US20040093648A1 - Alfalfa plants having improved standability and/or fast recovery after harvest and methods for producing same - Google Patents

Alfalfa plants having improved standability and/or fast recovery after harvest and methods for producing same Download PDF

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US20040093648A1
US20040093648A1 US10/698,424 US69842403A US2004093648A1 US 20040093648 A1 US20040093648 A1 US 20040093648A1 US 69842403 A US69842403 A US 69842403A US 2004093648 A1 US2004093648 A1 US 2004093648A1
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alfalfa
variety
seed
plant
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David Johnson
Mark Darling
Douglas Miller
Jonathan Reich
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Alforex Seeds LLC
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Assigned to CAL/WEST SEEDS reassignment CAL/WEST SEEDS ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DARLING, MARK E., JOHNSON, DAVID W., MILLER, DOUGLAS K., REICH, JONATHAN M.
Priority to US11/367,404 priority patent/US7288697B2/en
Priority to US11/367,405 priority patent/US7288698B2/en
Priority to US11/925,046 priority patent/US9439385B2/en
Priority to US11/925,041 priority patent/US20080052788A1/en
Assigned to CAL WEST SEEDS LLC reassignment CAL WEST SEEDS LLC BILL OF SALE Assignors: CAL/WEST SEEDS
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
    • A01H5/00—Angiosperms, i.e. flowering plants, characterised by their plant parts; Angiosperms characterised otherwise than by their botanic taxonomy
    • A01H5/10—Seeds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
    • A01H5/00—Angiosperms, i.e. flowering plants, characterised by their plant parts; Angiosperms characterised otherwise than by their botanic taxonomy
    • A01H5/12—Leaves
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
    • A01H6/00—Angiosperms, i.e. flowering plants, characterised by their botanic taxonomy
    • A01H6/54—Leguminosae or Fabaceae, e.g. soybean, alfalfa or peanut
    • A01H6/544—Medicago sativa [alfalfa]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/10—Transferases (2.)
    • C12N9/12—Transferases (2.) transferring phosphorus containing groups, e.g. kinases (2.7)
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the field of alfalfa plants, and more specifically to alfalfa germplasm and alfalfa varieties having improved standability and/or fast recovery after spring green-up or fast recovery after harvest and methods for producing such improved germplasm and varieties.
  • Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) is an important forage species for hay and pasture which has been referred to as the “Queen of the Forages” because of its high yields and feeding value.
  • Alfalfa is recognized as the most widely adapted agronomic crop, as an effective source of biological nitrogen (N 2 ) fixation, useful in the improvement of soil tilth, as an important source of protein yield/ha, and as an attractive source of nectar for honey bees.
  • N 2 biological nitrogen
  • alfalfa originated in southwestern Asia, it is well adapted to a wide range of climates and soils in the United States. Alfalfa is classified into fall dormancy groups, numbered 1 to 10 that can be fitted into the plant hardiness zone map. Dormancy group 1 is very dormant and suited for cold climates (such varieties stop growing and go dormant over winter), and dormancy group 10 is very non-dormant and suited for very hot climates (such varieties have high growth rates over a very long growing season and would have relatively high winter activity).
  • the genus Medicago is widely distributed and comprises an array of diverse species that are either annual or perennial.
  • the most recent taxonomic studies of the perennial species concluded that M. sativa is polymorphic.
  • Lesins and Gillies (Taxonomy and cytogenetics of Medicago 353-386, In Alfalfa science and technology, C. H. Hanson (ed.), American Society of Agronomy, (1972)) defined the complex as M. sativa - falcata - glutinosa , and Gunn et al. ( USDA Tech. Bull. No. 1574 (1978)) designated it as the M. sativa sensu lato complex.
  • M. sativa plants are autopolyploid organisms, or more specifically, autotetraploids. More specifically, M. sativa plants are polysomic polyploid organisms that display tetrasomic inheritance patterns.
  • Commercial alfalfa seed may be provided either in a synthetic variety or a hybrid variety.
  • Commercial production of synthetic varieties may include a breeder seed production stage, a foundation seed production stage, a registered seed production stage and a certified seed production stage.
  • Hybrid variety seed production may involve up to three stages including a breeder seed production stage, a foundation seed production stage and a certified seed production stage.
  • the “French” types of alfalfa include Flemish (or Flamande), Poitou, and elle. North American alfalfa breeders have generally grouped the French alfalfa lines, including the French varieties ‘Europe’ (or ‘Europa’) and ‘Mercedes’, into the Flemish type. Flemish-type alfalfa varieties are characterized as being fast to recover after cutting, early to mature, vigorous, generally resistant to foliar diseases, susceptible to root and crown diseases, and moderately winter hardy.
  • the present invention provides alfalfa plants with improved standability and faster recovery after spring green-up or after harvest and methods of selection, breeding and production that use such plants.
  • the alfalfa plants provided by this invention will reduce field losses from downed alfalfa, and provide for a better season long-distribution of yield, faster ground cover after spring green-up or after harvest, flexible harvest window, more net yield each season, equipment and labor efficiencies and management flexibility.
  • This invention provides alfalfa plants and alfalfa varieties having improved recovery after spring green-up or after harvest when compared to adapted commercial alfalfa plants and alfalfa varieties grown under the same field growing conditions in North America.
  • This invention provides alfalfa varieties that have on average about 8% or greater faster recovery after spring green-up or after harvest compared to an adapted commercial alfalfa variety grown under the same field growing conditions in North America. This invention further provides such alfalfa varieties that have on average about 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 30% or greater faster recovery after spring green-up or after harvest.
  • This invention provides alfalfa varieties that have on average about 8% or greater faster recovery after spring green-up or after harvest compared to an adapted commercial alfalfa variety grown under the same field growing conditions in North America, wherein the adapted commercial variety is ‘WinterGold’, ‘WL325HQ’, ‘WL319HQ’ and/or ‘Hybri-Force 400’.
  • This invention further provides such alfalfa varieties that have on average about 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 30% or greater faster recovery after spring green-up or after harvest.
  • This invention provides alfalfa varieties that have on average about 15% or greater more erect stems at late bloom compared to an adapted commercial alfalfa variety grown under the same field growing conditions in North America. This invention further provides such alfalfa varieties that have on average about 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60% or greater more erect stems.
  • This invention provides alfalfa varieties that have on average about 15% or greater more erect stems at late bloom compared to an adapted commercial alfalfa variety grown under the same field growing conditions in North America, wherein the adapted commercial variety is ‘WinterGold’, ‘WL325HQ’, ‘WL319HQ’ and/or ‘Hybri-Force 400’.
  • This invention further provides such alfalfa varieties that have on average about 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60% or greater more erect stems.
  • This invention provides alfalfa varieties with the following characteristics:
  • This invention provides alfalfa varieties with the following characteristics:
  • the invention also provides any of the reproductive and regenerative parts of any of the alfalfa varieties of the present invention, including but not limited to plant cells (in vivo and in vitro), cell cultures, plant parts, plant tissues and tissue cultures.
  • plant cells in vivo and in vitro
  • cell cultures include but are not limited to pollen, ovary, ovules, cotyledons, seeds, seedlings, leaflets, leaves, petioles, stems, branches, stipules, and the like.
  • the present invention provides a tissue culture of regenerable cells of an alfalfa plant obtained from the alfalfa varieties of the present invention, wherein the tissue regenerates plants having all or substantially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of the alfalfa plants provided by the present invention.
  • the tissue culture is derived from a plant part selected from the group consisting of leaves, roots, root tips, root hairs, anthers, pistils, stamens, pollen, ovules, flowers, seeds, embryos, stems, buds, cotyledons, hypocotyls, cells and protoplasts.
  • the present invention includes an alfalfa plant regenerated from the above described tissue culture.
  • This invention provides the cells, cell culture, tissues, tissue culture, seed, whole plant and plant parts of alfalfa germplasm designated ‘CW 75046’ and having ATCC Accession No. PTA-5346.
  • This invention provides the cells, cell culture, tissues, tissue culture, seed, whole plant and plant parts of alfalfa germplasm designated ‘CW 83201’ and having ATCC Accession No. PTA-5347.
  • This invention provides the cells, cell culture, tissues, tissue culture, seed, whole plant and plant parts of alfalfa germplasm designated ‘CW 85029’ and having ATCC Accession No. PTA-5348.
  • This invention provides the cells, cell culture, tissues, tissue culture, seed, whole plant and plant parts of alfalfa germplasm designated ‘CW 95026’ and having ATCC Accession No. PTA-5349.
  • This invention also provides methods for producing first-generation synthetic varieties of alfalfa seed wherein the method involves crossing a first parent alfalfa plant with a second parent alfalfa plant and harvesting resultant first-generation (F1) hybrid alfalfa seed, wherein said first or second parent alfalfa plant is selected from one of the alfalfa varieties provided by this invention.
  • This invention also provides a cell, cell culture, tissue and/or tissue culture of regenerable cells, the cells comprising genetic material from a synthetic variety alfalfa plant named ‘CW 75046’, wherein the cells regenerate plants having all or substantially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of the synthetic alfalfa variety named ‘CW 75046’, the seed of which have been deposited and have ATCC Accession No. PTA-5346.
  • This invention also provides a cell, cell culture, tissue, and/or tissue culture of regenerable cells, the cells comprising genetic material from a synthetic variety alfalfa plant named ‘CW 83201’, wherein the cells regenerate plants having all or substantially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of the synthetic alfalfa variety named CW 83021, the seed of which have been deposited and have ATCC Accession No. PTA-5347.
  • This invention also provides a cell, cell culture, tissue and/or tissue culture of regenerable cells, the cells comprising genetic material from a synthetic variety alfalfa plant named ‘CW 85029’, wherein the cells regenerate plants having all or substantially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of the synthetic alfalfa variety named ‘CW 85029’, the seed of which have been deposited and have ATCC Accession No. PTA-5348.
  • This invention also provides a cell, cell culture, tissue and/or tissue culture of regenerable cells, the cells comprising genetic material from a synthetic variety alfalfa plant named ‘CW 95026’, wherein the cells regenerate plants having all or substantially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of the synthetic alfalfa variety named ‘CW 95026’, the seed of which have been deposited and have ATCC Accession No. PTA-5349.
  • This invention provides alfalfa varieties having high yield, persistence, multiple pest resistance, fast recovery after winter, improved standability and fast recovery after spring green-up or after harvest when compared to an appropriate check variety grown under the same field growing conditions in North America.
  • the invention provides alfalfa plants useful for isolating genes, wherein the expression of the genes results in the production of alfalfa varieties having improved standability and/or fast recovery after spring green-up or after harvest when compared to an appropriate check variety grown under the same field growing conditions in North America.
  • the invention provides plants useful for isolating genes that can be used to produce transgenic plants containing such genes, wherein the expression of the genes results in the production of alfalfa varieties having improved standability and/or fast recovery after spring green-up or after harvest when compared to an appropriate check variety grown under the same field growing conditions in North America.
  • the invention contemplates feed for ruminants comprising the alfalfa varieties provided by the present invention.
  • Alfalfa is a basic forage for maximizing ruminant animal production and provides an important source of nutrients for ruminant livestock such as dairy and beef cattle.
  • Feed which includes alfalfa varieties of the present invention can take many forms including but not limited to greenchop, silage, hay, haylage, and dehydrated alfalfa, also called dehy.
  • the invention also includes using the alfalfa varieties of the present invention in methods of producing animal feeds and in methods of administering such feeds to animals.
  • the methods of the present invention can be used to produce alfalfa plants with faster recovery after spring green-up or after harvest when compared to appropriate alfalfa check varieties.
  • the alfalfa plants of the instant invention are the first alfalfa varieties with adaptation to North America that combine improved standability with faster recovery after spring green-up or after harvest. These new alfalfa varieties offer high yield, persistence, a complete pest package, improved standability, and faster recovery after spring green-up or after harvest.
  • the standability differences between commercial alfalfa varieties has been so small that most alfalfa breeders do not even rate their varieties for this important trait.
  • the improved standability of the alfalfa plants of the instant invention is even more useful when weather conditions are such that presently-available alfalfa varieties would typically lodge.
  • the faster recovery after spring green-up or after harvest of the alfalfa varieties of the instant invention speed “green-up” by 3-5 days, which reduces the number of days to maturity and to the next cutting. This earlier maturity to harvest starts with the first crop and can give large acreage alfalfa growers or dairymen who use contract harvesters a head start each season.
  • the days gained on each crop harvest helps maximize the number of cuts taken before the fall cut-off date for harvesting.
  • the improved alfalfa plants of the present invention allow growers to capture more of the season's total yield on harvests subsequent to first cutting when the weather is usually more cooperative.
  • Agronomic benefits to growers of these alfalfa varieties include, but are not limited to, reduced field losses from downed alfalfa, a better season long distribution of yield, faster ground cover after spring green-up or after harvest, and a more flexible harvest window.
  • Economic benefits include, but are not limited to, potential for more net yield each season, equipment and labor efficiencies, and management flexibility.
  • alfalfa means any Medicago species, including, but not limited to, M. sativa, M. murex, M. falcata, M. prostrata and M. truncatula.
  • alfalfa means any type of alfalfa including, but is not limited to, any alfalfa commonly referred to as cultivated alfalfa, diploid alfalfa, glanded alfalfa, purple-flowered alfalfa, sickle alfalfa, variegated alfalfa, wild alfalfa, or yellow-flowered alfalfa.
  • the terms “lodging” or “lodged” mean the settling or collapse of a plant from an upright position.
  • a plant is considered to be “lodged” to a given extent based on the proportion of it's stem(s) that have an angle with the ground of about 45° or less.
  • a plant stem that has an angle with the ground of about 40° or less, or about 35° or less, or about 30° or less, or about 25° or less, or about 20° or less, or about 15° or less, or about 10° or less, or about 5° or less is considered to be lodged.
  • standability means an alfalfa plant's resistance to lodging.
  • variable means a subdivision of a species, consisting of a group of individuals within the species that is distinct in form or function from other similar arrays of individuals.
  • FD Fall Dormancy
  • WSR Winter Survival Rating
  • WSR 1 ‘Beaver’ or ‘Maverick’ or ‘ZG9830’;
  • WSR 2 ‘Vernal’ or ‘526’ or ‘5262’;
  • WSR 3 ‘Apica’ or ‘Ranger’ or ‘WL325HQ’;
  • WSR 4 ‘G-2852’ or ‘Fortress’;
  • Multifoliate Leaf Expression Rating refers to leaves with greater than 3 leaflets/leaf. The percentage of plants with at least one multifoliate leaflet per plant.
  • NIRS Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy
  • Milk per Ton an excellent measure for ranking varieties for forage quality since fiber, not protein, is the first limiting factor in high performance rations. However, sacrificing yield to improve forage quality results in reduced profitability.
  • Milk per Acre combines yield and quality into a single term. Milk per acre was calculated using forage quality weighted by yield of each cutting.
  • Yield Forage Dry Matter tons/acre.
  • CP Crude Protein
  • ADF Acid Detergent Fiber.
  • NDF Neuronal Detergent Fiber
  • ADL Acid Detergent Lignin.
  • NDFD Neutral Detergent Fiber Digestibility
  • RFQ Relative Forage Quality
  • Recovery after Spring Green-up or After Harvest is the rate of re-growth after spring green-up or after harvest as determined by measuring plant height at varying intervals and then comparing growth with check varieties.
  • the “Standability Rating” of a plant is based on the average erectness of its stems through late (i.e., 75%) bloom.
  • the actual Standability Rating of a particular plant is determined according to the following scale:
  • Recovery after spring green-up or after harvest refers to the rate of regrowth after spring green-up or after harvest. This is determined by measuring plant height at varying intervals and then comparing growth with check varieties. In particular, after approximately 3-7 days the average height, to the nearest centimeter, of the plant canopy was measured. The measurement was repeated every few days through 21 days after the last cutting date.
  • the average height measurement was then converted to growth rate (cm/day) by dividing plant canopy height (cm) by the number of days since the last cutting.
  • the average growth rate (cm/day) was then converted to a % of a comparison variety by dividing test variety growth rate by the comparison variety growth rate (cm/day) and then multiplying by 100.
  • TABLE 1 The recovery of alfalfa varieties ‘CW 75046’, ‘CW 83201’, and ‘CW 85029’ as compared to check variety ‘WinterGold’ when grown at the same time in the same location. E99WIWS - Spring Forage Yield Trial at West Salem, WI. Crops 2, 3, 4, average cm/day up to % of check Variety 21 days post harvest. WinterGold CW 75046 2.37 108 CW 83021 2.76 126 CW 85029 2.80 127 WinterGold 2.19 100
  • ‘CW 75046’ is a high yielding, persistent variety with improved standability and fast recovery after spring green-up or after harvest with no observed soil type or management limitations. ‘CW 75046’ is a synthetic variety with 225 parent plants that were selected for resistance to Phytophthora root rot.
  • Parent plants were selected from crosses between selections from two year old Wisconsin nurseries for winter survival, leaf disease resistance, healthy green color, fast recovery after spring green-up or after harvest, and high standability; and from crosses between the nursery selections and selections from three year old Wisconsin and Minnesota yield trials for moderate to late fall dormancy, good agronomic appearance, fast recovery, high leaf to stem ratio, and resistance to crown rot, Bacterial wilt, Fusarium wilt, and Verticillium wilt.
  • 1,382 French lines (half-sib families or populations) were seeded into the field at West Salem, Wis. The resulting plants were selected after two years for winter hardiness, leaf disease resistance, high leaf to stem ratio, fast recovery after spring green-up or after harvest (rate of regrowth after harvest), high standability (>90% of stems were upright at 50% flowering or late bloom), and high yield potential.
  • the initial French lines were derived by phenotypic recurrent selection for vigor, height, agronomic appearance, high standability and resistance to Verticillium wilt.
  • step 2 ‘CW 3408’ (‘Gold Plus’) and ‘CW 3512’ (‘512’) were seeded (17 lbs/acre) into the field at Owatonna, Minn.; Manitowoc, Wis.; and West Salem, Wis. The resulting plants were selected after three years for moderate to late fall dormancy, good agronomic appearance, fast recovery, high leaf to stem ratio, multifoliolate leaf expression, and resistance to crown rot, Bacterial wilt, Fusarium wilt, and Verticillium wilt.
  • ‘Gold Plus’ is a synthetic variety with 165 parent plants that were sequentially selected for multifoliate leaf expression and for resistance to Phytophthora root rot and Aphanomyces root rot (race 1). Parent plants were selected from a polycross among moderate fall dormant selections from three year-old Wisconsin yield trials.
  • ‘512’ is a synthetic variety with 180 parent plants which were sequentially selected for multifoliate leaf expression and for resistance to Phytophthora root rot and Aphanomyces root rot (race 1). Parent plants were selected from a polycross among late fall dormant selections from three year-old Pennsylvania yield trials.
  • step 3 77 of the highest standability plants from Step 1 were poly crossed (97-033).
  • step 4 34 of the most persistent Gold Plus plants from Step 2 were crossed as males (97-034) to the 77 French plants from Step 1.
  • step 5 34 of the most persistent 512 plants from Step 2 were crossed as males (97-035) to the 77 French plants from Step 1.
  • step 6 a large number of seeds (2,800) resulting from cross 97-033 were planted and selected for resistance to Aphanomyces root rot and Phytophthora root rot.
  • step 7 a large number of seeds (2,400) resulting from cross 97-034 were planted and selected for resistance to Phytophthora root rot.
  • step 8 a large number of seeds (2,400) resulting from cross 97-035 were planted and selected for resistance to Phytophthora root rot.
  • step 9 225 of the most Phytophthora root rot resistant plants from Step 6 (15 plants), Step 7 (105 plants), and Step 8 (105 plants) were transplanted together under cage isolation. All 225 plants were crossed with one another in Step 9 using leafcutter bees, and Breeder seed (Synthetic Generation 1, or “Syn 1”) was bulked from all seed from all 225 plants.
  • the above method produced alfalfa variety ‘CW 75046’.
  • the primary uses of plants of the ‘CW 75046’ variety are for hay, haylage, greenchop, and dehydration.
  • ‘CW 75046’ is adapted to the North Central, East Central, and Great Plains areas of the U.S. and is intended for use in the North Central, East Central, Great Plains, and moderately winter-hardy intermountain areas of the U.S. and in Canada.
  • ‘CW 75046’ has been tested in California, Iowa, Kansas, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, and Wisconsin.
  • ‘CW 75046’ is a late dormant variety with fall dormancy similar to FD class 5 check varieties. Flower color observed in the Syn.2 generation is greater than 99% purple, with a trace of variegated, white, cream, and yellow. Flower color at full bloom for Syn. 2 generation is: 99% Purple; 1% Variegated; Trace % Cream; Trace % Yellow; Trace % White (See USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 424—A System for Visually Classifying Alfalfa Flower Color.).
  • ‘CW 83201’ is a high yielding, persistent alfalfa variety with improved standability and fast recovery after harvest with no observed soil type or management limitations. ‘CW 83201’ is a synthetic variety with 225 parent plants that were selected sequentially for multifoliate leaf expression and for resistance to Phytophthora root.
  • Parent plants were selected from crosses between selections from three year old Wisconsin nurseries for winter survival, leaf disease resistance, healthy green color, fast recovery after harvest, and high standability; and from crosses between the nursery selections and selections from three year old Wisconsin and Minnesota yield trials for moderate fall dormancy, good agronomic appearance, fast recovery, high leaf to stem ratio, resistance to crown rot, Bacterial wilt, Fusarium wilt, and Verticillium wilt.
  • 1,382 French lines (half-sib families or populations) were seeded into the field at West Salem, Wis. The resulting plants were selected after three years for winter hardiness, leaf disease resistance, high leaf to stem ratio, fast recovery after harvest (rate of regrowth after harvest), high standability (>90% of stems were upright at 50% flowering or late bloom), and high forage yield potential.
  • the initial French lines were derived by phenotypic recurrent selection for vigor, height, agronomic appearance, high standability and resistance to Verticillium wilt.
  • step 2 864 elite alfalfa clones from elite populations adapted to North America were transplanted in the field at West Salem, Wis. The resulting plants were selected after three years for winter survival, leaf disease resistance, high leaf to stem ratio, fast recovery after harvest (rate of regrowth after harvest), high forage yield, high relative feed value (using Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy or NIRS), moderate fall dormancy, good agronomic appearance, crown rot resistance, Bacterial wilt resistance, Fusarium wilt resistance, and Verticillium wilt resistance.
  • NIRS Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy
  • step 3 9504 alfalfa plants from elite populations adapted to North America were selected for resistance to Phytophthora root rot, Aphanomyces root rot (race 1), and anthracnose (Race 1) and then inoculated with bacterial wilt, Fusarium wilt and Verticillium wilt and transplanted in the field at West Salem, Wis.
  • the resulting plants were selected after three years for winter survival, leaf disease resistance, high leaf to stem ratio, fast recovery after harvest (rate of regrowth after harvest), high forage yield, high relative feed value (using Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy, moderate fall dormancy, good agronomic appearance, crown rot resistance, Bacterial wilt resistance, Fusarium wilt resistance, and Verticillium wilt resistance.
  • step 4 numerous elite alfalfa populations were seeded (17 lbs/acre) into the field at Owatonna, Minn.; Madison, Wis.; Prescott, Wis.; and West Salem, Wis. The resulting plants were selected after three years for moderate fall dormancy, good agronomic appearance, fast recovery, high leaf to stem ratio, resistance to crown rot, Bacterial wilt, Fusarium wilt, and Verticillium wilt.
  • step 5 35 of the highest standability plants from Step 1 were poly crossed (98-031).
  • step 6 32 of the fastest recovery alfalfa clones from Step 2 and 23 of the fastest recovery alfalfa plants from Step 3 were crossed as males (98-032) to the 35 French plants from Step 1.
  • step 7 173 of the fastest recovery alfalfa plants from Step 4 were crossed as males (98-033) to the 35 French plants from Step 1.
  • step 8 a large number of seeds (2,400) resulting from cross 98-031 were planted and selected for resistance to Phytophthora root rot.
  • step 9 a large number of seeds (1,200) resulting from cross 98-032 were planted and selected for resistance to Phytophthora root rot.
  • step 10 a large number of seeds (1,200) resulting from cross 98-033 were planted and selected for resistance to Phytophthora root rot.
  • step 11 225 of the most Phytophthora root rot resistant plants from Step 8 (75 plants), Step 9 (75 plants), and Step 10 (75 plants) were transplanted together under cage isolation. All 225 plants were crossed with one another in Step 11 using leaf cutter bees, and Breeder seed (Synthetic Generation 1, or “Syn 1”) was bulked from all seed from all 225 plants.
  • the above method produced alfalfa variety ‘CW 83201’.
  • the primary uses of plants of the ‘CW 83201’ variety are for hay, haylage, greenchop, and dehydration.
  • ‘CW 83201’ is adapted to the North Central, East Central, and Great Plains areas of the U.S. and is intended for use in the North Central, East Central, Great Plains, and moderately winter-hardy intermountain areas of the U.S. and in Canada.
  • ‘CW 83201’ has been tested in California, Kansas, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, and Wisconsin.
  • ‘CW 83201’ is a moderate dormant variety with fall dormancy similar to FD class 4 check varieties. Flower color observed in the Syn.2 generation is approximately: greater than 99% purple, with a trace of variegated, white, cream, and yellow (See USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 424—A System for Visually Classifying Alfalfa Flower Color.).
  • ‘CW 83201’ has high resistance to Fusarium wilt and resistance to anthracnose (race 1), bacterial wilt, Verticillium wilt, Phytophthora root rot, Aphanomyces root rot (race 1). TABLE 12 Selected characteristics of Alfalfa Variety ‘CW 83201’ Trait Rating or Description Fall Dormancy Rating 4 Winter Survival Rating 2 Recovery after Harvest 30% faster or 2.57 cm/day when compared to Rating check variety WinterGold at 1.99 cm/day Standability Rating 3.75 Multifoliolate Leaf 66% Expression Rating Multifoliolate Index 2.27 when compared to check variety Proof at 3.35 Field Appearance At the bud stage, plants will be tall with an upright growth habit and the canopy will appear full and leafy
  • ‘CW 85029’ is a synthetic variety with 225 parent plants that were selected sequentially for multifoliate leaf expression and for resistance to Phytophthora root. Parent plants were selected from crosses between selections from three year old Wisconsin nurseries for winter survival, leaf disease resistance, healthy green color, fast recovery after harvest, and high standability; and from crosses between the nursery selections and selections from three year old Wisconsin and Minnesota yield trials for moderate to late fall dormancy, good agronomic appearance, fast recovery, high leaf to stem ratio, resistance to crown rot, Bacterial wilt, Fusarium wilt, and Verticillium wilt.
  • 1,382 French lines (half-sib families or populations) were seeded into the field at West Salem, Wis. The resulting plants were selected after three years for winter hardiness, leaf disease resistance, high leaf to stem ratio, fast recovery after harvest (rate of regrowth after harvest), high standability (>90% of stems were upright at 50% flowering or late bloom), moderate to late fall dormancy, and high forage yield potential.
  • the initial French lines were derived by phenotypic recurrent selection for vigor, height, agronomic appearance, high standability and resistance to Verticillium wilt.
  • step 2 864 elite alfalfa clones from elite populations adapted to North America were transplanted in the field at West Salem, Wis. The resulting plants were selected after three years for winter survival, leaf disease resistance, high leaf to stem ratio, fast recovery after harvest (rate of regrowth after harvest), high forage yield, high relative feed value (using Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy), moderate to late fall dormancy, good agronomic appearance, crown rot resistance, Bacterial wilt resistance, Fusarium wilt resistance, and Verticillium wilt resistance.
  • step 3 9504 alfalfa plants from elite populations adapted to North America were selected for resistance to Phytophthora root rot, Aphanomyces root rot (race 1), and anthracnose (Race 1) and then inoculated with bacterial wilt, Fusarium wilt and Verticillium wilt and transplanted in the field at West Salem, Wis.
  • the resulting plants were selected after three years for winter survival, leaf disease resistance, high leaf to stem ratio, fast recovery after harvest (rate of regrowth after harvest), high forage yield, high relative feed value (using Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy), moderate to late fall dormancy, good agronomic appearance, crown rot resistance, Bacterial wilt resistance, Fusarium wilt resistance, and Verticillium wilt resistance.
  • step 4 Numerous elite alfalfa populations were seeded (17 lbs/acre) into the field at Owatonna, Minn., Madison, Wis., and Prescott, Wis. The resulting plants were selected after three years for moderate to late fall dormancy, good agronomic appearance, fast recovery, high leaf to stem ratio, resistance to crown rot, Bacterial wilt, Fusarium wilt, and Verticillium wilt.
  • step 5 45 of the highest standability plants from Step 1 were poly crossed (98-053).
  • step 6 20 of the fastest recovery alfalfa clones from Step 2 and 18 of the fastest recovery alfalfa plants from Step 3 were crossed as males (98-054) to the 45 French plants from Step 1.
  • step 7 87 of the fastest recovery alfalfa plants from Step 4 were crossed as males (98-055) to the 45 French plants from Step 1.
  • step 8 a large number of seeds (2,400) resulting from cross 98-053 were planted and selected for resistance to Phytophthora root rot.
  • step 9 a large number of seeds (1,200) resulting from cross 98-054 were planted and selected for resistance to Phytophthora root rot.
  • step 10 a large number of seeds (1,200) resulting from cross 98-055 were planted and selected for resistance to Phytophthora root rot.
  • step 11 225 of the most Phytophthora root rot resistant plants from Step 8 (75 plants), Step 9 (75 plants), and Step 10 (75 plants) were transplanted together under cage isolation. All 225 plants were crossed with one another in Step 11 using leaf cutter bees, and Breeder seed (Synthetic Generation 1, or “Syn 1”) was bulked from all seed from all 225 plants.
  • ‘CW 85029’ The primary uses of plants of the ‘CW 85029’ variety are for hay, haylage, greenchop, and dehydration. ‘CW 85029’ is adapted to the North Central, East Central, and Great Plains areas of the U.S. and is intended for use in the North Central, East Central, Great Plains, and moderately winter-hardy intermountain areas of the U.S. and in Canada. ‘CW 85029’ has been tested in California, Kansas, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Wisconsin, and Washington.
  • ‘CW 85029’ is a moderate dormant variety with fall dormancy similar to FD class 4 check varieties. Flower color observed in the Syn.2 generation is approximately: approximately 98% purple; 1% variegated; 1% white; with a trace of cream and yellow (See USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 424—A System for Visually Classifying Alfalfa Flower Color.).
  • ‘CW 85029’ has high resistance to Bacterial wilt, Fusarium wilt, and Phytophthora root rot, resistance to anthracnose (race 1) and Verticillium wilt and moderate resistance to Aphanomyces root rot (race 1). TABLE 16 selected characteristics of alfalfa variety ‘CW 85029’. Trait Rating or Description Fall Dormancy Rating 4 Winter Survival Rating 2 Recovery after Harvest 30% faster or 2.62 cm/day when compared to Rating check variety WinterGold at 1.99 cm/day Standability Rating 3.31 Multifoliolate Leaf 52% Expression Rating Multifoliolate Index 2.02 when compared to check variety Proof at 3.35 Field Appearance At the bud stage, plants will be tall with a full, dense canopy. Medium dark green plant color
  • ‘CW 95026’ is a high yielding, persistent variety with improved standability and fast recovery after harvest with no observed soil type or management limitations. ‘CW 95026’ is a synthetic variety with 225 parent plants that were selected sequentially for resistance to Phytophthora root rot and anthracnose (race 1).
  • Parent plants were selected from crosses between selections from two year old Wisconsin nurseries for winter survival, leaf disease resistance, healthy dark green color, fast recovery after harvest, and high standability; and from crosses between the nursery selections and selections from a three year old Wisconsin yield trial for moderate to late fall dormancy, good agronomic appearance, high leaf to stem ratio, fast recovery, high standability, resistance to crown rot, Bacterial wilt, Fusarium wilt, and Verticillium wilt.
  • step 2 2159 alfalfa plants from elite populations adapted to North America and French populations improved for adaptation to North America are selected for resistance to Phytophthora root rot and anthracnose (Race 1) and then inoculated with Verticillium wilt and transplanted in the field at West Salem, Wis.
  • Race 1 Phytophthora root rot and anthracnose
  • the resulting plants are selected after two years for winter survival, leaf disease resistance, high leaf to stem ratio, fast recovery after harvest (rate of regrowth after harvest), high standability (>90% of stems were upright at 50% flowering or late bloom), high forage yield, high relative feed value (using Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy), late fall dormancy, good agronomic appearance, crown rot resistance, Bacterial wilt resistance, Fusarium wilt resistance, and Verticillium wilt resistance.
  • the initial French lines were derived by phenotypic recurrent selection for vigor, height, agronomic appearance, high standability and resistance to Verticillium wilt.
  • CW 54010 experimental alfalfa variety is seeded (17 lbs/acre) into the field at West Salem, Wis. The resulting plants are selected after three years for moderate to late fall dormancy, good agronomic appearance, fast recovery, high standability, high leaf to stem ratio, multifoliolate leaf expression, resistance to crown rot, Bacterial wilt, Fusarium wilt, and Verticillium wilt.
  • CW 54010 is a synthetic variety with 196 parent plants that were sequentially selected for multifoliate leaf expression and for resistance to Phytophthora root rot and Aphanomyces root rot (race 1). Parent plants were selected from a polycross among moderate fall dormant selections from three year-old Wisconsin nurseries for improved standability.
  • step 4 of the highest standability French alfalfa clones from Step 1 and 15 of the highest standability plants from Step 2 were poly crossed (99-038).
  • step 5 31 of the highest standability CW 54010 plants from Step 3 are poly crossed (99-039).
  • step 6 4 of the highest standability French clones from Step 1, 15 of the highest standability plants from Step 2, and 31 of the highest standability CW 54010 plants from Step 3 were polycrossed (99-041).
  • step 7 a large number of seeds (2,400) resulting from cross 99-038 were planted and selected for resistance to Phytophthora root rot and anthracnose (race 1).
  • step 8 a large number of seeds (1,200) resulting from cross 99-039 were planted and selected for resistance to Phytophthora root rot and anthracnose (race 1).
  • step 9 a large number of seeds (1,200) resulting from cross 99-041 were planted and selected for resistance to Phytophthora root rot and anthracnose (race 1).
  • step 10 225 of the most Phytophthora root rot resistant plants from Step 7 (125 plants), Step 8 (50 plants), and Step 9 (50 plants) were transplanted together under cage isolation. All 225 plants were crossed with one another in Step 10 using leaf cutter bees, and Breeder seed (Synthetic Generation 1, or “Syn 1”) was bulked from all seed from all 225 plants.
  • the foregoing method produces plants of variety ‘CW 95026’.
  • the primary uses of plants of the ‘CW 95026’ variety are for hay, haylage, greenchop, and dehydration.
  • ‘CW 95026’ is adapted to the North Central, East Central, and Great Plains areas of the U.S. and is intended for use in the North Central, East Central, Great Plains, and moderately winter-hardy intermountain areas of the U.S. and in Canada.
  • ‘CW 95026’ has been tested in California, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, and Wisconsin.
  • ‘CW 95026’ is a late dormant variety with fall dormancy similar to FD class 5 check varieties. Flower color observed in the Syn.2 generation is approximately 99% purple, 1% white, with a trace of variegated, cream, and yellow (See USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 424—A System for Visually Classifying Alfalfa Flower Color.).
  • ‘CW 95026’ has high resistance to anthracnose (race 1), Aphanomyces root rot (race 1). Bacterial wilt, Fusarium wilt, Phytophthora root rot and resistance to Verticillium wilt. TABLE 20 selected characteristics of alfalfa variety ‘CW 95026’. Trait Rating or Description Fall Dormancy Rating 5 Winter Survival Rating 3 Recovery after Harvest Rating 21% faster or 2.36 cm/day when compared to check variety WinterGold at 1.99 cm/day Standability Rating 6.62 Multifoliolate Leaf Expression Rating 65% Multifoliolate Index 2.58 when compared to check variety Proof at 3.35 Field Appearance At the bud stage, plants will be tall with an upright growth habit and dense, uniform canopy. Medium dark green plant color.
  • open-pollinated populations of alfalfa depends essentially upon changing gene-frequencies towards fixation of favorable alleles while maintaining a high (but far from maximal) degree of heterozygosity. Uniformity in such populations is impossible and trueness-to-type in an open-pollinated variety is a statistical feature of the population as a whole, not a characteristic of individual plants. Thus, the heterogeneity of open-pollinated populations contrasts with the homogeneity (or virtually so) of inbred lines, clones and hybrids.
  • Population improvement methods fall naturally into two groups, those based on purely phenotypic selection, normally called mass selection, and those based on selection with progeny testing.
  • Interpopulation improvement utilizes the concept of open breeding populations; allowing genes for flow from one population to another. Plants in one population (cultivar, strain, ecotype, or any germplasm source) are crossed either naturally (e.g., by wind) or by hand or by bees with plants from other populations. Selection is applied to improve one (or sometimes both) population(s) by isolating plants with desirable traits from both sources.
  • mass selection desirable individual plants are chosen, harvested, and the seed composited without progeny testing to produce the following generation. Since selection is based on the maternal parent only, and there is no control over pollination, mass selection amounts to a form of random mating with selection. As stated above, the purpose of mass selection is to increase the proportion of superior genotypes in the population.
  • a synthetic variety is produced by crossing a number of selected genotypes, with subsequent maintenance of the variety by open pollination. Whether parents are (more or less inbred) seed-propagated lines, as in some sugar beet and beans (Vicia) or clones, as in herbage grasses, clovers and alfalfa, makes no difference in principle. Parents are selected on general combining ability, sometimes by test crosses or topcrosses, more generally by polycrosses. Parental seed lines may be deliberately inbred (e.g. by selfing or sib crossing). However, even if the parents are not deliberately inbred, selection within lines during line maintenance will ensure that some inbreeding occurs. Clonal parents will, of course, remain unchanged and highly heterozygous.
  • the number of parental lines or clones that enter a synthetic vary widely. In practice, numbers of parental lines range from 10 to several hundred, with 100-300 being the average. Broad based synthetics formed from 100 or more clones would be expected to be more stable during seed multiplication than narrow based synthetics.
  • Synthetics in alfalfa are used in advanced generations as commercial cultivars. The parents are always selected for some particular trait or traits but seldom for combining ability per se. Synthetic cultivars permit the expression of heterosis to a degree, usually less than hybrids, while providing a practical method for seed multiplication.
  • Parents for synthetic cultivars in alfalfa are selected by many different methods. In an open breeding system the parents can be selected from such diverse sources as ecotypes, cultivars, and experimental strains. Although production of a synthetic cultivar is relatively simple, a wise choice of parents for the Syn 0 generation is crucial, for this will determine the performance of the synthetic. Decisions as to which and how many parents to include, fix the minimum degree of inbreeding that the eventual cultivar will sustain in subsequent generations.
  • alfalfa plants of the instant invention need not be produced solely by using classical plant breeding methodology.
  • Recombinant DNA techniques allow plant researchers to circumvent the limitations of conventional plant breeding by enabling plant geneticists to identify and clone specific genes for desirable traits. Once the foreign genes have been introduced into a plant, that plant can than be used in conventional plant breeding schemes (e.g., pedigree breeding, single-seed-descent breeding schemes, reciprocal recurrent selection, mass selection, progeny test selection, clonal breeding) to produce progeny which also contain the gene of interest.
  • Standard techniques well known to those skilled in the art can be used to identify, locate and isolate the genes associated with the improved standability and faster recovery after spring green-up or after harvest obtained in the present invention. Furthermore, the promoters and modifying sequences associated with such genes can also be identified, located and isolated using the same techniques.
  • the isolated nucleic acids can be used to produce transgenic cells, tissues and whole organisms, especially transgenic plant cells, plant tissues and whole plants.
  • Genes can be introduced in a site directed fashion using homologous recombination. Homologous recombination permits site-specific modifications in endogenous genes and thus inherited or acquired mutations may be corrected, and/or novel alterations may be engineered into the genome. Homologous recombination and site-directed integration in plants are discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,451,513, 5,501,967 and 5,527,695.
  • Transgenic plants can now be produced by a variety of different transformation methods including, but not limited to, electroporation; microinjection; microprojectile bombardment, also known as particle acceleration or biolistic bombardment; viral-mediated transformation; and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,405,765, 5,472,869, 5,538,877, 5,538,880, 5,550,318, 5,641,664, 5,736,369 and 5,736369; Watson et al., Recombinant DNA, Scientific American Books (1992); Hinchee et al., Bio/Tech.
  • Transgenic alfalfa plants have been produced by many of these methods including, but not limited to, agrobacterium-mediated transformation (Wang et al., Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 23(3):265-270 (1996); Hoffman et al., Molecular Plant - Microbe Interactions 10(3):307-315 (1997); Trieu et al., Plant Cell Reports 16:6-11 (1996)) and particle acceleration (U.S. Pat. No. 5,324,646).
  • Conner et al. (U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,057,496 and 6,476,291) teach methods for biasing a crop plant which is heterozygous for a transgene towards the production of seeds which carry the transgene, wherein such methods are particularly useful for maintaining a transgene in an alfalfa synthetic variety.
  • FIG. 1 Further reproduction of the alfalfa varieties of the present invention can occur by cell and tissue culture and regeneration.
  • another aspect of this invention is to provide cells which upon growth and differentiation produce alfalfa plants which have on average about 8% or greater faster recovery after harvest and/or have on average about 15% or greater more erect stems at late bloom when compared to an adapted commercial alfalfa variety grown under the same field growing conditions in North America.
  • Yet another embodiment is a tissue culture of regenerable cells, where the cells include genetic material that convey on average about 8% or greater faster recovery after harvest and/or on average about 15% or greater more erect stems at late bloom when compared to an adapted commercial alfalfa variety grown under the same field growing conditions in North America.
  • tissue culture that includes cultured cells derived, in whole or in part, from a plant part selected from the group consisting of leaves, roots, root tips, root hairs, anthers, pistils, stamens, pollen, ovules, flowers, seeds, embryos, stems, buds, cotyledons, hypocotyls, cells and protoplasts.
  • this invention provides cells which upon growth and differentiation produce alfalfa plants having all or substantially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of alfalfa varieties ‘CW 75046’; ‘CW 83201’; ‘CW 85029’; and ‘CW 95026’.

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Cited By (12)

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US20060206969A1 (en) * 2002-11-01 2006-09-14 Cal/West Seeds Alfalfa plants having improved fast recovery after harvest and methods for producing same
US20060206970A1 (en) * 2002-11-01 2006-09-14 Cal/West Seeds Alfalfa plants having improved standability and methods for producing same
US7288698B2 (en) 2002-11-01 2007-10-30 Cal/West Seeds Alfalfa plants having improved standability and methods for producing same
US7288697B2 (en) 2002-11-01 2007-10-30 Cal/West Seeds Alfalfa plants having improved fast recovery after harvest and methods for producing same
US9439385B2 (en) 2002-11-01 2016-09-13 Cal West Seeds Llc Alfalfa plants having improved fast recovery after harvest and methods for producing same
US20080287922A1 (en) * 2005-06-27 2008-11-20 Novo Nordisk A/S User Interface for Delivery System Providing Graphical Programming of Profile
US20090018495A1 (en) * 2005-06-27 2009-01-15 Novo Nordisk A/S User Interface For Delivery System Providing Shortcut Navigation
US20090212966A1 (en) * 2005-06-27 2009-08-27 Novo Nordisk A/S User Interface for Delivery System Providing Dual Setting of Parameters
US20090326445A1 (en) * 2006-10-04 2009-12-31 Henning Graskov User Interface for Delivery System Comprising Diary Function
US20100069890A1 (en) * 2006-12-14 2010-03-18 Novo Nordisk A/S User interface for medical system comprising diary function with time change feature
US20140081587A1 (en) * 2012-09-17 2014-03-20 Jeffrey S. Roberts Method for calculating feed value of alfalfa hay using information available at time of baling
US9632070B2 (en) * 2012-09-17 2017-04-25 Jeffrey S. Roberts Apparatus for calculating feed value of alfalfa hay using information available at time of baling

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US20080050821A1 (en) 2008-02-28
US7288698B2 (en) 2007-10-30
US20080052788A1 (en) 2008-02-28
US20060206969A1 (en) 2006-09-14
US20060206970A1 (en) 2006-09-14
US7288697B2 (en) 2007-10-30
CA2448315C (fr) 2019-01-08
US9439385B2 (en) 2016-09-13
CA2448315A1 (fr) 2004-05-01

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