US20040237125A1 - Methods for generating genetically altered antibody-producing cell lines with improved antibody characteristics - Google Patents

Abstract

Dominant negative alleles of human mismatch repair genes can be used to generate hypermutable cells and organisms. By introducing these genes into cells and transgenic animals, new cell lines and animal varieties with novel and useful properties can be prepared more efficiently than by relying on the natural rate of mutation. These methods are useful for generating genetic diversity within immunoglobulin genes directed against an antigen of interest to produce altered antibodies with enhanced biochemical activity. Moreover, these methods are useful for generating antibody-producing cells with increased level of antibody production.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The invention is related to the area of antibody maturation and cellular production. In particular, it is related to the field of mutagenesis. [0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• The use of antibodies to block the activity of foreign and/or endogenous polypeptides provides an effective and selective strategy for treating the underlying cause of disease. In particular is the use of monoclonal antibodies (MAb) as effective therapeutics such as the FDA approved ReoPro (Glaser, V. (1996) Can ReoPro repolish tarnished monoclonal therapeutics? [0002] Nat. Biotechnol. 14:1216-1217), an anti-platelet MAb from Centocor; Herceptin (Weiner, L. M. (1999) Monoclonal antibody therapy of cancer. Semin. Oncol. 26:43-51), an anti-Her2/neu MAb from Genentech; and Synagis (Saez-Llorens, X. E., et al. (1998) Safety and pharmacokinetics of an intramuscular humanized monoclonal antibody to respiratory syncytial virus in premature infants and infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediat. Infect. Dis. J. 17:787-791), an anti-respiratory syncytial virus MAb produced by Medimmune.
• Standard methods for generating MAbs against candidate protein targets are known by those skilled in the art. Briefly, rodents such as mice or rats are injected with a purified antigen in the presence of adjuvant to generate an immune response (Shield, C. F., et al. (1996) A cost-effective analysis of OKT3 induction therapy in cadaveric kidney transplantation. [0003] Am. J. Kidney Dis. 27:855-864). Rodents with positive immune sera are sacrificed and splenocytes are isolated. Isolated splenocytes are fused to melanomas to produce immortalized cell lines that are then screened for antibody production. Positive lines are isolated and characterized for antibody production. The direct use of rodent MAbs as human therapeutic agents were confounded by the fact that human anti-rodent antibody (HARA) responses occurred in a significant number of patients treated with the rodent-derived antibody (Khazaeli, M. B., et al., (1994) Human immune response to monoclonal antibodies. J. Immunother. 15:42-52). In order to circumvent the problem of HARA, the grafting of the complementarity determining regions (CDRs), which are the critical motifs found within the heavy and light chain variable regions of the immunoglobulin (Ig) subunits making up the antigen binding domain, onto a human antibody backbone found these chimeric molecules are able to retain their binding activity to antigen while lacking the HARA response (Emery, S. C., and Harris, W. J. “Strategies for humanizing antibodies” In: ANTIBODY ENGINEERING C. A. K. Borrebaeck (Ed.) Oxford University Press, N.Y. 1995. pp. 159-183. A common problem that exists during the “humanization” of rodent-derived MAbs (referred to hereon as HAb) is the loss of binding affinity due to conformational changes in the 3 dimensional structure of the CDR domain upon grafting onto the human Ig backbone (U.S. Pat. No. 5,530,101 to Queen et al.). To overcome this problem, additional HAb vectors are usually needed to be engineeredby inserting or deleting additional amino acid residues within the framework region and/or within the CDR coding region itself in order to recreate high affinity HAbs (U.S. Pat. No. 5,530,101 to Queen et al.). This process is a very time consuming procedure that involves the use of expensive computer modeling programs to predict changes that may lead to a high affinity HAb. In some instances the affinity of the HAb is never restored to that of the MAb, rendering them of little therapeutic use.
• Another problem that exists in antibody engineering is the generation of stable, high yielding producer cell lines that is required for manufacturing of the molecule for clinical materials. Several strategies have been adopted in standard practice by those skilled in the art to circumvent this problem. One method is the use of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells transfected with exogenous Ig fusion genes containing the grafted human light and heavy chains to produce whole antibodies or single chain antibodies, which are a chimeric molecule containing both light and heavy chains that form an antigen-binding polypeptide (Reff, M. E. (1993) High-level production of recombinant immunoglobulins in mammalian cells. [0004] Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 4:573-576). Another method employs the use of human lymphocytes derived from transgenic mice containing a human grafted immune system or transgenic mice containing a human Ig gene repertoire. Yet another method employs the use of monkeys to produce primate MAbs, which have been reported to lack a human anti-monkey response (Neuberger, M., and Gruggermann, M. (1997) Monoclonal antibodies. Mice perform a human repertoire. Nature 386:25-26). In all cases, the generation of a cell line that is capable of generating sufficient amounts of high affinity antibody poses a major limitation for producing sufficient materials for clinical studies. Because of these limitations, the utility of other recombinant systems such as plants are currently being explored as systems that will lead to the stable, high-level production of humanized antibodies (Fiedler, U., and Conrad, U. (1995) High-level production and long-term storage of engineered antibodies in transgenic tobacco seeds. Bio/Technology 13:1090-1093).
• A method for generating diverse antibody sequences within the variable domain that results in HAbs and MAbs with high binding affinities to antigens would be useful for the creation of more potent therapeutic and diagnostic reagents respectively. Moreover, the generation of randomly altered nucleotide and polypeptide residues throughout an entire antibody molecule will result in new reagents that are less antigenic and/or have beneficial pharmacokinetic properties. The invention described herein is directed to the use of random genetic mutation throughout an antibody structure in vivo by blocking the endogenous mismatch repair (MMR) activity of a host cell producing immunoglobulins that encode biochemically active antibodies. The invention also relates to methods for repeated in vivo genetic alterations and selection for antibodies with enhanced binding and pharmacokinetic profiles. [0005]
• In addition, the ability to develop genetically altered host cells that are capable of secreting increased amounts of antibody will also provide a valuable method for creating cell hosts for product development. The invention described herein is directed to the creation of genetically altered cell hosts with increased antibody production via the blockade of MMR. [0006]
• The invention facilitates the generation of high affinity antibodies and the production of cell lines with elevated levels of antibody production. Other advantages of the present invention are described in the examples and figures described herein. [0007]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The invention provides methods for generating genetically altered antibodies (including single chain molecules) and antibody producing cell hosts in vitro and in vivo, whereby the antibody possess a desired biochemical property(s), such as, but not limited to, increased antigen binding, increased gene expression, and/or enhanced extracellular secretion by the cell host. One method for identifying antibodies with increased binding activity or cells with increased antibody production is through the screening of MMR defective antibody producing cell clones that produce molecules with enhanced binding properties or clones that have been genetically altered to produce enhanced amounts of antibody product. [0008]
• The antibody producing cells suitable for use in the invention include, but are not limited to rodent, primate, or human hybridomas or lymphoblastoids; mammalian cells transfected and expressing exogenous Ig subunits or chimeric single chain molecules; plant cells, yeast or bacteria transfected and expressing exogenous Ig subunits or chimeric single chain molecules. [0009]
• Thus, the invention provides methods for making hypermutable antibody-producing cells by introducing a polynucleotide comprising a dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene into cells that are capable of producing antibodies. The cells that are capable of producing antibodies include cells that naturally produce antibodies, and cells that are engineered to produce antibodies through the introduction of immunoglobulin encoding sequences. Conveniently, the introduction of polynucleotide sequences into cells is accomplished by transfection. [0010]
• The invention also provides methods of making hypermutable antibody producing cells by introducing a dominant negative mismatch repair (MMR) gene such as PMS2 (preferably human PMS2), MLH1, PMS1, MSH2, or MSH2 into cells that are capable of producing antibodies. The dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene may be a truncation mutation of a mismatch repair gene (preferably a truncation mutation at codon 134, or a thymidine at nucleotide 424 of wild-type PMS2). The invention also provides methods in which mismatch repair gene activity is suppressed. This may be accomplished, for example, using antisense molecules directed against the mismatch repair gene or transcripts. [0011]
• Other embodiments of the invention provide methods for making a hypermutable antibody producing cells by introducing a polynucleotide comprising a dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene into fertilized eggs of animals. These methods may also include subsequently implanting the eggs into pseudo-pregnant females whereby the fertilized eggs develop into a mature transgenic animal. The mismatch repair genes may include, for example, PMS2 (preferably human PMS2), MLH1, PMS1, MSH2, or MSH2. The dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene may be a truncation mutation of a mismatch repair gene (preferably a truncation mutation at codon 134, or a thymidine at nucleotide 424 of wild-type PMS2). [0012]
• The invention further provides homogeneous compositions of cultured, hypermutable, mammalian cells that are capable of producing antibodies and contain a dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene. The mismatch repair genes may include, for example, PMS2 (preferably human PMS2), MLH1, PMS1, MSH2, or MSH2. The dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene may be a truncation mutation of a mismatch repair gene (preferably a truncation mutation at codon 134, or a thymidine at nucleotide 424 of wild-type PMS2). The cells of the culture may contain PMS2, (preferably human PMS2), MLH1, or PMS1; or express a human mutL homolog, or the first 133 amino acids of hPMS2. [0013]
• The invention further provides methods for generating a mutation in an immunoglobulin gene of interest by culturing an immunoglobulin producing cell selected for an immunoglobulin of interest wherein the cell contains a dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene. The properties of the immunoglobulin produced from the cells can be assayed to ascertain whether the immunoglobulin gene harbors a mutation. The assay may be directed to analyzing a polynucleotide encoding the immunoglobulin, or may be directed to the immunoglobulin polypeptide itself. [0014]
• The invention also provides methods for generating a mutation in a gene affecting antibody production in an antibody-producing cell by culturing the cell expressing a dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene, and testing the cell to determine whether the cell harbors mutations within the gene of interest, such that a new biochemical feature (e.g., over-expression and/or secretion of immunoglobulin products) is generated. The testing may include analysis of the steady state expression of the immunoglobulin gene of interest, and/or analysis of the amount of secreted protein encoded by the immunoglobulin gene of interest. The invention also embraces prokaryotic and eukaryotic transgenic cells made by this process, including cells from rodents, non-human primates and humans. [0015]
• Other aspects of the invention encompass methods of reversibly altering the hypermutability of an antibody producing cell, in which an inducible vector containing a dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene operably linked to an inducible promoter is introduced into an antibody-producing cell. The cell is treated with an inducing agent to express the dominant negative mismatch repair gene (which can be PMS2 (preferably human PMS2), MLH1, or PMS1). Alternatively, the cell may be induced to express a human mutL homolog or the first 133 amino acids of hPMS2. In another embodiment, the cells may be rendered capable of producing antibodies by co-transfecting a preselected immunoglobulin gene of interest. The immunoglobulin genes of the hypermutable cells, or the proteins produced by these methods may be analyzed for desired properties, and induction may be stopped such that the genetic stability of the host cell is restored. [0016]
• The invention also embraces methods of producing genetically altered antibodies by transfecting a polynucleotide encoding an immunoglobulin protein into a cell containing a dominant negative mismatch repair gene (either naturally or in which the dominant negative mismatch repair gene was introduced into the cell), culturing the cell to allow the immunoglobulin gene to become mutated and produce a mutant immunoglobulin, screening for a desirable property of said mutant immunoglobulin protein, isolating the polynucleotide molecule encoding the selected mutant immunoglobulin possessing the desired property, and transfecting said mutant polynucleotide into a genetically stable cell, such that the mutant antibody is consistently produced without further genetic alteration. The dominant negative mismatch repair gene may be PMS2 (preferably human PMS2), MLH1, or PMS1. Alternatively, the cell may express a human mutL homolog or the first 133 amino acids of hPMS2. [0017]
• The invention further provides methods for generating genetically altered cell lines that express enhanced amounts of an antigen binding polypeptide. These antigen-binding polyeptides may be, for example, immunoglobulins. The methods of the invention also include methods for generating genetically altered cell lines that secrete enhanced amounts of an antigen binding polypeptide. The cell lines are rendered hypermutable by dominant negative mismatch repair genes that provide an enhanced rate of genetic hypermutation in a cell producing antigen-binding polypeptides such as antibodies. Such cells include, but are not limited to hybridomas. Expression of enhanced amounts of antigen binding polypeptides may be through enhanced transcription or translation of the polynucleotides encoding the antigen binding polypeptides, or through the enhanced secretion of the antigen binding polypeptides, for example. [0018]
• Methods are also provided for creating genetically altered antibodies in vivo by blocking the MMR activity of the cell host, or by transfecting genes encoding for immunoglobulin in a MMR defective cell host. [0019]
• Antibodies with increased binding properties to an antigen due to genetic changes within the variable domain are provided in methods of the invention that block endogenous MMR of the cell host. Antibodies with increased binding properties to an antigen due to genetic changes within the CDR regions within the light and/or heavy chains are also provided in methods of the invention that block endogenous MMR of the cell host. [0020]
• The invention provides methods of creating genetically altered antibodies in MMR defective Ab producer cell lines with enhanced pharmacokinetic properties in host organisms including but not limited to rodents, primates, and man. [0021]
• These and other aspects of the invention are provided by one or more of the embodiments described below. In one embodiment of the invention, a method for making an antibody producing cell line hypermutable is provided. A polynucleotide encoding a dominant negative allele of a MMR gene is introduced into an antibody-producing cell. The cell becomes hypermutable as a result of the introduction of the gene. [0022]
• In another embodiment of the invention, a method is provided for introducing a mutation into an endogenous gene encoding for an immunoglobulin polypeptide or a single chain antibody. A polynucleotide encoding a dominant negative allele of a MMR gene is introduced into a cell. The cell becomes hypermutable as a result of the introduction and expression of the MMR gene allele. The cell further comprises an immunoglobulin gene of interest. The cell is grown and tested to determine whether the gene encoding for an immunoglobulin or a single chain antibody of interest harbors a mutation. In another aspect of the invention, the gene encoding the mutated immunoglobulin polypeptide or single chain antibody may be isolated and expressed in a genetically stable cell. In a preferred embodiment, the mutated antibody is screened for at least one desirable property such as, but not limited to, enhanced binding characteristics. [0023]
• In another embodiment of the invention, a gene or set of genes encoding for Ig light and heavy chains or a combination therein are introduced into a mammalian cell host that is MMR defective. The cell is grown, and clones are analyzed for antibodies with enhanced binding characteristics. [0024]
• In another embodiment of the invention, a method will be provided for producing new phenotypes of a cell. A polynucleotide encoding a dominant negative allele of a MMR gene is introduced into a cell. The cell becomes hypermutable as a result of the introduction of the gene. The cell is grown. The cell is tested for the expression of new phenotypes where the phenotype is enhanced secretion of a polypeptide. [0025]
• These and other embodiments of the invention provide the art with methods that can generate enhanced mutability in cells and animals as well as providing cells and animals harboring potentially useful mutations for the large-scale production of high affinity antibodies with beneficial pharmacokinetic profiles.[0026]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1. Hybridoma cells stably expressing PMS2 and PMS134 MMR genes. Shown is steady state mRNA expression of MMR genes transfected into a murine hybridoma cell line. Stable expression was found after 3 months of continuous growth. The (−) lanes represent negative controls where no reverse transcriptase was added, and the (+) lanes represent samples reverse transcribed and PCR amplified for the MMR genes and an internal housekeeping gene as a control. [0027]
• FIG. 2. Creation of genetically hypermutable hybridoma cells. Dominant negative MMR gene alleles were expressed in cells expressing a MMR-sensitive reporter gene. Dominant negative alleles such as PMS134 and the expression of MMR genes from other species results in antibody producer cells with a hypermutable phenotype that can be used to produce genetically altered immunoglobulin genes with enhanced biochemical features as well as lines with increased Ig expression and/or secretion. Values shown represent the amount of converted CPRG substrate which is reflective of the amount of function □-galactosidase contained within the cell from genetic alterations within the pCAR-OF reporter gene. Higher amounts of β-galactosidase activity reflect a higher mutation rate due to defective MMR. [0028]
• FIG. 3. Screening method for identifying antibody-producing cells containing antibodies with increased binding activity and/or increased expression/secretion [0029]
• FIG. 4. Generation of a genetically altered antibody with an increased binding activity. Shown are ELISA values from 96-well plates, screened for antibodies specific to hIgE. Two clones with a high binding value were found in HB134 cultures. [0030]
• FIG. 5. Sequence alteration within variable chain of an antibody (a mutation within the light chain variable region in MMR-defective HB134 antibody producer cells). Arrows indicate the nucleotide at which a mutation occurred in a subset of cells from a clone derived from HB134 cells. Panel A: The change results in a Thr to Ser change within the light chain variable region. The coding sequence is in the antisense direction. Panel B: The change results in a Pro to His change within the light chain variable region. [0031]
• FIG. 6. Generation of MMR-defective clones with enhanced steady state Ig protein levels. A Western blot of heavy chain immunglobulins from HB134 clones with high levels of MAb (>500 ngs/ml) within the conditioned medium shows that a subset of clones express higher steady state levels of immunoglobulins (Ig). The H36 cell line was used as a control to measure steady state levels in the parental strain. Lane 1: fibroblast cells (negative control); Lane 2: H36 cell; Lane 3: HB134 clone with elevated MAb levels; Lane 4: HB134 clone with elevated MAb levels; Lane 5: HB134 clone with elevated MAb levels.[0032]
• Methods have been discovered for developing hypermutable antibody-producing cells by taking advantage of the conserved mismatch repair (MMR) process of host cells. Dominant negative alleles of such genes, when introduced into cells or transgenic animals, increase the rate of spontaneous mutations by reducing the effectiveness of DNA repair and thereby render the cells or animals hypermutable. Hypermutable cells or animals can then be utilized to develop new mutations in a gene of interest. Blocking MMR in antibody-producing cells such as but not limited to: hybridomas; mammalian cells transfected with genes encoding for Ig light and heavy chains; mammalian cells transfected with genes encoding for single chain antibodies; eukaryotic cells transfected with Ig genes, can enhance the rate of mutation within these cells leading to clones that have enhanced antibody production and/or cells containing genetically altered antibodies with enhanced biochemical properties such as increased antigen binding. The process of MMR, also called mismatch proofreading, is carried out by protein complexes in cells ranging from bacteria to mammalian cells. A MMR gene is a gene that encodes for one of the proteins of such a mismatch repair complex. Although not wanting to be bound by any particular theory of mechanism of action, a MMR complex is believed to detect distortions of the DNA helix resulting from non-complementary pairing of nucleotide bases. The non-complementary base on the newer DNA strand is excised, and the excised base is replaced with the appropriate base, which is complementary to the older DNA strand. In this way, cells eliminate many mutations that occur as a result of mistakes in DNA replication. [0033]
• Dominant negative alleles cause a MMR defective phenotype even in the presence of a wild-type allele in the same cell. An example of a dominant negative allele of a MMR gene is the human gene hPMS2-134, which carries a truncating mutation at codon 134 (SEQ ID NO: 15). The mutation causes the product of this gene to abnormally terminate at the position of the 134th amino acid, resulting in a shortened polypeptide containing the N-terminal 133 amino acids. Such a mutation causes an increase in the rate of mutations, which accumulate in cells after DNA replication. Expression of a dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene results in impairment of mismatch repair activity, even in the presence of the wild-type allele. Any allele which produces such effect can be used in this invention. Dominant negative alleles of a MMR gene can be obtained from the cells of humans, animals, yeast, bacteria, or other organisms. Such alleles can be identified by screening cells for defective MMR activity. Cells from animals or humans with cancer can be screened for defective mismatch repair. Cells from colon cancer patients may be particularly useful. Genomic DNA, cDNA, or mRNA from any cell encoding a MMR protein can be analyzed for variations from the wild type sequence. Dominant negative alleles of a MMR gene can also be created artificially, for example, by producing variants of the hPMS2-134 allele or other MMR genes. Various techniques of site-directed mutagenesis can be used. The suitability of such alleles, whether natural or artificial, for use in generating hypermutable cells or animals can be evaluated by testing the mismatch repair activity caused by the allele in the presence of one or more wild-type alleles, to determine if it is a dominant negative allele. [0034]
• A cell or an animal into which a dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene has been introduced will become hypermutable. This means that the spontaneous mutation rate of such cells or animals is elevated compared to cells or animals without such alleles. The degree of elevation of the spontaneous mutation rate can be at least 2-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 20-fold, 50-fold, 100-fold, 200-fold, 500-fold, or 1000-fold that of the normal cell or animal. The use of chemical mutagens such as but limited to methane sulfonate, dimethyl sulfonate, O6-methyl benzadine, MNU, ENU, etc. can be used in MMR defective cells to increase the rates an additional 10 to 100 fold that of the MMR deficiency itself. [0035]
• According to one aspect of the invention, a polynucleotide encoding for a dominant negative form of a MMR protein is introduced into a cell. The gene can be any dominant negative allele encoding a protein, which is part of a MMR complex, for example, PMS2, PMS1, MLH1, or MSH2. The dominant negative allele can be naturally occurring or made in the laboratory. The polynucleotide can be in the form of genomic DNA, cDNA, RNA, or a chemically synthesized polynucleotide. [0036]
• The polynucleotide can be cloned into an expression vector containing a constitutively active promoter segment (such as but not limited to CMV, SV40, Elongation Factor or LTR sequences) or to inducible promoter sequences such as the steroid inducible pIND vector (Invitrogen), where the expression of the dominant negative MMR gene can be regulated. The polynucleotide can be introduced into the cell by transfection. [0037]
• According to another aspect of the invention, an immunoglobulin (Ig) gene, a set of Ig genes or a chimeric gene containing whole or parts of an Ig gene can be transfected into MMR deficient cell hosts, the cell is grown and screened for clones containing genetically altered Ig genes with new biochemical features. MMR defective cells may be of human, primates, mammals, rodent, plant, yeast or of the prokaryotic kingdom. The mutated gene encoding the Ig with new biochemical features may be isolated from the respective clones and introduced into genetically stable cells (i.e., cells with normal MMR) to provide clones that consistently produce Ig with the new biochemical features. The method of isolating the Ig gene encoding Ig with new biochemical features may be any method known in the art. Introduction of the isolated polynucleotide encoding the Ig with new biochemical features may also be performed using any method known in the art, including, but not limited to transfection of an expression vector containing the polynucleotide encoding the Ig with new biochemical features. As an alternative to transfecting an Ig gene, a set of Ig genes or a chimeric gene containing whole or parts of an Ig gene into an MMR deficient host cell, such Ig genes may be transfected simultaneously with a gene encoding a dominant negative mismatch repair gene into a genetically stable cell to render the cell hypermutable. [0038]
• Transfection is any process whereby a polynucleotide is introduced into a cell. The process of transfection can be carried out in a living animal, e.g., using a vector for gene therapy, or it can be carried out in vitro, e.g., using a suspension of one or more isolated cells in culture. The cell can be any type of eukaryotic cell, including, for example, cells isolated from humans or other primates, mammals or other vertebrates, invertebrates, and single celled organisms such as protozoa, yeast, or bacteria. [0039]
• In general, transfection will be carried out using a suspension of cells, or a single cell, but other methods can also be applied as long as a sufficient fraction of the treated cells or tissue incorporates the polynucleotide so as to allow transfected cells to be grown and utilized. The protein product of the polynucleotide may be transiently or stably expressed in the cell. Techniques for transfection are well known. Available techniques for introducing polynucleotides include but are not limited to electroporation, transduction, cell fusion, the use of calcium chloride, and packaging of the polynucleotide together with lipid for fusion with the cells of interest. Once a cell has been transfected with the MMR gene, the cell can be grown and reproduced in culture. If the transfection is stable, such that the gene is expressed at a consistent level for many cell generations, then a cell line results. [0040]
• An isolated cell is a cell obtained from a tissue of humans or animals by mechanically separating out individual cells and transferring them to a suitable cell culture medium, either with or without pretreatment of the tissue with enzymes, e.g., collagenase or trypsin. Such isolated cells are typically cultured in the absence of other types of cells. Cells selected for the introduction of a dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene may be derived from a eukaryotic organism in the form of a primary cell culture or an immortalized cell line, or may be derived from suspensions of single-celled organisms. [0041]
• A polynucleotide encoding for a dominant negative form of a MMR protein can be introduced into the genome of an animal by producing a transgenic animal. The animal can be any species for which suitable techniques are available to produce transgenic animals. For example, transgenic animals can be prepared from domestic livestock, e.g., bovine, swine, sheep, goats, horses, etc.; from animals used for the production of recombinant proteins, e.g., bovine, swine, or goats that express a recombinant polypeptide in their milk; or experimental animals for research or product testing, e.g., mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, etc. Cell lines that are determined to be MMR defective can then be used as a source for producing genetically altered immunoglobulin genes in vitro by introducing whole, intact immunoglobulin genes and/or chimeric genes encoding for single chain antibodies into MMR defective cells from any tissue of the MMR defective animal. [0042]
• Once a transfected cell line or a colony of transgenic animals has been produced, it can be used to generate new mutations in one or more gene(s) of interest. A gene of interest can be any gene naturally possessed by the cell line or transgenic animal or introduced into the cell line or transgenic animal. An advantage of using such cells or animals to induce mutations is that the cell or animal need not be exposed to mutagenic chemicals or radiation, which may have secondary harmful effects, both on the object of the exposure and on the workers. However, chemical mutagens may be used in combination with MMR deficiency, which renders such mutagens less toxic due to an undetermined mechanism. Hypermutable animals can then be bred and selected for those producing genetically variable B-cells that may be isolated and cloned to identify new cell lines that are useful for producing genetically variable cells. Once a new trait is identified, the dominant negative MMR gene allele can be removed by directly knocking out the allele by technologies used by those skilled in the art or by breeding to mates lacking the dominant negative allele to select for offspring with a desired trait and a stable genome. Another alternative is to use a CRE-LOX expression system, whereby the dominant negative allele is spliced from the animal genome once an animal containing a genetically diverse immunoglobulin profile has been established. Yet another alternative is the use of inducible vectors such as the steroid induced pIND (Invitrogen) or pMAM (Clonetech) vectors which express exogenous genes in the presence of corticosteroids. [0043]
• Mutations can be detected by analyzing for alterations in the genotype of the cells or animals, for example by examining the sequence of genomic DNA, cDNA, messenger RNA, or amino acids associated with the gene of interest. Mutations can also be detected by screening for the production of antibody titers. A mutant polypeptide can be detected by identifying alterations in electrophoretic mobility, spectroscopic properties, or other physical or structural characteristics of a protein encoded by a mutant gene. One can also screen for altered function of the protein in situ, in isolated form, or in model systems. One can screen for alteration of any property of the cell or animal associated with the function of the gene of interest, such as but not limited to Ig secretion. [0044]
• Examples of mismatch repair proteins and nucleic acid sequences include the following: [0045]

  PMS2 (mouse) (SEQ ID NO: 5)
  MEQTEGVSTE CAKAIKPTDG KSVHQICSGQ VILSLSTAVK ELIENSVDAG ATTIDLRLKD	60
  YGVDLIEVSD NGCGVEEENF EGLALKHHTS KIQEFADLTQ VETFGFRGEA LSSLCALSDV	120
  TISTCHGSAS VGTRLVFDHN GKITQKTPYP RPKGTTVSVQ HLFYTLPVRY KEFQRNIKKE	180
  YSKMVQVLQA YCIISAGVRV SCTNQLGQGK RHAVVCTSGT SGMKENIGSV FGQKQLQSLI	240
  PFVQLPPSDA VCEEYGLSTS GRHKTFSTFR ASFHSARTAP GGVQQTGSFS SSIRGPVTQQ	300
  RSLSLSMRFY HMYNRHQYPF VVLNVSVDSE CVDINVTPDK RQILLQEEKL LLAVLKTSLI	360
  GMFDSDANKL NVNQQPLLDV EGNLVKLHTA ELEKPVPGKQ DNSPSLKSTA DEKRVASISR	420
  LREAFSLHPT KEIKSRGPET AELTRSFPSE KRGVLSSYPS DVISYRGLRG SQDKLVSPTD	480
  SPGDCMDREK IEKDSGLSST SAGSEEEFST PEVASSFSSD YNVSSLEDRP SQETINCGDL	540
  DCRPPGTGQS LKPEDHGYQC KALPLARLSP TNAKRFKTEE RPSNVNISQR LPGPQSTSAA	600
  EVDVAIKMNK RIVLLEFSLS SLAKRMKQLQ HLKAQNKHEL SYRKFRAKIC PGENQAAEDE	660
  LRKEISKSMF AEMEILGQFN LGFIVTKLKE DLFLVDQHAA DEKYNFEMLQ QHTVLQAQRL	720
  ITPQTLNLTA VNEAVLIENL EIFRKNGFDF VIDEDAPVTE RAKLISLPTS KNWTFGPQDI	780
  DELIFMLSDS PGVMCRPSRV RQMFASRACR KSVMIGTALN ASEMKKLITH MGEMDHPWNC	840
  PHGRPTMRHV ANLDVISQN	859
  PMS2 (mouse cDNA) (SEQ ID NO: 6)
  gaattccggt gaaggtcctg aagaatttcc agattcctga gtatcattgg aggagacaga	60
  taacctgtcg tcaggtaacg atggtgtata tgcaacagaa atgggtgttc ctggagacgc	120
  gtcttttccc gagagcggca ccgcaactct cccgcggtga ctgtgactgg aggagtcctg	180
  catccatgga gcaaaccgaa ggcgtgagta cagaatgtgc taaggccatc aagcctattg	240
  atgggaagtc agtccatcaa atttgttctg ggcaggtgat actcagttta agcaccgctg	300
  tgaaggagtt gatagaaaat agtgtagatg ctggtgctac tactattgat ctaaggctta	360
  aagactatgg ggtggacctc attgaagttt cagacaatgg atgtggggta gaagaagaaa	420
  actttgaagg tctagctctg aaacatcaca catctaagat tcaagagttt gccgacctca	480
  cgcaggttga aactttcggc tttcgggggg aagctctgag ctctctgtgt gcactaagtg	540
  atgtcactat atctacctgc cacgggtctg caagcgttgg gactcgactg gtgtttgacc	600
  ataatgggaa aatcacccag aaaactccct acccccgacc taaaggaacc acagtcagtg	660
  tgcagcactt attttataca ctacccgtgc gttacaaaga gtttcagagg aacattaaaa	720
  aggagtattc caaaatggtg caggtcttac aggcgtactg tatcatctca gcaggcgtcc	780
  gtgtaagctg cactaatcag ctcggacagg ggaagcggca cgctgtggtg tgcacaagcg	840
  gcacgtctgg catgaaggaa aatatcgggt ctgtgtttgg ccagaagcag ttgcaaagcc	900
  tcattccttt tgttcagctg ccccctagtg acgctgtgtg tgaagagtac ggcctgagca	960
  cttcaggacg ccacaaaacc ttttctacgt ttcgggcttc atttcacagt gcacgcacgg	1020
  cgccgggagg agtgcaacag acaggcagtt tttcttcatc aatcagaggc cctgtgaccc	1080
  agcaaaggtc tctaagcttg tcaatgaggt tttatcacat gtataaccgg catcagtacc	1140
  catttgtcgt ccttaacgtt tccgttgact cagaatgtgt ggatattaat gtaactccag	1200
  ataaaaggca aattctacta caagaagaga agctattgct ggccgtttta aagacctcct	1260
  tgataggaat gtttgacagt gatgcaaaca agcttaatgt caaccagcag ccactgctag	1320
  atgttgaagg taacttagta aagctgcata ctgcagaact agaaaagcct gtgccaggaa	1380
  agcaagataa ctctccttca ctgaagagca cagcagacga gaaaagggta gcatccatct	1440
  ccaggctgag agaggccttt tctcttcatc ctactaaaga gatcaagtct aggggtccag	1500
  agactgctga actgacacgg agttttccaa gtgagaaaag gggcgtgtta tcctcttatc	1560
  cttcagacgt catctcttac agaggcctcc gtggctcgca ggacaaattg gtgagtccca	1620
  cggacagccc tggtgactgt atggacagag agaaaataga aaaagactca gggctcagca	1680
  gcacctcagc tggctctgag gaagagttca gcaccccaga agtggccagt agctttagca	1740
  gtgactataa cgtgagctcc ctagaagaca gaccttctca ggaaaccata aactgtggtg	1800
  acctggactg ccgtcctcca ggtacaggac agtccttgaa gccagaagac catggatatc	1860
  aatgcaaagc tctacctcta gctcgtctgt cacccacaaa tgccaagcgc ttcaagacag	1920
  aggaaagacc ctcaaatgtc aacatttctc aaagattgcc tggtcctcag agcacctcag	1980
  cagctgaggt cgatgtagcc ataaaaatga ataagagaat cgtgctcctc gagttctctc	2040
  tgagttctct agctaagcga atgaagcagt tacagcacct aaaggcgcag aacaaacatg	2100
  aactgagtta cagaaaattt agggccaaga tttgccctgg agaaaaccaa gcagcagaag	2160
  atgaactcag aaaagagatt agtaaatcga tgtttgcaga gatggagatc ttgggtcagt	2220
  ttaacctggg atttatagta accaaactga aagaggacct cttcctggtg gaccagcatg	2280
  ctgcggatga gaagtacaac tttgagatgc tgcagcagca cacggtgctc caggcgcaga	2340
  ggctcatcac accccagact ctgaacttaa ctgctgtcaa tgaagctgta ctgatagaaa	2400
  atctggaaat attcagaaag aatggctttg actttgtcat tgatgaggat gctccagtca	2460
  ctgaaagggc taaattgatt tccttaccaa ctagtaaaaa ctggaccttt ggaccccaag	2520
  atatagatga actgatcttt atgttaagtg acagccctgg ggtcatgtgc cggccctcac	2580
  gagtcagaca gatgtttgct tccagagcct gtcggaagtc agtgatgatt ggaacggcgc	2640
  tcaatgcgag cgagatgaag aagctcatca cccacatggg tgagatggac cacccctgga	2700
  actgccccca cggcaggcca accatgaggc acgttgccaa tctggatgtc atctctcaga	2760
  actgacacac cccttgtagc atagagttta ttacagattg ttcggtttgc aaagagaagg	2820
  ttttaagtaa tctgattatc gttgtacaaa aattagcatg ctgctttaat gtactggatc	2880
  catttaaaag cagtgttaag gcaggcatga tggagtgttc ctctagctca gctacttggg	2940
  tgatccggtg ggagctcatg tgagcccagg actttgagac cactccgagc cacattcatg	3000
  agactcaatt caaggacaaa aaaaaaaaga tatttttgaa gccttttaaa aaaaaa	3056
  PMS2 (human) (SEQ ID NO: 7)
  MERAESSSTE PAKAIKPIDR KSVHQICSGQ VVLSLSTAVK ELVENSLDAG ATNIDLKLKD	60
  YGVDLIEVSD NGCGVEEENF EGLTLKHHTS KIQEFADLTQ VETFGFRGEA LSSLCALSDV	120
  TISTCHASAK VGTRLMFDRN GKIIQKTPYP RPRGTTVSVQ QLFSTLPVRH KEFQRNIKKE	180
  YAKMVQVLHA YCIISAGIRV SCTNQLGQGK RQPVVCTGGS PSIKENIGSV FGQKQLQSLI	240
  PFVQLPPSDS VCEEYGLSCS DALHNLFYIS GFISQCTHGV GRSSTDRQFF FINRRPCDPA	300
  KVCRLVNEVY HMYNRHQYPF VVLNISVDSE CVDINVTPDK RQILLQEEKL LLAVLKTSLI	360
  GMFDSDVNKL NVSQQPLLDV EGNLIKMHAA DLEKPMVEKQ DQSPSLRTGE EKKDVSISRL	420
  REAFSLRHTT ENKPHSPKTP EPRRSPLGQK RGMLSSSTSG AISDKGVLRP QKEAVSSSHG	480
  PSDPTDRAEV EKDSGHGSTS VDSEGFSIPD TGSHCSSEYA ASSPGDRGSQ EHVDSQEKAP	540
  ETDDSFSDVD CHSNQEDTGC KFRVLPQPTN LATPNTKRFK KEEILSSSDI CQKLVNTQDM	600
  SASQVDVAVK INKKVVPLDF SMSSLAKRIK QLHHEAQQSE GEQNYRKFRA KICPGENQAA	660
  EDELRKEISK TMFAEMEIIG QFNLGFIITK LNEDIFIVDQ HATDEKYNFE MLQQHTVLQG	720
  QRLIAPQTLN LTAVNEAVLI ENLEIFRKNG FDFVIDENAP VTERAKLISL PTSKNWTFGP	780
  QDVDELIFML SDSPGVMCRP SRVKQMFASR ACRKSVMIGT ALNTSEMKKL ITHMGEMDHP	840
  WNCPHGRPTM RHIANLGVIS QN	862
  PMS2 (human cDNA) (SEQ ID NO: 8)
  cgaggcggat cgggtgttgc atccatggag cgagctgaga gctcgagtac agaacctgct	60
  aaggccatca aacctattga tcggaagtca gtccatcaga tttgctctgg gcaggtggta	120
  ctgagtctaa gcactgcggt aaaggagtta gtagaaaaca gtctggatgc tggtgccact	180
  aatattgatc taaagcttaa ggactatgga gtggatctta ttgaagtttc agacaatgga	240
  tgtggggtag aagaagaaaa cttcgaaggc ttaactctga aacatcacac atctaagatt	300
  caagagtttg ccgacctaac tcaggttgaa acttttggct ttcgggggga agctctgagc	360
  tcactttgtg cactgagcga tgtcaccatt tctacctgcc acgcatcggc gaaggttgga	420
  actcgactga tgtttgatca caatgggaaa attatccaga aaacccccta cccccgcccc	480
  agagggacca cagtcagcgt gcagcagtta ttttccacac tacctgtgcg ccataaggaa	540
  tttcaaagga atattaagaa ggagtatgcc aaaatggtcc aggtcttaca tgcatactgt	600
  atcatttcag caggcatccg tgtaagttgc accaatcagc ttggacaagg aaaacgacag	660
  cctgtggtat gcacaggtgg aagccccagc ataaaggaaa atatcggctc tgtgtttggg	720
  cagaagcagt tgcaaagcct cattcctttt gttcagctgc cccctagtga ctccgtgtgt	780
  gaagagtacg gtttgagctg ttcggatgct ctgcataatc ttttttacat ctcaggtttc	840
  atttcacaat gcacgcatgg agttggaagg agttcaacag acagacagtt tttctttatc	900
  aaccggcggc cttgtgaccc agcaaaggtc tgcagactcg tgaatgaggt ctaccacatg	960
  tataatcgac accagtatcc atttgttgtt cttaacattt ctgttgattc agaatgcgtt	1020
  gatatcaatg ttactccaga taaaaggcaa attttgctac aagaggaaaa gcttttgttg	1080
  gcagttttaa agacctcttt gataggaatg tttgatagtg atgtcaacaa gctaaatgtc	1140
  agtcagcagc cactgctgga tgttgaaggt aacttaataa aaatgcatgc agcggatttg	1200
  gaaaagccca tggtagaaaa gcaggatcaa tccccttcat taaggactgg agaagaaaaa	1260
  aaagacgtgt ccatttccag actgcgagag gccttttctc ttcgtcacac aacagagaac	1320
  aagcctcaca gcccaaagac tccagaacca agaaggagcc ctctaggaca gaaaaggggt	1380
  atgctgtctt ctagcacttc aggtgccatc tctgacaaag gcgtcctgag acctcagaaa	1440
  gaggcagtga gttccagtca cggacccagt gaccctacgg acagagcgga ggtggagaag	1500
  gactcggggc acggcagcac ttccgtggat tctgaggggt tcagcatccc agacacgggc	1560
  agtcactgca gcagcgagta tgcggccagc tccccagggg acaggggctc gcaggaacat	1620
  gtggactctc aggagaaagc gcctgaaact gacgactctt tttcagatgt ggactgccat	1680
  tcaaaccagg aagataccgg atgtaaattt cgagttttgc ctcagccaac taatctcgca	1740
  accccaaaca caaagcgttt taaaaaagaa gaaattcttt ccagttctga catttgtcaa	1800
  aagttagtaa atactcagga catgtcagcc tctcaggttg atgtagctgt gaaaattaat	1860
  aagaaagttg tgcccctgga cttttctatg agttctttag ctaaacgaat aaagcagtta	1920
  catcatgaag cacagcaaag tgaaggggaa cagaattaca ggaagtttag ggcaaagatt	1980
  tgtcctggag aaaatcaagc agccgaagat gaactaagaa aagagataag taaaacgatg	2040
  tttgcagaaa tggaaatcat tggtcagttt aacctgggat ttataataac caaactgaat	2100
  gaggatatct tcatagtgga ccagcatgcc acggacgaga agtataactt cgagatgctg	2160
  cagcagcaca ccgtgctcca ggggcagagg ctcatagcac ctcagactct caacttaact	2220
  gctgttaatg aagctgttct gatagaaaat ctggaaatat ttagaaagaa tggctttgat	2280
  tttgttatcg atgaaaatgc tccagtcact gaaagggcta aactgatttc cttgccaact	2340
  agtaaaaact ggaccttcgg accccaggac gtcgatgaac tgatcttcat gctgagcgac	2400
  agccctgggg tcatgtgccg gccttcccga gtcaagcaga tgtttgcctc cagagcctgc	2460
  cggaagtcgg tgatgattgg gactgctctt aacacaagcg agatgaagaa actgatcacc	2520
  cacatggggg agatggacca cccctggaac tgtccccatg gaaggccaac catgagacac	2580
  atcgccaacc tgggtgtcat ttctcagaac tgaccgtagt cactgtatgg aataattggt	2640
  tttatcgcag atttttatgt tttgaaagac agagtcttca ctaacctttt ttgttttaaa	2700
  atgaaacctg ctacttaaaa aaaatacaca tcacacccat ttaaaagtga tcttgagaac	2760
  cttttcaaac c	2771
  PMS1 (human) (SEQ ID NO:9)
  MKQLPAATVR LLSSSQIITS VVSVVKELIE NSLDAGATSV DVKLENYGFD KIEVRDNGEG	60
  IKAVDAPVMA MKYYTSKINS HEDLENLTTY GFRGEALGSI CCIAEVLITT RTAADNFSTQ	120
  YVLDGSGHIL SQKPSHLGQG TTVTALRLFK NLPVRKQFYS TAKKCKDEIK KIQDLLMSFG	180
  ILKPDLRIVF VHNKAVIWQK SRVSDHKMAL MSVLGTAVMN NMESFQYHSE ESQIYLSGFL	240
  PKCDADHSFT SLSTPERSFI FINSRPVHQK DILKLIRHHY NLKCLKESTR LYPVFFLKID	300
  VPTADVDVNL TPDKSQVLLQ NKESVLIALE NLMTTCYGPL PSTNSYENNK TDVSAADIVL	360
  SKTAETDVLF NKVESSGKNY SNVDTSVIPF QNDMHNDESG KNTDDCLNHQ ISIGDFGYGH	420
  CSSEISNIDK NTKNAFQDIS MSNVSWENSQ TEYSKTCFIS SVKHTQSENG NKDHIDESGE	480
  NEEEAGLENS SEISADEWSR GNILKNSVGE NIEPVKILVP EKSLPCKVSN NNYPIPEQMN	540
  LNEDSCNKKS NVIDNKSGKV TAYDLLSNRV IKKPMSASAL FVQDHRPQFL IENPKTSLED	600
  ATLQIEELWK TLSEEEKLKY EEKATKDLER YNSQMKRAIE QESQMSLKDG RKKIKPTSAW	660
  NLAQKHKLKT SLSNQPKLDE LLQSQIEKRR SQNIKMVQIP FSMKNLKINF KKQNKVDLEE	720
  KDEPCLIHNL RFPDAWLMTS KTEVMLLNPY RVEEALLFKR LLENHKLPAE PLEKPIMLTE	780
  SLFNGSHYLD VLYKMTADDQ RYSGSTYLSD PRLTANGFKI KLIPGVSITE NYLEIEGMAN	840
  CLPFYGVADL KEILNAILNR NAKEVYECRP RKVISYLEGE AVRLSRQLPM YLSKEDIQDI	900
  IYRMKHQFGN EIKECVHGRP FFHHLTYLPE TT	932
  PMS1 (human) (SEQ ID NO: 10)
  ggcacgagtg gctgcttgcg gctagtggat ggtaattgcc tgcctcgcgc tagcagcaag	60
  ctgctctgtt aaaagcgaaa atgaaacaat tgcctgcggc aacagttcga ctcctttcaa	120
  gttctcagat catcacttcg gtggtcagtg ttgtaaaaga gcttattgaa aactccttgg	180
  atgctggtgc cacaagcgta gatgttaaac tggagaacta tggatttgat aaaattgagg	240
  tgcgagataa cggggagggt atcaaggctg ttgatgcacc tgtaatggca atgaagtact	300
  acacctcaaa aataaatagt catgaagatc ttgaaaattt gacaacttac ggttttcgtg	360
  gagaagcctt ggggtcaatt tgttgtatag ctgaggtttt aattacaaca agaacggctg	420
  ctgataattt tagcacccag tatgttttag atggcagtgg ccacatactt tctcagaaac	480
  cttcacatct tggtcaaggt acaactgtaa ctgctttaag attatttaag aatctacctg	540
  taagaaagca gttttactca actgcaaaaa aatgtaaaga tgaaataaaa aagatccaag	600
  atctcctcat gagctttggt atccttaaac ctgacttaag gattgtcttt gtacataaca	660
  aggcagttat ttggcagaaa agcagagtat cagatcacaa gatggctctc atgtcagttc	720
  tggggactgc tgttatgaac aatatggaat cctttcagta ccactctgaa gaatctcaga	780
  tttatctcag tggatttctt ccaaagtgtg atgcagacca ctctttcact agtctttcaa	840
  caccagaaag aagtttcatc ttcataaaca gtcgaccagt acatcaaaaa gatatcttaa	900
  agttaatccg acatcattac aatctgaaat gcctaaagga atctactcgt ttgtatcctg	960
  ttttctttct gaaaatcgat gttcctacag ctgatgttga tgtaaattta acaccagata	1020
  aaagccaagt attattacaa aataaggaat ctgttttaat tgctcttgaa aatctgatga	1080
  cgacttgtta tggaccatta cctagtacaa attcttatga aaataataaa acagatgttt	1140
  ccgcagctga catcgttctt agtaaaacag cagaaacaga tgtgcttttt aataaagtgg	1200
  aatcatctgg aaagaattat tcaaatgttg atacttcagt cattccattc caaaatgata	1260
  tgcataatga tgaatctgga aaaaacactg atgattgttt aaatcaccag ataagtattg	1320
  gtgactttgg ttatggtcat tgtagtagtg aaatttctaa cattgataaa aacactaaga	1380
  atgcatttca ggacatttca atgagtaatg tatcatggga gaactctcag acggaatata	1440
  gtaaaacttg ttttataagt tccgttaagc acacccagtc agaaaatggc aataaagacc	1500
  atatagatga gagtggggaa aatgaggaag aagcaggtct tgaaaactct tcggaaattt	1560
  ctgcagatga gtggagcagg ggaaatatac ttaaaaattc agtgggagag aatattgaac	1620
  ctgtgaaaat tttagtgcct gaaaaaagtt taccatgtaa agtaagtaat aataattatc	1680
  caatccctga acaaatgaat cttaatgaag attcatgtaa caaaaaatca aatgtaatag	1740
  ataataaatc tggaaaagtt acagcttatg atttacttag caatcgagta atcaagaaac	1800
  ccatgtcagc aagtgctctt tttgttcaag atcatcgtcc tcagtttctc atagaaaatc	1860
  ctaagactag tttagaggat gcaacactac aaattgaaga actgtggaag acattgagtg	1920
  aagaggaaaa actgaaatat gaagagaagg ctactaaaga cttggaacga tacaatagtc	1980
  aaatgaagag agccattgaa caggagtcac aaatgtcact aaaagatggc agaaaaaaga	2040
  taaaacccac cagcgcatgg aatttggccc agaagcacaa gttaaaaacc tcattatcta	2100
  atcaaccaaa acttgatgaa ctccttcagt cccaaattga aaaaagaagg agtcaaaata	2160
  ttaaaatggt acagatcccc ttttctatga aaaacttaaa aataaatttt aagaaacaaa	2220
  acaaagttga cttagaagag aaggatgaac cttgcttgat ccacaatctc aggtttcctg	2280
  atgcatggct aatgacatcc aaaacagagg taatgttatt aaatccatat agagtagaag	2340
  aagccctgct atttaaaaga cttcttgaga atcataaact tcctgcagag ccactggaaa	2400
  agccaattat gttaacagag agtcttttta atggatctca ttatttagac gttttatata	2460
  aaatgacagc agatgaccaa agatacagtg gatcaactta cctgtctgat cctcgtctta	2520
  cagcgaatgg tttcaagata aaattgatac caggagtttc aattactgaa aattacttgg	2580
  aaatagaagg aatggctaat tgtctcccat tctatggagt agcagattta aaagaaattc	2640
  ttaatgctat attaaacaga aatgcaaagg aagtttatga atgtagacct cgcaaagtga	2700
  taagttattt agagggagaa gcagtgcgtc tatccagaca attacccatg tacttatcaa	2760
  aagaggacat ccaagacatt atctacagaa tgaagcacca gtttggaaat gaaattaaag	2820
  agtgtgttca tggtcgccca ttttttcatc atttaaccta tcttccagaa actacatgat	2880
  taaatatgtt taagaagatt agttaccatt gaaattggtt ctgtcataaa acagcatgag	2940
  tctggtttta aattatcttt gtattatgtg tcacatggtt attttttaaa tgaggattca	3000
  ctgacttgtt tttatattga aaaaagttcc acgtattgta gaaaacgtaa ataaactaat	3060
  aac	3063
  MSH2 (human) (SEQ ID NO: 11)
  MAVQPKETLQ LESAAEVGFV RFFQGMPEKP TTTVRLFDRG DFYTAHGEDA LLAAREVFKT	60
  QGVIKYMGPA GAKNLQSVVL SKMNFESFVK DLLLVRQYRV EVYKNRAGNK ASKENDWYLA	120
  YKASPGNLSQ FEDILFGNND MSASIGVVGV KMSAVDGQRQ VGVGYVDSIQ RKLGLCEFPD	180
  NDQFSNLEAL LIQIGPKECV LPGGETAGDM GKLRQIIQRG GILITERKKA DFSTKDIYQD	240
  LNRLLKGKKG EQMNSAVLPE MENQVAVSSL SAVIKFLELL SDDSNFGQFE LTTFDFSQYM	300
  KLDIAAVPAL NLFQGSVEDT TGSQSLAALL NKCKTPQGQR LVNQWTKQPL MDKNRIEERL	360
  NLVEAFVEDA ELRQTLQEDL LRRFPDLNRL AKKFQRQAAN LQDCYRLYQG INQLPNVIQA	420
  LEKHEGKHQK LLLAVFVTPL TDLRSDFSKF QEMIETTLDM DQVENHEFLV KPSFDPNLSE	480
  LREIMNDLEK KMQSTLISAA RDLGLDPGKQ IKLDSSAQFG YYFRVTCKEE KVLRNNKNFS	540
  TVDIQKNGVK FTNSKLTSLN EEYTKNKTEY EEAQDAIVKE IVNISSGYVE PMQTLNDVLA	600
  QLDAVVSFAH VSNGAPVPYV RPAILEKGQG RIILKASRHA CVEVQDEIAF IPNDVYFEKD	660
  KQMFHIITGP NMGGKSTYIR QTGVIVLMAQ IGCFVPCESA EVSIVDCILA RVGAGDSQLK	720
  GVSTFMAEML ETASILRSAT KDSLIIIDEL GRGTSTYDGF GLAWAISEYI ATKIGAFCMF	780
  ATHFHELTAL ANQIPTVNNL HVTALTTEET LTMLYQVKKG VCDQSFGIHV AELANFPKHV	840
  IECAKQKALE LEEFQYIGES QGYDIMEPAA KKCYLEREQG EKIIQEFLSK VKQMPFTEMS	900
  EENITIKLKQ LKAEVIAKNN SFVNEIISRI KVTT	934
  MSH2 (human cDNA) (SEQ ID NO: 12)
  ggcgggaaac agcttagtgg gtgtggggtc gcgcattttc ttcaaccagg aggtgaggag	60
  gtttcgacat ggcggtgcag ccgaaggaga cgctgcagtt ggagagcgcg gccgaggtcg	120
  gcttcgtgcg cttctttcag ggcatgccgg agaagccgac caccacagtg cgccttttcg	180
  accggggcga cttctatacg gcgcacggcg aggacgcgct gctggccgcc cgggaggtgt	240
  tcaagaccca gggggtgatc aagtacatgg ggccggcagg agcaaagaat ctgcagagtg	300
  ttgtgcttag taaaatgaat tttgaatctt ttgtaaaaga tcttcttctg gttcgtcagt	360
  atagagttga agtttataag aatagagctg gaaataaggc atccaaggag aatgattggt	420
  atttggcata taaggcttct cctggcaatc tctctcagtt tgaagacatt ctctttggta	480
  acaatgatat gtcagcttcc attggtgttg tgggtgttaa aatgtccgca gttgatggcc	540
  agagacaggt tggagttggg tatgtggatt ccatacagag gaaactagga ctgtgtgaat	600
  tccctgataa tgatcagttc tccaatcttg aggctctcct catccagatt ggaccaaagg	660
  aatgtgtttt acccggagga gagactgctg gagacatggg gaaactgaga cagataattc	720
  aaagaggagg aattctgatc acagaaagaa aaaaagctga cttttccaca aaagacattt	780
  atcaggacct caaccggttg ttgaaaggca aaaagggaga gcagatgaat agtgctgtat	840
  tgccagaaat ggagaatcag gttgcagttt catcactgtc tgcggtaatc aagtttttag	900
  aactcttatc agatgattcc aactttggac agtttgaact gactactttt gacttcagcc	960
  agtatatgaa attggatatt gcagcagtca gagcccttaa cctttttcag ggttctgttg	1020
  aagataccac tggctctcag tctctggctg ccttgctgaa taagtgtaaa acccctcaag	1080
  gacaaagact tgttaaccag tggattaagc agcctctcat ggataagaac agaatagagg	1140
  agagattgaa tttagtggaa gcttttgtag aagatgcaga attgaggcag actttacaag	1200
  aagatttact tcgtcgattc ccagatctta accgacttgc caagaagttt caaagacaag	1260
  cagcaaactt acaagattgt taccgactct atcagggtat aaatcaacta cctaatgtta	1320
  tacaggctct ggaaaaacat gaaggaaaac accagaaatt attgttggca gtttttgtga	1380
  ctcctcttac tgatcttcgt tctgacttct ccaagtttca ggaaatgata gaaacaactt	1440
  tagatatgga tcaggtggaa aaccatgaat tccttgtaaa accttcattt gatcctaatc	1500
  tcagtgaatt aagagaaata atgaatgact tggaaaagaa gatgcagtca acattaataa	1560
  gtgcagccag agatcttggc ttggaccctg gcaaacagat taaactggat tccagtgcac	1620
  agtttggata ttactttcgt gtaacctgta aggaagaaaa agtccttcgt aacaataaaa	1680
  actttagtac tgtagatatc cagaagaatg gtgttaaatt taccaacagc aaattgactt	1740
  ctttaaatga agagtatacc aaaaataaaa cagaatatga agaagcccag gatgccattg	1800
  ttaaagaaat tgtcaatatt tcttcaggct atgtagaacc aatgcagaca ctcaatgatg	1860
  tgttagctca gctagatgct gttgtcagct ttgctcacgt gtcaaatgga gcacctgttc	1920
  catatgtacg accagccatt ttggagaaag gacaaggaag aattatatta aaagcatcca	1980
  ggcatgcttg tgttgaagtt caagatgaaa ttgcatttat tcctaatgac gtatactttg	2040
  aaaaagataa acagatgttc cacatcatta ctggccccaa tatgggaggt aaatcaacat	2100
  atattcgaca aactggggtg atagtactca tggcccaaat tgggtgtttt gtgccatgtg	2160
  agtcagcaga agtgtccatt gtggactgca tcttagcccg agtaggggct ggtgacagtc	2220
  aattgaaagg agtctccacg ttcatggctg aaatgttgga aactgcttct atcctcaggt	2280
  ctgcaaccaa agattcatta ataatcatag atgaattggg aagaggaact tctacctacg	2340
  atggatttgg gttagcatgg gctatatcag aatacattgc aacaaagatt ggtgcttttt	2400
  gcatgtttgc aacccatttt catgaactta ctgccttggc caatcagata ccaactgtta	2460
  ataatctaca tgtcacagca ctcaccactg aagagacctt aactatgctt tatcaggtga	2520
  agaaaggtgt ctgtgatcaa agttttggga ttcatgttgc agagcttgct aatttcccta	2580
  agcatgtaat agagtgtgct aaacagaaag ccctggaact tgaggagttt cagtatattg	2640
  gagaatcgca aggatatgat atcatggaac cagcagcaaa gaagtgctat ctggaaagag	2700
  agcaaggtga aaaaattatt caggagttcc tgtccaaggt gaaacaaatg ccctttactg	2760
  aaatgtcaga agaaaacatc acaataaagt taaaacagct aaaagctgaa gtaatagcaa	2820
  agaataatag ctttgtaaat gaaatcattt cacgaataaa agttactacg tgaaaaatcc	2880
  cagtaatgga atgaaggtaa tattgataag ctattgtctg taatagtttt atattgtttt	2940
  atattaaccc tttttccata gtgttaactg tcagtgccca tgggctatca acttaataag	3000
  atatttagta atattttact ttgaggacat tttcaaagat ttttattttg aaaaatgaga	3060
  gctgtaactg aggactgttt gcaattgaca taggcaataa taagtgatgt gctgaatttt	3120
  ataaataaaa tcatgtagtt tgtgg	3145
  MLH1 (human) (SEQ ID NO: 13)
  MSFVAGVIRR LDETVVNRIA AGEVIQRPAN AIKEMIENCL DAKSTSIQVI VKEGGLKLIQ	60
  IQDNGTGIRK EDLDIVCERF TTSKLQSFED LASISTYGFR GEALASISHV AHVTITTKTA	120
  DGKCAYRASY SDGKLKAPPK PCAGNQGTQI TVEDLFYNIA TRRKALKNPS EEYGKILEVV	180
  GRYSVHNAGI SFSVKKQGET VADVRTLPNA STVDNIRSIF GNAVSRELIE IGCEDKTLAF	240
  KMNGYISNAN YSVKKCIFLL FINHRLVEST SLRKAIETVY AAYLPKNTHP FLYLSLEISP	300
  QNVDVNVHPT KHEVHFLHEE SILERVQQHI ESKLLGSNSS RMYFTQTLLP GLAGPSGEMV	360
  KSTTSLTSSS TSGSSDKVYA HQMVRTDSRE QKLDAFLQPL SKPLSSQPQA IVTEDKTDIS	420
  SGRARQQDEE MLELPAPAEV AAKNQSLEGD TTKGTSEMSE KRGPTSSNPR KRHREDSDVE	480
  MVEDDSRKEM TAACTPRRRI INLTSVLSLQ EEINEQGHEV LREMLHNHSF VGCVNPQWAL	540
  AQHQTKLYLL NTTKLSEELF YQILIYDFAN FGVLRLSEPA PLFDLAMLAL DSPESGWTEE	600
  DGPKEGLAEY IVEFLKKKAE MLADYFSLEI DEEGNLIGLP LLIDNYVPPL EGLPIFILRL	660
  ATEVNWDEEK ECFESLSKEC AMFYSIRKQY ISEESTLSGQ QSEVPGSIPN SWKWTVEHIV	720
  YKALRSHILP PKHFTEDGNI LQLANLPDLY KVFERC	756
  MLH1 (human) (SEQ ID NO: 14)
  cttggctctt ctggcgccaa aatgtcgttc gtggcagggg ttattcggcg gctggacgag	60
  acagtggtga accgcatcgc ggcgggggaa gttatccagc ggccagctaa tgctatcaaa	120
  gagatgattg agaactgttt agatgcaaaa tccacaagta ttcaagtgat tgttaaagag	180
  ggaggcctga agttgattca gatccaagac aatggcaccg ggatcaggaa agaagatctg	240
  gatattgtat gtgaaaggtt cactactagt aaactgcagt cctttgagga tttagccagt	300
  atttctacct atggctttcg aggtgaggct ttggccagca taagccatgt ggctcatgtt	360
  actattacaa cgaaaacagc tgatggaaag tgtgcataca gagcaagtta ctcagatgga	420
  aaactgaaag cccctcctaa accatgtgct ggcaatcaag ggacccagat cacggtggag	480
  gacctttttt acaacatagc cacgaggaga aaagctttaa aaaatccaag tgaagaatat	540
  gggaaaattt tggaagttgt tggcaggtat tcagtacaca atgcaggcat tagtttctca	600
  gttaaaaaac aaggagagac agtagctgat gttaggacac tacccaatgc ctcaaccgtg	660
  gacaatattc gctccatctt tggaaatgct gttagtcgag aactgataga aattggatgt	720
  gaggataaaa ccctagcctt caaaatgaat ggttacatat ccaatgcaaa ctactcagtg	780
  aagaagtgca tcttcttact cttcatcaac catcgtctgg tagaatcaac ttccttgaga	840
  aaagccatag aaacagtgta tgcagcctat ttgcccaaaa acacacaccc attcctgtac	900
  ctcagtttag aaatcagtcc ccagaatgtg gatgttaatg tgcaccccac aaagcatgaa	960
  gttcacttcc tgcacgagga gagcatcctg gagcgggtgc agcagcacat cgagagcaag	1020
  ctcctgggct ccaattcctc caggatgtac ttcacccaga ctttgctacc aggacttgct	1080
  ggcccctctg gggagatggt taaatccaca acaagtctga cctcgtcttc tacttctgga	1140
  agtagtgata aggtctatgc ccaccagatg gttcgtacag attcccggga acagaagctt	1200
  gatgcatttc tgcagcctct gagcaaaccc ctgtccagtc agccccaggc cattgtcaca	1260
  gaggataaga cagatatttc tagtggcagg gctaggcagc aagatgagga gatgcttgaa	1320
  ctcccagccc ctgctgaagt ggctgccaaa aatcagagct tggaggggga tacaacaaag	1380
  gggacttcag aaatgtcaga gaagagagga cctacttcca gcaaccccag aaagagacat	1440
  cgggaagatt ctgatgtgga aatggtggaa gatgattccc gaaaggaaat gactgcagct	1500
  tgtacccccc ggagaaggat cattaacctc actagtgttt tgagtctcca ggaagaaatt	1560
  aatgagcagg gacatgaggt tctccgggag atgttgcata accactcctt cgtgggctgt	1620
  gtgaatcctc agtgggcctt ggcacagcat caaaccaagt tataccttct caacaccacc	1680
  aagcttagtg aagaactgtt ctaccagata ctcatttatg attttgccaa ttttggtgtt	1740
  ctcaggttat cggagccagc accgctcttt gaccttgcca tgcttgcctt agatagtcca	1800
  gagagtggct ggacagagga agatggtccc aaagaaggac ttgctgaata cattgttgag	1860
  tttctgaaga agaaggctga gatgcttgca gactatttct ctttggaaat tgatgaggaa	1920
  gggaacctga ttggattacc ccttctgatt gacaactatg tgcccccttt ggagggactg	1980
  cctatcttca ttcttcgact agccactgag gtgaattggg acgaagaaaa ggaatgtttt	2040
  gaaagcctca gtaaagaatg cgctatgttc tattccatcc ggaagcagta catatctgag	2100
  gagtcgaccc tctcaggcca gcagagtgaa gtgcctggct ccattccaaa ctcctggaag	2160
  tggactgtgg aacacattgt ctataaagcc ttgcgctcac acattctgcc tcctaaacat	2220
  ttcacagaag atggaaatat cctgcagctt gctaacctgc ctgatctata caaagtcttt	2280
  gagaggtgtt aaatatggtt atttatgcac tgtgggatgt gttcttcttt ctctgtattc	2340
  cgatacaaag tgttgtatca aagtgtgata tacaaagtgt accaacataa gtgttggtag	2400
  cacttaagac ttatacttgc cttctgatag tattccttta tacacagtgg attgattata	2460
  aataaataga tgtgtcttaa cata	2484
  hPMS2-134 (human) (SEQ ID NO: 15)
  MERAESSSTE PAKAIKPIDR KSVHQICSGQ VVLSLSTAVK ELVENSLDAG ATNIDLKLKD	60
  YGVDLIEVSD NGCGVEEENF EGLTLKHHTS KIQEFADLTQ VETFGFRGEA LSSLCALSDV	120
  TISTCHASAK VGT	133
  hPMS2-134 (human cDNA) (SEQ ID NO: 16)
  cgaggcggat cgggtgttgc atccatggag cgagctgaga gctcgagtac agaacctgct	60
  aaggccatca aacctattga tcggaagtca gtccatcaga tttgctctgg gcaggtggta	120
  ctgagtctaa gcactgcggt aaaggagtta gtagaaaaca gtctggatgc tggtgccact	180
  aatattgatc taaagcttaa ggactatgga gtggatctta ttgaagtttc agacaatgga	240
  tgtggggtag aagaagaaaa cttcgaaggc ttaactctga aacatcacac atctaagatt	300
  caagagtttg ccgacctaac tcaggttgaa acttttggct ttcgggggga agctctgagc	360
  tcactttgtg cactgagcga tgtcaccatt tctacctgcc acgcatcggc gaaggttgga	420
  acttga	426

• For further information on the background of the invention the following references may be consulted, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: [0046]
• 1. Glaser, V. (1996) Can ReoPro repolish tarnished monoclonal therapeutics? [0047] Nat. Biotechol. 14:1216-1217.
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• 12. Bronner, C. E. et al. (1994) Mutation in the DNA mismatch repair gene homologue hMLH1 is associated with hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer. [0058] Nature 368:258-261.
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• 17. Prolla, T. A. et al. (1994) MLH1, PMS1, and MSH2 Interaction during the initiation of DNA mismatch repair in yeast. [0063] Science 264:1091-1093.
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• 23. Nicolaides N. C., K. W. Kinzler, and B. Vogelstein (1995) Analysis of the 5′ region of PMS2 reveals heterogenous transcripts and a novel overlapping gene. [0069] Genomics 29:329-334.
• 24. Nicolaides, N. C. et al. (1995) Genomic organization of the human PMS2 gene family. [0070] Genomics 30:195-206.
• 25. Palombo, F. et al. (1994) Mismatch repair and cancer. [0071] Nature 36:417.
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• 27. Liu, T. et al. (2000) Microsatellite instability as a predictor of a mutation in a DNA mismatch repair gene in familial colorectal cancer. [0073] Genes Chromosomes Cancer 27:17-25.
• 28. Nicolaides, N. C. et al. (1992) The Jun family members, c-JUN and JUND, transactivate the human c-myb promoter via an Ap1 like element. [0074] J. Biol. Chem. 267:19665-19672.
• 29. Shields, R. L. et al. (1995) Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies that inhibit allergen-specific histamine release. [0075] Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 107:412-413.
• 30. Frigerio L. et al. (2000) Assembly, secretion, and vacuolar delivery of a hybrid immunoglobulin in plants. [0076] Plant Physiol. 123:1483-1494.
• 31. Bignami M, (2000) Unmasking a killer: DNA O(6)-methylguanine and the cytotoxicity of methylating agents. [0077] Mutat. Res. 462:71-82.
• 32. Drummond, J. T. et al. (1996) Cisplatin and adriamycin resistance are associated with MutLa and mismatch repair deficiency in an ovarian tumor cell line. [0078] J Biol. Chem. 271:9645-19648.
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• The above disclosure generally describes the present invention. A more complete understanding can be obtained by reference to the following specific examples which are provided herein for purposes of illustration only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. [0080]
EXAMPLE 1 Stable Expression of Dominant Negative MMR Genes in Hybridoma Cells
• It has been previously shown by Nicolaides et al. (Nicolaides et al. (1998) A Naturally Occurring hPMS2 Mutation Can Confer a Dominant Negative Mutator Phenotype [0081] Mol. Cell: Biol. 18:1635-1641) that the expression of a dominant negative allele in an otherwise MMR proficient cell could render these host cells MMR deficient. The creation of MMR deficient cells can lead to the generation of genetic alterations throughout the entire genome of a host organisms offspring, yielding a population of genetically altered offspring or siblings that may produce biochemicals with altered properties. This patent application teaches of the use of dominant negative MMR genes in antibody-producing cells, including but not limited to rodent hybridomas, human hybridomas, chimeric rodent cells producing human immunoglobulin gene products, human cells expressing immunoglobulin genes, mammalian cells producing single chain antibodies, and prokaryotic cells producing mammalian immunoglobulin genes or chimeric immunoglobulin molecules such as those contained within single-chain antibodies. The cell expression systems described above that are used to produce antibodies are well known by those skilled in the art of antibody therapeutics.
• To demonstrate the ability to create MMR defective hybridomas using dominant negative alleles of MMR genes, we first transfected a mouse hybridoma cell line that is known to produce and antibody directed against the human IgE protein with an expression vector containing the human PMS2 (cell line referred to as HBPMS2), the previously published dominant negative PMS2 mutant referred herein as PMS134 (cell line referred to as HB134), or with no insert (cell line referred to as HBvec). The results showed that the PMS134 mutant could indeed exert a robust dominant negative effect, resulting in biochemical and genetic manifestations of MMR deficiency. Unexpectedly was the finding that the full length PMS2 also resulted in a lower MMR activity while no effect was seen in cells containing the empty vector. A brief description of the methods is provided below. [0082]
• The MMR proficient mouse H36 hybridoma cell line was transfected with various hPMS2 expression plasmids plus reporter constructs for assessing MMR activity. The MMR genes were cloned into the pEF expression vector, which contains the elongation factor promoter upstream of the cloning site followed by a mammalian polyadenylation signal. This vector also contains the NEOr gene that allows for selection of cells retaining this plasmid. Briefly, cells were transfected with 1 μg of each vector using polyliposomes following the manufacturer's protocol (Life Technologies). Cells were then selected in 0.5 mg/ml of G418 for 10 days and G418 resistant cells were pooled together to analyze for gene expression. The pEF construct contains an intron that separates the [0083] exon 1 of the EF gene from exon 2, which is juxtaposed to the 5′ end of the polylinker cloning site. This allows for a rapid reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) screen for cells expressing the spliced products. At day 17, 100,000 cells were isolated and their RNA extracted using the trizol method as previously described (Nicolaides N. C., Kinzler, K. W., and Vogelstein, B. (1995) Analysis of the 5′ region of PMS2 reveals heterogeneous transcripts and a novel overlapping gene. Genomics 29:329-334). RNAs were reverse transcribed using Superscript II (Life Technologies) and PCR amplified using a sense primer located in exon 1 of the EF gene (5′-ttt cgc aac ggg ttt gcc g-3′) and an antisense primer (5′-gtt tca gag tta agc ctt cg-3′) centered at nt 283 of the published human PMS2 cDNA, which will detect both the full length as well as the PMS134 gene expression. Reactions were carried out using buffers and conditions as previously described (Nicolaides, N. C., et al. (1995) Genomic organization of the human PMS2 gene family. Genomics 30:195-206), using the following amplification parameters: 94° C. for 30 sec, 52° C. for 2 min, 72° C. for 2 min, for 30 cycles. Reactions were analyzed on agarose gels. FIG. 1 shows a representative example of PMS expression in stably transduced H36 cells.
• Expression of the protein encoded by these genes were confirmed via western blot using a polyclonal antibody directed to the first 20 amino acids located in the N-terminus of the protein following the procedures previously described (data not shown) (Nicolaides et al. (1998) A Naturally Occurring hPMS2 Mutation Can Confer a Dominant Negative Mutator Phenotype. [0084] Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:1635-1641.
EXAMPLE 2 hPMS134 Causes a Defect in MMR Activity and Hypermutability in Hybridoma Cells
• A hallmark of MMR deficiency is the generation of unstable microsatellite repeats in the genome of host cells. This phenotype is referred to as microsatellite instability (MI) (Modrich, P. (1994) Mismatch repair, genetic stability, and cancer [0085] Science 266:1959-1960; Palombo, F., et al. (1994) Mismatch repair and cancer Nature 36:417). MI consists of deletions and/or insertions within repetitive mono-, di- and/or tri nucleotide repetitive sequences throughout the entire genome of a host cell. Extensive genetic analysis eukaryotic cells have found that the only biochemical defect that is capable of producing MI is defective MMR (Strand, M., et al. (1993) Destabilization of tracts of simple repetitive DNA in yeast by mutations affecting DNA mismatch repair Nature 365:274-276; Perucho, M. (1996) Cancer of the microsatellite mutator phenotype. Biol Chem. 377:675-684; Eshleman J. R., and Markowitz, S. D. (1996) Mismatch repair defects in human carcinogenesis. Hum. Mol. Genet. 5:1489-494). In light of this unique feature that defective MMR has on promoting MI, it is now used as a biochemical marker to survey for lack of MMR activity within host cells (Perucho, M. (1996) Cancer of the microsatellite mutator phenotype. Biol Chem. 377:675-684; Eshleman J. R., and Markowitz, S. D. (1996) Mismatch repair defects in human carcinogenesis. Hum. Mol. Genet. 5:1489-494; Liu, T., et al. (2000) Microsatellite instability as a predictor of a mutation in a DNA mismatch repair gene in familial colorectal cancer Genes Chromosomes Cancer 27:17-25).
• A method used to detect MMR deficiency in eukaryotic cells is to employ a reporter gene that has a polynucleotide repeat inserted within the coding region that disrupts its reading frame due to a frame shift. In the case where MMR is defective, the reporter gene will acquire random mutations (i.e. insertions and/or deletions) within the polynucleotide repeat yielding clones that contain a reporter with an open reading frame. We have employed the use of an MMR-sensitive reporter gene to measure for MMR activity in HBvec, HBPMS2, and HBPMS134 cells. The reporter construct used the pCAR-OF, which contains a hygromycin resistance (HYG) gene plus a β-galactosidase gene containing a 29 bp out-of-frame poly-CA tract at the 5′ end of its coding region. The pCAR-OF reporter would not generate β-galactosidase activity unless a frame-restoring mutation (i.e., insertion or deletion) arose following transfection. HBvec, HBPMS2, and HB134 cells were each transfected with pCAR-OF vector in duplicate reactions following the protocol described in Example 1. Cells were selected in 0.5 mg/ml G418 and 0.5 mg/ml HYG to select for cells retaining both the MMR effector and the pCAR-OF reporter plasmids. All cultures transfected with the pCAR vector resulted in a similar number of HYG/G418 resistant cells. Cultures were then expanded and tested for β-galactosidase activity in situ as well as by biochemical analysis of cell extracts. For in situ analysis, 100,000 cells were harvested and fixed in 1% gluteraldehyde, washed in phosphate buffered saline solution and incubated in 1 ml of X-gal substrate solution [0.15 M NaCl, 1 mM MgCl[0086] ₂, 3.3 mM K₄Fe(CN)₆, 3.3 mM K₃Fe(CN)₆, 0.2% X-Gal] in 24 well plates for 2 hours at 37° C. Reactions were stopped in 500 mM sodium bicarbonate solution and transferred to microscope slides for analysis. Three fields of 200 cells each were counted for blue (β-galactosidase positive cells) or white (β-galactosidase negative cells) to assess for MMR inactivation. Table 1 shows the results from these studies. While no β-galactosidase positive cells were observed in HBvec cells, 10% of the cells per field were β-galactosidase positive in HB134 cultures and 2% of the cells per field were β-galactosidase positive in HBPMS2 cultures.
• Cell extracts were prepared from the above cultures to measure β-galactosidase using a quantitative biochemical assay as previously described (Nicolaides et al. (1998) A Naturally Occurring hPMS2 Mutation Can Confer a Dominant Negative Mutator Phenotype [0087] Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:1635-1641; Nicolaides, N. C., et al. (1992) The Jun family members, c-JUN and JUND, transactivate the human c-myb promoter via an Ap1 like element. J. Biol. Chem. 267:19665-19672). Briefly, 100,000 cells were collected, centrifuged and resuspended in 200 μls of 0.25M Tris, pH 8.0. Cells were lysed by freeze/thawing three times and supernatants collected after microfugation at 14,000 rpms to remove cell debris. Protein content was determined by spectrophotometric analysis at OD²⁸⁰. For biochemical assays, 20 μg of protein was added to buffer containing 45 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 1 mM MgCl₂, 0.1 M NaPO₄ and 0.6 mg/ml Chlorophenol red-β-D-galactopyranoside (CPRG, Boehringer Mannheim). Reactions were incubated for 1 hour, terminated by the addition of 0.5 M Na2CO₃, and analyzed by spectrophotometry at 576 nm. H36 cell lysates were used to subtract out background. FIG. 2 shows the β-galactosidase activity in extracts from the various cell lines. As shown, the HB134 cells produced the highest amount of β-galactosidase, while no activity was found in the HBvec cells containing the pCAR-OF. These data demonstrate the ability to generate MMR defective hybridoma cells using dominant negative MMR gene alleles.
• Table 1. β-galactosidase expression of HBvec, HBPMS2 and HB134 cells transfected with pCAR-OF reporter vectors. Cells were transfected with the pCAR-OF β-galactosidase reporter plasmid. Transfected cells were selected in hygromycin and G418, expanded and stained with X-gal solution to measure for β-galactosidase activity (blue colored cells). 3 fields of 200 cells each were analyzed by microscopy. The results below represent the mean±standard deviation of these experiments. [0088]

  	TABLE 1
  	CELL LINE	# BLUE CELLS
  	HBvec
  	0 +/− 0
  	HBPMS2	4 +/− 1
  	HB134	20 +/− 3

EXAMPLE 3 Screening Strategy to Identify Hybridoma Clones Producing Antibodies with Higher Binding Affinities and/or Increased Immunoglobulin Production
• An application of the methods presented within this document is the use of MMR deficient hybridomas or other immunoglobulin producing cells to create genetic alterations within an immunoglobulin gene that will yield antibodies with altered biochemical properties. An illustration of this application is demonstrated within this example whereby the HB134 hybridoma (see Example 1), which is a MMR-defective cell line that produces an anti-human immunoglobulin type E (hIgE) MAb, is grown for 20 generations and clones are isolated in 96-well plates and screened for hIgE binding. FIG. 3 outlines the screening procedure to identify clones that produce high affinity MAbs, which is presumed to be due to an alteration within the light or heavy chain variable region of the protein. The assay employs the use of a plate Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA) to screen for clones that produce high-affinity MAbs. 96-well plates containing single cells from HBvec or HB134 pools are grown for 9 days in growth medium (RPMI 1640 plus 10% fetal bovine serum) plus 0.5 mg/ml G418 to ensure clones retain the expression vector. After 9 days, plates are screened using an hIgE plate ELISA, whereby a 96 well plate is coated with 50 μls of a 1 μg/ml hIgE solution for 4 hours at 4° C. Plates are washed 3 times in calcium and magnesium free phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS[0089] ^−/−) and blocked in 100 μls of PBS^−/− with 5% dry milk for 1 hour at room temperature. Wells are rinsed and incubated with 100 μls of a PBS solution containing a 1:5 dilution of conditioned medium from each cell clone for 2 hours. Plates are then washed 3 times with PBS^−/− and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature with 50 μls of a PBS^−/− solution containing 1:3000 dilution of a sheep anti-mouse horse radish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated secondary antibody. Plates are then washed 3 times with PBS^−/− and incubated with 50 μls of TMB-HRP substrate (BioRad) for 15 minutes at room temperature to detect amount of antibody produced by each clone. Reactions are stopped by adding 50 μls of 500 mM sodium bicarbonate and analyzed by OD at 415 nm using a BioRad plate reader. Clones exhibiting an enhanced signal over background cells (H36 control cells) are then isolated and expanded into 10 ml cultures for additional characterization and confirmation of ELISA data in triplicate experiments. ELISAs are also performed on conditioned (CM) from the same clones to measure total Ig production within the conditioned medium of each well. Clones that produce an increased ELISA signal and have increased antibody levels are then further analyzed for variants that over-express and/or over-secrete antibodies as described in Example 4. Analysis of five 96-well plates each from HBvec or HB134 cells have found that a significant number of clones with a higher Optical Density (OD) value is observed in the MMR-defective HB134 cells as compared to the HBvec controls. FIG. 4 shows a representative example of HB134 clones producing antibodies that bind to specific antigen (in this case IgE) with a higher affinity. FIG. 4 provides raw data from the analysis of 96 wells of HBvec (left graph) or HB134 (right graph) which shows 2 clones from the HB134 plate to have a higher OD reading due to 1) genetic alteration of the antibody variable domain that leads to an increased binding to IgE antigen, or 2) genetic alteration of a cell host that leads to over-production/secretion of the antibody molecule. Anti-Ig ELISA found thatthe two clones, shown in FIG. 4 have Ig levels within their CM similar to the surrounding wells exhibiting power OD values. These data suggest that a genetic alteration occurred within the antigen binding domain of the antibody which in turn allows for higher binding to antigen.
• Clones that produced higher OD values as determined by ELISA were further analyzed at the genetic level to confirm that mutations within the light or heavy chain variable region have occurred that lead to a higher binding affinity hence yielding to a stronger ELISA signal. Briefly, 100,000 cells are harvested and extracted for RNA using the Triazol method as described above. RNAs are reverse transcribed using Superscript II as suggested by the manufacturer (Life Technology) and PCR amplified for the antigen binding sites contained within the variable light and heavy chains. Because of the heterogeneous nature of these genes, the following degenerate primers are used to amplify light and heavy chain alleles from the parent H36 strain. [0090]

  	Light chain sense:
  	5′-GGA TTT TCA GGT GCA	(SEQ ID NO: 1)
  	GAT TTT CAG-3′
  	Light chain antisense:
  	5′-ACT GGA TGG TGG GAA	(SEQ ID NO: 2)
  	GAT GGA-3′
  	Heavy chain sense:
  	5′-A(G/T) GTN (A/C)AG	(SEQ ID NO: 3)
  	CTN CAG (C/G)AG TC-3′
  	Heavy chain antisense:
  	5′-TNC CTT G(A/G)C CCC	(SEQ ID NO: 4)
  	AGT A(G/A)(A/T)C-3′

• PCR reactions using degenerate oligonucleotides are carried out at 94° C. for 30 sec, 52° C. for 1 min, and 72° C. for 1 min for 35 cycles. Products are analyzed on agarose gels. Products of the expected molecular weights are purified from the gels by Gene Clean (Bio 101), cloned into T-tailed vectors, and sequenced to identify the wild type sequence of the variable light and heavy chains. Once the wild type sequence has been determined, non-degenerate primers were made for RT-PCR amplification of positive HB134 clones. Both the light and heavy chains were amplified, gel purified and sequenced using the corresponding sense and antisense primers. The sequencing of RT-PCR products gives representative sequence data of the endogenous immunoglobulin gene and not due to PCR induced mutations. Sequences from clones were then compared to the wild type sequence for sequence comparison. An example of the ability to create in vivo mutations within an immunoglobulin light or heavy chain is shown in FIG. 5, where HB134 clone92 was identified by ELISA to have an increased signal for hIgE. The light chain was amplified using specific sense and antisense primers. The light chain was RT-PCR amplified and the resulting product was purified and analyzed on an automated ABI377 sequencer. As shown in clone A, a residue −4 upstream of the [0091] CDR region 3 had a genetic change from ACT to TCT, which results in a Thr to Ser change within the framework region just preceding the CDR#3. In clone B, a residue −6 upstream of the CDR region had a genetic change from CCC to CTC, which reslts in a Pro to His change within framework region preceeding CDR#2.
• The ability to generate random mutations in immunoglobulin genes or chimeric immunoglobulin genes is not limited to hybridomas. Nicolaides et al. (Nicolaides et al. (1998) A Naturally Occurring hPMS2 Mutation Can Confer a Dominant Negative Mutator Phenotype [0092] Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:1635-1641) has previously shown the ability to generate hypermutable hamster cells and produce mutations within an endogenous gene. A common method for producing humanized antibodies is to graft CDR sequences from a MAb (produced by immunizing a rodent host) onto a human Ig backbone, and transfection of the chimeric genes into Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells whih in turn produce a functional Ab that is secreted by the CHO cells (Shields, R. L., et al. (1995) Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies that inhibit allergen-specific histamine release. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 107:412-413). The methods described within this application are also useful for generating genetic alterations within Ig genes or chimeric Igs transfected within host cells such as rodent cell lines, plants, yeast and prokaryotes (Frigerio L, et al. (2000) Assembly, secretion, and vacuolar delivery of a hybrid immunoglobulin in plants. Plant Physiol. 123:1483-1494).
• These data demonstrate the ability to generate hypermutable hybridomas, or other Ig producing host cells that can be grown and selected, to identify structurally altered immunoglobulins yielding antibodies with enhanced biochemical properties, including but not limited to increased antigen binding affinity. Moreover, hypermutable clones that contain missense mutations within the immunoglobulin gene that result in an amino acid change or changes can be then further characterized for in vivo stability, antigen clearance, on-off binding to antigens, etc. Clones can also be further expanded for subsequent rounds of in vivo mutations and can be screened using the strategy listed above. [0093]
• The use of chemical mutagens to produce genetic mutations in cells or whole organisms are limited due to the toxic effects that these agents have on “normal” cells. The use of chemical mutagens such as MNU in MMR defective organisms is much more tolerable yielding to a 10 to 100 fold increase in genetic mutation over MMR deficiency alone (Bignami M, (2000) Unmasking a killer: DNA O(6)-methylguanine and the cytotoxicity of methylating agents. [0094] Mutat. Res. 462:71-82). This strategy allows for the use of chemical mutagens to be used in MMR-defective Ab producing cells as a method for increasing additional mutations within immunoglobulin genes or chimeras that may yield functional Abs with altered biochemical properties such as enhanced binding affinity to antigen, etc.
EXAMPLE 4 Generation of Antibody Producing Cells with Enhanced Antibody Production
• Analysis of clones from H36 and HB134 following the screening strategy listed above hasidentified a significant number of clones that produce enhanced amounts of antibody into the medium. While a subset of these clones gave higher Ig binding data as determined by ELISA as a consequence of mutations within the antigen binding domains contained in the variable regions, others were found to contain “enhanced” antibody production. A summary of the clones producing enhanced amounts of secreted MAb is shown in TABLE 2, where a significant number of clones from HB134 cells were found to produce enhanced Ab production within the conditioned medium as compared to H36 control cells. [0095]
• TABLE 2. Generation of hybridoma cells producing high levels of antibody. HB134 clones were assayed by ELISA for elevated Ig levels. Analysis of 480 clones showed that a significant number of clones had elevated MAb product levels in their CM. Quantification showed that several of these clones produced greater than 500 ngs/ml of MAb due to either enhanced expression and/or secretion as compared to clones from the H36 cell line. [0096]

  TABLE 2
  Production of MAb in CM from H36 and HB134 clones.

  	Cell Line	% clones > 400 ng/ml	% clones > 500 ng/ml
  	H36
  	1/480 = 0.2%	0/480 = 0%
  	HB134	50/480 = 10%	8/480 = 1.7%

• Cellular analysis of HB134 clones with higher MAb levels within the conditioned medium (CM) were analyzed to determine if the increased production was simply due to genetic alterations at the Ig locus that may lead to over-expression of the polypeptides forming the antibody, or due to enhanced secretion due to a genetic alteration affecting secretory pathway mechanisms. To address this issue, we expanded three HB134 clones that had increased levels of antibody within their CM. 10,000 cells were prepared for western blot analysis to assay for intracellular steady state Ig protein levels (FIG. 6). In addition, H36 cells were used as a standard reference (Lane 2) and a rodent fibroblast (Lane 1) was used as an Ig negative control. Briefly, cells were pelleted by centrifugation and lysed directly in 300 μl of SDS lysis buffer (60 mM Tris, pH 6.8, 2% SDS, 10% glycerol, 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol, 0.001% bromophenol blue) and boiled for 5 minutes. Lysate proteins were separated by electrophoresis on 4-12% NUPAGE gels (for analysis of Ig heavy chain. Gels were electroblotted onto Immobilon-P (Millipore) in 48 mM Tris base, 40 mM glycine, 0.0375% SDS, 20% methanol and blocked at room temperature for 1 hour in Tris-buffered saline (TBS) plus 0.05% Tween-20 and 5% condensed milk. Filters were probed with a 1:10,000 dilution of sheep anti-mouse horseradish peroxidase conjugated monoclonal antibody in TBS buffer and detected by chemiliuminescence using Supersignal substrate (Pierce). Experiments were repeated in duplicates to ensure reproducibility. FIG. 6 shows a representative analysis where a subset of clones had enhanced Ig production which accounted for increased Ab production (Lane 5) while others had a similar steady state level as the control sample, yet had higher levels of Ab within the CM. These data suggest a mechanism whereby a subset of HB134 clones contained a genetic alteration that in turn produces elevated secretion of antibody. [0097]
• The use of chemical mutagens to produce genetic mutations in cells or whole organisms are limited due to the toxic effects that these agents have on “normal” cells. The use of chemical mutagens such as MNU in MMR defective organisms is much more tolerable yielding to a 10 to 100 fold increase in genetic mutation over MMR deficiency alone (Bignami M, (2000) Unmasking a killer: DNA O(6)-methylguanine and the cytotoxicity of methylating agents. [0098] Mutat. Res. 462:71-82). This strategy allows for the use of chemical mutagens to be used in MMR-defective Ab producing cells as a method for increasing additional mutations within immunoglobulin genes or chimeras that may yield functional Abs with altered biochemical properties such as enhanced binding affinity to antigen, etc.
EXAMPLE 5 Establishment of Genetic Stability in Hybridoma Cells with New Output Trait
• The initial steps of MMR are dependent on two protein complexes, called MutSα and MutLα (Nicolaides et al. (1998) A Naturally Occurring hPMS2 Mutation Can Confer a Dominant Negative Mutator Phenotype. [0099] Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:1635-1641). Dominant negative MMR alleles are able to perturb the formation of these complexes with downstream biochemicals involved in the excision and polymerization of nucleotides comprising the “corrected” nucleotides. Examples from this application show the ability of a truncated MMR allele (PMS134) as well as a full length human PMS2 when expressed in a hybridoma cell line is capable of blocking MMR resulting in a hypermutable cell line that gains genetic alterations throughout its entire genome per cell division. Once a cell line is produced that contains genetic alterations within genes encoding for an antibody, a single chain antibody, over expression of immunoglobulin genes and/or enhanced secretion of antibody, it is desirable to restore the genomic integrity of the cell host. This can be achieved by the use of inducible vectors whereby dominant negative MMR genes are cloned into such vectors, introduced into Ab producing cells and the cells are cultured in the presence of inducer molecules and/or conditions. Inducible vectors include but are not limited to chemical regulated promoters such as the steroid inducible MMTV, tetracycline regulated promoters, temperature sensitive MMR gene alleles, and temperature sensitive promoters.
• The results described above lead to several conclusions. First, expression of hPMS2 and PMS134 results in an increase in microsatellite instability in hybridoma cells. That this elevated microsatellite instability is due to MMR deficiency was proven by evaluation of extracts from stably transduced cells. The expression of PMS134 results in a polar defect in MMR, which was only observed using heteroduplexes designed to test repair from the 5′ direction (no significant defect in repair from the 3′ direction was observed in the same extracts) (Nicolaides et al. (1998) A Naturally Occurring hPMS2 Mutation Can Confer a Dominant Negative Mutator Phenotype. [0100] Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:1635-1641). Interestingly, cells deficient in hMLH1 also have a polar defect in MMR, but in this case preferentially affecting repair from the 3′ direction (Drummond, J. T, et al. (1996) Cisplatin and adriamycin resistance are associated with MutLa and mismatch repair deficiency in an ovarian tumor cell line. J. Biol. Chem. 271:9645-19648). It is known from previous studies in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes that the separate enzymatic components mediate repair from the two different directions. Our results, in combination with those of Drummond et al. (Shields, R. L., et al. (1995) Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies that inhibit allergen-specific histamine release. Int. Arch Allergy Immunol. 107:412-413), strongly suggest a model in which 5′ repair is primarily dependent on hPMS2 while 3′ repair is primarily dependent on hMLH1. It is easy to envision how the dimeric complex between PMS2 and MLH1 might set up this directionality. The combined results also demonstrate that a defect in directional MMR is sufficient to produce a MMR defective phenotype and suggests that any MMR gene allele is useful to produce genetically altered hybridoma cells, or a cell line that is producing Ig gene products. Moreover, the use of such MMR alleles will be useful for generating genetically altered Ig polypeptides with altered biochemical properties as well as cell hosts that produce enhanced amounts of antibody molecules.
• Another method that is taught in this application is that ANY method used to block MMR can be performed to generate hypermutablility in an antibody-producing cell that can lead to genetically altered antibodies with enhanced biochemical features such as but not limited to increased antigen binding, enhanced pharmacokinetic profiles, etc. These processes can also to be used to generate antibody producer cells that have increased Ig expression as shown in Example 4, FIG. 6 and/or increased antibody secretion as shown in Table 2. [0101]
• In addition, we demonstrate the utility of blocking MMR in antibody producing cells to increase genetic alterations within Ig genes that may lead to altered biochemical features such as, but not limited to, increased antigen binding affinities (FIGS. 5A and 5B). The blockade of MMR in such cells can be through the use of dominant negative MMR gene alleles from any species including bacteria, yeast, protozoa, insects, rodents, primates, mammalian cells, and man. Blockade of MMR can also be generated through the use of antisense RNA or deoxynucleotides directed to any of the genes involved in the MMR biochemical pathway. Blockade of MMR can be through the use of polypeptides that interfere with subunits of the MMR complex including but not limited to antibodies. Finally, the blockade of MMR may be through the use chemicals such as but not limited to nonhydrolyzable ATP analogs, which have been shown to block MMR (Galio, L, et al. (1999) ATP hydrolysis-dependent formation of a dynamic ternary nucleoprotein complex with MutS and MutL. [0102] Nucl. Acids Res. 27:2325-23231).
• 1 23 1 24 DNA Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide primer 1 ggattttcag gtgcagattt tcag 24 2 21 DNA Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide primer 2 actggatggt gggaagatgg a 21 3 19 DNA Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide primer 3 akgtnmagct ncagsagtc 19 4 19 DNA Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide primer 4 tnccttgrcc ccagtarwc 19 5 859 PRT Mus musculus 5 Met Glu Gln Thr Glu Gly Val Ser Thr Glu Cys Ala Lys Ala Ile Lys 1 5 10 15 Pro Ile Asp Gly Lys Ser Val His Gln Ile Cys Ser Gly Gln Val Ile 20 25 30 Leu Ser Leu Ser Thr Ala Val Lys Glu Leu Ile Glu Asn Ser Val Asp 35 40 45 Ala Gly Ala Thr Thr Ile Asp Leu Arg Leu Lys Asp Tyr Gly Val Asp 50 55 60 Leu Ile Glu Val Ser Asp Asn Gly Cys Gly Val Glu Glu Glu Asn Phe 65 70 75 80 Glu Gly Leu Ala Leu Lys His His Thr Ser Lys Ile Gln Glu Phe Ala 85 90 95 Asp Leu Thr Gln Val Glu Thr Phe Gly Phe Arg Gly Glu Ala Leu Ser 100 105 110 Ser Leu Cys Ala Leu Ser Asp Val Thr Ile Ser Thr Cys His Gly Ser 115 120 125 Ala Ser Val Gly Thr Arg Leu Val Phe Asp His Asn Gly Lys Ile Thr 130 135 140 Gln Lys Thr Pro Tyr Pro Arg Pro Lys Gly Thr Thr Val Ser Val Gln 145 150 155 160 His Leu Phe Tyr Thr Leu Pro Val Arg Tyr Lys Glu Phe Gln Arg Asn 165 170 175 Ile Lys Lys Glu Tyr Ser Lys Met Val Gln Val Leu Gln Ala Tyr Cys 180 185 190 Ile Ile Ser Ala Gly Val Arg Val Ser Cys Thr Asn Gln Leu Gly Gln 195 200 205 Gly Lys Arg His Ala Val Val Cys Thr Ser Gly Thr Ser Gly Met Lys 210 215 220 Glu Asn Ile Gly Ser Val Phe Gly Gln Lys Gln Leu Gln Ser Leu Ile 225 230 235 240 Pro Phe Val Gln Leu Pro Pro Ser Asp Ala Val Cys Glu Glu Tyr Gly 245 250 255 Leu Ser Thr Ser Gly Arg His Lys Thr Phe Ser Thr Phe Arg Ala Ser 260 265 270 Phe His Ser Ala Arg Thr Ala Pro Gly Gly Val Gln Gln Thr Gly Ser 275 280 285 Phe Ser Ser Ser Ile Arg Gly Pro Val Thr Gln Gln Arg Ser Leu Ser 290 295 300 Leu Ser Met Arg Phe Tyr His Met Tyr Asn Arg His Gln Tyr Pro Phe 305 310 315 320 Val Val Leu Asn Val Ser Val Asp Ser Glu Cys Val Asp Ile Asp Val 325 330 335 Thr Pro Asp Lys Arg Gln Ile Leu Leu Gln Glu Glu Lys Leu Leu Leu 340 345 350 Ala Val Leu Lys Thr Ser Leu Ile Gly Met Phe Asp Ser Asp Ala Asn 355 360 365 Lys Leu Asn Val Asn Gln Gln Pro Leu Leu Asp Val Glu Gly Asn Leu 370 375 380 Val Lys Leu His Thr Ala Glu Leu Glu Lys Pro Val Pro Gly Lys Gln 385 390 395 400 Asp Asn Ser Pro Ser Leu Lys Ser Thr Ala Asp Glu Lys Arg Val Ala 405 410 415 Ser Ile Ser Arg Leu Arg Glu Ala Phe Ser Leu His Pro Thr Lys Glu 420 425 430 Ile Lys Ser Arg Gly Pro Glu Thr Ala Glu Leu Thr Arg Ser Phe Pro 435 440 445 Ser Glu Lys Arg Gly Val Leu Ser Ser Tyr Pro Ser Asp Val Ile Asp 450 455 460 Tyr Arg Gly Leu Arg Gly Ser Gln Asp Lys Leu Val Ser Pro Thr Asp 465 470 475 480 Ser Pro Gly Asp Cys Met Asp Arg Glu Lys Ile Glu Lys Asp Ser Gly 485 490 495 Leu Ser Ser Thr Ser Ala Gly Ser Glu Glu Glu Phe Ser Thr Pro Glu 500 505 510 Val Ala Ser Ser Phe Ser Ser Asp Tyr Asn Val Ser Ser Leu Glu Asp 515 520 525 Arg Pro Ser Gln Glu Thr Ile Asn Cys Gly Asp Leu Asp Cys Arg Pro 530 535 540 Pro Gly Thr Gly Gln Ser Leu Lys Pro Glu Asp His Gly Tyr Gln Cys 545 550 555 560 Lys Ala Leu Pro Leu Ala Arg Leu Ser Pro Thr Asn Ala Lys Arg Phe 565 570 575 Lys Thr Glu Glu Arg Pro Ser Asn Val Asn Ile Ser Gln Arg Leu Pro 580 585 590 Gly Pro Gln Ser Thr Ser Ala Ala Glu Val Asp Val Ala Ile Lys Met 595 600 605 Arg Met Lys Gln Leu Gln His Leu Lys Ala Gln Asn Lys His Glu Leu 610 615 620 Arg Met Lys Gln Leu Gln His Leu Lys Ala Gln Asn Lys His Glu Leu 625 630 635 640 Ser Tyr Arg Lys Phe Arg Ala Lys Ile Cys Pro Gly Glu Asn Gln Ala 645 650 655 Ala Glu Asp Glu Leu Arg Lys Glu Ile Ser Lys Ser Met Phe Ala Glu 660 665 670 Met Glu Ile Leu Gly Gln Phe Asn Leu Gly Phe Ile Val Thr Lys Leu 675 680 685 Lys Glu Asp Leu Phe Leu Val Asp Gln His Ala Ala Asp Glu Lys Tyr 690 695 700 Asn Phe Glu Met Leu Gln Gln His Thr Val Leu Gln Ala Gln Arg Leu 705 710 715 720 Ile Thr Pro Gln Thr Leu Asn Leu Thr Ala Val Asn Glu Ala Val Leu 725 730 735 Ile Glu Asn Leu Glu Ile Phe Arg Lys Asn Gly Phe Asp Phe Val Ile 740 745 750 Asp Glu Asp Ala Pro Val Thr Glu Arg Ala Lys Leu Ile Ser Leu Pro 755 760 765 Thr Ser Lys Asn Trp Thr Phe Gly Pro Gln Asp Ile Asp Glu Leu Ile 770 775 780 Phe Met Leu Ser Asp Ser Pro Gly Val Met Cys Arg Pro Ser Arg Val 785 790 795 800 Arg Gln Met Phe Ala Ser Arg Ala Cys Arg Lys Ser Val Met Ile Gly 805 810 815 Thr Ala Leu Asn Ala Ser Glu Met Lys Lys Leu Ile Thr His Met Gly 820 825 830 Glu Met Asp His Pro Trp Asn Cys Pro His Gly Arg Pro Thr Met Arg 835 840 845 His Val Ala Asn Leu Asp Val Ile Ser Gln Asn 850 855 6 3056 DNA Mus musculus 6 gaattccggt gaaggtcctg aagaatttcc agattcctga gtatcattgg aggagacaga 60 taacctgtcg tcaggtaacg atggtgtata tgcaacagaa atgggtgttc ctggagacgc 120 gtcttttccc gagagcggca ccgcaactct cccgcggtga ctgtgactgg aggagtcctg 180 catccatgga gcaaaccgaa ggcgtgagta cagaatgtgc taaggccatc aagcctattg 240 atgggaagtc agtccatcaa atttgttctg ggcaggtgat actcagttta agcaccgctg 300 tgaaggagtt gatagaaaat agtgtagatg ctggtgctac tactattgat ctaaggctta 360 aagactatgg ggtggacctc attgaagttt cagacaatgg atgtggggta gaagaagaaa 420 actttgaagg tctagctctg aaacatcaca catctaagat tcaagagttt gccgacctca 480 cgcaggttga aactttcggc tttcgggggg aagctctgag ctctctgtgt gcactaagtg 540 atgtcactat atctacctgc cacgggtctg caagcgttgg gactcgactg gtgtttgacc 600 ataatgggaa aatcacccag aaaactccct acccccgacc taaaggaacc acagtcagtg 660 tgcagcactt attttataca ctacccgtgc gttacaaaga gtttcagagg aacattaaaa 720 aggagtattc caaaatggtg caggtcttac aggcgtactg tatcatctca gcaggcgtcc 780 gtgtaagctg cactaatcag ctcggacagg ggaagcggca cgctgtggtg tgcacaagcg 840 gcacgtctgg catgaaggaa aatatcgggt ctgtgtttgg ccagaagcag ttgcaaagcc 900 tcattccttt tgttcagctg ccccctagtg acgctgtgtg tgaagagtac ggcctgagca 960 cttcaggacg ccacaaaacc ttttctacgt ttcgggcttc atttcacagt gcacgcacgg 1020 cgccgggagg agtgcaacag acaggcagtt tttcttcatc aatcagaggc cctgtgaccc 1080 agcaaaggtc tctaagcttg tcaatgaggt tttatcacat gtataaccgg catcagtacc 1140 catttgtcgt ccttaacgtt tccgttgact cagaatgtgt ggatattaat gtaactccag 1200 ataaaaggca aattctacta caagaagaga agctattgct ggccgtttta aagacctcct 1260 tgataggaat gtttgacagt gatgcaaaca agcttaatgt caaccagcag ccactgctag 1320 atgttgaagg taacttagta aagctgcata ctgcagaact agaaaagcct gtgccaggaa 1380 agcaagataa ctctccttca ctgaagagca cagcagacga gaaaagggta gcatccatct 1440 ccaggctgag agaggccttt tctcttcatc ctactaaaga gatcaagtct aggggtccag 1500 agactgctga actgacacgg agttttccaa gtgagaaaag gggcgtgtta tcctcttatc 1560 cttcagacgt catctcttac agaggcctcc gtggctcgca ggacaaattg gtgagtccca 1620 cggacagccc tggtgactgt atggacagag agaaaataga aaaagactca gggctcagca 1680 gcacctcagc tggctctgag gaagagttca gcaccccaga agtggccagt agctttagca 1740 gtgactataa cgtgagctcc ctagaagaca gaccttctca ggaaaccata aactgtggtg 1800 acctggactg ccgtcctcca ggtacaggac agtccttgaa gccagaagac catggatatc 1860 aatgcaaagc tctacctcta gctcgtctgt cacccacaaa tgccaagcgc ttcaagacag 1920 aggaaagacc ctcaaatgtc aacatttctc aaagattgcc tggtcctcag agcacctcag 1980 cagctgaggt cgatgtagcc ataaaaatga ataagagaat cgtgctcctc gagttctctc 2040 tgagttctct agctaagcga atgaagcagt tacagcacct aaaggcgcag aacaaacatg 2100 aactgagtta cagaaaattt agggccaaga tttgccctgg agaaaaccaa gcagcagaag 2160 atgaactcag aaaagagatt agtaaatcga tgtttgcaga gatggagatc ttgggtcagt 2220 ttaacctggg atttatagta accaaactga aagaggacct cttcctggtg gaccagcatg 2280 ctgcggatga gaagtacaac tttgagatgc tgcagcagca cacggtgctc caggcgcaga 2340 ggctcatcac accccagact ctgaacttaa ctgctgtcaa tgaagctgta ctgatagaaa 2400 atctggaaat attcagaaag aatggctttg actttgtcat tgatgaggat gctccagtca 2460 ctgaaagggc taaattgatt tccttaccaa ctagtaaaaa ctggaccttt ggaccccaag 2520 atatagatga actgatcttt atgttaagtg acagccctgg ggtcatgtgc cggccctcac 2580 gagtcagaca gatgtttgct tccagagcct gtcggaagtc agtgatgatt ggaacggcgc 2640 tcaatgcgag cgagatgaag aagctcatca cccacatggg tgagatggac cacccctgga 2700 actgccccca cggcaggcca accatgaggc acgttgccaa tctggatgtc atctctcaga 2760 actgacacac cccttgtagc atagagttta ttacagattg ttcggtttgc aaagagaagg 2820 ttttaagtaa tctgattatc gttgtacaaa aattagcatg ctgctttaat gtactggatc 2880 catttaaaag cagtgttaag gcaggcatga tggagtgttc ctctagctca gctacttggg 2940 tgatccggtg ggagctcatg tgagcccagg actttgagac cactccgagc cacattcatg 3000 agactcaatt caaggacaaa aaaaaaaaga tatttttgaa gccttttaaa aaaaaa 3056 7 862 PRT Homo sapiens 7 Met Glu Arg Ala Glu Ser Ser Ser Thr Glu Pro Ala Lys Ala Ile Lys 1 5 10 15 Pro Ile Asp Arg Lys Ser Val His Gln Ile Cys Ser Gly Gln Val Val 20 25 30 Leu Ser Leu Ser Thr Ala Val Lys Glu Leu Val Glu Asn Ser Leu Asp 35 40 45 Ala Gly Ala Thr Asn Ile Asp Leu Lys Leu Lys Asp Tyr Gly Val Asp 50 55 60 Leu Ile Glu Val Ser Asp Asn Gly Cys Gly Val Glu Glu Glu Asn Phe 65 70 75 80 Glu Gly Leu Thr Leu Lys His His Thr Ser Lys Ile Gln Glu Phe Ala 85 90 95 Asp Leu Thr Gln Val Glu Thr Phe Gly Phe Arg Gly Glu Ala Leu Ser 100 105 110 Ser Leu Cys Ala Leu Ser Asp Val Thr Ile Ser Thr Cys His Ala Ser 115 120 125 Ala Lys Val Gly Thr Arg Leu Met Phe Asp His Asn Gly Lys Ile Ile 130 135 140 Gln Lys Thr Pro Tyr Pro Arg Pro Arg Gly Thr Thr Val Ser Val Gln 145 150 155 160 Gln Leu Phe Ser Thr Leu Pro Val Arg His Lys Glu Phe Gln Arg Asn 165 170 175 Ile Lys Lys Glu Tyr Ala Lys Met Val Gln Val Leu His Ala Tyr Cys 180 185 190 Ile Ile Ser Ala Gly Ile Arg Val Ser Cys Thr Asn Gln Leu Gly Gln 195 200 205 Gly Lys Arg Gln Pro Val Val Cys Thr Gly Gly Ser Pro Ser Ile Lys 210 215 220 Glu Asn Ile Gly Ser Val Phe Gly Gln Lys Gln Leu Gln Ser Leu Ile 225 230 235 240 Pro Phe Val Gln Leu Pro Pro Ser Asp Ser Val Cys Glu Glu Tyr Gly 245 250 255 Leu Ser Cys Ser Asp Ala Leu His Asn Leu Phe Tyr Ile Ser Gly Phe 260 265 270 Ile Ser Gln Cys Thr His Gly Val Gly Arg Ser Ser Thr Asp Arg Gln 275 280 285 Phe Phe Phe Ile Asn Arg Arg Pro Cys Asp Pro Ala Lys Val Cys Arg 290 295 300 Leu Val Asn Glu Val Tyr His Met Tyr Asn Arg His Gln Tyr Pro Phe 305 310 315 320 Val Val Leu Asn Ile Ser Val Asp Ser Glu Cys Val Asp Ile Asn Val 325 330 335 Thr Pro Asp Lys Arg Gln Ile Leu Leu Gln Glu Glu Lys Leu Leu Leu 340 345 350 Ala Val Leu Lys Thr Ser Leu Ile Gly Met Phe Asp Ser Asp Val Asn 355 360 365 Lys Leu Asn Val Ser Gln Gln Pro Leu Leu Asp Val Glu Gly Asn Leu 370 375 380 Ile Lys Met His Ala Ala Asp Leu Glu Lys Pro Met Val Glu Lys Gln 385 390 395 400 Asp Gln Ser Pro Ser Leu Arg Thr Gly Glu Glu Lys Lys Asp Val Ser 405 410 415 Ile Ser Arg Leu Arg Glu Ala Phe Ser Leu Arg His Thr Thr Glu Asn 420 425 430 Lys Pro His Ser Pro Lys Thr Pro Glu Pro Arg Arg Ser Pro Leu Gly 435 440 445 Gln Lys Arg Gly Met Leu Ser Ser Ser Thr Ser Gly Ala Ile Ser Asp 450 455 460 Lys Gly Val Leu Arg Pro Gln Lys Glu Ala Val Ser Ser Ser His Gly 465 470 475 480 Pro Ser Asp Pro Thr Asp Arg Ala Glu Val Glu Lys Asp Ser Gly His 485 490 495 Gly Ser Thr Ser Val Asp Ser Glu Gly Phe Ser Ile Pro Asp Thr Gly 500 505 510 Ser His Cys Ser Ser Glu Tyr Ala Ala Ser Ser Pro Gly Asp Arg Gly 515 520 525 Ser Gln Glu His Val Asp Ser Gln Glu Lys Ala Pro Glu Thr Asp Asp 530 535 540 Ser Phe Ser Asp Val Asp Cys His Ser Asn Gln Glu Asp Thr Gly Cys 545 550 555 560 Lys Phe Arg Val Leu Pro Gln Pro Thr Asn Leu Ala Thr Pro Asn Thr 565 570 575 Lys Arg Phe Lys Lys Glu Glu Ile Leu Ser Ser Ser Asp Ile Cys Gln 580 585 590 Lys Leu Val Asn Thr Gln Asp Met Ser Ala Ser Gln Val Asp Val Ala 595 600 605 Val Lys Ile Asn Lys Lys Val Val Pro Leu Asp Phe Ser Met Ser Ser 610 615 620 Leu Ala Lys Arg Ile Lys Gln Leu His His Glu Ala Gln Gln Ser Glu 625 630 635 640 Gly Glu Gln Asn Tyr Arg Lys Phe Arg Ala Lys Ile Cys Pro Gly Glu 645 650 655 Asn Gln Ala Ala Glu Asp Glu Leu Arg Lys Glu Ile Ser Lys Thr Met 660 665 670 Phe Ala Glu Met Glu Ile Ile Gly Gln Phe Asn Leu Gly Phe Ile Ile 675 680 685 Thr Lys Leu Asn Glu Asp Ile Phe Ile Val Asp Gln His Ala Thr Asp 690 695 700 Glu Lys Tyr Asn Phe Glu Met Leu Gln Gln His Thr Val Leu Gln Gly 705 710 715 720 Gln Arg Leu Ile Ala Pro Gln Thr Leu Asn Leu Thr Ala Val Asn Glu 725 730 735 Ala Val Leu Ile Glu Asn Leu Glu Ile Phe Arg Lys Asn Gly Phe Asp 740 745 750 Phe Val Ile Asp Glu Asn Ala Pro Val Thr Glu Arg Ala Lys Leu Ile 755 760 765 Ser Leu Pro Thr Ser Lys Asn Trp Thr Phe Gly Pro Gln Asp Val Asp 770 775 780 Glu Leu Ile Phe Met Leu Ser Asp Ser Pro Gly Val Met Cys Arg Pro 785 790 795 800 Ser Arg Val Lys Gln Met Phe Ala Ser Arg Ala Cys Arg Lys Ser Val 805 810 815 Met Ile Gly Thr Ala Leu Asn Thr Ser Glu Met Lys Lys Leu Ile Thr 820 825 830 His Met Gly Glu Met Asp His Pro Trp Asn Cys Pro His Gly Arg Pro 835 840 845 Thr Met Arg His Ile Ala Asn Leu Gly Val Ile Ser Gln Asn 850 855 860 8 2771 DNA Homo sapiens 8 cgaggcggat cgggtgttgc atccatggag cgagctgaga gctcgagtac agaacctgct 60 aaggccatca aacctattga tcggaagtca gtccatcaga tttgctctgg gcaggtggta 120 ctgagtctaa gcactgcggt aaaggagtta gtagaaaaca gtctggatgc tggtgccact 180 aatattgatc taaagcttaa ggactatgga gtggatctta ttgaagtttc agacaatgga 240 tgtggggtag aagaagaaaa cttcgaaggc ttaactctga aacatcacac atctaagatt 300 caagagtttg ccgacctaac tcaggttgaa acttttggct ttcgggggga agctctgagc 360 tcactttgtg cactgagcga tgtcaccatt tctacctgcc acgcatcggc gaaggttgga 420 actcgactga tgtttgatca caatgggaaa attatccaga aaacccccta cccccgcccc 480 agagggacca cagtcagcgt gcagcagtta ttttccacac tacctgtgcg ccataaggaa 540 tttcaaagga atattaagaa ggagtatgcc aaaatggtcc aggtcttaca tgcatactgt 600 atcatttcag caggcatccg tgtaagttgc accaatcagc ttggacaagg aaaacgacag 660 cctgtggtat gcacaggtgg aagccccagc ataaaggaaa atatcggctc tgtgtttggg 720 cagaagcagt tgcaaagcct cattcctttt gttcagctgc cccctagtga ctccgtgtgt 780 gaagagtacg gtttgagctg ttcggatgct ctgcataatc ttttttacat ctcaggtttc 840 atttcacaat gcacgcatgg agttggaagg agttcaacag acagacagtt tttctttatc 900 aaccggcggc cttgtgaccc agcaaaggtc tgcagactcg tgaatgaggt ctaccacatg 960 tataatcgac accagtatcc atttgttgtt cttaacattt ctgttgattc agaatgcgtt 1020 gatatcaatg ttactccaga taaaaggcaa attttgctac aagaggaaaa gcttttgttg 1080 gcagttttaa agacctcttt gataggaatg tttgatagtg atgtcaacaa gctaaatgtc 1140 agtcagcagc cactgctgga tgttgaaggt aacttaataa aaatgcatgc agcggatttg 1200 gaaaagccca tggtagaaaa gcaggatcaa tccccttcat taaggactgg agaagaaaaa 1260 aaagacgtgt ccatttccag actgcgagag gccttttctc ttcgtcacac aacagagaac 1320 aagcctcaca gcccaaagac tccagaacca agaaggagcc ctctaggaca gaaaaggggt 1380 atgctgtctt ctagcacttc aggtgccatc tctgacaaag gcgtcctgag acctcagaaa 1440 gaggcagtga gttccagtca cggacccagt gaccctacgg acagagcgga ggtggagaag 1500 gactcggggc acggcagcac ttccgtggat tctgaggggt tcagcatccc agacacgggc 1560 agtcactgca gcagcgagta tgcggccagc tccccagggg acaggggctc gcaggaacat 1620 gtggactctc aggagaaagc gcctgaaact gacgactctt tttcagatgt ggactgccat 1680 tcaaaccagg aagataccgg atgtaaattt cgagttttgc ctcagccaac taatctcgca 1740 accccaaaca caaagcgttt taaaaaagaa gaaattcttt ccagttctga catttgtcaa 1800 aagttagtaa atactcagga catgtcagcc tctcaggttg atgtagctgt gaaaattaat 1860 aagaaagttg tgcccctgga cttttctatg agttctttag ctaaacgaat aaagcagtta 1920 catcatgaag cacagcaaag tgaaggggaa cagaattaca ggaagtttag ggcaaagatt 1980 tgtcctggag aaaatcaagc agccgaagat gaactaagaa aagagataag taaaacgatg 2040 tttgcagaaa tggaaatcat tggtcagttt aacctgggat ttataataac caaactgaat 2100 gaggatatct tcatagtgga ccagcatgcc acggacgaga agtataactt cgagatgctg 2160 cagcagcaca ccgtgctcca ggggcagagg ctcatagcac ctcagactct caacttaact 2220 gctgttaatg aagctgttct gatagaaaat ctggaaatat ttagaaagaa tggctttgat 2280 tttgttatcg atgaaaatgc tccagtcact gaaagggcta aactgatttc cttgccaact 2340 agtaaaaact ggaccttcgg accccaggac gtcgatgaac tgatcttcat gctgagcgac 2400 agccctgggg tcatgtgccg gccttcccga gtcaagcaga tgtttgcctc cagagcctgc 2460 cggaagtcgg tgatgattgg gactgctctt aacacaagcg agatgaagaa actgatcacc 2520 cacatggggg agatggacca cccctggaac tgtccccatg gaaggccaac catgagacac 2580 atcgccaacc tgggtgtcat ttctcagaac tgaccgtagt cactgtatgg aataattggt 2640 tttatcgcag atttttatgt tttgaaagac agagtcttca ctaacctttt ttgttttaaa 2700 atgaaacctg ctacttaaaa aaaatacaca tcacacccat ttaaaagtga tcttgagaac 2760 cttttcaaac c 2771 9 932 PRT Homo sapiens 9 Met Lys Gln Leu Pro Ala Ala Thr Val Arg Leu Leu Ser Ser Ser Gln 1 5 10 15 Ile Ile Thr Ser Val Val Ser Val Val Lys Glu Leu Ile Glu Asn Ser 20 25 30 Leu Asp Ala Gly Ala Thr Ser Val Asp Val Lys Leu Glu Asn Tyr Gly 35 40 45 Phe Asp Lys Ile Glu Val Arg Asp Asn Gly Glu Gly Ile Lys Ala Val 50 55 60 Asp Ala Pro Val Met Ala Met Lys Tyr Tyr Thr Ser Lys Ile Asn Ser 65 70 75 80 His Glu Asp Leu Glu Asn Leu Thr Thr Tyr Gly Phe Arg Gly Glu Ala 85 90 95 Leu Gly Ser Ile Cys Cys Ile Ala Glu Val Leu Ile Thr Thr Arg Thr 100 105 110 Ala Ala Asp Asn Phe Ser Thr Gln Tyr Val Leu Asp Gly Ser Gly His 115 120 125 Ile Leu Ser Gln Lys Pro Ser His Leu Gly Gln Gly Thr Thr Val Thr 130 135 140 Ala Leu Arg Leu Phe Lys Asn Leu Pro Val Arg Lys Gln Phe Tyr Ser 145 150 155 160 Thr Ala Lys Lys Cys Lys Asp Glu Ile Lys Lys Ile Gln Asp Leu Leu 165 170 175 Met Ser Phe Gly Ile Leu Lys Pro Asp Leu Arg Ile Val Phe Val His 180 185 190 Asn Lys Ala Val Ile Trp Gln Lys Ser Arg Val Ser Asp His Lys Met 195 200 205 Ala Leu Met Ser Val Leu Gly Thr Ala Val Met Asn Asn Met Glu Ser 210 215 220 Phe Gln Tyr His Ser Glu Glu Ser Gln Ile Tyr Leu Ser Gly Phe Leu 225 230 235 240 Pro Lys Cys Asp Ala Asp His Ser Phe Thr Ser Leu Ser Thr Pro Glu 245 250 255 Arg Ser Phe Ile Phe Ile Asn Ser Arg Pro Val His Gln Lys Asp Ile 260 265 270 Leu Lys Leu Ile Arg His His Tyr Asn Leu Lys Cys Leu Lys Glu Ser 275 280 285 Thr Arg Leu Tyr Pro Val Phe Phe Leu Lys Ile Asp Val Pro Thr Ala 290 295 300 Asp Val Asp Val Asn Leu Thr Pro Asp Lys Ser Gln Val Leu Leu Gln 305 310 315 320 Asn Lys Glu Ser Val Leu Ile Ala Leu Glu Asn Leu Met Thr Thr Cys 325 330 335 Tyr Gly Pro Leu Pro Ser Thr Asn Ser Tyr Glu Asn Asn Lys Thr Asp 340 345 350 Val Ser Ala Ala Asp Ile Val Leu Ser Lys Thr Ala Glu Thr Asp Val 355 360 365 Leu Phe Asn Lys Val Glu Ser Ser Gly Lys Asn Tyr Ser Asn Val Asp 370 375 380 Thr Ser Val Ile Pro Phe Gln Asn Asp Met His Asn Asp Glu Ser Gly 385 390 395 400 Lys Asn Thr Asp Asp Cys Leu Asn His Gln Ile Ser Ile Gly Asp Phe 405 410 415 Gly Tyr Gly His Cys Ser Ser Glu Ile Ser Asn Ile Asp Lys Asn Thr 420 425 430 Lys Asn Ala Phe Gln Asp Ile Ser Met Ser Asn Val Ser Trp Glu Asn 435 440 445 Ser Gln Thr Glu Tyr Ser Lys Thr Cys Phe Ile Ser Ser Val Lys His 450 455 460 Thr Gln Ser Glu Asn Gly Asn Lys Asp His Ile Asp Glu Ser Gly Glu 465 470 475 480 Asn Glu Glu Glu Ala Gly Leu Glu Asn Ser Ser Glu Ile Ser Ala Asp 485 490 495 Glu Trp Ser Arg Gly Asn Ile Leu Lys Asn Ser Val Gly Glu Asn Ile 500 505 510 Glu Pro Val Lys Ile Leu Val Pro Glu Lys Ser Leu Pro Cys Lys Val 515 520 525 Ser Asn Asn Asn Tyr Pro Ile Pro Glu Gln Met Asn Leu Asn Glu Asp 530 535 540 Ser Cys Asn Lys Lys Ser Asn Val Ile Asp Asn Lys Ser Gly Lys Val 545 550 555 560 Thr Ala Tyr Asp Leu Leu Ser Asn Arg Val Ile Lys Lys Pro Met Ser 565 570 575 Ala Ser Ala Leu Phe Val Gln Asp His Arg Pro Gln Phe Leu Ile Glu 580 585 590 Asn Pro Lys Thr Ser Leu Glu Asp Ala Thr Leu Gln Ile Glu Glu Leu 595 600 605 Trp Lys Thr Leu Ser Glu Glu Glu Lys Leu Lys Tyr Glu Glu Lys Ala 610 615 620 Thr Lys Asp Leu Glu Arg Tyr Asn Ser Gln Met Lys Arg Ala Ile Glu 625 630 635 640 Gln Glu Ser Gln Met Ser Leu Lys Asp Gly Arg Lys Lys Ile Lys Pro 645 650 655 Thr Ser Ala Trp Asn Leu Ala Gln Lys His Lys Leu Lys Thr Ser Leu 660 665 670 Ser Asn Gln Pro Lys Leu Asp Glu Leu Leu Gln Ser Gln Ile Glu Lys 675 680 685 Arg Arg Ser Gln Asn Ile Lys Met Val Gln Ile Pro Phe Ser Met Lys 690 695 700 Asn Leu Lys Ile Asn Phe Lys Lys Gln Asn Lys Val Asp Leu Glu Glu 705 710 715 720 Lys Asp Glu Pro Cys Leu Ile His Asn Leu Arg Phe Pro Asp Ala Trp 725 730 735 Leu Met Thr Ser Lys Thr Glu Val Met Leu Leu Asn Pro Tyr Arg Val 740 745 750 Glu Glu Ala Leu Leu Phe Lys Arg Leu Leu Glu Asn His Lys Leu Pro 755 760 765 Ala Glu Pro Leu Glu Lys Pro Ile Met Leu Thr Glu Ser Leu Phe Asn 770 775 780 Gly Ser His Tyr Leu Asp Val Leu Tyr Lys Met Thr Ala Asp Asp Gln 785 790 795 800 Arg Tyr Ser Gly Ser Thr Tyr Leu Ser Asp Pro Arg Leu Thr Ala Asn 805 810 815 Gly Phe Lys Ile Lys Leu Ile Pro Gly Val Ser Ile Thr Glu Asn Tyr 820 825 830 Leu Glu Ile Glu Gly Met Ala Asn Cys Leu Pro Phe Tyr Gly Val Ala 835 840 845 Asp Leu Lys Glu Ile Leu Asn Ala Ile Leu Asn Arg Asn Ala Lys Glu 850 855 860 Val Tyr Glu Cys Arg Pro Arg Lys Val Ile Ser Tyr Leu Glu Gly Glu 865 870 875 880 Ala Val Arg Leu Ser Arg Gln Leu Pro Met Tyr Leu Ser Tyr Glu Asp 885 890 895 Ile Gln Asp Ile Ile Tyr Arg Met Lys His Gln Phe Gly Asn Glu Ile 900 905 910 Lys Glu Cys Val His Gly Arg Pro Phe Phe His His Leu Thr Tyr Leu 915 920 925 Pro Glu Thr Thr 930 10 3063 DNA Homo sapiens 10 ggcacgagtg gctgcttgcg gctagtggat ggtaattgcc tgcctcgcgc tagcagcaag 60 ctgctctgtt aaaagcgaaa atgaaacaat tgcctgcggc aacagttcga ctcctttcaa 120 gttctcagat catcacttcg gtggtcagtg ttgtaaaaga gcttattgaa aactccttgg 180 atgctggtgc cacaagcgta gatgttaaac tggagaacta tggatttgat aaaattgagg 240 tgcgagataa cggggagggt atcaaggctg ttgatgcacc tgtaatggca atgaagtact 300 acacctcaaa aataaatagt catgaagatc ttgaaaattt gacaacttac ggttttcgtg 360 gagaagcctt ggggtcaatt tgttgtatag ctgaggtttt aattacaaca agaacggctg 420 ctgataattt tagcacccag tatgttttag atggcagtgg ccacatactt tctcagaaac 480 cttcacatct tggtcaaggt acaactgtaa ctgctttaag attatttaag aatctacctg 540 taagaaagca gttttactca actgcaaaaa aatgtaaaga tgaaataaaa aagatccaag 600 atctcctcat gagctttggt atccttaaac ctgacttaag gattgtcttt gtacataaca 660 aggcagttat ttggcagaaa agcagagtat cagatcacaa gatggctctc atgtcagttc 720 tggggactgc tgttatgaac aatatggaat cctttcagta ccactctgaa gaatctcaga 780 tttatctcag tggatttctt ccaaagtgtg atgcagacca ctctttcact agtctttcaa 840 caccagaaag aagtttcatc ttcataaaca gtcgaccagt acatcaaaaa gatatcttaa 900 agttaatccg acatcattac aatctgaaat gcctaaagga atctactcgt ttgtatcctg 960 ttttctttct gaaaatcgat gttcctacag ctgatgttga tgtaaattta acaccagata 1020 aaagccaagt attattacaa aataaggaat ctgttttaat tgctcttgaa aatctgatga 1080 cgacttgtta tggaccatta cctagtacaa attcttatga aaataataaa acagatgttt 1140 ccgcagctga catcgttctt agtaaaacag cagaaacaga tgtgcttttt aataaagtgg 1200 aatcatctgg aaagaattat tcaaatgttg atacttcagt cattccattc caaaatgata 1260 tgcataatga tgaatctgga aaaaacactg atgattgttt aaatcaccag ataagtattg 1320 gtgactttgg ttatggtcat tgtagtagtg aaatttctaa cattgataaa aacactaaga 1380 atgcatttca ggacatttca atgagtaatg tatcatggga gaactctcag acggaatata 1440 gtaaaacttg ttttataagt tccgttaagc acacccagtc agaaaatggc aataaagacc 1500 atatagatga gagtggggaa aatgaggaag aagcaggtct tgaaaactct tcggaaattt 1560 ctgcagatga gtggagcagg ggaaatatac ttaaaaattc agtgggagag aatattgaac 1620 ctgtgaaaat tttagtgcct gaaaaaagtt taccatgtaa agtaagtaat aataattatc 1680 caatccctga acaaatgaat cttaatgaag attcatgtaa caaaaaatca aatgtaatag 1740 ataataaatc tggaaaagtt acagcttatg atttacttag caatcgagta atcaagaaac 1800 ccatgtcagc aagtgctctt tttgttcaag atcatcgtcc tcagtttctc atagaaaatc 1860 ctaagactag tttagaggat gcaacactac aaattgaaga actgtggaag acattgagtg 1920 aagaggaaaa actgaaatat gaagagaagg ctactaaaga cttggaacga tacaatagtc 1980 aaatgaagag agccattgaa caggagtcac aaatgtcact aaaagatggc agaaaaaaga 2040 taaaacccac cagcgcatgg aatttggccc agaagcacaa gttaaaaacc tcattatcta 2100 atcaaccaaa acttgatgaa ctccttcagt cccaaattga aaaaagaagg agtcaaaata 2160 ttaaaatggt acagatcccc ttttctatga aaaacttaaa aataaatttt aagaaacaaa 2220 acaaagttga cttagaagag aaggatgaac cttgcttgat ccacaatctc aggtttcctg 2280 atgcatggct aatgacatcc aaaacagagg taatgttatt aaatccatat agagtagaag 2340 aagccctgct atttaaaaga cttcttgaga atcataaact tcctgcagag ccactggaaa 2400 agccaattat gttaacagag agtcttttta atggatctca ttatttagac gttttatata 2460 aaatgacagc agatgaccaa agatacagtg gatcaactta cctgtctgat cctcgtctta 2520 cagcgaatgg tttcaagata aaattgatac caggagtttc aattactgaa aattacttgg 2580 aaatagaagg aatggctaat tgtctcccat tctatggagt agcagattta aaagaaattc 2640 ttaatgctat attaaacaga aatgcaaagg aagtttatga atgtagacct cgcaaagtga 2700 taagttattt agagggagaa gcagtgcgtc tatccagaca attacccatg tacttatcaa 2760 aagaggacat ccaagacatt atctacagaa tgaagcacca gtttggaaat gaaattaaag 2820 agtgtgttca tggtcgccca ttttttcatc atttaaccta tcttccagaa actacatgat 2880 taaatatgtt taagaagatt agttaccatt gaaattggtt ctgtcataaa acagcatgag 2940 tctggtttta aattatcttt gtattatgtg tcacatggtt attttttaaa tgaggattca 3000 ctgacttgtt tttatattga aaaaagttcc acgtattgta gaaaacgtaa ataaactaat 3060 aac 3063 11 934 PRT Homo sapiens 11 Met Ala Val Gln Pro Lys Glu Thr Leu Gln Leu Glu Ser Ala Ala Glu 1 5 10 15 Val Gly Phe Val Arg Phe Phe Gln Gly Met Pro Glu Lys Pro Thr Thr 20 25 30 Thr Val Arg Leu Phe Asp Arg Gly Asp Phe Tyr Thr Ala His Gly Glu 35 40 45 Asp Ala Leu Leu Ala Ala Arg Glu Val Phe Lys Thr Gln Gly Val Ile 50 55 60 Lys Tyr Met Gly Pro Ala Gly Ala Lys Asn Leu Gln Ser Val Val Leu 65 70 75 80 Ser Lys Met Asn Phe Glu Ser Phe Val Lys Asp Leu Leu Leu Val Arg 85 90 95 Gln Tyr Arg Val Glu Val Tyr Lys Asn Arg Ala Gly Asn Lys Ala Ser 100 105 110 Lys Glu Asn Asp Trp Tyr Leu Ala Tyr Lys Ala Ser Pro Gly Asn Leu 115 120 125 Ser Gln Phe Glu Asp Ile Leu Phe Gly Asn Asn Asp Met Ser Ala Ser 130 135 140 Ile Gly Val Val Gly Val Lys Met Ser Ala Val Asp Gly Gln Arg Gln 145 150 155 160 Val Gly Val Gly Tyr Val Asp Ser Ile Gln Arg Lys Leu Gly Leu Cys 165 170 175 Glu Phe Pro Asp Asn Asp Gln Phe Ser Asn Leu Glu Ala Leu Leu Ile 180 185 190 Gln Ile Gly Pro Lys Glu Cys Val Leu Pro Gly Gly Glu Thr Ala Gly 195 200 205 Asp Met Gly Lys Leu Arg Gln Ile Ile Gln Arg Gly Gly Ile Leu Ile 210 215 220 Thr Glu Arg Lys Lys Ala Asp Phe Ser Thr Lys Asp Ile Tyr Gln Asp 225 230 235 240 Leu Asn Arg Leu Leu Lys Gly Lys Lys Gly Glu Gln Met Asn Ser Ala 245 250 255 Val Leu Pro Glu Met Glu Asn Gln Val Ala Val Ser Ser Leu Ser Ala 260 265 270 Val Ile Lys Phe Leu Glu Leu Leu Ser Asp Asp Ser Asn Phe Gly Gln 275 280 285 Phe Glu Leu Thr Thr Phe Asp Phe Ser Gln Tyr Met Lys Leu Asp Ile 290 295 300 Ala Ala Val Arg Ala Leu Asn Leu Phe Gln Gly Ser Val Glu Asp Thr 305 310 315 320 Thr Gly Ser Gln Ser Leu Ala Ala Leu Leu Asn Lys Cys Lys Thr Pro 325 330 335 Gln Gly Gln Arg Leu Val Asn Gln Trp Ile Lys Gln Pro Leu Met Asp 340 345 350 Lys Asn Arg Ile Glu Glu Arg Leu Asn Leu Val Glu Ala Phe Val Glu 355 360 365 Asp Ala Glu Leu Arg Gln Thr Leu Gln Glu Asp Leu Leu Arg Arg Phe 370 375 380 Pro Asp Leu Asn Arg Leu Ala Lys Lys Phe Gln Arg Gln Ala Ala Asn 385 390 395 400 Leu Gln Asp Cys Tyr Arg Leu Tyr Gln Gly Ile Asn Gln Leu Pro Asn 405 410 415 Val Ile Gln Ala Leu Glu Lys His Glu Gly Lys His Gln Lys Leu Leu 420 425 430 Leu Ala Val Phe Val Thr Pro Leu Thr Asp Leu Arg Ser Asp Phe Ser 435 440 445 Lys Phe Gln Glu Met Ile Glu Thr Thr Leu Asp Met Asp Gln Val Glu 450 455 460 Asn His Glu Phe Leu Val Lys Pro Ser Phe Asp Pro Asn Leu Ser Glu 465 470 475 480 Leu Arg Glu Ile Met Asn Asp Leu Glu Lys Lys Met Gln Ser Thr Leu 485 490 495 Ile Ser Ala Ala Arg Asp Leu Gly Leu Asp Pro Gly Lys Gln Ile Lys 500 505 510 Leu Asp Ser Ser Ala Gln Phe Gly Tyr Tyr Phe Arg Val Thr Cys Lys 515 520 525 Glu Glu Lys Val Leu Arg Asn Asn Lys Asn Phe Ser Thr Val Asp Ile 530 535 540 Gln Lys Asn Gly Val Lys Phe Thr Asn Ser Lys Leu Thr Ser Leu Asn 545 550 555 560 Glu Glu Tyr Thr Lys Asn Lys Thr Glu Tyr Glu Glu Ala Gln Asp Ala 565 570 575 Ile Val Lys Glu Ile Val Asn Ile Ser Ser Gly Tyr Val Glu Pro Met 580 585 590 Gln Thr Leu Asn Asp Val Leu Ala Gln Leu Asp Ala Val Val Ser Phe 595 600 605 Ala His Val Ser Asn Gly Ala Pro Val Pro Tyr Val Arg Pro Ala Ile 610 615 620 Leu Glu Lys Gly Gln Gly Arg Ile Ile Leu Lys Ala Ser Arg His Ala 625 630 635 640 Cys Val Glu Val Gln Asp Glu Ile Ala Phe Ile Pro Asn Asp Val Tyr 645 650 655 Phe Glu Lys Asp Lys Gln Met Phe His Ile Ile Thr Gly Pro Asn Met 660 665 670 Gly Gly Lys Ser Thr Tyr Ile Arg Gln Thr Gly Val Ile Val Leu Met 675 680 685 Ala Gln Ile Gly Cys Phe Val Pro Cys Glu Ser Ala Glu Val Ser Ile 690 695 700 Val Asp Cys Ile Leu Ala Arg Val Gly Ala Gly Asp Ser Gln Leu Lys 705 710 715 720 Gly Val Ser Thr Phe Met Ala Glu Met Leu Glu Thr Ala Ser Ile Leu 725 730 735 Arg Ser Ala Thr Lys Asp Ser Leu Ile Ile Ile Asp Glu Leu Gly Arg 740 745 750 Gly Thr Ser Thr Tyr Asp Gly Phe Gly Leu Ala Trp Ala Ile Ser Glu 755 760 765 Tyr Ile Ala Thr Lys Ile Gly Ala Phe Cys Met Phe Ala Thr His Phe 770 775 780 His Glu Leu Thr Ala Leu Ala Asn Gln Ile Pro Thr Val Asn Asn Leu 785 790 795 800 His Val Thr Ala Leu Thr Thr Glu Glu Thr Leu Thr Met Leu Tyr Gln 805 810 815 Val Lys Lys Gly Val Cys Asp Gln Ser Phe Gly Ile His Val Ala Glu 820 825 830 Leu Ala Asn Phe Pro Lys His Val Ile Glu Cys Ala Lys Gln Lys Ala 835 840 845 Leu Glu Leu Glu Glu Phe Gln Tyr Ile Gly Glu Ser Gln Gly Tyr Asp 850 855 860 Ile Met Glu Pro Ala Ala Lys Lys Cys Tyr Leu Glu Arg Glu Gln Gly 865 870 875 880 Glu Lys Ile Ile Gln Glu Phe Leu Ser Lys Val Lys Gln Met Pro Phe 885 890 895 Thr Glu Met Ser Glu Glu Asn Ile Thr Ile Lys Leu Lys Gln Leu Lys 900 905 910 Ala Glu Val Ile Ala Lys Asn Asn Ser Phe Val Asn Glu Ile Ile Ser 915 920 925 Arg Ile Lys Val Thr Thr 930 12 3145 DNA Homo sapiens 12 ggcgggaaac agcttagtgg gtgtggggtc gcgcattttc ttcaaccagg aggtgaggag 60 gtttcgacat ggcggtgcag ccgaaggaga cgctgcagtt ggagagcgcg gccgaggtcg 120 gcttcgtgcg cttctttcag ggcatgccgg agaagccgac caccacagtg cgccttttcg 180 accggggcga cttctatacg gcgcacggcg aggacgcgct gctggccgcc cgggaggtgt 240 tcaagaccca gggggtgatc aagtacatgg ggccggcagg agcaaagaat ctgcagagtg 300 ttgtgcttag taaaatgaat tttgaatctt ttgtaaaaga tcttcttctg gttcgtcagt 360 atagagttga agtttataag aatagagctg gaaataaggc atccaaggag aatgattggt 420 atttggcata taaggcttct cctggcaatc tctctcagtt tgaagacatt ctctttggta 480 acaatgatat gtcagcttcc attggtgttg tgggtgttaa aatgtccgca gttgatggcc 540 agagacaggt tggagttggg tatgtggatt ccatacagag gaaactagga ctgtgtgaat 600 tccctgataa tgatcagttc tccaatcttg aggctctcct catccagatt ggaccaaagg 660 aatgtgtttt acccggagga gagactgctg gagacatggg gaaactgaga cagataattc 720 aaagaggagg aattctgatc acagaaagaa aaaaagctga cttttccaca aaagacattt 780 atcaggacct caaccggttg ttgaaaggca aaaagggaga gcagatgaat agtgctgtat 840 tgccagaaat ggagaatcag gttgcagttt catcactgtc tgcggtaatc aagtttttag 900 aactcttatc agatgattcc aactttggac agtttgaact gactactttt gacttcagcc 960 agtatatgaa attggatatt gcagcagtca gagcccttaa cctttttcag ggttctgttg 1020 aagataccac tggctctcag tctctggctg ccttgctgaa taagtgtaaa acccctcaag 1080 gacaaagact tgttaaccag tggattaagc agcctctcat ggataagaac agaatagagg 1140 agagattgaa tttagtggaa gcttttgtag aagatgcaga attgaggcag actttacaag 1200 aagatttact tcgtcgattc ccagatctta accgacttgc caagaagttt caaagacaag 1260 cagcaaactt acaagattgt taccgactct atcagggtat aaatcaacta cctaatgtta 1320 tacaggctct ggaaaaacat gaaggaaaac accagaaatt attgttggca gtttttgtga 1380 ctcctcttac tgatcttcgt tctgacttct ccaagtttca ggaaatgata gaaacaactt 1440 tagatatgga tcaggtggaa aaccatgaat tccttgtaaa accttcattt gatcctaatc 1500 tcagtgaatt aagagaaata atgaatgact tggaaaagaa gatgcagtca acattaataa 1560 gtgcagccag agatcttggc ttggaccctg gcaaacagat taaactggat tccagtgcac 1620 agtttggata ttactttcgt gtaacctgta aggaagaaaa agtccttcgt aacaataaaa 1680 actttagtac tgtagatatc cagaagaatg gtgttaaatt taccaacagc aaattgactt 1740 ctttaaatga agagtatacc aaaaataaaa cagaatatga agaagcccag gatgccattg 1800 ttaaagaaat tgtcaatatt tcttcaggct atgtagaacc aatgcagaca ctcaatgatg 1860 tgttagctca gctagatgct gttgtcagct ttgctcacgt gtcaaatgga gcacctgttc 1920 catatgtacg accagccatt ttggagaaag gacaaggaag aattatatta aaagcatcca 1980 ggcatgcttg tgttgaagtt caagatgaaa ttgcatttat tcctaatgac gtatactttg 2040 aaaaagataa acagatgttc cacatcatta ctggccccaa tatgggaggt aaatcaacat 2100 atattcgaca aactggggtg atagtactca tggcccaaat tgggtgtttt gtgccatgtg 2160 agtcagcaga agtgtccatt gtggactgca tcttagcccg agtaggggct ggtgacagtc 2220 aattgaaagg agtctccacg ttcatggctg aaatgttgga aactgcttct atcctcaggt 2280 ctgcaaccaa agattcatta ataatcatag atgaattggg aagaggaact tctacctacg 2340 atggatttgg gttagcatgg gctatatcag aatacattgc aacaaagatt ggtgcttttt 2400 gcatgtttgc aacccatttt catgaactta ctgccttggc caatcagata ccaactgtta 2460 ataatctaca tgtcacagca ctcaccactg aagagacctt aactatgctt tatcaggtga 2520 agaaaggtgt ctgtgatcaa agttttggga ttcatgttgc agagcttgct aatttcccta 2580 agcatgtaat agagtgtgct aaacagaaag ccctggaact tgaggagttt cagtatattg 2640 gagaatcgca aggatatgat atcatggaac cagcagcaaa gaagtgctat ctggaaagag 2700 agcaaggtga aaaaattatt caggagttcc tgtccaaggt gaaacaaatg ccctttactg 2760 aaatgtcaga agaaaacatc acaataaagt taaaacagct aaaagctgaa gtaatagcaa 2820 agaataatag ctttgtaaat gaaatcattt cacgaataaa agttactacg tgaaaaatcc 2880 cagtaatgga atgaaggtaa tattgataag ctattgtctg taatagtttt atattgtttt 2940 atattaaccc tttttccata gtgttaactg tcagtgccca tgggctatca acttaataag 3000 atatttagta atattttact ttgaggacat tttcaaagat ttttattttg aaaaatgaga 3060 gctgtaactg aggactgttt gcaattgaca taggcaataa taagtgatgt gctgaatttt 3120 ataaataaaa tcatgtagtt tgtgg 3145 13 756 PRT Homo sapiens 13 Met Ser Phe Val Ala Gly Val Ile Arg Arg Leu Asp Glu Thr Val Val 1 5 10 15 Asn Arg Ile Ala Ala Gly Glu Val Ile Gln Arg Pro Ala Asn Ala Ile 20 25 30 Lys Glu Met Ile Glu Asn Cys Leu Asp Ala Lys Ser Thr Ser Ile Gln 35 40 45 Val Ile Val Lys Glu Gly Gly Leu Lys Leu Ile Gln Ile Gln Asp Asn 50 55 60 Gly Thr Gly Ile Arg Lys Glu Asp Leu Asp Ile Val Cys Glu Arg Phe 65 70 75 80 Thr Thr Ser Lys Leu Gln Ser Phe Glu Asp Leu Ala Ser Ile Ser Thr 85 90 95 Tyr Gly Phe Arg Gly Glu Ala Leu Ala Ser Ile Ser His Val Ala His 100 105 110 Val Thr Ile Thr Thr Lys Thr Ala Asp Gly Lys Cys Ala Tyr Arg Ala 115 120 125 Ser Tyr Ser Asp Gly Lys Leu Lys Ala Pro Pro Lys Pro Cys Ala Gly 130 135 140 Asn Gln Gly Thr Gln Ile Thr Val Glu Asp Leu Phe Tyr Asn Ile Ala 145 150 155 160 Thr Arg Arg Lys Ala Leu Lys Asn Pro Ser Glu Glu Tyr Gly Lys Ile 165 170 175 Leu Glu Val Val Gly Arg Tyr Ser Val His Asn Ala Gly Ile Ser Phe 180 185 190 Ser Val Lys Lys Gln Gly Glu Thr Val Ala Asp Val Arg Thr Leu Pro 195 200 205 Asn Ala Ser Thr Val Asp Asn Ile Arg Ser Ile Phe Gly Asn Ala Val 210 215 220 Ser Arg Glu Leu Ile Glu Ile Gly Cys Glu Asp Lys Thr Leu Ala Phe 225 230 235 240 Lys Met Asn Gly Tyr Ile Ser Asn Ala Asn Tyr Ser Val Lys Lys Cys 245 250 255 Ile Phe Leu Leu Phe Ile Asn His Arg Leu Val Glu Ser Thr Ser Leu 260 265 270 Arg Lys Ala Ile Glu Thr Val Tyr Ala Ala Tyr Leu Pro Lys Asn Thr 275 280 285 His Pro Phe Leu Tyr Leu Ser Leu Glu Ile Ser Pro Gln Asn Val Asp 290 295 300 Val Asp Val His Pro Thr Lys His Glu Val His Phe Leu His Glu Glu 305 310 315 320 Ser Ile Leu Glu Arg Val Gln Gln His Ile Glu Ser Lys Leu Leu Gly 325 330 335 Ser Asn Ser Ser Arg Met Tyr Phe Thr Gln Thr Leu Leu Pro Gly Leu 340 345 350 Ala Gly Pro Ser Gly Glu Met Val Lys Ser Thr Thr Ser Leu Thr Ser 355 360 365 Ser Ser Thr Ser Gly Ser Ser Asp Lys Val Tyr Ala His Gln Met Val 370 375 380 Arg Thr Asp Ser Arg Glu Gln Leu Lys Asp Ala Phe Leu Gln Pro Leu 385 390 395 400 Ser Lys Pro Leu Ser Ser Gln Pro Gln Ala Ile Val Thr Glu Asp Lys 405 410 415 Thr Asp Ile Ser Ser Gly Arg Ala Arg Gln Gln Asp Glu Glu Met Leu 420 425 430 Glu Leu Pro Ala Pro Ala Glu Val Ala Ala Lys Asn Gln Ser Leu Glu 435 440 445 Gly Asp Thr Thr Lys Gly Thr Ser Glu Met Ser Glu Lys Arg Gly Pro 450 455 460 Thr Ser Ser Asn Pro Arg Lys Arg His Arg Glu Asp Ser Asp Val Glu 465 470 475 480 Met Val Glu Asp Asp Ser Arg Lys Glu Met Thr Ala Ala Cys Thr Pro 485 490 495 Arg Arg Arg Ile Ile Asn Leu Thr Ser Val Leu Ser Leu Gln Glu Glu 500 505 510 Ile Asn Glu Gln Gly His Glu Val Leu Arg Glu Met Leu His Asn His 515 520 525 Ser Phe Val Gly Cys Val Asn Pro Gln Trp Ala Leu Ala Gln His Gln 530 535 540 Thr Lys Leu Tyr Leu Leu Asn Thr Thr Lys Leu Ser Glu Glu Leu Phe 545 550 555 560 Tyr Gln Ile Leu Ile Tyr Asp Phe Ala Asn Phe Gly Val Leu Arg Leu 565 570 575 Ser Glu Pro Ala Pro Leu Phe Asp Leu Ala Met Leu Ala Leu Asp Ser 580 585 590 Pro Glu Ser Gly Trp Thr Glu Glu Asp Gly Pro Lys Glu Gly Leu Ala 595 600 605 Glu Tyr Ile Val Glu Phe Leu Lys Lys Lys Ala Glu Met Leu Ala Asp 610 615 620 Tyr Phe Ser Leu Glu Ile Asp Glu Glu Gly Asn Leu Ile Gly Leu Pro 625 630 635 640 Leu Leu Ile Asp Asn Tyr Val Pro Pro Leu Glu Gly Leu Pro Ile Phe 645 650 655 Ile Leu Arg Leu Ala Thr Glu Val Asn Trp Asp Glu Glu Lys Glu Cys 660 665 670 Phe Glu Ser Leu Ser Lys Glu Cys Ala Met Phe Tyr Ser Ile Arg Lys 675 680 685 Gln Tyr Ile Ser Glu Glu Ser Thr Leu Ser Gly Gln Gln Ser Glu Val 690 695 700 Pro Gly Ser Ile Pro Asn Ser Trp Lys Trp Thr Val Glu His Ile Val 705 710 715 720 Tyr Lys Ala Leu Arg Ser His Ile Leu Pro Pro Lys His Phe Thr Glu 725 730 735 Asp Gly Asn Ile Leu Gln Leu Ala Asn Leu Pro Asp Leu Tyr Lys Val 740 745 750 Phe Glu Arg Cys 755 14 2484 DNA Homo sapiens 14 cttggctctt ctggcgccaa aatgtcgttc gtggcagggg ttattcggcg gctggacgag 60 acagtggtga accgcatcgc ggcgggggaa gttatccagc ggccagctaa tgctatcaaa 120 gagatgattg agaactgttt agatgcaaaa tccacaagta ttcaagtgat tgttaaagag 180 ggaggcctga agttgattca gatccaagac aatggcaccg ggatcaggaa agaagatctg 240 gatattgtat gtgaaaggtt cactactagt aaactgcagt cctttgagga tttagccagt 300 atttctacct atggctttcg aggtgaggct ttggccagca taagccatgt ggctcatgtt 360 actattacaa cgaaaacagc tgatggaaag tgtgcataca gagcaagtta ctcagatgga 420 aaactgaaag cccctcctaa accatgtgct ggcaatcaag ggacccagat cacggtggag 480 gacctttttt acaacatagc cacgaggaga aaagctttaa aaaatccaag tgaagaatat 540 gggaaaattt tggaagttgt tggcaggtat tcagtacaca atgcaggcat tagtttctca 600 gttaaaaaac aaggagagac agtagctgat gttaggacac tacccaatgc ctcaaccgtg 660 gacaatattc gctccatctt tggaaatgct gttagtcgag aactgataga aattggatgt 720 gaggataaaa ccctagcctt caaaatgaat ggttacatat ccaatgcaaa ctactcagtg 780 aagaagtgca tcttcttact cttcatcaac catcgtctgg tagaatcaac ttccttgaga 840 aaagccatag aaacagtgta tgcagcctat ttgcccaaaa acacacaccc attcctgtac 900 ctcagtttag aaatcagtcc ccagaatgtg gatgttaatg tgcaccccac aaagcatgaa 960 gttcacttcc tgcacgagga gagcatcctg gagcgggtgc agcagcacat cgagagcaag 1020 ctcctgggct ccaattcctc caggatgtac ttcacccaga ctttgctacc aggacttgct 1080 ggcccctctg gggagatggt taaatccaca acaagtctga cctcgtcttc tacttctgga 1140 agtagtgata aggtctatgc ccaccagatg gttcgtacag attcccggga acagaagctt 1200 gatgcatttc tgcagcctct gagcaaaccc ctgtccagtc agccccaggc cattgtcaca 1260 gaggataaga cagatatttc tagtggcagg gctaggcagc aagatgagga gatgcttgaa 1320 ctcccagccc ctgctgaagt ggctgccaaa aatcagagct tggaggggga tacaacaaag 1380 gggacttcag aaatgtcaga gaagagagga cctacttcca gcaaccccag aaagagacat 1440 cgggaagatt ctgatgtgga aatggtggaa gatgattccc gaaaggaaat gactgcagct 1500 tgtacccccc ggagaaggat cattaacctc actagtgttt tgagtctcca ggaagaaatt 1560 aatgagcagg gacatgaggt tctccgggag atgttgcata accactcctt cgtgggctgt 1620 gtgaatcctc agtgggcctt ggcacagcat caaaccaagt tataccttct caacaccacc 1680 aagcttagtg aagaactgtt ctaccagata ctcatttatg attttgccaa ttttggtgtt 1740 ctcaggttat cggagccagc accgctcttt gaccttgcca tgcttgcctt agatagtcca 1800 gagagtggct ggacagagga agatggtccc aaagaaggac ttgctgaata cattgttgag 1860 tttctgaaga agaaggctga gatgcttgca gactatttct ctttggaaat tgatgaggaa 1920 gggaacctga ttggattacc ccttctgatt gacaactatg tgcccccttt ggagggactg 1980 cctatcttca ttcttcgact agccactgag gtgaattggg acgaagaaaa ggaatgtttt 2040 gaaagcctca gtaaagaatg cgctatgttc tattccatcc ggaagcagta catatctgag 2100 gagtcgaccc tctcaggcca gcagagtgaa gtgcctggct ccattccaaa ctcctggaag 2160 tggactgtgg aacacattgt ctataaagcc ttgcgctcac acattctgcc tcctaaacat 2220 ttcacagaag atggaaatat cctgcagctt gctaacctgc ctgatctata caaagtcttt 2280 gagaggtgtt aaatatggtt atttatgcac tgtgggatgt gttcttcttt ctctgtattc 2340 cgatacaaag tgttgtatca aagtgtgata tacaaagtgt accaacataa gtgttggtag 2400 cacttaagac ttatacttgc cttctgatag tattccttta tacacagtgg attgattata 2460 aataaataga tgtgtcttaa cata 2484 15 133 PRT Homo sapiens 15 Met Glu Arg Ala Glu Ser Ser Ser Thr Glu Pro Ala Lys Ala Ile Lys 1 5 10 15 Pro Ile Asp Arg Lys Ser Val His Gln Ile Cys Ser Gly Gln Val Val 20 25 30 Leu Ser Leu Ser Thr Ala Val Lys Glu Leu Val Glu Asn Ser Leu Asp 35 40 45 Ala Gly Ala Thr Asn Ile Asp Leu Lys Leu Lys Asp Tyr Gly Val Asp 50 55 60 Leu Ile Glu Val Ser Asp Asn Gly Cys Gly Val Glu Glu Glu Asn Phe 65 70 75 80 Glu Gly Leu Thr Leu Lys His His Thr Ser Lys Ile Gln Glu Phe Ala 85 90 95 Asp Leu Thr Gln Val Glu Thr Phe Gly Phe Arg Gly Glu Ala Leu Ser 100 105 110 Ser Leu Cys Ala Leu Ser Asp Val Thr Ile Ser Thr Cys His Ala Ser 115 120 125 Ala Lys Val Gly Thr 130 16 426 DNA Homo sapiens 16 cgaggcggat cgggtgttgc atccatggag cgagctgaga gctcgagtac agaacctgct 60 aaggccatca aacctattga tcggaagtca gtccatcaga tttgctctgg gcaggtggta 120 ctgagtctaa gcactgcggt aaaggagtta gtagaaaaca gtctggatgc tggtgccact 180 aatattgatc taaagcttaa ggactatgga gtggatctta ttgaagtttc agacaatgga 240 tgtggggtag aagaagaaaa cttcgaaggc ttaactctga aacatcacac atctaagatt 300 caagagtttg ccgacctaac tcaggttgaa acttttggct ttcgggggga agctctgagc 360 tcactttgtg cactgagcga tgtcaccatt tctacctgcc acgcatcggc gaaggttgga 420 acttga 426 17 19 DNA Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide primer 17 tttcgcaacg ggtttgccg 19 18 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide primer 18 gtttcagagt taagccttcg 20 19 13 DNA Human immunoglobulin E light chain misc_feature (6)..(6) n is a, c, g, or t 19 tacgtngaat aat 13 20 13 DNA Human immunoglobulin E light chain 20 tacgttgaat aat 13 21 63 DNA Human immunoglobulin E light chain 21 aacgtgacca tggtcgtctt cagtccgcga agggagtttg ggaactaagt atcctgtagg 60 ttg 63 22 63 DNA Human immunoglobulin E light chain 22 aacgtgacca tggtcgtctt cagtccgcga agggggtttg ggaactaagt atcctgtagg 60 ttg 63 23 63 DNA Human immunoglobulin E light chain 23 aacgtgacca tggtcgtctt cagtccgcga agggrgtttg ggaactaagt atcctgtagg 60 ttg 63

Claims (20)

1-72. (Canceled)

73. A method for making a cell that produces a mutated immunoglobulin, comprising the steps of:

introducing into a cell that expresses a nucleotide sequence encoding an immunoglobulin a polynucleotide comprising a dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene, wherein said dominant negative allele is a truncation mutant of a PMS2, wherein said cell becomes hypermutable, and

selecting cells that comprise a mutation in said nucleotide sequence encoding said immunoglobulin.

74. The method of claim 73 further comprising a step of expressing a polynucleotide comprising said mutated nucleotide sequence in a genetically stable cell.

75. The method of claim 73 or 74 wherein said polynucleotide comprising said dominant negative allele is introduced by transfection of a suspension of cells in vitro.

76. The method of claim 73 or 74 wherein said mismatch repair gene is human PMS2.

77. The method of claim 73 or 74 wherein said allele comprises a truncation mutation at codon 134.

78. The method of claim 77 wherein said truncation mutation is a thymidine at nucleotide 424 of wild-type PMS2.

79. The method of claim 73 wherein said nucleotide sequence encoding said immunoglobulin is co-introduced into said cell, whereby said cell produces said immunoglobulin.

80. The method of claim 73 further comprising the step restoring genetic stability of said hypermutable cell.

81. The method of claim 79 further comprising the step restoring genetic stability of said hypermutable cell.

82. An isolated, hypermutable, immunoglobulin-producing cell produced by the method of claim 73.

83. An isolated, hypermutable, immunoglobulin-producing cell produced by the method of claim 74.

84. An isolated, genetically stable, mutated immunoglobulin-producing cell produced by the method of claim 80, wherein said isolated, genetically stable, mutated immunoglobulin-producing cell produces an immunoglobulin having increased affinity for antigen relative to a wild-type immunoglobulin-producing cell.

85. A homogeneous culture of the isolated, genetically stable, immunoglobulin-producing cells of claim 84.

86. An isolated, genetically stable, mutated immunoglobulin-producing cell produced by the method of claim 85, wherein said isolated, genetically stable, mutated immunoglobulin-producing cell produces an immunoglobulin having increased affinity for antigen relative to a wild-type immunoglobulin-producing cell.

87. A homogeneous culture of the isolated, genetically stable, mutated immunoglobulin-producing cells of claim 86.

88. An isolated, genetically stable, mutated immunoglobulin-producing cell produced by the method of claim 80, wherein said isolated, genetically stable, mutated immunoglobulin-producing cell produces an increased titer of immunoglobulin relative to a wild-type immunoglobulin-producing cell.

89. A homogeneous culture of the isolated, genetically stable, mutated immunoglobulin-producing cells of claim 88.

90. An isolated, genetically stable, mutated immunoglobulin-producing cell produced by the method of claim 81, wherein said isolated, genetically stable, mutated immunoglobulin-producing cell produces an increased titer of antibody relative to a wild-type immunoglobulin-producing cell.

91. A homogeneous culture of the isolated, genetically stable, mutated immunoglobulin-producing cells of claim 90.

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