US20040045295A1 - Flame-holding, single-mode nozzle assembly with tip cooling - Google Patents
Flame-holding, single-mode nozzle assembly with tip cooling Download PDFInfo
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- US20040045295A1 US20040045295A1 US10/241,335 US24133502A US2004045295A1 US 20040045295 A1 US20040045295 A1 US 20040045295A1 US 24133502 A US24133502 A US 24133502A US 2004045295 A1 US2004045295 A1 US 2004045295A1
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- passageway
- nozzle
- cooling fluid
- fuel
- flame
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
- F23R3/00—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
- F23R3/28—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the fuel supply
- F23R3/286—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the fuel supply having fuel-air premixing devices
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23D—BURNERS
- F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
- F23D14/46—Details, e.g. noise reduction means
- F23D14/72—Safety devices, e.g. operative in case of failure of gas supply
- F23D14/78—Cooling burner parts
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
- F23R2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for continuous combustion chambers; Combustion processes therefor
- F23R2900/00005—Preventing fatigue failures or reducing mechanical stress in gas turbine components
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to the field of fuel nozzles and, more particularly, to a single-mode flame holding, tip-cooled combustion engine fuel nozzle.
- Combustion engines are machines that convert chemical energy stored in fuel into mechanical energy useful for generating electricity, producing thrust, or otherwise doing work. These engines typically include several cooperative sections that contribute in some way to this energy conversion process.
- gas turbine engines air discharged from a compressor section and fuel introduced from a fuel supply are mixed together and burned in a combustion section. The products of combustion are harnessed and directed through a turbine section, where they expand and turn a central rotor.
- the rotor produces shaft horsepower or torque; this output shaft may, in turn, be linked to devices such as an electric generator to produce electricity.
- DLN dry, low-NO x
- DLN combustors typically provide lowered amounts of unwanted emissions by lowering the burning temperature and by pre-mixing the fuel and air and by providing independent flows of fuel to two or more discrete groups or “stages” of nozzles, with each stage contributing in a different manner to the overall combustion process.
- Two common gaseous fuel stages found in DLN arrangements are the “pilot” and “main” stages. Quite often, the pilot stage is a fuel-rich “diffusion” nozzle capable of holding a flame.
- Diffusion-type nozzles are quite stable, but they unfortunately provide a source of combustion hot spots that lead to the formation of NO x emissions.
- typically only one diffusion nozzle is used in a given combustor.
- the main stage nozzles therefore, typically operate in a “premix” mode, producing a mixture of fuel and air that burns through interaction with other flames, such as the fuel-rich flame produced by the pilot stage.
- this arrangement produces relatively-low levels of NO x emissions when compared to diffusion-only combustors, the presence of only one flame-holding nozzle reduces operational flexibility. This limitation, combined with the NO x emissions produced by the pilot nozzle diffusion flame, make traditional DLN combustors unsuitable for many settings.
- combustors that employ flame-holding nozzles capable of operating in a premix mode have been developed.
- these combustors employ at least one pilot nozzle capable of providing a diffusion flame to initiate startup combustion.
- Multiple flame-stable nozzles capable of operating in a premix mode are included to support combustion during the majority of remaining operating conditions. While the use of flame-holding premix nozzles advantageously reduces NO x emissions levels and may provide increased operational flexibility, efforts to produce such a nozzle have met with difficulty.
- This type of nozzle must not only produce a controlled stream of mixed fuel and air, it must also provide tip cooling to avoid melting as combustion temperatures rise to meet increased demands for power output.
- Flame-holding diffusion nozzles also face tip cooling and fuel dispersion requirements and present similar difficulties. Nozzles attempting to provide these characteristics have succeeded to varying degrees. For a variety of reasons, however, the practical difficulties imposed by meeting these requirements simultaneously has resulted in nozzles that are prone to leaks, are not reliable, and which may actually reduce efficiency due to losses generated by a large number of components.
- the nozzle should transmit cooling air in a passive manner through a dedicated passage that eliminates the need for complex valve arrangements, thereby reducing costs and increasing reliability.
- the nozzle should also include discrete fluid-guiding regions that are sealed in a leak-resistant manner without the reliance upon bellows or slip fits.
- the instant invention is a single-mode, flame-holding nozzle for a gas turbine combustion engine that provides passive tip cooling and controlled fuel dispersion.
- the nozzle includes several elongated sleeves that cooperatively form discrete passageways adapted to transmit fluids through the nozzle.
- the nozzle includes conduits that allow fuel and cooling air to reach designated fuel and cooling passageways without mixing. This arrangement advantageously ensures that air used to cool the nozzle does not become flammable, thereby reducing the chances of unwanted flashback occurrences.
- Portions of the nozzle sleeves are also strategically arranged to transmit fluids in a manner that provides substantially-uniform thermal expansion, thereby reducing the need for sliding joints or bellows arrangements.
- FIG. 1 is a side elevation of a combustion engine employing the nozzle of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a side sectional view of the nozzle of the present invention
- FIG. 3 is an end view of the mounting flange shown in FIG. 2, taken along cutting line III-III′;
- FIG. 4 is a side sectional view of the nozzle shown in FIG. 2, having an alternate cooling fluid transfer arrangement
- FIG. 5 is a side sectional view of the nozzle shown in FIG. 2 having alternate flow conditioning elements.
- FIG. 6 is a side sectional view of an alternate embodiment of the nozzle shown in FIG. 2.
- the nozzle 10 of the present invention is especially suited for use in a combustion system 36 using nozzles that operate in a single-mode, but could have application as a dual-mode nozzle, as well.
- the nozzle 10 resembles an elongated cylinder having several substantially-concentric tubes 12 , 14 , 16 , 18 that cooperatively form a collection of annular chambers 20 , 22 , 24 , 26 which facilitate controlled flow of fluids through the nozzle.
- the nozzle 10 is characterized by a first end 40 and an opposite second end 42 , with fluids flowing generally from the first end to the second end during operation.
- the nozzle 10 also includes conduit groups 28 , 30 that advantageously allow fuel 32 and tip cooling air 34 to reach designated passageways within the nozzle. More particularly, the first conduit group 28 allows fuel 32 to move from the second passageway 22 into the first passageway 20 , to interact with air 52 located therein.
- the second conduit group 30 beneficially allows cooling air 34 to reach the third passageway 24 from a location radially outward of the fuel-containing second passageway 22 , without allowing fuel 32 to contaminate the cooling air.
- Third passageway exits 60 allow cooling air 34 to leave the third passageway exits 60 and cool the nozzle second end 42 .
- the nozzle 10 of the present invention is especially suited for use as a flame-holding main nozzle in a premix mode, where premix fuel 32 travels from a source of fuel (not shown) through apertures 50 at the upstream end 40 of the nozzle 10 and enters a nozzle second passageway 22 .
- the fuel 32 flows through the second passageway 22 and travels into the first passageway 20 , where it forms a flammable mixture with air 52 located therein.
- the flammable mixture flows toward the nozzle second end 42 ; combustion may be initiated by an igniter 76 that is positioned in a nozzle inner passageway 26 or located remotely.
- Other components, including a diffusion nozzle (as seen in FIG. 6) may also be used to initiate combustion, if desired.
- the inner passageway 26 is not used to hold an igniter 76 , the inner passageway may be plugged or adapted to transmit a fluid to the nozzle tip 42 .
- Tip cooling air 34 passes through the third passageway and prevents tip melting, as described
- the nozzle 10 includes a mounting flange 44 that helps secure the nozzle within a combustor 46 of a selected gas turbine combustion system 36 .
- the mounting flange 44 includes two groups of apertures 48 , 50 that allow premix air 52 and premix fuel 32 , respectively, to pass through the flange and enter corresponding passageways, or chambers, formed by the nozzle sleeves 14 , 16 , 18 . More particularly, the first set of apertures 48 facilitates entry of premix air 52 into the nozzle first passageway 20 . Similarly, the second set of apertures 50 allows premix fuel 32 to enter the nozzle second passageway 22 .
- conduits 28 , 30 beneficially allow premix fuel 32 and cooling air 34 , respectively, to flow between portions of the nozzle 10 without becoming commingled.
- the first group of conduits 28 includes fuel injection members 54 that are each characterized by an entrance 56 in fluid communication with the second passageway 22 and an exit 58 in fluid communication with the first passageway 20 .
- the fuel injection members 54 are hollow and include a group of exit holes 58 . With this arrangement, the fuel injection members 54 transmit premix fuel 32 into the first passageway 20 , where it mixes with premix air 52 and creates a flammable mixture of fuel and air.
- the fuel injection members 54 may be adapted condition flow within the first passageway 20 by, for example, having a substantially-airfoil-shaped cross-section. As seen in FIGS. 5 and 6, other flow conditioning elements, such as discrete swirler vanes 78 , or other suitable components, may also be provided as desired.
- the flow conditioning elements 78 may be connected to either or both of the nozzle first sleeve 14 and/or to a nozzle outer wall 12 .
- the first set of conduits 28 need not include fuel injection members 54 , and may take a variety of forms that permit fuel to travel from the second passageway 22 to the first passageway 20 .
- simple exit apertures 72 disposed within the first sleeve 14 may be used.
- the fuel 32 may exit the second passageway 22 from a variety of axially-different locations.
- the outer wall 12 is not required for operation; the first passageway 20 may be bounded by the first sleeve 14 and a supplemental sleeve or partition, such as the combustor wall 82 or other suitable boundary, as seen in FIG. 1.
- the second group of conduits 30 provide dedicated paths through which air 34 reaches the third passageway 24 .
- the air 34 in the third passage acts as cooling air, flowing downstream and through third passageway exits 60 to cool the nozzle tip or second end 42 .
- Each of the conduits 30 in the second conduit group includes an entrance 62 in fluid communication with a source of cooling air (such as a compressor 80 coupled with the associated combustion turbine engine 38 , seen in FIG. 1) and an opposite exit 64 in fluid communication with the third passageway 24 .
- a source of cooling air such as a compressor 80 coupled with the associated combustion turbine engine 38 , seen in FIG. 1
- the second conduit entrances 62 are in fluid communication with compressor discharge air 66
- the second group of conduits 30 directs a portion of the compressor discharge air into the third passageway 24 to, as noted above, cool the nozzle second end 42 .
- each of the cooling air conduits 30 is oriented radially within the mounting flange 44 .
- the cooling fluid conduits 30 lie between the premix air and fuel apertures 48 , 50 , which extend longitudinally through the mounting flange 44 .
- this arrangement advantageously allows the entrances 62 of the cooling fluid conduits 30 to be located radially-outboard of the fuel 32 and the cooling fluid conduit exits 64 to be located radially-inboard of the premix fuel.
- the cooling fluid conduit entrances 62 are located upstream of the locations where fuel 32 joins the compressor discharge air 66 .
- This arrangement advantageously allows one source of air 66 to provide air for several purposes, while safely ensuring that the air 34 used for cooling is fuel-free and not flammable.
- sliding interface 59 permits relative motion at the second end of the nozzle 42 , thereby accommodating thermal growth differences during operation. With this arrangement, air, and not fuel, flows within passageway 34 . This advantageously ensures that fluid which may emanate from the interface 59 is not flammable.
- cooling fluid conduits 30 need not be radially arranged; any suitable orientation that allows the cooling air 34 to enter the third passageway 24 from a location upstream of the premix fuel 32 would suffice. Radial arrangement of the cooling fluid conduits 30 does, however, provide enhanced manufacturability. It is also noted that the cooling fluid conduits 30 need not be located in a mounting flange 44 ; other locations may be used as desired. For example, as shown in FIG. 4, the second group of conduits 30 may extend through a component that does not support the nozzle 10 , such as a fluid supply ring or hub 70 .
- compressor discharge air 66 substantially surrounds the nozzle first end 40 , and that such air may enter the first passageway by travelling around the nozzle first end and flowing between the outer wall 12 and first sleeve 14 , thereby eliminating the need for the first group of apertures 48 .
- the cooling fluid passageway exits 60 are in fluid communication with the first passageway 20 , and a pressure drop across the first passageway helps move the flow of cooling air 34 through the third passageway 24 /exit 60 .
- the pressure drop in the first passageway 20 may be increased through, among other methods, increasing turbulence and/or velocity in the first passageway 20 .
- the nozzle 10 of the present invention provides a passive tip cooling system that employs a dedicated, air-only cooling fluid which eliminates the need for flows of purge fluid or fuel-blocking members.
- the nozzle 10 of the present invention has been described as especially suited for use in a premix mode, the nozzle could also be used in a diffusion mode, wherein fuel 32 would be released through fuel exit apertures 72 located adjacent the nozzle second end 42 .
- An example of such an arrangement is shown in FIG. 6.
- the nozzle 10 of the present invention has been described as diverting a portion of the compressor discharge air 66 into the third passageway 24 to provide cooling air 34 , other arrangements may be used.
- the entrances 62 of the cooling fluid conduits 30 may be in fluid connection with other sources of cooling air, including a cooling air manifold (not shown).
- cooling air 34 may be motivated through the third passageway 24 by a pump (not shown) or other suitable flow-inducing components.
- the first and second sleeves 14 , 16 are each exposed to compressor discharge air 66 and premix fuel 32 .
- the thermal expansion exhibited by the first sleeve 14 is substantially, if not identically, the same as the thermal expansion exhibited by the second sleeve 16 .
- the first sleeve 14 may advantageously be connected to the second sleeve 16 in a rigid manner, thus eliminating the need for flexible connections, such as bellows, or slip-fit arrangements. This advantageously makes the nozzle 10 more reliable, increases the nozzle life span, and makes the nozzle less likely to leak.
Abstract
Description
- This invention relates generally to the field of fuel nozzles and, more particularly, to a single-mode flame holding, tip-cooled combustion engine fuel nozzle.
- Combustion engines are machines that convert chemical energy stored in fuel into mechanical energy useful for generating electricity, producing thrust, or otherwise doing work. These engines typically include several cooperative sections that contribute in some way to this energy conversion process. In gas turbine engines, air discharged from a compressor section and fuel introduced from a fuel supply are mixed together and burned in a combustion section. The products of combustion are harnessed and directed through a turbine section, where they expand and turn a central rotor. The rotor produces shaft horsepower or torque; this output shaft may, in turn, be linked to devices such as an electric generator to produce electricity.
- As the need for electricity rises, so to do the performance demands made upon industrial turbine combustion engines. Increasingly, these engines are expected to operate at increased levels of efficiency, while producing only minimal amounts of unwanted emissions. Various approaches have been undertaken to help achieve these results.
- One approach has been to utilize multiple single-mode nozzles arranged in discrete groups to form a so-called “dry, low-NOx” (DLN) combustor. DLN combustors typically provide lowered amounts of unwanted emissions by lowering the burning temperature and by pre-mixing the fuel and air and by providing independent flows of fuel to two or more discrete groups or “stages” of nozzles, with each stage contributing in a different manner to the overall combustion process. Two common gaseous fuel stages found in DLN arrangements are the “pilot” and “main” stages. Quite often, the pilot stage is a fuel-rich “diffusion” nozzle capable of holding a flame. Diffusion-type nozzles are quite stable, but they unfortunately provide a source of combustion hot spots that lead to the formation of NOx emissions. To keep these unwanted emissions at a minimum, typically only one diffusion nozzle is used in a given combustor. The main stage nozzles, therefore, typically operate in a “premix” mode, producing a mixture of fuel and air that burns through interaction with other flames, such as the fuel-rich flame produced by the pilot stage. Although this arrangement produces relatively-low levels of NOx emissions when compared to diffusion-only combustors, the presence of only one flame-holding nozzle reduces operational flexibility. This limitation, combined with the NOx emissions produced by the pilot nozzle diffusion flame, make traditional DLN combustors unsuitable for many settings.
- In an attempt to reduce NOx emissions even further and to provide increased operational flexibility, combustors that employ flame-holding nozzles capable of operating in a premix mode have been developed. Typically, these combustors employ at least one pilot nozzle capable of providing a diffusion flame to initiate startup combustion. Multiple flame-stable nozzles capable of operating in a premix mode are included to support combustion during the majority of remaining operating conditions. While the use of flame-holding premix nozzles advantageously reduces NOx emissions levels and may provide increased operational flexibility, efforts to produce such a nozzle have met with difficulty. This type of nozzle must not only produce a controlled stream of mixed fuel and air, it must also provide tip cooling to avoid melting as combustion temperatures rise to meet increased demands for power output. Flame-holding diffusion nozzles also face tip cooling and fuel dispersion requirements and present similar difficulties. Nozzles attempting to provide these characteristics have succeeded to varying degrees. For a variety of reasons, however, the practical difficulties imposed by meeting these requirements simultaneously has resulted in nozzles that are prone to leaks, are not reliable, and which may actually reduce efficiency due to losses generated by a large number of components.
- Accordingly, there exists a need for a flame-stable nozzle that provides tip cooling and controlled fuel dispersion in a simplified manner. The nozzle should transmit cooling air in a passive manner through a dedicated passage that eliminates the need for complex valve arrangements, thereby reducing costs and increasing reliability. The nozzle should also include discrete fluid-guiding regions that are sealed in a leak-resistant manner without the reliance upon bellows or slip fits.
- The instant invention is a single-mode, flame-holding nozzle for a gas turbine combustion engine that provides passive tip cooling and controlled fuel dispersion. The nozzle includes several elongated sleeves that cooperatively form discrete passageways adapted to transmit fluids through the nozzle. The nozzle includes conduits that allow fuel and cooling air to reach designated fuel and cooling passageways without mixing. This arrangement advantageously ensures that air used to cool the nozzle does not become flammable, thereby reducing the chances of unwanted flashback occurrences. Portions of the nozzle sleeves are also strategically arranged to transmit fluids in a manner that provides substantially-uniform thermal expansion, thereby reducing the need for sliding joints or bellows arrangements.
- Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a single-mode combustor nozzle having tip cooling and controlled flame-holding capabilities.
- It is another object of the present invention to provide a single-mode combustor nozzle that includes a dedicated cooling fluid passageway that eliminates the need for complex valve and manifold arrangements.
- It is another object of the present invention to provide a single-mode combustor nozzle that includes discrete fluid-guiding regions that are sealed without the need for sliding joints or bellows arrangements.
- Other objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein are set forth, by way of illustration and example, certain embodiments of this invention. The drawings constitute part of this specification and include exemplary embodiments of the present invention and illustrate various objects and features thereof.
- FIG. 1 is a side elevation of a combustion engine employing the nozzle of the present invention;
- FIG. 2 is a side sectional view of the nozzle of the present invention;
- FIG. 3 is an end view of the mounting flange shown in FIG. 2, taken along cutting line III-III′;
- FIG. 4 is a side sectional view of the nozzle shown in FIG. 2, having an alternate cooling fluid transfer arrangement;
- FIG. 5 is a side sectional view of the nozzle shown in FIG. 2 having alternate flow conditioning elements; and
- FIG. 6 is a side sectional view of an alternate embodiment of the nozzle shown in FIG. 2.
- Reference is now made in general to the Figures, wherein the
nozzle 10 of the present invention is shown. As shown in FIG. 1, thenozzle 10 of the present invention is especially suited for use in acombustion system 36 using nozzles that operate in a single-mode, but could have application as a dual-mode nozzle, as well. By way of overview, and with additional reference to FIG. 2, thenozzle 10 resembles an elongated cylinder having several substantially-concentric tubes annular chambers nozzle 10 is characterized by afirst end 40 and an oppositesecond end 42, with fluids flowing generally from the first end to the second end during operation. Thenozzle 10 also includesconduit groups fuel 32 andtip cooling air 34 to reach designated passageways within the nozzle. More particularly, thefirst conduit group 28 allowsfuel 32 to move from thesecond passageway 22 into thefirst passageway 20, to interact withair 52 located therein. Thesecond conduit group 30 beneficially allowscooling air 34 to reach thethird passageway 24 from a location radially outward of the fuel-containingsecond passageway 22, without allowingfuel 32 to contaminate the cooling air.Third passageway exits 60 allowcooling air 34 to leave thethird passageway exits 60 and cool the nozzlesecond end 42. The conditions within an associatedcombustor 46 at the nozzlesecond end 42 ensure the flame is self-stable. As is understood in the art, this generally means that the fuel/air mixture inpassage 20 has sufficient velocity to prevent ignition upstream of the tip, and has an adequate fuel/air ratio to provide stable combustion in the lower velocity flame region immediately downstream of the tip. Thenozzle 10 will now be described in further detail. - In one embodiment, the
nozzle 10 of the present invention is especially suited for use as a flame-holding main nozzle in a premix mode, where premixfuel 32 travels from a source of fuel (not shown) throughapertures 50 at theupstream end 40 of thenozzle 10 and enters a nozzlesecond passageway 22. Thefuel 32 flows through thesecond passageway 22 and travels into thefirst passageway 20, where it forms a flammable mixture withair 52 located therein. The flammable mixture flows toward the nozzlesecond end 42; combustion may be initiated by anigniter 76 that is positioned in a nozzleinner passageway 26 or located remotely. Other components, including a diffusion nozzle (as seen in FIG. 6) may also be used to initiate combustion, if desired. If theinner passageway 26 is not used to hold anigniter 76, the inner passageway may be plugged or adapted to transmit a fluid to thenozzle tip 42.Tip cooling air 34 passes through the third passageway and prevents tip melting, as described below. - With particular reference to FIGS. 2 and 3, the
nozzle 10 includes a mountingflange 44 that helps secure the nozzle within acombustor 46 of a selected gasturbine combustion system 36. The mountingflange 44 includes two groups ofapertures premix air 52 andpremix fuel 32, respectively, to pass through the flange and enter corresponding passageways, or chambers, formed by thenozzle sleeves apertures 48 facilitates entry ofpremix air 52 into the nozzlefirst passageway 20. Similarly, the second set ofapertures 50 allowspremix fuel 32 to enter the nozzlesecond passageway 22. - With continued reference to FIGS. 2 and 3,
conduits premix fuel 32 and coolingair 34, respectively, to flow between portions of thenozzle 10 without becoming commingled. The first group ofconduits 28 includesfuel injection members 54 that are each characterized by anentrance 56 in fluid communication with thesecond passageway 22 and anexit 58 in fluid communication with thefirst passageway 20. With continued reference to FIG. 2, thefuel injection members 54 are hollow and include a group of exit holes 58. With this arrangement, thefuel injection members 54 transmitpremix fuel 32 into thefirst passageway 20, where it mixes withpremix air 52 and creates a flammable mixture of fuel and air. Thefuel injection members 54 may be adapted condition flow within thefirst passageway 20 by, for example, having a substantially-airfoil-shaped cross-section. As seen in FIGS. 5 and 6, other flow conditioning elements, such asdiscrete swirler vanes 78, or other suitable components, may also be provided as desired. Theflow conditioning elements 78 may be connected to either or both of the nozzlefirst sleeve 14 and/or to a nozzleouter wall 12. - It is noted that the first set of
conduits 28 need not includefuel injection members 54, and may take a variety of forms that permit fuel to travel from thesecond passageway 22 to thefirst passageway 20. For example, as shown in FIG. 5,simple exit apertures 72 disposed within thefirst sleeve 14 may be used. It is further noted that thefuel 32 may exit thesecond passageway 22 from a variety of axially-different locations. It is also noted that theouter wall 12 is not required for operation; thefirst passageway 20 may be bounded by thefirst sleeve 14 and a supplemental sleeve or partition, such as thecombustor wall 82 or other suitable boundary, as seen in FIG. 1. - As noted above, the second group of
conduits 30 provide dedicated paths through whichair 34 reaches thethird passageway 24. As will be described in more detail below, theair 34 in the third passage acts as cooling air, flowing downstream and through third passageway exits 60 to cool the nozzle tip orsecond end 42. - Each of the
conduits 30 in the second conduit group includes anentrance 62 in fluid communication with a source of cooling air (such as acompressor 80 coupled with the associatedcombustion turbine engine 38, seen in FIG. 1) and anopposite exit 64 in fluid communication with thethird passageway 24. In one embodiment, the second conduit entrances 62 are in fluid communication withcompressor discharge air 66, and the second group ofconduits 30 directs a portion of the compressor discharge air into thethird passageway 24 to, as noted above, cool the nozzlesecond end 42. - With particular reference to FIG. 3, each of the cooling
air conduits 30 is oriented radially within the mountingflange 44. With continued reference to FIG. 3, the coolingfluid conduits 30 lie between the premix air andfuel apertures flange 44. In keeping with the objects of the invention, this arrangement advantageously allows theentrances 62 of the coolingfluid conduits 30 to be located radially-outboard of thefuel 32 and the cooling fluid conduit exits 64 to be located radially-inboard of the premix fuel. As a result, the cooling fluid conduit entrances 62 are located upstream of the locations wherefuel 32 joins thecompressor discharge air 66. This arrangement advantageously allows one source ofair 66 to provide air for several purposes, while safely ensuring that theair 34 used for cooling is fuel-free and not flammable. - As seen in FIG. 2, sliding
interface 59 permits relative motion at the second end of thenozzle 42, thereby accommodating thermal growth differences during operation. With this arrangement, air, and not fuel, flows withinpassageway 34. This advantageously ensures that fluid which may emanate from theinterface 59 is not flammable. - It is noted that the cooling
fluid conduits 30 need not be radially arranged; any suitable orientation that allows the coolingair 34 to enter thethird passageway 24 from a location upstream of thepremix fuel 32 would suffice. Radial arrangement of the coolingfluid conduits 30 does, however, provide enhanced manufacturability. It is also noted that the coolingfluid conduits 30 need not be located in a mountingflange 44; other locations may be used as desired. For example, as shown in FIG. 4, the second group ofconduits 30 may extend through a component that does not support thenozzle 10, such as a fluid supply ring orhub 70. It is also noted thatcompressor discharge air 66 substantially surrounds the nozzlefirst end 40, and that such air may enter the first passageway by travelling around the nozzle first end and flowing between theouter wall 12 andfirst sleeve 14, thereby eliminating the need for the first group ofapertures 48. - With continued reference to FIG. 2, the cooling fluid passageway exits60 are in fluid communication with the
first passageway 20, and a pressure drop across the first passageway helps move the flow of coolingair 34 through thethird passageway 24/exit 60. The pressure drop in thefirst passageway 20 may be increased through, among other methods, increasing turbulence and/or velocity in thefirst passageway 20. With this arrangement, thenozzle 10 of the present invention provides a passive tip cooling system that employs a dedicated, air-only cooling fluid which eliminates the need for flows of purge fluid or fuel-blocking members. - Although the
nozzle 10 of the present invention has been described as especially suited for use in a premix mode, the nozzle could also be used in a diffusion mode, whereinfuel 32 would be released throughfuel exit apertures 72 located adjacent the nozzlesecond end 42. An example of such an arrangement is shown in FIG. 6. - It is noted that while the
nozzle 10 of the present invention has been described as diverting a portion of thecompressor discharge air 66 into thethird passageway 24 to providecooling air 34, other arrangements may be used. For example, theentrances 62 of the coolingfluid conduits 30 may be in fluid connection with other sources of cooling air, including a cooling air manifold (not shown). It is also noted that coolingair 34 may be motivated through thethird passageway 24 by a pump (not shown) or other suitable flow-inducing components. - During operation, the first and
second sleeves compressor discharge air 66 andpremix fuel 32. As a result, the thermal expansion exhibited by thefirst sleeve 14 is substantially, if not identically, the same as the thermal expansion exhibited by thesecond sleeve 16. With this arrangement, thefirst sleeve 14 may advantageously be connected to thesecond sleeve 16 in a rigid manner, thus eliminating the need for flexible connections, such as bellows, or slip-fit arrangements. This advantageously makes thenozzle 10 more reliable, increases the nozzle life span, and makes the nozzle less likely to leak. - It is to be understood that while certain forms of the invention have been illustrated and described, it is not to be limited to the specific forms or arrangement of parts herein described and shown. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various, including modifications, rearrangements and substitutions, may be made without departing from the scope of this invention and the invention is not to be considered limited to what is shown in the drawings and described in the specification. The scope if the invention is defined by the claims appended hereto.
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US10/241,335 US6698207B1 (en) | 2002-09-11 | 2002-09-11 | Flame-holding, single-mode nozzle assembly with tip cooling |
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US10/241,335 US6698207B1 (en) | 2002-09-11 | 2002-09-11 | Flame-holding, single-mode nozzle assembly with tip cooling |
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Cited By (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US20050039460A1 (en) * | 2003-08-20 | 2005-02-24 | Sobieski Peter A. | Gas turbine fuel pilot nozzle |
US20060026966A1 (en) * | 2004-08-04 | 2006-02-09 | Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation | Support system for a pilot nozzle of a turbine engine |
US20090272116A1 (en) * | 2006-08-03 | 2009-11-05 | Siemens Power Generation, Inc. | Axially staged combustion system for a gas turbine engine |
US20100229561A1 (en) * | 2006-04-07 | 2010-09-16 | Siemens Power Generation, Inc. | At least one combustion apparatus and duct structure for a gas turbine engine |
FR2966505A1 (en) * | 2010-10-25 | 2012-04-27 | Gen Electric | SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR COOLING A PIPE |
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