of SEQ. ID. NO. 1, counting A in the ATG of the START CODON as nucleotide position 1.
  • This mutation results in a change from glycine to arginine at amino acid 178 in the expressed protein.
  • the change from glycine to arginine at 178 is a dramatic amino acid change both in terms of charge and size.
  • the G178R mutation is within block B of this family. As shown in FIG. 2, G178 is one of the fifteen most conserved residues within the glycoside hydrolase protein family.
  • Lycopersicon esculentum seeds of the cultivar Shady Lady containing this mutation were deposited with the American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Boulevard., Mannassas, Va. 20110-2209, on Sep. 9, 2002 and given Accession No. 13345 and Patent Deposit Designation PTA4702.
  • Another exemplary mutation correlates with a T to A change at nucleotide position 2940 of SEQ. ID. NO. 1, counting A in the ATG of the START CODON as nucleotide position 1.
  • This mutation results in a change from histidine to glutamine at amino acid 252.
  • the H252Q mutation is within block D of the glycoside hydrolase protein family. As shown in FIG. 3, H252Q is also a change in a very conserved region of this protein family. Lycopersicon esculentum seeds of the cultivar Shady Lady containing this mutation were deposited with the American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Boulevard., Mannassas, Va. 20110-2209, on Sep. 20, 2002 and given Accession No. 13342 and Patent Deposit Designation PTA4702.
  • tomato seeds of cultivars Shady Lady (hybrid) and NC 84173 (inbred line provided by R. Gardner at the University of North Carolina) were vacuum infiltrated in H 2 O (ca. 4 min. with ca. 1000 seeds/100 ml H 2 O). The seeds were then placed on a shaker (45 rpm) in a fume hood at ambient temperature. The mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) was added to the imbibing seeds for final concentrations ranging from about 0.1% to about 1.6% (v/v). EMS concentrations of about 0.4 to about 1.2% were determined to be optimal for these studies.
  • EMS mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate
  • the EMS solution was replaced with fresh H 2 O (4 ⁇ to an est. EMS dilution ⁇ fraction (1/2,000,000,000) ⁇ ).
  • the seeds were then rinsed under running water for ca. 1 hour.
  • the mutagenized seeds were planted (96/tray) in potting soil and allowed to germinate in the greenhouse.
  • Four to six week old surviving plants were transferred to the field to grow to fully mature M1 plants.
  • the mature M1 plants were allowed to self-pollinate and then seeds from the M1 plant were collected and planted to produce M2 plants.
  • DNA from these M2 plants was extracted and prepared in order to identify which M2 plants carried a mutation in their PG gene.
  • the M2 plant DNA was prepared using the methods and reagents contained in the Qiagen® (Valencia, Calif.) 96 Plant Kit. Approximately 0.1 g of frozen plant sample was placed in a sample tube with a tungsten bead, frozen in liquid nitrogen and ground 2 times for 1 minute each at 20 Hz using the Qiagen® Mixer Mill MM 300. Next 400 ⁇ l solution AP1 [buffer AP1, solution DX and RNAse (100 ⁇ g/ml)] at 80° C. was added to the sample. The tube was sealed and shaken for 15 seconds.
  • the tube was shaken for 15 seconds. The samples were then frozen for at least 10 minutes at minus 20° C. The samples were then centrifuged for 20 minutes at 5600 X g. A 400 ⁇ l aliquot of supernatant was transferred to another sample tube. Following the addition of 600 ⁇ l of buffer AP3/E, this sample tube was capped and shaken for 15 seconds. A filter plate was placed on a square well block and 1 ml of the sample solution was applied to each well and the plate was sealed. The plate and block were centrifuged for 4 minutes at 5600 ⁇ g. Next 800 ⁇ l of buffer AW was added to each well of the filter plate, sealed and spun for 15 minutes at 5600 ⁇ g in the square well block.
  • the filter plate was then placed on a new set of sample tubes and 100 ⁇ l of buffer AE was applied to the filter. It was capped and incubated at room temperature for 1 minute and then spun for 2 minutes at 5600 ⁇ g. This step was repeated with an additional 100 ⁇ l buffer AE. The filter plate was removed and the filtrates were pooled and the tubes capped. Then the individual samples were normalized to a concentration of 25 ng/ ⁇ l.
  • the M2 DNA was pooled into groups of four or more individual plants each. For pools containing four individuals, the DNA concentration for each individual within the pool was 0.25 ng/ ⁇ l with a final concentration of 1 ng/ ⁇ l for the entire pool.
  • the pooled DNA samples were arrayed on microtiter plates and subjected to gene-specific PCR.
  • PCR amplification was performed in 15 ⁇ l volumes containing 5 ng pooled or individual DNA, 0.75 ⁇ ExTaq buffer (Panvera, Madison, Wis.), 2.6 mM MgCl2, 0.3 mM dNTPs, 0.3 ⁇ M primers, 0.05U Ex-Taq (Panvera, Madison, Wis.) DNA polymerase.
  • PCR amplifications were performed using an MJ Research thermal cycler as follows: 95° C. for 2 minutes; 8 cycles of “touchdown PCR” (94° C. for 20 second, followed by annealing step starting at 70-68° C. for 30 seconds decreasing 1° C. per cycle, then a temperature ramp of 0.5° C. per second to 72° C.
  • the IRD-700 label can be attached to either the right or left primer.
  • the labeled to unlabeled primer ratio is 9:1.
  • Cy5.5 modified primers or IRD-800 modified primers could be used.
  • the label was coupled to the oligonucleotide using conventional phosphoamidite chemistry.
  • CEL 1 was purified from 30 kg of celery as described by Oleykowski et al., Nucleic Acids Res 26: 4597-4602 (1998), except that Poros HQ rather than Mono Q was used, and the PhenylSepharose and Superdex 75 columns were omitted.
  • the specific activity was 1 ⁇ 10 6 units mL ⁇ 1 , where a unit is defined as the amount of CEL 1 required to digest 50% of 200 ng of a 500-bp DNA fragment that has a single mismatch in 50% of the duplexes.
  • Reactions were stopped by addition of 5 ⁇ L 0.15 M EDTA (pH 8) and the mixture pipetted into wells of a spin plate (G50, Sephadex) prepared and spun according to the manufacturer's recommendations into a plate containing 1 to 1.5 ⁇ L of formamide load solution [1 mM EDTA (pH 8) and 200 ⁇ g mL ⁇ 1 bromophenol blue in deionized formamide].
  • the volume was reduced to a minimum by incubation at 80° C. uncovered (30-40 min) and stored on ice, then transferred to a membrane comb using a comb-loading robot (MWG Biotech).
  • MWG Biotech comb-loading robot
  • the DNA samples could have been concentrated using isopropanol precipitation.
  • the comb was inserted into a slab acrylamide gel, electrophoresed for 10 min, and removed. Electrophoresis was continued for 4 h at 1,500-V, 40-W, and 40-mA limits at 50° C.
  • the gel was imaged using a LI-COR (Lincoln, Nebr.) scanner which was set at a channel capable of detecting the IR Dye 700 label.
  • the gel image showed sequence-specific pattern of background bands common to all 96 lanes. Rare events, such as mutations, created a new band that stood out above the background pattern. Plants with bands indicative of mutations of interest were evaluated by sequencing individual PCR products. Plants carrying mutations confirmed by sequencing were grown up as described above (e.g., the M2 plant was backcrossed twice in order to eliminate background mutations and self-pollinated in order to create a plant that was homozygous for the mutation).
  • DNS Based Assay for PG Activity Briefly, cell wall extracts from individual tomatoes were prepared as follows: tomatoes were sliced, locular tissue and seeds were removed, and 100 grams of the remaining tomato tissue were homogenized in 300 milliliters (ml) cold H 2 O and centrifuged at 4000 rpm in a tabletop centrifuge. The pellet was resuspended in 300 ml extraction buffer (1.7 M NaCl, 40 mM B-mercaptoethanol, 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 4.6) and stirred for 4 hours at 4° C. The suspension was then centrifuged as before and the supernatant was reserved for use in the DNS color assay.
  • 300 ml extraction buffer 1.7 M NaCl, 40 mM B-mercaptoethanol, 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 4.6
  • Results of the DNS based PG activity assay demonstrate that homozygous 13345 tomato fruits have less than 40% the activity of the wild type control. Tomatoes used in this assay were vine ripened and picked at equivalent stages in development.
  • BCA Based Assay for PG Activity Briefly, cell wall extracts from individual tomatoes were prepared as follows: tomatoes were sliced, locular tissue and seeds were removed, and 15 g of the remaining tissue was homogenized in 30 ml cold H 2 O. 7.5 mls 1N HCl was added (to a final pH of 3.0), and the homogenate was spun at 4000 rpm in a tabletop centrifuge. The pellet was washed in 30 mls cold H 2 O, and spun as before, The washed pellet was then resuspended in 7.5 mls extraction buffer (0.1M sodium phosphate pH 6.5, 1.2M NaCl) and incubated on ice for 30 minutes. The suspension was spun as before, and the supernatant was reserved for use in the BCA color assay. Again, the lysates were normalized to wet weight starting material in the 13345 mutant, and protein concentration in the 13342 mutant.
  • Results of the BCA based PG activity assay demonstrate that both mutants exhibit decreased PG activity as compared to wild type (controls).
  • tomatoes from both M3 and F2 generations of tomatoes were assayed.
  • tomatoes from M3, F2 and F3 generations were assayed.
  • Results of the Western blot demonstrate that significantly less PG protein is detected in cell wall extraction lysates from mutant 13345 tomatoes than from wild type controls.
  • the level of PG protein detected in red ripe mutant 13345 tomatoes is approximately that found in the early developmental stages of wild type tomatoes (FIG. 8).
  • the level of PG protein detected in red ripe mutant 13342 tomatoes is approximately the same as that found in red ripe wild type tomatoes.
  • the Western blot results combined with the PG enzyme activity data for mutant 13342 tomatoes indicate that a non-functional form of PG protein is present in mutant 13342 tomatoes.
  • Coomassie staining shows that PG is the predominant protein found in cell wall extraction lysates.
  • DNA from tomato plant 13345 originating from seeds of cultivar Shady Lady that were incubated in 1.2% EMS, was amplified using primer pair PGL3 (SEQ. ID. NOs. 023 and 043).
  • the PCR amplification products were then incubated with CEL 1 and electrophoresed.
  • the electrophoresis gel image showed a fragment at the approximate position of 204 bp, above the background pattern for the PCR amplification products. Therefore, it was likely that this fragment contained a heteroduplex created by a mutation in the PG gene. Sequence analysis of this fragment showed that the mutation was associated with a G to A change at nucleotide 1969 of SEQ. I.D. No. 1, counting A in the ATG of the START CODON as nucleotide position 1. This mutation correlates with a change from glycine to arginine at amino acid 178 of the PG polypeptide.
  • This mutation is within block B of the glycoside hydrolase protein family. LOGO analysis of the G178R mutation within this block revealed that the mutation lies at one of the fifteen most conserved amino acids within the family.
  • Tomato fruits containing Mutation 13345 exhibited lower PG enzyme activity compared to their wild type sibling, and were considered firmer than the wild type sibling.
  • Tomato plant 13342 originating from seeds of cultivar Shady Lady that were incubated in 0.6% EMS, was screened with primer pair PGL9 (SEQ. ID. NOs. 027 and 039). The PCR amplification products were then incubated with CEL 1 and electrophoresed. The electrophoresis gel image showed a fragment at the approximate position of 385 bp, above the background pattern for the PCR amplification products. Therefore, it was likely that this fragment contained a heteroduplex created by a mutation in the PG gene. Sequence analysis of this fragment showed the mutation was associated with a T to A change at nucleotide 2940 of SEQ. I.D. No. 1, counting A in the ATG of the START CODON as nucleotide position 1. This mutation correlates with a change from histidine to glutamine at amino acid 252 of the PG polypeptide.
  • Tomato fruits containing Mutation 13345 exhibited lower PG enzyme activity compared to their wild type sibling, and were consider former than their wild type sibling.

Abstract

A series of independent non-transgenic mutations found in the fruit PG gene of tomato; tomato plants having these mutations in their fruit PG gene; and a method of creating and identifying similar and/or additional mutations in the PG gene by screening pooled and/or individual tomato plants. The tomato plants of the present invention exhibit reduced PG enzyme activity and fruit that soften more slowly post harvest without having the inclusion of foreign nucleic acids in their genomes.

Description

    FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • This invention concerns mutations in the fruit polygalacturonase (PG) gene of tomato. This invention further concerns tomato plants having mutations in their PG genes. This invention further concerns a method that utilizes non-transgenic means to create tomato plants having mutations in their PG genes. [0001]
    • BACKGROUND
  • United States consumers spend more than $4 billion each year on fresh market tomatoes. During the summer months, most of these fresh market tomatoes are grown on farms located throughout the United States and then sold locally. During the cooler months, when locally grown tomatoes are not available, most of these tomatoes are grown in the southern portions of the United States and in Mexico and then shipped by truck throughout the rest of the country. Unfortunately, when these southern grown tomatoes are allowed to fully ripen on the vine before shipping, they do not remain in marketable condition long enough for supermarkets to shelve them and for consumers to buy them. [0002]
  • To prevent the tomatoes from rotting before they reach consumers, farmers typically pick, pack, and ship the tomatoes while green. Before sale, the green tomatoes are gassed with ethylene to redden them. These unripened “gassed” tomatoes do not spoil quickly, but they have developed a reputation for poor flavor, especially compared to the summer “vine-ripened” tomatoes. [0003]
  • Due to consumer dissatisfaction with the unripened “gassed” tomatoes, research and breeding efforts have focused on developing tomatoes that exhibit a longer shelf-life when they are allowed to ripen fully on the vine. One approach to developing longer shelf-life tomatoes is to use traditional breeding techniques, i.e., crossing tomato plants with desired characteristics and selecting those progeny plants with fruits exhibiting longer shelf-lives. While traditional breeding techniques have been used to develop most of the tomato cultivars used by growers today, these methods are very time intensive. It can take years to breed a novel tomato variety that may exhibit only a modest increase in shelf-life. [0004]
  • Another approach to developing longer shelf-life tomatoes is to use genetic techniques to manipulate the biochemical and physiological changes associated with the ripening process in tomatoes. One biochemical change in ripening fruit is the depolymerization and solubilization of cell wall polyuronides by the ripening-induced cell wall degrading enzyme, polygalacturonase (PG). Tomato fruit PG (Della Penna et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1986 83:6420-6424; Bird et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 1988 11:651-662) belongs to a family of tomato PG genes. PG enzyme activity increases dramatically during the ripening of many fruits, including tomato, and is the primary enzymatic activity responsible for cell wall polyuronide degradation. [0005]
  • For example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,107,065; 5,442,052; 5,453,566; 5,569,831; and 5,759,829, tomato plants were transformed with DNA constructs encoding an antisense oligonucleotide for the PG gene. When expressed, the foreign DNA provided an RNA sequence capable of binding to the naturally existing mRNAs of the PG gene in the transformed tomato plant thereby preventing the translation of the mRNA into the PG protein. The fruit of transformed tomato plants showed improved properties in terms of slower softening post harvest, thereby increasing the shelf-life of the tomato. [0006]
  • Another research group, using a complicated series of transgenic manipulations involving transposon sequences from another plant species, created a “knock out” of the PG gene in tomato. Enzymatic analysis of fruit from plants containing the knock out of the PG gene showed at least a 1000-fold reduction in PG levels. See Cooley, M. B. and Yoder, J. I., [0007] Plant Mol. Biol., 1998 Nov. 1, 38(4):521-30; Cooley et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 1996 Aug. 27, 252(1-2):184-194.
  • This anti-sense and “knock-out” work indicates that fruit PG gene expression is not necessary for viable, normal tomato fruit production. While several features of the ripening process remain normal, transgenic tomatoes having reduced PG gene expression exhibit slower softening post harvest and increased shelf life. Additionally, these transgenic tomatoes exhibit a lower incidence of post-harvest disease infection due to the preservation of intact fruit skin and coat caused by the delayed softening. Therefore, the tomatoes with reduced PG have fewer cosmetic blemishes which deter customers. [0008]
  • Reduced PG enzyme activity is important not only to the fresh market tomato industry but also to the processed tomato industry. During commercial processing of tomatoes, pectin integrity of the tomato is lost by enzymatic degradation of the pectin by PG. In order to avoid this degradation, a rapid, high heat treatment is used to destroy the PG enzyme activity. The annual cost associated with the total energy required to bring millions of tons of tomatoes to a temperature sufficient to rapidly inactivate the PG enzyme is a significant cost to the tomato processing industries. [0009]
  • While the use of these genetic techniques has resulted in producing tomatoes with reduced PG gene expression, the genetic techniques used to date employ recombinant DNA being introduced into tomatoes. Since many consumers have clear preferences against genetically modified foods, it would be useful to have a tomato exhibiting reduced levels of fruit PG that was not the result of genetic engineering methods. However, to date, no one has ever found or described a naturally occurring “knockout” of the endogenous tomato PG gene. Therefore, a tomato with its fruit PG gene either knocked out or otherwise hindered would have tremendous value to the entire tomato industry. [0010]
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • In one aspect, this invention includes a tomato plant, tomato fruits, seeds, plant parts, and progeny thereof having reduced fruit polygalacturonase enzyme activity compared to the wild type tomato plants wherein the reduced fruit polygalacturonase enzyme activity is caused by non-transgenic mutation in the tomato fruit polygalacturonase gene. [0011]
  • In another aspect, this invention includes a tomato plant having tomato fruits which soften slower post harvest compared to wild type tomato fruits due to an altered polygalacturonase enzyme, as well as fruit, seeds, pollen, plant parts and progeny of that plant. [0012]
  • In another aspect, this invention includes food and food products incorporating tomato fruit having reduced polygalacturonase enzyme activity caused by a non-transgenic mutation in the fruit polygalacturonase gene. [0013]
  • In another aspect, this invention includes a tomato plant having reduced fruit polygalacturonase enzyme activity compared to the wild type tomato plants created by the steps of obtaining plant material from a parent tomato plant, inducing at least one mutation in at least one copy of a fruit polygalacturonase gene of the plant material by treating the plant material with a mutagen to create mutagenized plant material, culturing the mutagenized plant material to produce progeny tomato plants, analyzing progeny tomato plants to detect at least one mutation in at least one copy of a fruit polygalacturonase gene, selecting progeny tomato plants that have reduced fruit polygalacturonase enzyme activity compared to the parent tomato plant; and repeating the cycle of culturing the progeny tomato plants to produce additional progeny plants having reduced fruit polygalacturonase enzyme activity. [0014]
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE LISTING
  • SEQ. ID. NO: 1 shows the DNA sequence between the start and stop codons for the coding region of Polygalacturonase (Gen Bank Accession No. M37304). [0015]
  • SEQ. ID. No.: 2 shows the protein sequence encoded by SEQ. ID. No. 1. [0016]
  • SEQ. ID. NOS.: 3-46 show the DNA sequences for Polygalacturonase specific primers of the present invention. [0017]
  • SEQ. ID. No.: 47 shows the DNA sequence of the Polygalacturonase gene for [0018] Mutation 13345.
  • SEQ. ID. No.: 48 shows the protein sequence encoded by SEQ. ID. No. 47. [0019]
  • SEQ. ID. No.: 49 shows the DNA sequence of the Polygalacturonase gene for [0020] Mutation 13342.
  • SEQ. ID. No.: 50 shows the protein sequence encoded by SEQ. ID. No. 49. [0021]
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
  • FIG. 1 is an illustration of the regions of the PG gene. [0022]
  • FIG. 2 is a LOGO analysis of [0023] Mutation 13345.
  • FIG. 3 is a LOGO analysis of [0024] Mutation 13342.
  • FIG. 4 is a graph of the results of a blind “squeeze” test. [0025]
  • FIG. 5 is a graph of the results of the DNS based assay for PG activity. [0026]
  • FIG. 6 is a composite graph of the results of the BCA based assay for PG activity. [0027]
  • FIG. 7 shows a Western blot of PG protein levels in [0028] Mutant 13345.
  • FIG. 8 shows a Western blot of PG protein levels in developing Wild Type Tomatoes. [0029]
  • FIG. 9 shows Western blots of PG protein levels in [0030] Mutants 13345 and 13342.
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION
  • The present invention describes: a series of independent non-transgenic mutations created in the polygalacturonase (PG) gene of tomato; tomato plants having these mutations in their PG gene; and a method of creating and identifying similar and/or additional mutations in the PG gene of tomato plants. The present invention further describes tomato plants exhibiting reduced PG enzyme activity and slower fruit softening post harvest without the inclusion of foreign nucleic acids in the tomato plants' genomes. [0031]
  • As shown in FIG. 1, the tomato fruit PG gene (GenBank accession no. M37304) consists of nine [0032] exons 1 separated by eight introns 2, and 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions. The DNA surrounding the gene regulates expression of the PG gene. The PG protein sequence contains eight highly conserved regions called blocks 3 (http://blocks.fhcrc.org/blocks-bin/getblock. sh?IPB000743), listed under IPB000773 at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Blocks website. These regions are conserved amongst polygalacturonases from many organisms. Of all the conserved amino acid residues in the blocks, 15 amino acids are either invariant or are found in the majority of all polygalacturonases (using the criteria of only one other amino acid found at that position in a minority of protein sequences). J. G. Henikoff, et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 28:228-230 (2000). S. Henikoff, et al., Bioinformatics 15(6):471-479 (1999).
  • In order to create and identify the PG gene mutations and slower softening tomatoes of the present invention, a method known as TILLING was utilized. See McCallum, et al., [0033] Nature Biotechnology (April 2000), 18: 455-457; McCallum, et al., (June 2000) Plant Physiology, Vol. 123, pp. 439-442; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,075, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. In the basic TILLING methodology, plant material, such as seeds, are subjected to chemical mutagenesis, which creates a series of mutations within the genomes of the seeds' cells. The mutagenized seeds are grown into adult M1 plants and self-pollinated. DNA samples from the resulting M2 plants are pooled and are then screened for mutations in a gene of interest. Once a mutation is identified in a gene of interest, the seeds of the M2 plant carrying that mutation are grown into adult M3 plants and screened for the phenotypic characteristics associated with the gene of interest.
  • Any cultivar of tomato having at least one PG gene with substantial homology to Seq. I.D. No. 1 may be used in the present invention. The homology between the PG gene and Seq. I.D. No. 1 may be as low as 60% provided that the homology in the conserved regions of the gene are higher. Thus one of skill in the art may prefer a tomato cultivar having commercial popularity or one having specific desired characteristics in which to create their PG-mutated tomato plants. Alternatively, one of skill in the art may prefer a tomato cultivar having few polymorphisms, such as an in-bred cultivar, in order to facilitate screening for mutations within the PG gene. [0034]
  • In one embodiment of the present invention, seeds from the tomato plant are mutagenized and then grown into M1 plants. The M1 plants are then allowed to self-pollinate and seeds from the M1 plant are grown into M2 plants, which are then screened for mutations in their PG genes. However, one of skill in the art would understand that a variety of tomato plant materials, including but not limited to, seeds, pollen, plant tissue or plant cells, may be mutagenized in order to create the PG-mutated tomato plants of the present invention. However, the type of plant material mutagenized may affect when the plant DNA is screened for mutations. For example, when pollen is subjected to mutagenesis prior to pollination of a non-mutagenized plant, the seeds resulting from that pollination are grown into M1 plants. Every cell of the M1 plants will contain mutations created in the pollen, thus these M1 plants may then be screened for PG gene mutations instead of waiting until the M2 generation. [0035]
  • Mutagens creating primarily point mutations and short deletions, insertions, transversions, and or transitions (about 1 to about 5 nucleotides), such as chemical mutagens or radiation, may be used to create the mutations of the present invention. For example, but not limited to, mutagens such as ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), methylmethane sulfonate (MMS), N-ethyl-N-nitrosurea (ENU), triethylmelamine (TEM), N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), procarbazine, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, diethyl sulfate, acrylamide monomer, melphalan, nitrogen mustard, vincristine, dimethylnitosamine, N-methyl-N′-nitro-Nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), nitrosoguanidine, 2-aminopurine, 7, 12 dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene (DMBA), ethylene oxide, hexamethylphosphoramide, bisulfan, diepoxyalkanes (diepoxyoctane (DEO), diepoxybutane (BEB), and the like), 2-methoxy-6-chloro-9[3-(ethyl-2-chloro-ethyl)aminopropylamino] acridine dihydrochloride (ICR-170), formaldehyde, and the like may be used to mutagenize the plant tissue in order to create the PG gene mutations of the present invention. Spontaneous mutations in the fruit PG gene that may not have been directly caused by the mutagen can also be identified using the present invention. [0036]
  • Any method of plant DNA preparation known to those of skill in the art may be used to prepare the tomato plant DNA for PG mutation screening. For example, See D. H. Chen and Ronald, P. C., [0037] Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 17: 53-57 (1999); C. N. Stewart and Via, LE, Bio Techniques, 1993, Vol. 14(5): 748-749. Additionally, several commercial kits are available, including kits from Qiagen (Valencia, Calif.) and Qbiogene (Carlsbad, Calif.).
  • The prepared DNA from individual tomato plants are then pooled in order to expedite screening for mutations in the PG genes of the entire population of plants originating from the mutagenized plant tissue. The size of the pooled group is dependent upon the sensitivity of the screening method used. Preferably, groups of four or more individuals are pooled. [0038]
  • After the DNA samples are pooled, the pools are subjected to PG gene-specific amplification techniques, such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). For a general overview of PCR, see PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (Inns, M., Gelfand, D., Sninsky, J., and White, T., eds.), Academic Press, San Diego (1990). Any primer specific to the PG gene or the sequences immediately adjacent to the PG gene may be utilized to amplify the PG genes within the pooled DNA sample. Preferably, the primer is designed to amplify the regions of the PG gene where useful mutations are most likely to arise. For example, the primer should maximize the amount of exonic sequence of the PG gene and, likewise, avoid intronic sequences of the gene. Additionally, it is preferable for the primer to avoid known polymorphism sites in order to ease screening for point mutations. Furthermore, when specifically screening for mutations that will knock out the PG enzymatic activity, it is preferable to target the 5′-end of the PG gene or to target areas of the PG gene that are highly conserved. To facilitate detection of PCR products on a gel, the PCR primer may be labeled using any conventional labeling method. Exemplary primers (SEQ. ID. Nos.346) that have proven useful in identifying useful mutations within the PG gene sequence are shown below in Table 1. [0039]
    TABLE 1
    SEQUENCE
    NAME SEQUENCE I.D. NO.
    Lc_PG-L1 TTGAGACGGGAGAAGACAAGCCAGA 003
    0
    Lc_PG-L2 CCAACCATATGAACAACCTCACACATGC 004
    Lc_PG-L3 TGTGGGGTAGATCGATCCAGAGGTTG 005
    Lc_PG-L4 ACGCCTCGTACATTCGAGATCGTTG 006
    Lc_PG-L5 TCACAAGAAAAGGGATAGTTCAAAGTG 007
    Lc_PG-L6 TGAAGTCATTTCAAAACGAATCAAAT 008
    LePG-L10-700 TTCTCCTTCTCATTATTATTTTTGCTTCATCA 009
    LePG-L11-700 CTGGAATTGCAAAAATTTGAAAGTGAATAA 010
    PG1Lnew-IRD TTGAGACGGGAGAAGACAAGCCAGAC 011
    PG3Lnew-IRD AGTGGCTTTCGTACTACATAATCTTAG 012
    PG-5Lnew CATGCAATAATTATTGACGAAATGTGGT 013
    PG-L1 TTGAGACGGGAGAAGACAAGCCAGA 014
    PGL1 IRD700 TGAGACGGGAGAAGACAAGGCAGAC 015
    PG-L10 TTCTCCTTCTCATTATTATTTTTGCTTCATCA 016
    PG-L11 CTGGAATTGCAAAAATTTGAAAGTGAATAA 017
    PGL12 TTGACGAAATGTGGTTTTGGTACCTATAATCTT 018
    PGL14 CACAAACGAATACATGCAGATTCTCAAACA 019
    PG-L2-700 CCAACCATATGAACAACCTCACACATGC 020
    PG-L2B ATCTTCAATCTACCATATTGAAATATTG 021
    PG-L2C TACATTTGGTAGTGTTTCTTATCGTG 022
    PG-L3-new AGTGGCTTTCGTACTACATAATCTTAG 023
    PG-L7 CAAAAGACGAAATGATGAATAATTTTGCGAAT 024
    PG-L8 CACAAACGAATACATGCAGATTCTCAAACA 025
    PG-L8B AGTAGAGTATATCCTTAAAAGAGAGC 026
    PG-L9 ACGCCTCTGACATTCGAGATCGTTTG 027
    Lc_PG-R1 CCATGGAAAATAGCTTTTCCTCGCTTA 028
    Lc_PG-R2 CATTTTGATAATTCCTCACTAATCCGCTAA 029
    Lc_PG-R3 CAAGGGGTAATAGGTCCTGCCCAAA 030
    Lc_PG-R4 CTGCTTTTATTCGCCCATCCAAACG 031
    Lc_PG-R5 GAATCTCAAAGTTTTAATGATGTAAGGTGA 032
    Lc_PG-R6 TTATACAAAAGAGCTTCATCCTCTGAAAT 033
    PG-R10 CCTGTTGTATACATGGTTCAACTCGATCACA 034
    PG-R11 CCTCTGAAATTTCTAGTGAAGTGCAGTGTGG 035
    PG-R12 TCCATGGAAAATGACTTTCCTCGCTTAC 036
    PG-R13 ATAGAAGATCTGCATGGACCTGAAAAGGTGA 037
    PG-R14 AAGTAATATTTGTGGCCTGCACATTTGAG 038
    PG-R15 CCTAATTATTGTGCTAAGTCATTAACCATAAAGAC 039
    PGR16 GACCATAGTCCAAAAGATCCATAAATTAGAAGAAAA 040
    PGR17 TGACATTATAGTTCAACAAGAAATACCAAAGGGATA 041
    PG-R7 ACCATGGAAAATAGCTTTCCTCGCTTAA 042
    PG-R8 CAAAGGGGTAATAGTCCTGCCCAAA 043
    PG-R9 CTACTTTTATTACGCCCATCCAAACG 044
    PGseqint7 AAGTGTAAATGTGTTGCTTTGTTTAGAAGTTTGG 045
    Pgint8 TGAAAAGAATCTCAAAGTTTTAATGATGTAAGGTGA 046
  • The PCR amplification products may be screened for PG mutations using any method that identifies heteroduplexes between wild type and mutant genes. For example, but not limited to, denaturing high pressure liquid chromatography (dHPLC), constant denaturant capillary electrophoresis (CDCE), temperature gradient capillary electrophoresis (TGCE) (Q. Li, et al., [0040] Electrophoresis, 23(10):1499-1511 (May 2002), or by fragmentation using chemical cleavage, such as used in the high throughput method described by Colbert et al, Plant Physiology, 126:480-484 (June 2001). Preferably the PCR amplification products are incubated with an endonuclease that preferentially cleaves mismatches in heteroduplexes between wild type and mutant sequences. Cleavage products are electrophoresed using an automated sequencing gel apparatus, and gel images are analyzed with the aid of a standard commercial image-processing program.
  • Mutations that reduce PG enzyme activity in the plant are desirable. Preferred mutations include those that prematurely truncate the translation of the PG protein, such as those mutations that create a stop codon within the amino acid sequence of the PG protein. Additional preferred mutations include those that cause the mRNA to be alternatively spliced, such as mutations in and around the intron splice sites within the mRNA. Furthermore, any mutations that create an amino acid change within one of the fifteen highly conserved residues of the PG polypeptide are also preferred. [0041]
  • Once an M2 plant having a mutated PG gene is identified, then the mutations are analyzed to determine its potential affect on the expression, translation, and/or activity of the PG enzyme. First, the PCR fragment containing the mutation is sequenced, using standard sequencing techniques, in order to determine the exact location of the mutation in relation to the overall PG gene sequence. Second, in order to determine the severity of the change, a LOGO analysis is performed on the amino acid sequence BLOCK in which a mutation is located. Protein BLOCKS are multiply-aligned, ungapped segments corresponding to the most highly conserved regions of the protein families. Henikoff et al., [0042] Gene 163: GC17-GC26 (1995). LOGOs are a graphical representation of aligned sequences where the size of each amino acid residue is proportional to its frequency in that position. The LOGO for a BLOCK is calculated from the position-specific scoring matrix (PSSM). Tomato PG belongs to the glycoside hydrolase protein family 28 (BLOCK IPB000743). One hundred and forty-seven members of this family were used to identify the seven conserved blocks within the family that are included in the BLOCKS database.
  • If the initial assessment of the mutation in the M2 plant appears to be in a useful position within the PG gene, then further phenotypic analysis of the tomato plant containing that mutation is pursued. First, the M2 plant is backcrossed twice in order to eliminate background mutations. Then the M2 plant is self-pollinated in order to create a plant that is homozygous for the PG mutation. [0043]
  • Physical and biochemical characteristics of these homozygous PG mutant plants are then assessed. Mutant PG tomatoes are evaluated for delayed softening compared to the normal (wild type) parental tomato lines. Normal fruit ripens such that the color of the tomato changes from light green to red. As this change happens, the fruit tends to become softer such that compression under a specified weight becomes greater and/or the force required to depress the surface of the fruit a specified distance becomes greater. See Cantwell, M. Report to the California Tomato Commission: Tomato Variety Trials: Postharvest Evaluations for 2001; Edan, Y., H. Pasternak, I. Shmulevich, D. Rachmani, D. Guedalia, S. Grinberg and E. Fallik. 1997. Color and firmness classification of fresh market tomatoes. J. Food Science 62(4): 793-796; Errington, N., J. R. Mitchell and G. A. Tucker. 1997. Changes in the force relaxation and compression responses of tomatoes during ripening: the effect of continual testing and polygalacturonase activity. Postharvest Biol. Tech. 11: 141-147; Lesage, P. and M-F. Destain. 1996. Measurement of tomato firmness by using a non-destructive mechanical sensor. Postharvest Biol. Tech. 8: 45-55. [0044]
  • The following mutations are exemplary of the tomato mutations created and identified according to the present invention. One exemplary mutation, correlates with a change of G to A at nucleotide 1969 of SEQ. ID. NO. 1, counting A in the ATG of the START CODON as [0045] nucleotide position 1. This mutation results in a change from glycine to arginine at amino acid 178 in the expressed protein. The change from glycine to arginine at 178 is a dramatic amino acid change both in terms of charge and size. The G178R mutation is within block B of this family. As shown in FIG. 2, G178 is one of the fifteen most conserved residues within the glycoside hydrolase protein family. Lycopersicon esculentum seeds of the cultivar Shady Lady containing this mutation were deposited with the American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Blvd., Mannassas, Va. 20110-2209, on Sep. 9, 2002 and given Accession No. 13345 and Patent Deposit Designation PTA4702.
  • Another exemplary mutation, created and identified according to the present invention, correlates with a T to A change at nucleotide position 2940 of SEQ. ID. NO. 1, counting A in the ATG of the START CODON as [0046] nucleotide position 1. This mutation results in a change from histidine to glutamine at amino acid 252. The H252Q mutation is within block D of the glycoside hydrolase protein family. As shown in FIG. 3, H252Q is also a change in a very conserved region of this protein family. Lycopersicon esculentum seeds of the cultivar Shady Lady containing this mutation were deposited with the American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Blvd., Mannassas, Va. 20110-2209, on Sep. 20, 2002 and given Accession No. 13342 and Patent Deposit Designation PTA4702.
  • The following Examples are offered by way of illustration, not limitation. [0047]
    • EXAMPLE 1 Mutagenesis
  • In one embodiment of the present invention tomato seeds of cultivars Shady Lady (hybrid) and NC 84173 (inbred line provided by R. Gardner at the University of North Carolina) were vacuum infiltrated in H[0048] 2O (ca. 4 min. with ca. 1000 seeds/100 ml H2O). The seeds were then placed on a shaker (45 rpm) in a fume hood at ambient temperature. The mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) was added to the imbibing seeds for final concentrations ranging from about 0.1% to about 1.6% (v/v). EMS concentrations of about 0.4 to about 1.2% were determined to be optimal for these studies. Following a 24-hour incubation, the EMS solution was replaced with fresh H2O (4× to an est. EMS dilution {fraction (1/2,000,000,000)}). The seeds were then rinsed under running water for ca. 1 hour. Finally, the mutagenized seeds were planted (96/tray) in potting soil and allowed to germinate in the greenhouse. Four to six week old surviving plants were transferred to the field to grow to fully mature M1 plants. The mature M1 plants were allowed to self-pollinate and then seeds from the M1 plant were collected and planted to produce M2 plants.
  • DNA Preparation [0049]
  • DNA from these M2 plants was extracted and prepared in order to identify which M2 plants carried a mutation in their PG gene. The M2 plant DNA was prepared using the methods and reagents contained in the Qiagen® (Valencia, Calif.) 96 Plant Kit. Approximately 0.1 g of frozen plant sample was placed in a sample tube with a tungsten bead, frozen in liquid nitrogen and [0050] ground 2 times for 1 minute each at 20 Hz using the Qiagen® Mixer Mill MM 300. Next 400 μl solution AP1 [buffer AP1, solution DX and RNAse (100 μg/ml)] at 80° C. was added to the sample. The tube was sealed and shaken for 15 seconds. Following the addition of 130 μl buffer AP2, the tube was shaken for 15 seconds. The samples were then frozen for at least 10 minutes at minus 20° C. The samples were then centrifuged for 20 minutes at 5600 X g. A 400 μl aliquot of supernatant was transferred to another sample tube. Following the addition of 600 μl of buffer AP3/E, this sample tube was capped and shaken for 15 seconds. A filter plate was placed on a square well block and 1 ml of the sample solution was applied to each well and the plate was sealed. The plate and block were centrifuged for 4 minutes at 5600×g. Next 800 μl of buffer AW was added to each well of the filter plate, sealed and spun for 15 minutes at 5600×g in the square well block. The filter plate was then placed on a new set of sample tubes and 100 μl of buffer AE was applied to the filter. It was capped and incubated at room temperature for 1 minute and then spun for 2 minutes at 5600×g. This step was repeated with an additional 100 μl buffer AE. The filter plate was removed and the filtrates were pooled and the tubes capped. Then the individual samples were normalized to a concentration of 25 ng/μl.
    • Tilling
  • The M2 DNA was pooled into groups of four or more individual plants each. For pools containing four individuals, the DNA concentration for each individual within the pool was 0.25 ng/μl with a final concentration of 1 ng/μl for the entire pool. The pooled DNA samples were arrayed on microtiter plates and subjected to gene-specific PCR. [0051]
  • PCR amplification was performed in 15 μl volumes containing 5 ng pooled or individual DNA, 0.75×ExTaq buffer (Panvera, Madison, Wis.), 2.6 mM MgCl2, 0.3 mM dNTPs, 0.3 μM primers, 0.05U Ex-Taq (Panvera, Madison, Wis.) DNA polymerase. PCR amplifications were performed using an MJ Research thermal cycler as follows: 95° C. for 2 minutes; 8 cycles of “touchdown PCR” (94° C. for 20 second, followed by annealing step starting at 70-68° C. for 30 seconds decreasing 1° C. per cycle, then a temperature ramp of 0.5° C. per second to 72° C. followed by 72° C. for 1 minute); 2545 cycles of 94° C. for 20 seconds, 63-61° C. for 30 seconds, ramp 0.5° C./sec to 72° C., 72° C. for 1 minute; 72° C. for 8 minutes; 98° C. for 8 minutes; 80° C. for 20 seconds; 60 cycles of 80° C. for 7 seconds −0.3 degrees/cycle. [0052]
  • The PCR, primers (MWG Biotech, Inc., High Point, N.C.) were mixed as follows: [0053]
  • 9 [0054] μl 100 μM IRD-700 labeled Left primer
  • 1 [0055] μl 100 μM Left primer
  • 10 [0056] μl 100 μM Right primer
  • The IRD-700 label can be attached to either the right or left primer. Preferably, the labeled to unlabeled primer ratio is 9:1. Alternatively, Cy5.5 modified primers or IRD-800 modified primers could be used. The label was coupled to the oligonucleotide using conventional phosphoamidite chemistry. [0057]
  • For digestion of 15-μL PCR products in 96-well plates, 30 μL of a solution containing 10 mM HEPES [4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid] (pH 7.5), 10 mM MgSO[0058] 4, 0.002% (w/v) Triton X-100, 20 ng mL−1 of bovine serum albumin, and {fraction (1/1000)} dilution of CEL 1 (50 units μuL−1) was added with mixing on ice, and the plate was incubated at 45° C. for 15 min. CEL 1 was purified from 30 kg of celery as described by Oleykowski et al., Nucleic Acids Res 26: 4597-4602 (1998), except that Poros HQ rather than Mono Q was used, and the PhenylSepharose and Superdex 75 columns were omitted. The specific activity was 1×106 units mL−1, where a unit is defined as the amount of CEL 1 required to digest 50% of 200 ng of a 500-bp DNA fragment that has a single mismatch in 50% of the duplexes. Reactions were stopped by addition of 5 μL 0.15 M EDTA (pH 8) and the mixture pipetted into wells of a spin plate (G50, Sephadex) prepared and spun according to the manufacturer's recommendations into a plate containing 1 to 1.5 μL of formamide load solution [1 mM EDTA (pH 8) and 200 μg mL−1 bromophenol blue in deionized formamide]. The volume was reduced to a minimum by incubation at 80° C. uncovered (30-40 min) and stored on ice, then transferred to a membrane comb using a comb-loading robot (MWG Biotech). Alternatively, the DNA samples could have been concentrated using isopropanol precipitation. The comb was inserted into a slab acrylamide gel, electrophoresed for 10 min, and removed. Electrophoresis was continued for 4 h at 1,500-V, 40-W, and 40-mA limits at 50° C.
  • After electrophoresis, the gel was imaged using a LI-COR (Lincoln, Nebr.) scanner which was set at a channel capable of detecting the IR Dye 700 label. The gel image showed sequence-specific pattern of background bands common to all 96 lanes. Rare events, such as mutations, created a new band that stood out above the background pattern. Plants with bands indicative of mutations of interest were evaluated by sequencing individual PCR products. Plants carrying mutations confirmed by sequencing were grown up as described above (e.g., the M2 plant was backcrossed twice in order to eliminate background mutations and self-pollinated in order to create a plant that was homozygous for the mutation). [0059]
    • Physical and Biochemical Measurements
  • Tomatoes Selected for Study: [0060]
  • Individual tomatoes selected for study were picked from plants derived from siblings of the same cross to preserve background phenotypes as much as possible. The plants and fruit were genotyped as homozygous for the mutation, heterozygous for the mutation, or wild type. Genotyping was performed using a genetic method for determining single base pair mismatches referred to in the scientific literature as “dCAPing”, see M. M Neff et al., [0061] The Plant Journal 14:387-392 (1998). Briefly, a degenerate PCR oligonucleotide is designed to create a restriction endonuclease recognition site when the mutant base pair is present. Plants are then simply genotyped using a PCR reaction followed by a restriction enzyme digestion and then analysis on an agarose gel.
  • Squeeze Test: [0062]
  • A test was devised to simulate consumer perception of tomato fruit firmness in the three genotypes of the 13345 mutant. Fruits were evaluated at the red ripe stage. Four fruits of each genotype were blindly labeled, and 15 people were asked to rank each set as most firm, least firm, or in between (mid firm). Of the people surveyed, 80% ranked the homozygous PG mutant tomatoes as the most firm; 20% ranked the heterozygous mutant tomatoes as the most firm; and no one ranked the wild type as the most firm. Results are shown in FIG. 4. [0063]
  • Color Determination: [0064]
  • Objective color values were determined for table-ripe wild type and [0065] mutant 13345 and 13342 tomatoes using a Minolta Color meter. Data were reported as “hue” and from 20-30 hue values were measured. Hue is the single most useful color value and the lower the hue value, the redder the tomato. In support of the idea that some characteristics associated with ripening do not differ, the results showed that PG mutants (hue values of 35.8 and 34.5) were similar in color to wild type tomatoes (hue value of 36.6).
  • Assays for PG Activity: [0066]
  • Polygalacturonase enzymatic activity was measured spectrophotometrically using two different in vitro color assays that quantify the formation of reduced sugars from a polygalacturonic substrate. One assay utilized 3,5-dintrosalicylate (DNS) for color detection, and was performed as in Redenbaugh K, Hiatt W, Martineau B, Kramer M, Sheehy R, Sanders R, Houck C, and Emlay D. Safety Assessment of Genetically Engineered Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Study of the Flavr Savr Tomato. CRC Press (1992); R. Sheehy, et al., [0067] PNAS 85:8805-8809 (1988); Z. M. Ali and C. J. Brady, Aust. J Plant Physiol. 9:155-169 (1982). The other assay utilized bicinchoninic acid (BCA) as the color substrate and was performed as in G. E. Anthon et al., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50:6153-6159 (2002); and D. Fachin, et al., Journal of Food Science 67:1610-1615 (2002).
  • DNS Based Assay for PG Activity: Briefly, cell wall extracts from individual tomatoes were prepared as follows: tomatoes were sliced, locular tissue and seeds were removed, and 100 grams of the remaining tomato tissue were homogenized in 300 milliliters (ml) cold H[0068] 2O and centrifuged at 4000 rpm in a tabletop centrifuge. The pellet was resuspended in 300 ml extraction buffer (1.7 M NaCl, 40 mM B-mercaptoethanol, 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 4.6) and stirred for 4 hours at 4° C. The suspension was then centrifuged as before and the supernatant was reserved for use in the DNS color assay. Because PG enzyme is the predominant protein in the cell wall extracts, any variation in PG protein amount due to genotype would interfere with using protein concentration in the normalization process, thus in the 13345 mutant where PG protein is absent the lysates were instead normalized to wet weight of starting material.
  • For the color assay, 0.1 ml 2M ammonium chloride, 1 [0069] ml 1% polygalacturonic acid, and 0.1 ml cell wall extract were mixed together in tubes on ice. Samples were vortexed and a small amount was reserved as a control for the amount of reduced sugars present prior to incubation with PG enzyme. The remainder of each sample was incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours. After incubation, samples were place on ice and 0.1 ml of each was transferred to a new tube at room temperature with 0.2 ml DNS color reagent (Ig DNS/20 mls 2M NaOH, 30 g sodium potassium tartarate/50 mls warm water; the two reagents are then combined and diluted to 100 mls with warm water). Tubes were boiled in a water bath for 5 minutes and then 2 mls H2O added to each tube. Tubes were spun to clarify and then read at an absorbance of A540 on a spectrophotometer.
  • Results of the DNS based PG activity assay, shown in FIG. 5, demonstrate that [0070] homozygous 13345 tomato fruits have less than 40% the activity of the wild type control. Tomatoes used in this assay were vine ripened and picked at equivalent stages in development.
  • BCA Based Assay for PG Activity: Briefly, cell wall extracts from individual tomatoes were prepared as follows: tomatoes were sliced, locular tissue and seeds were removed, and 15 g of the remaining tissue was homogenized in 30 ml cold H[0071] 2O. 7.5 mls 1N HCl was added (to a final pH of 3.0), and the homogenate was spun at 4000 rpm in a tabletop centrifuge. The pellet was washed in 30 mls cold H2O, and spun as before, The washed pellet was then resuspended in 7.5 mls extraction buffer (0.1M sodium phosphate pH 6.5, 1.2M NaCl) and incubated on ice for 30 minutes. The suspension was spun as before, and the supernatant was reserved for use in the BCA color assay. Again, the lysates were normalized to wet weight starting material in the 13345 mutant, and protein concentration in the 13342 mutant.
  • For the BCA color assay, 0.5 [0072] ml 1% polygalacturonic acid, 0.2 ml 1M NaCl, 1.3 ml H2O, and 10 μL extract were mixed together and incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes. After incubation, 1 ml carbonate buffer (54.3 g/L disodium carbonate/24.2 g/L sodium monocarbonate) was added to terminate each reaction. 0.6 mls each terminated reaction was then added to 1.9 ml H2O and 1.6 mls color reagent (equal volumes reagents A and B where reagent A is 1.96 g bicinchoninic acid/L H2O and reagent B is 1.24 g/L CuSO4—H20, 1.26 g/L L-serine), and incubated at 80° C. for 30 minutes. Color development was then measured at A560 using a spectrophotometer.
  • Results of the BCA based PG activity assay, shown in FIG. 6, demonstrate that both mutants exhibit decreased PG activity as compared to wild type (controls). For the 13342 mutant, tomatoes from both M3 and F2 generations of tomatoes were assayed. For the 13345 mutant, tomatoes from M3, F2 and F3 generations were assayed. These assays not only demonstrate efficacy of the mutations in decreasing PG enzymatic activity, they also demonstrate the stability of the mutations in a breeding program. [0073]
  • Western Blot: [0074]
  • To ascertain the amounts of PG enzyme in the mutant tomatoes relative to wild type tomatoes, cell wall extraction lysates from the activity assays were run on SDS-PAGE gels and visualized both by Coomassie stain and by Western blot using a PG-specific polyclonal antibody as in D. DellaPenna et al., [0075] PNAS, 83:6420-6424 (1986). (PG antibody was a generous gift of Dr Alan Bennett, University of California, Davis).
  • Results of the Western blot, shown in FIG. 7, demonstrate that significantly less PG protein is detected in cell wall extraction lysates from [0076] mutant 13345 tomatoes than from wild type controls. The level of PG protein detected in red ripe mutant 13345 tomatoes is approximately that found in the early developmental stages of wild type tomatoes (FIG. 8). As shown in FIG. 9, the level of PG protein detected in red ripe mutant 13342 tomatoes is approximately the same as that found in red ripe wild type tomatoes. The Western blot results combined with the PG enzyme activity data for mutant 13342 tomatoes indicate that a non-functional form of PG protein is present in mutant 13342 tomatoes. Coomassie staining shows that PG is the predominant protein found in cell wall extraction lysates.
    • Identification and Evaluation of Mutation 13345
  • DNA from [0077] tomato plant 13345, originating from seeds of cultivar Shady Lady that were incubated in 1.2% EMS, was amplified using primer pair PGL3 (SEQ. ID. NOs. 023 and 043). The PCR amplification products were then incubated with CEL 1 and electrophoresed. The electrophoresis gel image showed a fragment at the approximate position of 204 bp, above the background pattern for the PCR amplification products. Therefore, it was likely that this fragment contained a heteroduplex created by a mutation in the PG gene. Sequence analysis of this fragment showed that the mutation was associated with a G to A change at nucleotide 1969 of SEQ. I.D. No. 1, counting A in the ATG of the START CODON as nucleotide position 1. This mutation correlates with a change from glycine to arginine at amino acid 178 of the PG polypeptide.
  • This mutation is within block B of the glycoside hydrolase protein family. LOGO analysis of the G178R mutation within this block revealed that the mutation lies at one of the fifteen most conserved amino acids within the family. [0078]
  • Tomato [0079] fruits containing Mutation 13345 exhibited lower PG enzyme activity compared to their wild type sibling, and were considered firmer than the wild type sibling.
    • Identification and Evaluation of Mutation 13342
  • [0080] Tomato plant 13342, originating from seeds of cultivar Shady Lady that were incubated in 0.6% EMS, was screened with primer pair PGL9 (SEQ. ID. NOs. 027 and 039). The PCR amplification products were then incubated with CEL 1 and electrophoresed. The electrophoresis gel image showed a fragment at the approximate position of 385 bp, above the background pattern for the PCR amplification products. Therefore, it was likely that this fragment contained a heteroduplex created by a mutation in the PG gene. Sequence analysis of this fragment showed the mutation was associated with a T to A change at nucleotide 2940 of SEQ. I.D. No. 1, counting A in the ATG of the START CODON as nucleotide position 1. This mutation correlates with a change from histidine to glutamine at amino acid 252 of the PG polypeptide.
  • Tomato [0081] fruits containing Mutation 13345 exhibited lower PG enzyme activity compared to their wild type sibling, and were consider former than their wild type sibling.
  • The above examples are provided to illustrate the invention but not limit its scope. Other variants of the invention will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art and are encompassed by the appended claims and all their equivalents. All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference. [0082]
  • 1 50 1 7456 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum CDS (1479)..(1757) 1 aagcttctta aaaaggcaaa ttgattaatt tgaagtcaaa ataattaatt ataacaatgg 60 taaagcacct taagaaacca tagtttgaaa ggttaccaat gcgctatata ttaatcaact 120 tgataatata aaaaaaattt caattcgaaa agggcctaaa atattctcaa agtattcgaa 180 atggtacaaa actaccatcc gtccacctat tgactccaaa ataaaattat tatccacctt 240 tgagtttaaa attgactact tatataacaa ttctaaattt aaactatttt aatactttta 300 aaaatacatg gcgttcaaat atttaatata atttaattta tgaatatcat ttataaacca 360 accaactacc aactcattaa tcattaaatc ccacccaaat tctactatca aaattgtcct 420 aaacactact aaaacaagac gaaattgttc gagtccgaat cgaagcacca atctaattta 480 ggttgagccg catatttagg aggacacttt caatagtatt tttttcaagc atgaatttga 540 aatttaagat taatggtaaa gaagtagtac acccgaatta attcatgcct tttttaaata 600 taattatata aatatttatg atttgtttta aatattaaaa cttgaatata ttatttttaa 660 aaaaattatc tattaagtac catcacataa ttgagacgag gaataattaa gatgaacata 720 gtgtttaatt agtaatggat gggtagtaaa tttatttata aattatatca ataagttaaa 780 ttataacaaa tatttgagcg ccatgtattt taaaaaatat taaataagtt tgaatttaaa 840 accgttagat aaatggtcaa ttttgaaccc aaaagtggat gagaagggta ttttagagcc 900 aataggggga tgagaaggat attttgaagc caatatgtga tggatggagg ataattttgt 960 atcatttcta atactttaaa gatattttag gtcattttcc cttctttagt ttatagacta 1020 tagtgttagt tcatcgaata tcatctatta tttccgtctt aaattatttt ttattttata 1080 aatttttaaa aaataaatta ttttttccat ttaactttga ttgtaattaa tttttaaaaa 1140 ttaccaacat ataaataaaa ttaatattta acaaagaatt gtaacataat atttttttaa 1200 ttattcaaaa taaatatttt taaacatcat ataaaagaaa tacgacaaaa aaattgagac 1260 gggagaagac aagccagaca aaaatgtcca agaaactctt tcgtctaaat atctctcatc 1320 caaactaata taatacccat tacaattaac catattgacc aactcaaacc ccttaaaatc 1380 tataaataga caaacccttc ccatacctct tatcataaaa aaaataataa tctttttcaa 1440 tagacaagtt taaaaaccat accatataac aatatatc atg gtt atc caa agg aat 1496 Met Val Ile Gln Arg Asn 1 5 agt att ctc ctt ctc att att att ttt gct tca tca att tca act tgt 1544 Ser Ile Leu Leu Leu Ile Ile Ile Phe Ala Ser Ser Ile Ser Thr Cys 10 15 20 aga agc aat gtt att gat gac aat tta ttc aaa caa gtt tat gat aat 1592 Arg Ser Asn Val Ile Asp Asp Asn Leu Phe Lys Gln Val Tyr Asp Asn 25 30 35 att ctt gaa caa gaa ttt gct cat gat ttt caa gct tat ctt tct tat 1640 Ile Leu Glu Gln Glu Phe Ala His Asp Phe Gln Ala Tyr Leu Ser Tyr 40 45 50 ttg agc aaa aat att gaa agc aac aat aat att gac aag gtt gat aaa 1688 Leu Ser Lys Asn Ile Glu Ser Asn Asn Asn Ile Asp Lys Val Asp Lys 55 60 65 70 aat ggg att aaa gtg att aat gta ctt agc ttt gga gct aag ggt gat 1736 Asn Gly Ile Lys Val Ile Asn Val Leu Ser Phe Gly Ala Lys Gly Asp 75 80 85 gga aaa aca tat gat aat att gtaagtattt aaatattgga atatatttgt 1787 Gly Lys Thr Tyr Asp Asn Ile 90 ggggatgaaa atgatagaga atataagaat tatttggaag gatgaaaagt tatattttat 1847 aaagtagaaa attattttct cgtttttagt attaaggtga aaatgagttt ctcgttaagc 1907 gaggaaaagc tattttccat ggtaactgta tttttttttt acttttaata acgtcatagt 1967 atttgctata ctcaagaata agacacttat tattgatgat ttagtgctcg aaaagaaatt 2027 gatagtaatt ttgcttaata taactatcaa tttcttatat gtatattttt caaccaaaat 2087 aacaaagcgt aatccaataa gtgggcctct agaataaaga gtaagttcta ttcaattctt 2147 aaccttattt aattttagtg gaaacctcga caaaaacgaa caaacgtatt caaactttta 2207 tattcggaat tcgagaccaa ccatatgaac aacctcacac atgcatatag tcctaatata 2267 tataattttt ctaaaaaata tcttcaatct accatattga aatattgaaa aatgactttt 2327 atcctatcga acacataatc aagagtttct tttaagaatt taccactaca tttggtatgt 2387 ttcttatcgt gttaaaatta tctttcag gca ttt gag caa gca tgg aat gaa 2439 Ala Phe Glu Gln Ala Trp Asn Glu 95 100 gca tgt tca tct aga aca cct gtt caa ttt gtg gtt cct aaa aac aag 2487 Ala Cys Ser Ser Arg Thr Pro Val Gln Phe Val Val Pro Lys Asn Lys 105 110 115 aat tat ctt ctc aag caa atc acc ttt tca ggt cca tgc aga tct tct 2535 Asn Tyr Leu Leu Lys Gln Ile Thr Phe Ser Gly Pro Cys Arg Ser Ser 120 125 130 att tca gta aag gttagcatat tgattattta tatcctcttt gttagcaata 2587 Ile Ser Val Lys 135 tattatctgg tttatgacaa aatttaagaa agtaatcaaa gatagataaa caatgaattt 2647 tcgtcactaa tttagcggat tagtgaggaa ttatcaaaat gttatgttag ctatgagcaa 2707 cttagctatg aattagctag tgaagaagtt tgatgctaat tctatttttt ttttgtagag 2767 taaagatatt tgaaacacat gtattaatta ttaattatgt cttaattaat atgtcaatgg 2827 atagttcaaa ctaaagaact gtcaaaagaa aataagaaag aaatatttat ttttaaaata 2887 aattaaaaag aaaaatatga gaaataaatt caaagcgaga aggtattaca taatctatgg 2947 ggataaaagg atattatata tgtaagaaaa cagcactaca catatctaat aaagtctcat 3007 aaatggatat aaaaaatagt gtgtaagcaa cagttatccc tacaaaaact tttgtggggt 3067 agatcgatcc agaggttgtt tccagactct tgcttaaaaa aaatgttttt tctaaataag 3127 tttgaaagaa atgttatatg atgaaaatat gaagaaaaac atatcaatat taaaaataat 3187 aaagtaatca aagtaaacga aataacaata ggaataatac tcataaatga aaatttagtg 3247 gcttttcgtt aacataatct tagtttattc attgtttctt taatttccct tcttattttt 3307 tttgaaatta ctaatgcag att ttt gga tcc tta gaa gca tct agt aaa att 3359 Ile Phe Gly Ser Leu Glu Ala Ser Ser Lys Ile 140 145 tca gac tac aaa gat aga agg ctt tgg att gct ttt gat agt gtt caa 3407 Ser Asp Tyr Lys Asp Arg Arg Leu Trp Ile Ala Phe Asp Ser Val Gln 150 155 160 aat tta gtt gtt gga gga gga gga act atc aat ggc aat gga caa gta 3455 Asn Leu Val Val Gly Gly Gly Gly Thr Ile Asn Gly Asn Gly Gln Val 165 170 175 180 tgg tgg cca agt tct tgc aaa ata aat aaa tca ctg gtaattttat 3501 Trp Trp Pro Ser Ser Cys Lys Ile Asn Lys Ser Leu 185 190 aaccttgctt ataagtttta cgctatgttg ctcgaattct ttaaacttgt tctaaagata 3561 ttatatattt gaaggaggtg tcacaaatgc atcacatttt tagagattcc gaccaatatt 3621 agttttatgt aatctaattt tcagagcatc tttgccttgt actgatcatt gttacccttt 3681 ttttcttcat gcag cca tgc agg gat gca cca acg gtacgttaat tgcatttgat 3736 Pro Cys Arg Asp Ala Pro Thr 195 ttgataaaaa aaaaaagcct aaaatatatt tgaattttaa ttgaaaggtt ataataattc 3796 ttaactttgg gcaggaccta ttaccccttg cactatttaa tagtgtattt taaagatata 3856 aaagtgttta gttgaaacaa aaatttagat attcaaaaac tatttgaaaa ttactataaa 3916 ttgcaatttt tttgcatatc aatatgatta aaaaatatta gttaaagttc ttatgatttg 3976 attctaaaaa taaaaatcat gacaaacaat agtagacgga gaaagtatat aacaatacct 4036 cttcaagtag aatcgatttg tacacacacc tcaaaaccta cgttttcttc gatttatatt 4096 tcctatttct tttaatagta atcaaaggct attagttctg tcaaaatcta tacattggaa 4156 actctatctt tgacgcctcg tacattcgag atcgttgaac aatggatgaa tgattattta 4216 actttgtatt taaatattaa aactaatatt gtttaatttt cag gcc tta acc ttc 4271 Ala Leu Thr Phe 200 tgg aat tgc aaa aat ttg aaa gtg aat aat cta aag agt aaa aat gca 4319 Trp Asn Cys Lys Asn Leu Lys Val Asn Asn Leu Lys Ser Lys Asn Ala 205 210 215 caa caa att cat atc aaa ttt gag tca tgc act aat gtt gta gct tca 4367 Gln Gln Ile His Ile Lys Phe Glu Ser Cys Thr Asn Val Val Ala Ser 220 225 230 235 aat ttg atg atc aat gct tca gca aag agc cca aat act gat gga gtc 4415 Asn Leu Met Ile Asn Ala Ser Ala Lys Ser Pro Asn Thr Asp Gly Val 240 245 250 cat gta tca aat act caa tat att caa ata tct gat act att att gga 4463 His Val Ser Asn Thr Gln Tyr Ile Gln Ile Ser Asp Thr Ile Ile Gly 255 260 265 aca g gtttatttat ttaattttta tttatccaat ttaattagaa aaaaaaagga 4517 Thr gtatttttat ttgataacta aattattaat ttttaatttt tttttatag gt gat gat 4574 Gly Asp Asp 270 tgt att tca att gtt tct gga tct caa aat gtg cag gcc aca aat att 4622 Cys Ile Ser Ile Val Ser Gly Ser Gln Asn Val Gln Ala Thr Asn Ile 275 280 285 act tgt ggt cca ggt cat ggt ata ag gtactctatt ttacaaatat 4668 Thr Cys Gly Pro Gly His Gly Ile Ser 290 295 acttgtttcc attttctcta tttcataaaa ggtagtatga tataataatt actttaaatc 4728 ctttaattaa tttattggca aattttttct cttgtcttta tggttaatga cttagcacaa 4788 taattagggc cgtttggatg ggcgaataaa agcagcttta aaaaagtact tttaaaagtg 4848 ttgaaactta tttttaaaat aagcagttat cggtttggat aaaagtgctg aagttgttat 4908 gtcaaacgtg aaaagggaaa aatggaagaa agaaatgtta gggttatatg ggttatttgt 4968 ataaaaatat taagcacaaa aagataaaaa tgtggtcaac ttaaaacaac ttataagcta 5028 ccctacccta ccccagcttt taacttttgg cttaaaataa gttttttttt ttaaaactta 5088 aaataagttg ttttgagtat tgccaaagag ctaaataatg caaaaaccag cttttaagtc 5148 agtttgacca gcttttaagc tgagccaaac aggctcttaa aatgtctgct tagatgtgct 5208 atatatattt gagctttttt tgaagtagta tattatcctt aagttcaaca taaaatacat 5268 gctttaacat agcacatata gttaatcaaa agacgaaatg atgaataatt ttgcgaattt 5328 gattattcac aagaaaaggg atagttcaaa gtgtacattt caatgaattg aagatatcat 5388 aaagactaaa attagaagaa tcaataattg agggatcaaa aatgttatta ccttattaaa 5448 atactattcc attttcatat taaattaact aattaagagt gttttataat ctaataaaac 5508 atgcaataat tattgacgaa atgtggtttt ggtacctata atctttctga atatttgctc 5568 tattttttct ctttttattt ttccatggat tac t att gga agc tta gga tct 5620 Ile Gly Ser Leu Gly Ser 300 gga aat tca gaa gct tat gtg tct aat gtt act gta aat gaa gcc aaa 5668 Gly Asn Ser Glu Ala Tyr Val Ser Asn Val Thr Val Asn Glu Ala Lys 305 310 315 att atc ggt gcc gaa aat gga gtt agg atc aag act tgg cag 5710 Ile Ile Gly Ala Glu Asn Gly Val Arg Ile Lys Thr Trp Gln 320 325 330 gtaccctccc cccccccccc ccccccacag gcccattttt ttaatttttt ttaaattttt 5770 attcgaatat caatattaaa gattaatttg atttcatgtt tgaaatttat atttggataa 5830 agtatgtatt ttactagctt tctatgttat atagaaaaaa aaatgttcag aacttcagat 5890 tattgtactc gtactaagtg taaatgtgtt gctttgttta gaagtttggt ttatccagtt 5950 ttgggtcatg attaaaccaa acttataatg aaaaggggct gcaacggccg gcccactagt 6010 gctagtatca ataggaagat ctcacgtctg tttattcaga tggacgttct tggttgaatg 6070 ttaataatta taaatttaat taacatgtaa ttaagcatta tataaattaa tgtggtttaa 6130 taatgtag gga gga tct gga caa gct agc aac atc aaa ttt ctg aat gtg 6180 Gly Gly Ser Gly Gln Ala Ser Asn Ile Lys Phe Leu Asn Val 335 340 345 gaa atg caa gac gtt aag tat ccc ata att ata gac caa aac tat tgt 6228 Glu Met Gln Asp Val Lys Tyr Pro Ile Ile Ile Asp Gln Asn Tyr Cys 350 355 360 gat cga gtt gaa cca tgt ata caa cag gtaatttttt attaacgaac 6275 Asp Arg Val Glu Pro Cys Ile Gln Gln 365 370 aatttattat attttattac ttcttaaatc accttacatc attaaaactt tgagattctt 6335 ttcactagtt agtaactttt tgaatagatt tttagtaaat gatattcatt attcctttta 6395 tttttcttct aatttatgga tcttttggac tatggtctaa aaatcttgtt aaagtaaact 6455 gaatatcata agaaaaaatg ttagattata atctaaattt tttataaatt attagacgtt 6515 atctaatatt ttgtatgtaa gattgagaaa catatacata aaacattaga ttcaaattta 6575 ataatatcta aaatattgat tcaaatcaat catgactaca caaacgaata catgcagatt 6635 ctcaaacata tagatgaagt catttcaaaa cgaatcaaat atagtagagt atatccttaa 6695 aagagagcat ttgggtaaat aagtaaaaat cattaagtta taaaaaaaat tctaactcga 6755 tctctcacga ttatttaatc actttgttcc ag ttt tca gca gtt caa gtg aaa 6808 Phe Ser Ala Val Gln Val Lys 375 aat gtg gtg tat gag aat atc aag ggc aca agt gca aca aag gtg gcc 6856 Asn Val Val Tyr Glu Asn Ile Lys Gly Thr Ser Ala Thr Lys Val Ala 380 385 390 ata aaa ttt gat tgc agc aca aac ttt cca tgt gaa gga att ata atg 6904 Ile Lys Phe Asp Cys Ser Thr Asn Phe Pro Cys Glu Gly Ile Ile Met 395 400 405 410 gag aat ata aat tta gta ggg gaa agt gga aaa cca tca gag gct acg 6952 Glu Asn Ile Asn Leu Val Gly Glu Ser Gly Lys Pro Ser Glu Ala Thr 415 420 425 tgc aaa aat gtc cat ttt aac aat gct gaa cat gtt aca cca cac tgc 7000 Cys Lys Asn Val His Phe Asn Asn Ala Glu His Val Thr Pro His Cys 430 435 440 act tca cta gaa att tca gag gat gaa gct ctt ttg tat aat tat 7045 Thr Ser Leu Glu Ile Ser Glu Asp Glu Ala Leu Leu Tyr Asn Tyr 445 450 455 taatttatac tatagatctt caatatatag cagatatgat atatcacaat aaacaaatct 7105 atatctatgt attgaataat tattattaat atgtacggat tgaagtttta ataagactac 7165 tatgtatttc tattttctag tcaaaagttt gacgattgta ctttttaatg tacaaaaata 7225 ataaaatggt tatttatatg atgtatatat ccctttggta tttcttgttg aactataatg 7285 tcattattta ataactatta tctgtgcaat gattgtattt gttaatgata cataatatat 7345 ctttcatcat tgataataag aataaaatat tttacgtcta ttactttgtg aattatatgt 7405 agattttagt ttttgtttta tttttaatta aaccgagtga aatataaaga g 7456 2 457 PRT Lycopersicon esculentum 2 Met Val Ile Gln Arg Asn Ser Ile Leu Leu Leu Ile Ile Ile Phe Ala 1 5 10 15 Ser Ser Ile Ser Thr Cys Arg Ser Asn Val Ile Asp Asp Asn Leu Phe 20 25 30 Lys Gln Val Tyr Asp Asn Ile Leu Glu Gln Glu Phe Ala His Asp Phe 35 40 45 Gln Ala Tyr Leu Ser Tyr Leu Ser Lys Asn Ile Glu Ser Asn Asn Asn 50 55 60 Ile Asp Lys Val Asp Lys Asn Gly Ile Lys Val Ile Asn Val Leu Ser 65 70 75 80 Phe Gly Ala Lys Gly Asp Gly Lys Thr Tyr Asp Asn Ile Ala Phe Glu 85 90 95 Gln Ala Trp Asn Glu Ala Cys Ser Ser Arg Thr Pro Val Gln Phe Val 100 105 110 Val Pro Lys Asn Lys Asn Tyr Leu Leu Lys Gln Ile Thr Phe Ser Gly 115 120 125 Pro Cys Arg Ser Ser Ile Ser Val Lys Ile Phe Gly Ser Leu Glu Ala 130 135 140 Ser Ser Lys Ile Ser Asp Tyr Lys Asp Arg Arg Leu Trp Ile Ala Phe 145 150 155 160 Asp Ser Val Gln Asn Leu Val Val Gly Gly Gly Gly Thr Ile Asn Gly 165 170 175 Asn Gly Gln Val Trp Trp Pro Ser Ser Cys Lys Ile Asn Lys Ser Leu 180 185 190 Pro Cys Arg Asp Ala Pro Thr Ala Leu Thr Phe Trp Asn Cys Lys Asn 195 200 205 Leu Lys Val Asn Asn Leu Lys Ser Lys Asn Ala Gln Gln Ile His Ile 210 215 220 Lys Phe Glu Ser Cys Thr Asn Val Val Ala Ser Asn Leu Met Ile Asn 225 230 235 240 Ala Ser Ala Lys Ser Pro Asn Thr Asp Gly Val His Val Ser Asn Thr 245 250 255 Gln Tyr Ile Gln Ile Ser Asp Thr Ile Ile Gly Thr Gly Asp Asp Cys 260 265 270 Ile Ser Ile Val Ser Gly Ser Gln Asn Val Gln Ala Thr Asn Ile Thr 275 280 285 Cys Gly Pro Gly His Gly Ile Ser Ile Gly Ser Leu Gly Ser Gly Asn 290 295 300 Ser Glu Ala Tyr Val Ser Asn Val Thr Val Asn Glu Ala Lys Ile Ile 305 310 315 320 Gly Ala Glu Asn Gly Val Arg Ile Lys Thr Trp Gln Gly Gly Ser Gly 325 330 335 Gln Ala Ser Asn Ile Lys Phe Leu Asn Val Glu Met Gln Asp Val Lys 340 345 350 Tyr Pro Ile Ile Ile Asp Gln Asn Tyr Cys Asp Arg Val Glu Pro Cys 355 360 365 Ile Gln Gln Phe Ser Ala Val Gln Val Lys Asn Val Val Tyr Glu Asn 370 375 380 Ile Lys Gly Thr Ser Ala Thr Lys Val Ala Ile Lys Phe Asp Cys Ser 385 390 395 400 Thr Asn Phe Pro Cys Glu Gly Ile Ile Met Glu Asn Ile Asn Leu Val 405 410 415 Gly Glu Ser Gly Lys Pro Ser Glu Ala Thr Cys Lys Asn Val His Phe 420 425 430 Asn Asn Ala Glu His Val Thr Pro His Cys Thr Ser Leu Glu Ile Ser 435 440 445 Glu Asp Glu Ala Leu Leu Tyr Asn Tyr 450 455 3 25 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 3 ttgagacggg agaagacaag ccaga 25 4 28 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 4 ccaaccatat gaacaacctc acacatgc 28 5 26 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 5 tgtggggtag atcgatccag aggttg 26 6 25 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 6 acgcctcgta cattcgagat cgttg 25 7 27 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 7 tcacaagaaa agggatagtt caaagtg 27 8 26 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 8 tgaagtcatt tcaaaacgaa tcaaat 26 9 32 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 9 ttctccttct cattattatt tttgcttcat ca 32 10 30 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 10 ctggaattgc aaaaatttga aagtgaataa 30 11 26 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 11 ttgagacggg agaagacaag ccagac 26 12 27 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 12 agtggctttc gtactacata atcttag 27 13 28 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 13 catgcaataa ttattgacga aatgtggt 28 14 25 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 14 ttgagacggg agaagacaag ccaga 25 15 25 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 15 tgagacggga gaagacaagc cagac 25 16 32 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 16 ttctccttct cattattatt tttgcttcat ca 32 17 30 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 17 ctggaattgc aaaaatttga aagtgaataa 30 18 33 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 18 ttgacgaaat gtggttttgg tacctataat ctt 33 19 30 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 19 cacaaacgaa tacatgcaga ttctcaaaca 30 20 28 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 20 ccaaccatat gaacaacctc acacatgc 28 21 28 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 21 atcttcaatc taccatattg aaatattg 28 22 26 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 22 tacatttggt agtgtttctt atcgtg 26 23 27 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 23 agtggctttc gtactacata atcttag 27 24 32 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 24 caaaagacga aatgatgaat aattttgcga at 32 25 30 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 25 cacaaacgaa tacatgcaga ttctcaaaca 30 26 26 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 26 agtagagtat atccttaaaa gagagc 26 27 25 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 27 acgcctctga cattcgagat cgttg 25 28 27 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 28 ccatggaaaa tagcttttcc tcgctta 27 29 30 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 29 cattttgata attcctcact aatccgctaa 30 30 25 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 30 caaggggtaa taggtcctgc ccaaa 25 31 25 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 31 ctgcttttat tcgcccatcc aaacg 25 32 30 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 32 gaatctcaaa gttttaatga tgtaaggtga 30 33 29 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 33 ttatacaaaa gagcttcatc ctctgaaat 29 34 31 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 34 cctgttgtat acatggttca actcgatcac a 31 35 31 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 35 cctctgaaat ttctagtgaa gtgcagtgtg g 31 36 28 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 36 tccatggaaa atgactttcc tcgcttac 28 37 31 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 37 atagaagatc tgcatggacc tgaaaaggtg a 31 38 29 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 38 aagtaatatt tgtggcctgc acatttgag 29 39 35 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 39 cctaattatt gtgctaagtc attaaccata aagac 35 40 36 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 40 gaccatagtc caaaagatcc ataaattaga agaaaa 36 41 36 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 41 tgacattata gttcaacaag aaataccaaa gggata 36 42 28 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 42 accatggaaa atagctttcc tcgcttaa 28 43 25 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 43 caaaggggta atagtcctgc ccaaa 25 44 26 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 44 ctacttttat tacgcccatc caaacg 26 45 34 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 45 aagtgtaaat gtgttgcttt gtttagaagt ttgg 34 46 36 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum 46 tgaaaagaat ctcaaagttt taatgatgta aggtga 36 47 7456 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum CDS (1479)..(1757) 47 aagcttctta aaaaggcaaa ttgattaatt tgaagtcaaa ataattaatt ataacaatgg 60 taaagcacct taagaaacca tagtttgaaa ggttaccaat gcgctatata ttaatcaact 120 tgataatata aaaaaaattt caattcgaaa agggcctaaa atattctcaa agtattcgaa 180 atggtacaaa actaccatcc gtccacctat tgactccaaa ataaaattat tatccacctt 240 tgagtttaaa attgactact tatataacaa ttctaaattt aaactatttt aatactttta 300 aaaatacatg gcgttcaaat atttaatata atttaattta tgaatatcat ttataaacca 360 accaactacc aactcattaa tcattaaatc ccacccaaat tctactatca aaattgtcct 420 aaacactact aaaacaagac gaaattgttc gagtccgaat cgaagcacca atctaattta 480 ggttgagccg catatttagg aggacacttt caatagtatt tttttcaagc atgaatttga 540 aatttaagat taatggtaaa gaagtagtac acccgaatta attcatgcct tttttaaata 600 taattatata aatatttatg atttgtttta aatattaaaa cttgaatata ttatttttaa 660 aaaaattatc tattaagtac catcacataa ttgagacgag gaataattaa gatgaacata 720 gtgtttaatt agtaatggat gggtagtaaa tttatttata aattatatca ataagttaaa 780 ttataacaaa tatttgagcg ccatgtattt taaaaaatat taaataagtt tgaatttaaa 840 accgttagat aaatggtcaa ttttgaaccc aaaagtggat gagaagggta ttttagagcc 900 aataggggga tgagaaggat attttgaagc caatatgtga tggatggagg ataattttgt 960 atcatttcta atactttaaa gatattttag gtcattttcc cttctttagt ttatagacta 1020 tagtgttagt tcatcgaata tcatctatta tttccgtctt aaattatttt ttattttata 1080 aatttttaaa aaataaatta ttttttccat ttaactttga ttgtaattaa tttttaaaaa 1140 ttaccaacat ataaataaaa ttaatattta acaaagaatt gtaacataat atttttttaa 1200 ttattcaaaa taaatatttt taaacatcat ataaaagaaa tacgacaaaa aaattgagac 1260 gggagaagac aagccagaca aaaatgtcca agaaactctt tcgtctaaat atctctcatc 1320 caaactaata taatacccat tacaattaac catattgacc aactcaaacc ccttaaaatc 1380 tataaataga caaacccttc ccatacctct tatcataaaa aaaataataa tctttttcaa 1440 tagacaagtt taaaaaccat accatataac aatatatc atg gtt atc caa agg aat 1496 Met Val Ile Gln Arg Asn 1 5 agt att ctc ctt ctc att att att ttt gct tca tca att tca act tgt 1544 Ser Ile Leu Leu Leu Ile Ile Ile Phe Ala Ser Ser Ile Ser Thr Cys 10 15 20 aga agc aat gtt att gat gac aat tta ttc aaa caa gtt tat gat aat 1592 Arg Ser Asn Val Ile Asp Asp Asn Leu Phe Lys Gln Val Tyr Asp Asn 25 30 35 att ctt gaa caa gaa ttt gct cat gat ttt caa gct tat ctt tct tat 1640 Ile Leu Glu Gln Glu Phe Ala His Asp Phe Gln Ala Tyr Leu Ser Tyr 40 45 50 ttg agc aaa aat att gaa agc aac aat aat att gac aag gtt gat aaa 1688 Leu Ser Lys Asn Ile Glu Ser Asn Asn Asn Ile Asp Lys Val Asp Lys 55 60 65 70 aat ggg att aaa gtg att aat gta ctt agc ttt gga gct aag ggt gat 1736 Asn Gly Ile Lys Val Ile Asn Val Leu Ser Phe Gly Ala Lys Gly Asp 75 80 85 gga aaa aca tat gat aat att gtaagtattt aaatattgga atatatttgt 1787 Gly Lys Thr Tyr Asp Asn Ile 90 ggggatgaaa atgatagaga atataagaat tatttggaag gatgaaaagt tatattttat 1847 aaagtagaaa attattttct cgtttttagt attaaggtga aaatgagttt ctcgttaagc 1907 gaggaaaagc tattttccat ggtaactgta tttttttttt acttttaata acgtcatagt 1967 atttgctata ctcaagaata agacacttat tattgatgat ttagtgctcg aaaagaaatt 2027 gatagtaatt ttgcttaata taactatcaa tttcttatat gtatattttt caaccaaaat 2087 aacaaagcgt aatccaataa gtgggcctct agaataaaga gtaagttcta ttcaattctt 2147 aaccttattt aattttagtg gaaacctcga caaaaacgaa caaacgtatt caaactttta 2207 tattcggaat tcgagaccaa ccatatgaac aacctcacac atgcatatag tcctaatata 2267 tataattttt ctaaaaaata tcttcaatct accatattga aatattgaaa aatgactttt 2327 atcctatcga acacataatc aagagtttct tttaagaatt taccactaca tttggtatgt 2387 ttcttatcgt gttaaaatta tctttcag gca ttt gag caa gca tgg aat gaa 2439 Ala Phe Glu Gln Ala Trp Asn Glu 95 100 gca tgt tca tct aga aca cct gtt caa ttt gtg gtt cct aaa aac aag 2487 Ala Cys Ser Ser Arg Thr Pro Val Gln Phe Val Val Pro Lys Asn Lys 105 110 115 aat tat ctt ctc aag caa atc acc ttt tca ggt cca tgc aga tct tct 2535 Asn Tyr Leu Leu Lys Gln Ile Thr Phe Ser Gly Pro Cys Arg Ser Ser 120 125 130 att tca gta aag gttagcatat tgattattta tatcctcttt gttagcaata 2587 Ile Ser Val Lys 135 tattatctgg tttatgacaa aatttaagaa agtaatcaaa gatagataaa caatgaattt 2647 tcgtcactaa tttagcggat tagtgaggaa ttatcaaaat gttatgttag ctatgagcaa 2707 cttagctatg aattagctag tgaagaagtt tgatgctaat tctatttttt ttttgtagag 2767 taaagatatt tgaaacacat gtattaatta ttaattatgt cttaattaat atgtcaatgg 2827 atagttcaaa ctaaagaact gtcaaaagaa aataagaaag aaatatttat ttttaaaata 2887 aattaaaaag aaaaatatga gaaataaatt caaagcgaga aggtattaca taatctatgg 2947 ggataaaagg atattatata tgtaagaaaa cagcactaca catatctaat aaagtctcat 3007 aaatggatat aaaaaatagt gtgtaagcaa cagttatccc tacaaaaact tttgtggggt 3067 agatcgatcc agaggttgtt tccagactct tgcttaaaaa aaatgttttt tctaaataag 3127 tttgaaagaa atgttatatg atgaaaatat gaagaaaaac atatcaatat taaaaataat 3187 aaagtaatca aagtaaacga aataacaata ggaataatac tcataaatga aaatttagtg 3247 gcttttcgtt aacataatct tagtttattc attgtttctt taatttccct tcttattttt 3307 tttgaaatta ctaatgcag att ttt gga tcc tta gaa gca tct agt aaa att 3359 Ile Phe Gly Ser Leu Glu Ala Ser Ser Lys Ile 140 145 tca gac tac aaa gat aga agg ctt tgg att gct ttt gat agt gtt caa 3407 Ser Asp Tyr Lys Asp Arg Arg Leu Trp Ile Ala Phe Asp Ser Val Gln 150 155 160 aat tta gtt gtt gga gga gga gga act atc aat ggc aat aga caa gta 3455 Asn Leu Val Val Gly Gly Gly Gly Thr Ile Asn Gly Asn Arg Gln Val 165 170 175 180 tgg tgg cca agt tct tgc aaa ata aat aaa tca ctg gtaattttat 3501 Trp Trp Pro Ser Ser Cys Lys Ile Asn Lys Ser Leu 185 190 aaccttgctt ataagtttta cgctatgttg ctcgaattct ttaaacttgt tctaaagata 3561 ttatatattt gaaggaggtg tcacaaatgc atcacatttt tagagattcc gaccaatatt 3621 agttttatgt aatctaattt tcagagcatc tttgccttgt actgatcatt gttacccttt 3681 ttttcttcat gcag cca tgc agg gat gca cca acg gtacgttaat tgcatttgat 3736 Pro Cys Arg Asp Ala Pro Thr 195 ttgataaaaa aaaaaagcct aaaatatatt tgaattttaa ttgaaaggtt ataataattc 3796 ttaactttgg gcaggaccta ttaccccttg cactatttaa tagtgtattt taaagatata 3856 aaagtgttta gttgaaacaa aaatttagat attcaaaaac tatttgaaaa ttactataaa 3916 ttgcaatttt tttgcatatc aatatgatta aaaaatatta gttaaagttc ttatgatttg 3976 attctaaaaa taaaaatcat gacaaacaat agtagacgga gaaagtatat aacaatacct 4036 cttcaagtag aatcgatttg tacacacacc tcaaaaccta cgttttcttc gatttatatt 4096 tcctatttct tttaatagta atcaaaggct attagttctg tcaaaatcta tacattggaa 4156 actctatctt tgacgcctcg tacattcgag atcgttgaac aatggatgaa tgattattta 4216 actttgtatt taaatattaa aactaatatt gtttaatttt cag gcc tta acc ttc 4271 Ala Leu Thr Phe 200 tgg aat tgc aaa aat ttg aaa gtg aat aat cta aag agt aaa aat gca 4319 Trp Asn Cys Lys Asn Leu Lys Val Asn Asn Leu Lys Ser Lys Asn Ala 205 210 215 caa caa att cat atc aaa ttt gag tca tgc act aat gtt gta gct tca 4367 Gln Gln Ile His Ile Lys Phe Glu Ser Cys Thr Asn Val Val Ala Ser 220 225 230 235 aat ttg atg atc aat gct tca gca aag agc cca aat act gat gga gtc 4415 Asn Leu Met Ile Asn Ala Ser Ala Lys Ser Pro Asn Thr Asp Gly Val 240 245 250 cat gta tca aat act caa tat att caa ata tct gat act att att gga 4463 His Val Ser Asn Thr Gln Tyr Ile Gln Ile Ser Asp Thr Ile Ile Gly 255 260 265 aca g gtttatttat ttaattttta tttatccaat ttaattagaa aaaaaaagga 4517 Thr gtatttttat ttgataacta aattattaat ttttaatttt tttttatag gt gat gat 4574 Gly Asp Asp 270 tgt att tca att gtt tct gga tct caa aat gtg cag gcc aca aat att 4622 Cys Ile Ser Ile Val Ser Gly Ser Gln Asn Val Gln Ala Thr Asn Ile 275 280 285 act tgt ggt cca ggt cat ggt ata ag gtactctatt ttacaaatat 4668 Thr Cys Gly Pro Gly His Gly Ile Ser 290 295 acttgtttcc attttctcta tttcataaaa ggtagtatga tataataatt actttaaatc 4728 ctttaattaa tttattggca aattttttct cttgtcttta tggttaatga cttagcacaa 4788 taattagggc cgtttggatg ggcgaataaa agcagcttta aaaaagtact tttaaaagtg 4848 ttgaaactta tttttaaaat aagcagttat cggtttggat aaaagtgctg aagttgttat 4908 gtcaaacgtg aaaagggaaa aatggaagaa agaaatgtta gggttatatg ggttatttgt 4968 ataaaaatat taagcacaaa aagataaaaa tgtggtcaac ttaaaacaac ttataagcta 5028 ccctacccta ccccagcttt taacttttgg cttaaaataa gttttttttt ttaaaactta 5088 aaataagttg ttttgagtat tgccaaagag ctaaataatg caaaaaccag cttttaagtc 5148 agtttgacca gcttttaagc tgagccaaac aggctcttaa aatgtctgct tagatgtgct 5208 atatatattt gagctttttt tgaagtagta tattatcctt aagttcaaca taaaatacat 5268 gctttaacat agcacatata gttaatcaaa agacgaaatg atgaataatt ttgcgaattt 5328 gattattcac aagaaaaggg atagttcaaa gtgtacattt caatgaattg aagatatcat 5388 aaagactaaa attagaagaa tcaataattg agggatcaaa aatgttatta ccttattaaa 5448 atactattcc attttcatat taaattaact aattaagagt gttttataat ctaataaaac 5508 atgcaataat tattgacgaa atgtggtttt ggtacctata atctttctga atatttgctc 5568 tattttttct ctttttattt ttccatggat tac t att gga agc tta gga tct 5620 Ile Gly Ser Leu Gly Ser 300 gga aat tca gaa gct tat gtg tct aat gtt act gta aat gaa gcc aaa 5668 Gly Asn Ser Glu Ala Tyr Val Ser Asn Val Thr Val Asn Glu Ala Lys 305 310 315 att atc ggt gcc gaa aat gga gtt agg atc aag act tgg cag 5710 Ile Ile Gly Ala Glu Asn Gly Val Arg Ile Lys Thr Trp Gln 320 325 330 gtaccctccc cccccccccc ccccccacag gcccattttt ttaatttttt ttaaattttt 5770 attcgaatat caatattaaa gattaatttg atttcatgtt tgaaatttat atttggataa 5830 agtatgtatt ttactagctt tctatgttat atagaaaaaa aaatgttcag aacttcagat 5890 tattgtactc gtactaagtg taaatgtgtt gctttgttta gaagtttggt ttatccagtt 5950 ttgggtcatg attaaaccaa acttataatg aaaaggggct gcaacggccg gcccactagt 6010 gctagtatca ataggaagat ctcacgtctg tttattcaga tggacgttct tggttgaatg 6070 ttaataatta taaatttaat taacatgtaa ttaagcatta tataaattaa tgtggtttaa 6130 taatgtag gga gga tct gga caa gct agc aac atc aaa ttt ctg aat gtg 6180 Gly Gly Ser Gly Gln Ala Ser Asn Ile Lys Phe Leu Asn Val 335 340 345 gaa atg caa gac gtt aag tat ccc ata att ata gac caa aac tat tgt 6228 Glu Met Gln Asp Val Lys Tyr Pro Ile Ile Ile Asp Gln Asn Tyr Cys 350 355 360 gat cga gtt gaa cca tgt ata caa cag gtaatttttt attaacgaac 6275 Asp Arg Val Glu Pro Cys Ile Gln Gln 365 370 aatttattat attttattac ttcttaaatc accttacatc attaaaactt tgagattctt 6335 ttcactagtt agtaactttt tgaatagatt tttagtaaat gatattcatt attcctttta 6395 tttttcttct aatttatgga tcttttggac tatggtctaa aaatcttgtt aaagtaaact 6455 gaatatcata agaaaaaatg ttagattata atctaaattt tttataaatt attagacgtt 6515 atctaatatt ttgtatgtaa gattgagaaa catatacata aaacattaga ttcaaattta 6575 ataatatcta aaatattgat tcaaatcaat catgactaca caaacgaata catgcagatt 6635 ctcaaacata tagatgaagt catttcaaaa cgaatcaaat atagtagagt atatccttaa 6695 aagagagcat ttgggtaaat aagtaaaaat cattaagtta taaaaaaaat tctaactcga 6755 tctctcacga ttatttaatc actttgttcc ag ttt tca gca gtt caa gtg aaa 6808 Phe Ser Ala Val Gln Val Lys 375 aat gtg gtg tat gag aat atc aag ggc aca agt gca aca aag gtg gcc 6856 Asn Val Val Tyr Glu Asn Ile Lys Gly Thr Ser Ala Thr Lys Val Ala 380 385 390 ata aaa ttt gat tgc agc aca aac ttt cca tgt gaa gga att ata atg 6904 Ile Lys Phe Asp Cys Ser Thr Asn Phe Pro Cys Glu Gly Ile Ile Met 395 400 405 410 gag aat ata aat tta gta ggg gaa agt gga aaa cca tca gag gct acg 6952 Glu Asn Ile Asn Leu Val Gly Glu Ser Gly Lys Pro Ser Glu Ala Thr 415 420 425 tgc aaa aat gtc cat ttt aac aat gct gaa cat gtt aca cca cac tgc 7000 Cys Lys Asn Val His Phe Asn Asn Ala Glu His Val Thr Pro His Cys 430 435 440 act tca cta gaa att tca gag gat gaa gct ctt ttg tat aat tat 7045 Thr Ser Leu Glu Ile Ser Glu Asp Glu Ala Leu Leu Tyr Asn Tyr 445 450 455 taatttatac tatagatctt caatatatag cagatatgat atatcacaat aaacaaatct 7105 atatctatgt attgaataat tattattaat atgtacggat tgaagtttta ataagactac 7165 tatgtatttc tattttctag tcaaaagttt gacgattgta ctttttaatg tacaaaaata 7225 ataaaatggt tatttatatg atgtatatat ccctttggta tttcttgttg aactataatg 7285 tcattattta ataactatta tctgtgcaat gattgtattt gttaatgata cataatatat 7345 ctttcatcat tgataataag aataaaatat tttacgtcta ttactttgtg aattatatgt 7405 agattttagt ttttgtttta tttttaatta aaccgagtga aatataaaga g 7456 48 457 PRT Lycopersicon esculentum 48 Met Val Ile Gln Arg Asn Ser Ile Leu Leu Leu Ile Ile Ile Phe Ala 1 5 10 15 Ser Ser Ile Ser Thr Cys Arg Ser Asn Val Ile Asp Asp Asn Leu Phe 20 25 30 Lys Gln Val Tyr Asp Asn Ile Leu Glu Gln Glu Phe Ala His Asp Phe 35 40 45 Gln Ala Tyr Leu Ser Tyr Leu Ser Lys Asn Ile Glu Ser Asn Asn Asn 50 55 60 Ile Asp Lys Val Asp Lys Asn Gly Ile Lys Val Ile Asn Val Leu Ser 65 70 75 80 Phe Gly Ala Lys Gly Asp Gly Lys Thr Tyr Asp Asn Ile Ala Phe Glu 85 90 95 Gln Ala Trp Asn Glu Ala Cys Ser Ser Arg Thr Pro Val Gln Phe Val 100 105 110 Val Pro Lys Asn Lys Asn Tyr Leu Leu Lys Gln Ile Thr Phe Ser Gly 115 120 125 Pro Cys Arg Ser Ser Ile Ser Val Lys Ile Phe Gly Ser Leu Glu Ala 130 135 140 Ser Ser Lys Ile Ser Asp Tyr Lys Asp Arg Arg Leu Trp Ile Ala Phe 145 150 155 160 Asp Ser Val Gln Asn Leu Val Val Gly Gly Gly Gly Thr Ile Asn Gly 165 170 175 Asn Arg Gln Val Trp Trp Pro Ser Ser Cys Lys Ile Asn Lys Ser Leu 180 185 190 Pro Cys Arg Asp Ala Pro Thr Ala Leu Thr Phe Trp Asn Cys Lys Asn 195 200 205 Leu Lys Val Asn Asn Leu Lys Ser Lys Asn Ala Gln Gln Ile His Ile 210 215 220 Lys Phe Glu Ser Cys Thr Asn Val Val Ala Ser Asn Leu Met Ile Asn 225 230 235 240 Ala Ser Ala Lys Ser Pro Asn Thr Asp Gly Val His Val Ser Asn Thr 245 250 255 Gln Tyr Ile Gln Ile Ser Asp Thr Ile Ile Gly Thr Gly Asp Asp Cys 260 265 270 Ile Ser Ile Val Ser Gly Ser Gln Asn Val Gln Ala Thr Asn Ile Thr 275 280 285 Cys Gly Pro Gly His Gly Ile Ser Ile Gly Ser Leu Gly Ser Gly Asn 290 295 300 Ser Glu Ala Tyr Val Ser Asn Val Thr Val Asn Glu Ala Lys Ile Ile 305 310 315 320 Gly Ala Glu Asn Gly Val Arg Ile Lys Thr Trp Gln Gly Gly Ser Gly 325 330 335 Gln Ala Ser Asn Ile Lys Phe Leu Asn Val Glu Met Gln Asp Val Lys 340 345 350 Tyr Pro Ile Ile Ile Asp Gln Asn Tyr Cys Asp Arg Val Glu Pro Cys 355 360 365 Ile Gln Gln Phe Ser Ala Val Gln Val Lys Asn Val Val Tyr Glu Asn 370 375 380 Ile Lys Gly Thr Ser Ala Thr Lys Val Ala Ile Lys Phe Asp Cys Ser 385 390 395 400 Thr Asn Phe Pro Cys Glu Gly Ile Ile Met Glu Asn Ile Asn Leu Val 405 410 415 Gly Glu Ser Gly Lys Pro Ser Glu Ala Thr Cys Lys Asn Val His Phe 420 425 430 Asn Asn Ala Glu His Val Thr Pro His Cys Thr Ser Leu Glu Ile Ser 435 440 445 Glu Asp Glu Ala Leu Leu Tyr Asn Tyr 450 455 49 7456 DNA Lycopersicon esculentum CDS (1479)..(1757) 49 aagcttctta aaaaggcaaa ttgattaatt tgaagtcaaa ataattaatt ataacaatgg 60 taaagcacct taagaaacca tagtttgaaa ggttaccaat gcgctatata ttaatcaact 120 tgataatata aaaaaaattt caattcgaaa agggcctaaa atattctcaa agtattcgaa 180 atggtacaaa actaccatcc gtccacctat tgactccaaa ataaaattat tatccacctt 240 tgagtttaaa attgactact tatataacaa ttctaaattt aaactatttt aatactttta 300 aaaatacatg gcgttcaaat atttaatata atttaattta tgaatatcat ttataaacca 360 accaactacc aactcattaa tcattaaatc ccacccaaat tctactatca aaattgtcct 420 aaacactact aaaacaagac gaaattgttc gagtccgaat cgaagcacca atctaattta 480 ggttgagccg catatttagg aggacacttt caatagtatt tttttcaagc atgaatttga 540 aatttaagat taatggtaaa gaagtagtac acccgaatta attcatgcct tttttaaata 600 taattatata aatatttatg atttgtttta aatattaaaa cttgaatata ttatttttaa 660 aaaaattatc tattaagtac catcacataa ttgagacgag gaataattaa gatgaacata 720 gtgtttaatt agtaatggat gggtagtaaa tttatttata aattatatca ataagttaaa 780 ttataacaaa tatttgagcg ccatgtattt taaaaaatat taaataagtt tgaatttaaa 840 accgttagat aaatggtcaa ttttgaaccc aaaagtggat gagaagggta ttttagagcc 900 aataggggga tgagaaggat attttgaagc caatatgtga tggatggagg ataattttgt 960 atcatttcta atactttaaa gatattttag gtcattttcc cttctttagt ttatagacta 1020 tagtgttagt tcatcgaata tcatctatta tttccgtctt aaattatttt ttattttata 1080 aatttttaaa aaataaatta ttttttccat ttaactttga ttgtaattaa tttttaaaaa 1140 ttaccaacat ataaataaaa ttaatattta acaaagaatt gtaacataat atttttttaa 1200 ttattcaaaa taaatatttt taaacatcat ataaaagaaa tacgacaaaa aaattgagac 1260 gggagaagac aagccagaca aaaatgtcca agaaactctt tcgtctaaat atctctcatc 1320 caaactaata taatacccat tacaattaac catattgacc aactcaaacc ccttaaaatc 1380 tataaataga caaacccttc ccatacctct tatcataaaa aaaataataa tctttttcaa 1440 tagacaagtt taaaaaccat accatataac aatatatc atg gtt atc caa agg aat 1496 Met Val Ile Gln Arg Asn 1 5 agt att ctc ctt ctc att att att ttt gct tca tca att tca act tgt 1544 Ser Ile Leu Leu Leu Ile Ile Ile Phe Ala Ser Ser Ile Ser Thr Cys 10 15 20 aga agc aat gtt att gat gac aat tta ttc aaa caa gtt tat gat aat 1592 Arg Ser Asn Val Ile Asp Asp Asn Leu Phe Lys Gln Val Tyr Asp Asn 25 30 35 att ctt gaa caa gaa ttt gct cat gat ttt caa gct tat ctt tct tat 1640 Ile Leu Glu Gln Glu Phe Ala His Asp Phe Gln Ala Tyr Leu Ser Tyr 40 45 50 ttg agc aaa aat att gaa agc aac aat aat att gac aag gtt gat aaa 1688 Leu Ser Lys Asn Ile Glu Ser Asn Asn Asn Ile Asp Lys Val Asp Lys 55 60 65 70 aat ggg att aaa gtg att aat gta ctt agc ttt gga gct aag ggt gat 1736 Asn Gly Ile Lys Val Ile Asn Val Leu Ser Phe Gly Ala Lys Gly Asp 75 80 85 gga aaa aca tat gat aat att gtaagtattt aaatattgga atatatttgt 1787 Gly Lys Thr Tyr Asp Asn Ile 90 ggggatgaaa atgatagaga atataagaat tatttggaag gatgaaaagt tatattttat 1847 aaagtagaaa attattttct cgtttttagt attaaggtga aaatgagttt ctcgttaagc 1907 gaggaaaagc tattttccat ggtaactgta tttttttttt acttttaata acgtcatagt 1967 atttgctata ctcaagaata agacacttat tattgatgat ttagtgctcg aaaagaaatt 2027 gatagtaatt ttgcttaata taactatcaa tttcttatat gtatattttt caaccaaaat 2087 aacaaagcgt aatccaataa gtgggcctct agaataaaga gtaagttcta ttcaattctt 2147 aaccttattt aattttagtg gaaacctcga caaaaacgaa caaacgtatt caaactttta 2207 tattcggaat tcgagaccaa ccatatgaac aacctcacac atgcatatag tcctaatata 2267 tataattttt ctaaaaaata tcttcaatct accatattga aatattgaaa aatgactttt 2327 atcctatcga acacataatc aagagtttct tttaagaatt taccactaca tttggtatgt 2387 ttcttatcgt gttaaaatta tctttcag gca ttt gag caa gca tgg aat gaa 2439 Ala Phe Glu Gln Ala Trp Asn Glu 95 100 gca tgt tca tct aga aca cct gtt caa ttt gtg gtt cct aaa aac aag 2487 Ala Cys Ser Ser Arg Thr Pro Val Gln Phe Val Val Pro Lys Asn Lys 105 110 115 aat tat ctt ctc aag caa atc acc ttt tca ggt cca tgc aga tct tct 2535 Asn Tyr Leu Leu Lys Gln Ile Thr Phe Ser Gly Pro Cys Arg Ser Ser 120 125 130 att tca gta aag gttagcatat tgattattta tatcctcttt gttagcaata 2587 Ile Ser Val Lys 135 tattatctgg tttatgacaa aatttaagaa agtaatcaaa gatagataaa caatgaattt 2647 tcgtcactaa tttagcggat tagtgaggaa ttatcaaaat gttatgttag ctatgagcaa 2707 cttagctatg aattagctag tgaagaagtt tgatgctaat tctatttttt ttttgtagag 2767 taaagatatt tgaaacacat gtattaatta ttaattatgt cttaattaat atgtcaatgg 2827 atagttcaaa ctaaagaact gtcaaaagaa aataagaaag aaatatttat ttttaaaata 2887 aattaaaaag aaaaatatga gaaataaatt caaagcgaga aggtattaca taatctatgg 2947 ggataaaagg atattatata tgtaagaaaa cagcactaca catatctaat aaagtctcat 3007 aaatggatat aaaaaatagt gtgtaagcaa cagttatccc tacaaaaact tttgtggggt 3067 agatcgatcc agaggttgtt tccagactct tgcttaaaaa aaatgttttt tctaaataag 3127 tttgaaagaa atgttatatg atgaaaatat gaagaaaaac atatcaatat taaaaataat 3187 aaagtaatca aagtaaacga aataacaata ggaataatac tcataaatga aaatttagtg 3247 gcttttcgtt aacataatct tagtttattc attgtttctt taatttccct tcttattttt 3307 tttgaaatta ctaatgcag att ttt gga tcc tta gaa gca tct agt aaa att 3359 Ile Phe Gly Ser Leu Glu Ala Ser Ser Lys Ile 140 145 tca gac tac aaa gat aga agg ctt tgg att gct ttt gat agt gtt caa 3407 Ser Asp Tyr Lys Asp Arg Arg Leu Trp Ile Ala Phe Asp Ser Val Gln 150 155 160 aat tta gtt gtt gga gga gga gga act atc aat ggc aat gga caa gta 3455 Asn Leu Val Val Gly Gly Gly Gly Thr Ile Asn Gly Asn Gly Gln Val 165 170 175 180 tgg tgg cca agt tct tgc aaa ata aat aaa tca ctg gtaattttat 3501 Trp Trp Pro Ser Ser Cys Lys Ile Asn Lys Ser Leu 185 190 aaccttgctt ataagtttta cgctatgttg ctcgaattct ttaaacttgt tctaaagata 3561 ttatatattt gaaggaggtg tcacaaatgc atcacatttt tagagattcc gaccaatatt 3621 agttttatgt aatctaattt tcagagcatc tttgccttgt actgatcatt gttacccttt 3681 ttttcttcat gcag cca tgc agg gat gca cca acg gtacgttaat tgcatttgat 3736 Pro Cys Arg Asp Ala Pro Thr 195 ttgataaaaa aaaaaagcct aaaatatatt tgaattttaa ttgaaaggtt ataataattc 3796 ttaactttgg gcaggaccta ttaccccttg cactatttaa tagtgtattt taaagatata 3856 aaagtgttta gttgaaacaa aaatttagat attcaaaaac tatttgaaaa ttactataaa 3916 ttgcaatttt tttgcatatc aatatgatta aaaaatatta gttaaagttc ttatgatttg 3976 attctaaaaa taaaaatcat gacaaacaat agtagacgga gaaagtatat aacaatacct 4036 cttcaagtag aatcgatttg tacacacacc tcaaaaccta cgttttcttc gatttatatt 4096 tcctatttct tttaatagta atcaaaggct attagttctg tcaaaatcta tacattggaa 4156 actctatctt tgacgcctcg tacattcgag atcgttgaac aatggatgaa tgattattta 4216 actttgtatt taaatattaa aactaatatt gtttaatttt cag gcc tta acc ttc 4271 Ala Leu Thr Phe 200 tgg aat tgc aaa aat ttg aaa gtg aat aat cta aag agt aaa aat gca 4319 Trp Asn Cys Lys Asn Leu Lys Val Asn Asn Leu Lys Ser Lys Asn Ala 205 210 215 caa caa att cat atc aaa ttt gag tca tgc act aat gtt gta gct tca 4367 Gln Gln Ile His Ile Lys Phe Glu Ser Cys Thr Asn Val Val Ala Ser 220 225 230 235 aat ttg atg atc aat gct tca gca aag agc cca aat act gat gga gtc 4415 Asn Leu Met Ile Asn Ala Ser Ala Lys Ser Pro Asn Thr Asp Gly Val 240 245 250 caa gta tca aat act caa tat att caa ata tct gat act att att gga 4463 Gln Val Ser Asn Thr Gln Tyr Ile Gln Ile Ser Asp Thr Ile Ile Gly 255 260 265 aca g gtttatttat ttaattttta tttatccaat ttaattagaa aaaaaaagga 4517 Thr gtatttttat ttgataacta aattattaat ttttaatttt tttttatag gt gat gat 4574 Gly Asp Asp 270 tgt att tca att gtt tct gga tct caa aat gtg cag gcc aca aat att 4622 Cys Ile Ser Ile Val Ser Gly Ser Gln Asn Val Gln Ala Thr Asn Ile 275 280 285 act tgt ggt cca ggt cat ggt ata ag gtactctatt ttacaaatat 4668 Thr Cys Gly Pro Gly His Gly Ile Ser 290 295 acttgtttcc attttctcta tttcataaaa ggtagtatga tataataatt actttaaatc 4728 ctttaattaa tttattggca aattttttct cttgtcttta tggttaatga cttagcacaa 4788 taattagggc cgtttggatg ggcgaataaa agcagcttta aaaaagtact tttaaaagtg 4848 ttgaaactta tttttaaaat aagcagttat cggtttggat aaaagtgctg aagttgttat 4908 gtcaaacgtg aaaagggaaa aatggaagaa agaaatgtta gggttatatg ggttatttgt 4968 ataaaaatat taagcacaaa aagataaaaa tgtggtcaac ttaaaacaac ttataagcta 5028 ccctacccta ccccagcttt taacttttgg cttaaaataa gttttttttt ttaaaactta 5088 aaataagttg ttttgagtat tgccaaagag ctaaataatg caaaaaccag cttttaagtc 5148 agtttgacca gcttttaagc tgagccaaac aggctcttaa aatgtctgct tagatgtgct 5208 atatatattt gagctttttt tgaagtagta tattatcctt aagttcaaca taaaatacat 5268 gctttaacat agcacatata gttaatcaaa agacgaaatg atgaataatt ttgcgaattt 5328 gattattcac aagaaaaggg atagttcaaa gtgtacattt caatgaattg aagatatcat 5388 aaagactaaa attagaagaa tcaataattg agggatcaaa aatgttatta ccttattaaa 5448 atactattcc attttcatat taaattaact aattaagagt gttttataat ctaataaaac 5508 atgcaataat tattgacgaa atgtggtttt ggtacctata atctttctga atatttgctc 5568 tattttttct ctttttattt ttccatggat tac t att gga agc tta gga tct 5620 Ile Gly Ser Leu Gly Ser 300 gga aat tca gaa gct tat gtg tct aat gtt act gta aat gaa gcc aaa 5668 Gly Asn Ser Glu Ala Tyr Val Ser Asn Val Thr Val Asn Glu Ala Lys 305 310 315 att atc ggt gcc gaa aat gga gtt agg atc aag act tgg cag 5710 Ile Ile Gly Ala Glu Asn Gly Val Arg Ile Lys Thr Trp Gln 320 325 330 gtaccctccc cccccccccc ccccccacag gcccattttt ttaatttttt ttaaattttt 5770 attcgaatat caatattaaa gattaatttg atttcatgtt tgaaatttat atttggataa 5830 agtatgtatt ttactagctt tctatgttat atagaaaaaa aaatgttcag aacttcagat 5890 tattgtactc gtactaagtg taaatgtgtt gctttgttta gaagtttggt ttatccagtt 5950 ttgggtcatg attaaaccaa acttataatg aaaaggggct gcaacggccg gcccactagt 6010 gctagtatca ataggaagat ctcacgtctg tttattcaga tggacgttct tggttgaatg 6070 ttaataatta taaatttaat taacatgtaa ttaagcatta tataaattaa tgtggtttaa 6130 taatgtag gga gga tct gga caa gct agc aac atc aaa ttt ctg aat gtg 6180 Gly Gly Ser Gly Gln Ala Ser Asn Ile Lys Phe Leu Asn Val 335 340 345 gaa atg caa gac gtt aag tat ccc ata att ata gac caa aac tat tgt 6228 Glu Met Gln Asp Val Lys Tyr Pro Ile Ile Ile Asp Gln Asn Tyr Cys 350 355 360 gat cga gtt gaa cca tgt ata caa cag gtaatttttt attaacgaac 6275 Asp Arg Val Glu Pro Cys Ile Gln Gln 365 370 aatttattat attttattac ttcttaaatc accttacatc attaaaactt tgagattctt 6335 ttcactagtt agtaactttt tgaatagatt tttagtaaat gatattcatt attcctttta 6395 tttttcttct aatttatgga tcttttggac tatggtctaa aaatcttgtt aaagtaaact 6455 gaatatcata agaaaaaatg ttagattata atctaaattt tttataaatt attagacgtt 6515 atctaatatt ttgtatgtaa gattgagaaa catatacata aaacattaga ttcaaattta 6575 ataatatcta aaatattgat tcaaatcaat catgactaca caaacgaata catgcagatt 6635 ctcaaacata tagatgaagt catttcaaaa cgaatcaaat atagtagagt atatccttaa 6695 aagagagcat ttgggtaaat aagtaaaaat cattaagtta taaaaaaaat tctaactcga 6755 tctctcacga ttatttaatc actttgttcc ag ttt tca gca gtt caa gtg aaa 6808 Phe Ser Ala Val Gln Val Lys 375 aat gtg gtg tat gag aat atc aag ggc aca agt gca aca aag gtg gcc 6856 Asn Val Val Tyr Glu Asn Ile Lys Gly Thr Ser Ala Thr Lys Val Ala 380 385 390 ata aaa ttt gat tgc agc aca aac ttt cca tgt gaa gga att ata atg 6904 Ile Lys Phe Asp Cys Ser Thr Asn Phe Pro Cys Glu Gly Ile Ile Met 395 400 405 410 gag aat ata aat tta gta ggg gaa agt gga aaa cca tca gag gct acg 6952 Glu Asn Ile Asn Leu Val Gly Glu Ser Gly Lys Pro Ser Glu Ala Thr 415 420 425 tgc aaa aat gtc cat ttt aac aat gct gaa cat gtt aca cca cac tgc 7000 Cys Lys Asn Val His Phe Asn Asn Ala Glu His Val Thr Pro His Cys 430 435 440 act tca cta gaa att tca gag gat gaa gct ctt ttg tat aat tat 7045 Thr Ser Leu Glu Ile Ser Glu Asp Glu Ala Leu Leu Tyr Asn Tyr 445 450 455 taatttatac tatagatctt caatatatag cagatatgat atatcacaat aaacaaatct 7105 atatctatgt attgaataat tattattaat atgtacggat tgaagtttta ataagactac 7165 tatgtatttc tattttctag tcaaaagttt gacgattgta ctttttaatg tacaaaaata 7225 ataaaatggt tatttatatg atgtatatat ccctttggta tttcttgttg aactataatg 7285 tcattattta ataactatta tctgtgcaat gattgtattt gttaatgata cataatatat 7345 ctttcatcat tgataataag aataaaatat tttacgtcta ttactttgtg aattatatgt 7405 agattttagt ttttgtttta tttttaatta aaccgagtga aatataaaga g 7456 50 457 PRT Lycopersicon esculentum 50 Met Val Ile Gln Arg Asn Ser Ile Leu Leu Leu Ile Ile Ile Phe Ala 1 5 10 15 Ser Ser Ile Ser Thr Cys Arg Ser Asn Val Ile Asp Asp Asn Leu Phe 20 25 30 Lys Gln Val Tyr Asp Asn Ile Leu Glu Gln Glu Phe Ala His Asp Phe 35 40 45 Gln Ala Tyr Leu Ser Tyr Leu Ser Lys Asn Ile Glu Ser Asn Asn Asn 50 55 60 Ile Asp Lys Val Asp Lys Asn Gly Ile Lys Val Ile Asn Val Leu Ser 65 70 75 80 Phe Gly Ala Lys Gly Asp Gly Lys Thr Tyr Asp Asn Ile Ala Phe Glu 85 90 95 Gln Ala Trp Asn Glu Ala Cys Ser Ser Arg Thr Pro Val Gln Phe Val 100 105 110 Val Pro Lys Asn Lys Asn Tyr Leu Leu Lys Gln Ile Thr Phe Ser Gly 115 120 125 Pro Cys Arg Ser Ser Ile Ser Val Lys Ile Phe Gly Ser Leu Glu Ala 130 135 140 Ser Ser Lys Ile Ser Asp Tyr Lys Asp Arg Arg Leu Trp Ile Ala Phe 145 150 155 160 Asp Ser Val Gln Asn Leu Val Val Gly Gly Gly Gly Thr Ile Asn Gly 165 170 175 Asn Gly Gln Val Trp Trp Pro Ser Ser Cys Lys Ile Asn Lys Ser Leu 180 185 190 Pro Cys Arg Asp Ala Pro Thr Ala Leu Thr Phe Trp Asn Cys Lys Asn 195 200 205 Leu Lys Val Asn Asn Leu Lys Ser Lys Asn Ala Gln Gln Ile His Ile 210 215 220 Lys Phe Glu Ser Cys Thr Asn Val Val Ala Ser Asn Leu Met Ile Asn 225 230 235 240 Ala Ser Ala Lys Ser Pro Asn Thr Asp Gly Val Gln Val Ser Asn Thr 245 250 255 Gln Tyr Ile Gln Ile Ser Asp Thr Ile Ile Gly Thr Gly Asp Asp Cys 260 265 270 Ile Ser Ile Val Ser Gly Ser Gln Asn Val Gln Ala Thr Asn Ile Thr 275 280 285 Cys Gly Pro Gly His Gly Ile Ser Ile Gly Ser Leu Gly Ser Gly Asn 290 295 300 Ser Glu Ala Tyr Val Ser Asn Val Thr Val Asn Glu Ala Lys Ile Ile 305 310 315 320 Gly Ala Glu Asn Gly Val Arg Ile Lys Thr Trp Gln Gly Gly Ser Gly 325 330 335 Gln Ala Ser Asn Ile Lys Phe Leu Asn Val Glu Met Gln Asp Val Lys 340 345 350 Tyr Pro Ile Ile Ile Asp Gln Asn Tyr Cys Asp Arg Val Glu Pro Cys 355 360 365 Ile Gln Gln Phe Ser Ala Val Gln Val Lys Asn Val Val Tyr Glu Asn 370 375 380 Ile Lys Gly Thr Ser Ala Thr Lys Val Ala Ile Lys Phe Asp Cys Ser 385 390 395 400 Thr Asn Phe Pro Cys Glu Gly Ile Ile Met Glu Asn Ile Asn Leu Val 405 410 415 Gly Glu Ser Gly Lys Pro Ser Glu Ala Thr Cys Lys Asn Val His Phe 420 425 430 Asn Asn Ala Glu His Val Thr Pro His Cys Thr Ser Leu Glu Ile Ser 435 440 445 Glu Asp Glu Ala Leu Leu Tyr Asn Tyr 450 455

Claims (34)

I claim:
1. A tomato plant, tomato fruits, seeds, plant parts and progeny thereof having reduced fruit polygalacturonase enzyme activity compared to the wild type tomato plants wherein the reduced fruit polygalacturonase enzyme activity is caused by a non-transgenic mutation in a fruit polygalacturonase gene.
2. Food and food products incorporating a tomato fruit of claim 1.
3. Pollen from the tomato plant of claim 1.
4. A tomato plant having tomato fruits which soften slower post harvest compared to wild type tomato fruits due to an altered polygalacturonase enzyme.
5. Tomato fruits, seeds, plant parts and progeny of the tomato plant of claim 4.
6. Pollen from the tomato plant of claim 4.
7. Food and food products incorporating a tomato fruit of claim 4.
8. The tomato plant of claim 4 having a non-transgenic mutation in a fruit polygalacturonase gene.
9. Tomato fruits, seeds, plant parts and progeny of the tomato plant of claim 8.
10. Pollen from the tomato plant of claim 8.
11. Food and food products incorporating a tomato of claim 8.
12. An endogenous fruit polygalacturonase gene having substantial homology to SEQ. I.D. No. 1 and having a non-transgenic mutation within the endogenous fruit polygalacturonase gene.
13. The endogenous fruit polygalacturonase gene of claim 12 wherein the non-transgenic mutation occurs around nucleotide 1969.
14. A tomato plant containing the endogenous fruit polygalacturonase gene of claim 13.
15. Tomato fruits, seeds, pollen, plant parts, and progeny of the tomato plant of claim 14.
16. Food and food products incorporating the fruit of the tomato plant of claim 14.
17. The endogenous fruit polygalacturonase gene of claim 12 wherein the non-transgenic mutation creates a change in at least amino acid 178 of the fruit polygalacturonase enzyme expressed from the fruit polygalacturonase gene.
18. A polygalacturonase enzyme expressed from the endogenous fruit polygalacturonase gene of claim 17.
19. The polygalacturonase enzyme of claim 18 having an arginine at amino acid 178.
20. The endogenous fruit polygalacturonase gene of claim 12 wherein the non-transgenic mutation occurs around nucleotide 2940.
21. A tomato plant containing the endogenous fruit polygalacturonase gene of claim 20.
22. Tomato fruits, seeds, pollen, plant parts, and progeny of the tomato plant of claim 21.
23. Food and food products incorporating the fruit of the tomato plant of claim 21.
24. The endogenous fruit polygalacturonase gene of claim 12 wherein the non-transgenic mutation creates a change in at least amino acid 252 of the fruit polygalacturonase enzyme expressed from the fruit polygalacturonase gene.
25. A polygalacturonase enzyme expressed from the endogenous fruit polygalacturonase gene of claim 24.
26. The polygalacturonase enzyme of claim 25 having a glutamine at amino acid 252.
27. A tomato plant having reduced fruit polygalacturonase enzyme activity compared to the wild type tomato plants created by the steps of:
a. obtaining plant material from a parent tomato plant;
b. inducing at least one mutation in at least one copy of a fruit polygalacturonase gene of the plant material by treating the plant material with a mutagen to create mutagenized plant material;
c. culturing the mutagenized plant material to produce progeny tomato plants;
d. analyzing progeny tomato plants to detect at least one mutation in at least one copy of a fruit polygalacturonase gene;
e. selecting progeny tomato plants that have reduced fruit polygalacturonase enzyme activity compared to the parent tomato plant; and
f. repeating the cycle of culturing the progeny tomato plants to produce additional progeny plants having reduced fruit polygalacturonase enzyme activity.
28. The method of claim 27 wherein the plant material is selected from the group consisting of seeds, pollen, plant cells, or plant tissue.
29. The method of claim 27 wherein the mutagen is ethyl methanesulfonate.
30. The method of claim 29 wherein the concentration of ethyl methanesulfonate used is from about 0.4 to about 1.2%.
31. The tomato plant of claim 27 wherein the steps to create the tomato plant further included analyzing the progeny tomato plants by
a. isolating genomic DNA from the progeny tomato plants; and
b. amplifying segments of the polygalacturonase gene in the isolated genomic DNA using primers specific to the polygalacturonase gene or to the DNA sequences adjacent to the polygalacturonase gene.
32. The tomato plant of claim 31 wherein at least one primer has a sequence substantially homologous to a sequence as shown in the group consisting of SEQ. I.D. Nos. 3 through 46.
33. Tomato fruit, seeds, pollen, plant parts or progeny of the tomato plant of claim 27.
34. Food and food products incorporating the fruit of a tomato plant of claim 27.
US10/691,374 2002-10-22 2003-10-22 Tomatoes having reduced polygalacturonase activity caused by non-transgenic mutations in the polygalacturonase gene Pending US20040250322A1 (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/691,374 US20040250322A1 (en) 2002-10-22 2003-10-22 Tomatoes having reduced polygalacturonase activity caused by non-transgenic mutations in the polygalacturonase gene
EP03789950A EP1679950B1 (en) 2003-10-22 2003-11-21 Tomatoes having reduced polygalacturonase activity caused by non-transgenic mutations in the polygalacturonase gene
AT03789950T ATE539607T1 (en) 2003-10-22 2003-11-21 TOMATOES WITH REDUCED POLYGALACTURONASE ACTIVITY DUE TO NON-TRANSGENIC MUTATIONS IN THE POLYGALACTURONASE GENE
PCT/US2003/037406 WO2005046309A2 (en) 2003-10-22 2003-11-21 Tomatoes having reduced polygalacturonase activity caused by non-transgenic mutations in the polygalacturonase gene
US11/246,793 US7393996B2 (en) 2002-10-22 2005-10-07 Tomatoes having reduced polygalacturonase activity caused by non-transgenic mutations in the polygalacturonase gene
US12/123,428 US7928298B2 (en) 2002-10-22 2008-05-19 Tomatoes having reduced polygalacturonase activity caused by non-transgenic mutations in the polygalacturonase gene

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US11/246,793 Expired - Lifetime US7393996B2 (en) 2002-10-22 2005-10-07 Tomatoes having reduced polygalacturonase activity caused by non-transgenic mutations in the polygalacturonase gene
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WO2005046309A3 (en) 2006-08-17
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