US2003138A - Metallic structure and method of making the same - Google Patents

Description

May 28, 1935. w. DE FRIES METALLIC STRUCTURE AND METHOD OF MAKING THE SAME Filed June 23, 1931- 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 INVENTOR 'W. DE FRIES May 28, 1935.

I 2,603,138 METALLIC STRUCTURE AND METHOD OF-MAKING THE SAME 4 Shee tS-Sheet 2 Filed June 23, 1931 May 28,1935. w. DE FRIES' 2,063,138

METALLIC STRUCTURE AND METHOD OF MAKING THE SAME File d June 23', 1931 4 Sheets-Shee t s May 28, 1935. w. DE FRIES 2,003,133

' METALLIC STRUCTURE AND METHOD OF MAKING THE SAME Filed June 25, 1931 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 meme Ma 28, 1935 2,003,133

UNITED STATES PATENTIOFFICE METAIQLIO STRUCTURE AND METHOD OF MAKING THE SAME Walter de Fries, Youngstown, Ohio, assignor to The William B. Pollock company, Youngstown, Ohio, a corporation of Ohio Application June 23, 1931, Serial No. 546,271

' 21 Claims. (01. 29-1 4) -The present invention relates broadly to the trating a difierent form of car body embodying building or fabrication of metallic structures, the present invention; v and more particularly to structures adapted to Figure 9 is aside elevational view'of the strucbe utilized as beams, girders, bodies and 'the ture illustrated in Figure 8;

s like, although the utility of the invention is Figure '10 is'a detail sectional view on the line. 5

not limited with respect to the particular use XX of Figure 9, looking in the direction of the to which the structures are placed, .or'the pararrows;

ticular cross sectional characteristics" or desig- Figure 1 1'is a detailsectional view on the line nation thereof. XIXI of Figure 10, looking in the direction of 1 Ithas heretofore been customary in many the arrows; and 10 cases to construct so-called box girders or beams Figure 12 is a detail sectional view along the from a "series of rolled shapes suitably riveted line XlI-XII of Figure 10, looking in the direcor welded one to the other. Box girders have tion of the arrows.

desirable structural characteristics which are With ordinary rolled shapes, the limitations of- ]5 well recognized. In many cases, however, it has the rolling operation require the shape to be 15 heretofore been necessary to utilize I-beams or either of substantially constant cross sectional the like in place of the more desirable box girdarea throughout the entire length thereof, or ers for the reason that the cross sectional diof very gradually and uniformly changing cross mensionsof the girders have been such, that it sectional characteristics. In many cases it is dehas not been possible for a man to work from sired to provide a girder, beam, body or the like 20 the inside thereof as required for the assembly having a cross section modulus at one point operations and more especially the riveting which is materially different from the cross which has been required. section modulus at a point but slightly removed The present invention has for one of its obtherefrom. It will be readily apparent that jects the provision of an improved structure rolled shapes-do not lend themselves to such 25 adapted to serve in the capacity of a box girder requirements, andit has accordingly been necfor :example, a beam, or a supporting body. essary, where rolled shapes have been utilized, While the invention is useful generally in the to eiiect more or less of a compromise, providing building art, it is herein shown more particuan average cross section .which is heavier than larly as applied to different features of railway the minimum cross section required at certain 30 car construction. It is to be understood, howp in s, in order t insur the ssa y tr n ever, that the drawings in this respect are illus- This has resulted in structures having a materi-.

' trative only. In the drawings: ally greater weight tharimecessary. In the case Figure. 1 is a top plan view of a portion of a of buildings, cars and the like, this has meant an car body constructed in accordance with the unnecessarily large ad o d w a eque t present invention; 4 reduction in the permissiblelive load possi- Figure '2 is a side elevational view of the bilities. structure illustrated in Figure 1; Wherever possible, fabricated girders, such Figure 3 is a transverse sectional view on a as 110?! girders, ave been ut i ed. In a y 40 line III-III of Figure 1, the section, however, hOWeVeT, he dimensions of the desired illustrating a complete car body; girders have not been 'such as to permit fabrica- Figure 4 is a side elevational view of a, portion in this manner. The present invention is tion of a girder constructed in accordance with designed 0 P v de a buildingistructufe of the present invention and more particularly eral utility capable of being effectively fabricated adapted to be utilized as a side sill forladle cars r rdless of he cross ec ion l iz and lending and the like; a itself to a change in the section modulus as re- Figure 5 is a longitudinal sectional view, on an q from Point to Point in Order 150 the enlarged scale, through a portion of the girder necessary strengthof Figured; Referring more particularly to Figures 1 to 3 Figure 6 is a transverse sectional view, on an of the drawings, there is illustrated a car body 50 enlarged scale, on a line VI -VI of Figure 4; w ch 'in y p t is ot b a nd Figure 7 is a transverse sectional view on an fled girder construction. It comprises a top. enlarged scale along the line VII-VII of Figplate or flange 2 and a bottom plate or flange 3 ure 4, looking in the direction of the arrows; spaced a distance determined by the dimensions Figure 8 is aview similar to Figure 1, illusdesired in the completed car. Extending lon- 55 gitudinally between the plates or flanges are webs l which are likewise disposed in spaced relationship. The webs are characterized by the provision at intervals therealong of lugs or projections '5 adapted to interfit with correspondingly shaped openings in the flanges. By reason of this construction, the mere act of assembly of the webs and flanges serves to afford a mechanical interlock therebetween. Prior, however, to the complete assembly of the parts, diaphragm plates 6 are mechanically interlocked both with the webs and flanges. These diaphragm plates are illustrated as comprising substantially rectangular plates having upper and lower projections l'and side projections 8. The side projections interlock with the webs 4, while the upper and lower projections interlock with the flanges. I

The desired interlocked relationship having beenobtained during the assembly, the parts may be welded in position. This may be accomplished in a variety of different ways. If desired, the diaphragm plates and webs may be mechanically interlocked and welded as a unit adapted to receive the upper and lower flanges 2 and 3, after which the projections 5 and I from the webs and diaphragm plates respectively are welded in position in the flanges.

In this manner there is provided a substantially unitary structure composed entirely of plate'or platelike' members which are both mechanically interlocked and welded one to the other.

The spacing of the diaphragm plates may be varied in accordance with the load requirements,

this being governed by the permissible ratio be-.

their number and location enable the strengthrequirements at different points to be satisfactorily met. This makes possible the use of standard plates for the production of fabricated structures in which the section modulus or radius of gyration varies from point to point.

The provision of means for mechanically interlocking the parts is desirable for the reason that the projections transmit by-mechanlcal means a certain portion of the load, thus re-' lieving stresses which would otherwise be imposed entirely on welded joints. This makes possible the use of lighter welds. and obviates the difliculties which have heretofore been experienced in the case of welds which were not properly eflfected,

In the embodiment illustrated in the figures of the drawings just referred, to, the top flange 2 is of materially greater width than the bottom flange, so as to overhang the edge portions thereof. The overhanging portion of the top flange may be reinforced by gussets 9 having creasing the load carrying capacity of the car.

In Figures 4 to 7 of the drawings there is illustrated a slightly modified embodiment of the invention. In these figures there is shown the end portion of a car sill or girder comprising a top flange I2, a bottom flange l4, and inner and outer webs I 5 and I 6 respectively. In this embodiment, the flanges and webs are shown as being of difierent thicknesses, the flanges being materially heavier than the webs. Extending between the flanges are diaphragm plates ll of such length that the end portions thereof will extend through suitably shaped openings in the webs l5 and. I6 so as to be mechanically interlocked therewith.

During the assembly of a structural member of the type illustrated in these figures of the drawings, the diaphragm plates will be first welded in position between the flanges as indicated by the reference character l8. Thereafter, the webs will be applied so as to interlock with the projecting ends of the diaphragm plates l1, and the webs and flanges welded one to the other as indicated at I9. Thereafter the projecting ends of the diaphragm plates may likewise be welded in position to the webs. a construction provides a box girder or beam which may be effectively utilized for any desired purpose. By providing the diaphragm plates with openings 20, provision is made for the running of conduits, cables, pipes or the like longitudinally of the beam structure. By

previously individually shaping the webs and,

flanges, the completed structure may have a contour such that it is adapted for use in the desired structural relationship to other parts.

In Figures 8 to 12 of the drawings there is shown a portion of a car frame in which all of the parts,a're composed either of structural or platemembers and in which all of the parts are mechanically interlocked and welded, thus form-- ing what may be termed, for all practical purposes, a one-piece structure. From Figure 8 it will be apparent that the'car structure comprises side sills 22, which are of identical construction, and which cooperate through the medium of welded and interlocked joints, hereinafter described, with an end frame 23. In Figure 8 there is only shown one end of a car, it being apparent that the two ends are of similar construction. Each side sill comprises a top flange, 24 and a bottom flange 25 between which are welded webs 26., These webs are formed with projections 21 which project through openings in the flanges and are welded thereto.

Where it is desired to provide a greater section modulus, recourse may be had to the provision of filler flanges 28 as shown inFigure 10, these filler flanges being' welded both to the main flanges and;to the webs. .This provides in effect a laminated flange structure. In like manner the webs themselves may be reinforced throughout portions of their lengths.r Where filler flanges are utilized, they are welded in position between the webs before their main flanges are assembled thereon, the entire structure being subsequently welded at the desired points.

prising mechanically interlocked webs and flanges, as in the structures already described.

Where the beams or girders are utilized as sills and comprise different portions angularly disposed, the projections 21 will conveniently be formed as indicated more particularly in Figure 9 with the end walls of the projections so in- Such ,There is thus formed a beam or girder comclined that the flanges may be applied by a true lateral movement. In other words, the ends offall of the projections will preferably be para el.

Extending transversely between the side sills 22 is a bar 29 which passes through'suitable slots both in the inner and outer webs, the ends ofthe bar lying flush with the outer web of the sills. The outer web is preferably formed from a plate of suitable dimensions to provide adjacent each end thereof a bracket 30 and a beam engaging portion "3| The inner web of each sill terminates short of the outer web and is adapted to abut at its end against the web of a beam 32. This beam is of such length as to fit into a correspondingly shaped slot in the beam portion 3| so as to permit welding of the same therein. Projecting upwardly from the bar 29, as illustrated more particularly in Figure 11 of the drawings, is a trunnion support ing plate 33 welded at its lower edge to the bar 29 as indicated at 34. Secured to its upper end is a horizontally extending plate 35 welded 'at one edge to the plate 33 and'at its opposite edge to the upstanding portion 36 of a deck plate 31,

thus forming a girder with two flanges and a single web similar to a rolled I or H beam shape. Extending between the trunnion supporting plate 33, the plate 35, the deck plate 31, the beam 32 and the bar 29, is a series of ribs 38. Each of these ribs is provided with a projection 39 adapted to mechanically interlock with a correspondingly shaped slot in the trunnion supporting plate 33 and with a second projection 40 adapted to mechanically interlock with the deck plate 31'. The trunnion supporting plate is further braced by means of gussets 4| welded in position between the same and the bar "29. By reference more particularly to Figure 9 of the drawings, it will be apparent that the trunnion supporting plate 33 is likewise formed with end projections 42 which extend through suitably shaped openings in the bracket portion 33 of the outer web 26 so as to mechan 'ically interlock these parts.

Secured in position between the trunnion supporting plate 33 and the upstanding portion 36 of the .deck plate are bearing members 43, conveniently formed of cast iron. Thesebearings, as will be apparent more particularly from Figure 12 of the drawings, are formedwith shoulders 44 adapted to overlie the upper edges of the respective plates so as to be held against. downward movement relatively thereto. Theplates and bearings arefurther held in position bythrough bolts or rivets 45. The bearings at their upper ends are shaped to providetrunnion supports .46 for cooperation with the end 13521111110118 usually provided on ladles and the Intermediate the bearings 43 the upstanding portion 36 of the deck plate 31 is provided with an intumed flange 46 for stiffening purposes.

The ends of the flange 46 bear against the ad-. jacent ends of the bearings 43, and the inwardconveniently also formed of plate members, as illustrated. The end frame is' completed by side plates 50 which aresuita'bly welded in position to the deck plate at the upper edge, and to the beam portions 3| of the'webs 26 at their ends 1 as indicated at 5|.

they may likewisebe welded to the beam.

With the exception of the bearings 43 which are conveniently of cast iron by reason of the strength and inexpensiveness of such material,

. the entire end frame is composed of plate members and structural members, all of which members are mechanically interlocked and welded. This provides a one-piece frame, for all practical purposes, and one iving a maximum of strength with a minimum weight: Any portion of the entire frame may. be reinforced or strengthened by the provision of suitable ribs,

or by the provision of stiffening laminations' welded thereto over any portion thereof. The beam 32 is illustrative 'pf one type of reinforcing, such reinforcing comprising ribs 53 welded in position between the flanges and web of the beam. i

As before stated, ;the drawings selected for purposes of illustrating the present invention are particularly directed to structures adapted for use in the construction of cars or car bodies. They are representative, however, of built up structures which may-be utilized for any desired building purposes wherein strength combined with lightness is a desirable factor.

Attention has already been called to the fact that in accordance with the present'invention, it is possible to pre-shape the individual parts utilized for the construction of a finished article. This constitutes an important advantage, in, that it eliminates the difliculties attendant 'upon the proper shaping of previously formed articles or bodies. lfhus, for example,

in the case of rolled beams, any after shaping operation tends, by reason of elongation, to thin down certain of the parts, and by'compression, to thicken other of the parts. By preshaping the component parts, and afterwards assembling the same, the desired cross sectional characteristics may be maintained throughout the entire length of the article.

In the illustrated embodiments of the invention, I have shown structures in which the webs, where two or more are utilized, are in substantially parallel relationship, This is also true as to the flanges. It is apparent, however, that v such a parallel relationship is not essential, the same advantages of construction being obtainable where either the webs or the' flanges -or both are in angular relationship one to the other.

It will be understood that while I have herein illustrated and described certain preferred embodiments of my invention, the drawings are illustrative only, and typify various shapes and. structures embodying the invention and in which changes can be made without departing either from the spirit of the invention or the scope of my broader claims. To this end the term girder is hereinafter utilized in the claims as signifying a body, beam, sill or the like having the characteristics ascribed thereto, the term being one of definition and not one of limitation.

' I claim: 7

1. In the method of forming a structural shape such as a box girder, the steps comprising separately preforming web and flange members, securing lugged diaphragm plates to certain of said members transversely between the same, mechanically interlocking the remaining members in position by the lugs of said plates to form a structure closed on four sides, and welding the structure including welding along outside joints thereof and welding from without the structure said lugs in position.

2. In the method of forming a box girder, the steps comprising separately preforming web and flange members, securing diaphragm 'plates transversely between longitudinally disposed web members, mechanically flange members with said diaphragm plates and with said web members to form a structure closed on four sides, and welding the mechanically interlocked flange members in position including zvelding along outside joints 'of the closed strucure.

3. In the method of forming a structural shape, the steps comprising separately preforming web and flange members to provide one with parallel lugs and the other with openings to receive said lugs, securing transverse diaphragm plates to the lugged members, assembling the other members with the lugged members so that the lugs are received in said openings, the assembled web and flange members constituting a structural shape closed on four sides, and welding the assembled structural shape including welding along outside joints thereof and welding the lugs in position- 4. In the method of forming a structural shape, the steps comprising separately preforming'web and flange members to provide one with parallel lugs and the other with lug receiving openings, securing lugged diaphra m plates to the lugged members transversely between the same, assembling the other members with the lugged members so that the lugs of the plates andlugged members are received in said openings, the assembled web and flange,

6. As an article of manufacture, abox girder comprising longitudinal flanges, longitudinal webs disposed edgewise between the-flanges; and transverse diaphragm plates mechanically interlocked with both the webs and the flanges by lugs extending into the webs andthe flanges,

certain .of'said webs and flanges being welded along outside joints therebetween.

"I; As an. article of manufacture, a box girder interlocking the comprising a pair of longitudinally extendinglugs, said diaphragm plates being fixed in transverse position within said b'ox girder by said integral lugs, said webs and flanges being welded along outside joints.

8. As an article of manufacture, a box girder comprising a pair of flanges in substantially parallel relationship, a pair of webs in similar relationship but edgewise disposed with respect to said flanges, said webs and flanges being welded together along outside joints and forming a structure closed on four sides, and diaphragm plates positioned transversely within said girder by lugs integral therewith, said diaphragm plates bearing against the opposed faces of the flanges to stiffen the girder. v

9. As an article of manufacture, a box girder comprising a pair of curved flange members spaced by transverse diaphragm plates, and web members mechanically interlocked with said diaphragmplates and welded along the outside of the joints with the flange members, the girder structure formed by the web and flange members being closed on four sides. I

shape comprising an upper compressionplate and a lower tension plate constituting flanges,

a series of longitudinal webs disposed edgewise jecting in the direction of said first-mentioned between the plates, the webs having parallelly extending lugs and the plates having corresponding openings for receiving the lugs to mechanically interlock the webs and plates, and diaphragm plates transversely disposed between adjacent webs and acting as struts between the flanges, the outermost webs of the series being welded tov said ,compression and tension plates.

11. As an article of manufacture, a box girder comprising flanges, webs cooperating with the flanges to provide a structure closed on four 'sides, certain of said webs being welded to said flanges, and transverse diaphragm plates mechanically interlocking the webs and flanges, the diaphragm plates each having projecting portions received in respective openings in a web and flange and subject therein to shearing stresses.

12. As an article of manufacture, a car body comprising a lower tension and an upper compression member, webs disposed edgewise intermediate the tension and compression members and welded thereto along outside joints, and means for mechanically interlocking said members and webs, said members and webs being of flat rolled stock.

13. As an article of manufacture, a truss in the form of a box girder comprising upper and lower flanges/ acting as main compression and tension members of the. truss, webs welded to the flanges, and transversely disposed diaphragm plates mechanically interlocking said webs and flanges by liaving projecting portions received in corresponding openings of the webs and flanges for transmitting shearing stresses between the members of the truss, the diaphragm ,plates being enclosed on four sides and bearing at the top and bottom against the flanges and at both" sides against webs.

14. As an article .of manufacture, a truss in the form of a box girder ,comprising primary fwebs, a pair of longitudinally extending flanges tension and compression flanges,- diaphragm pIates acting as secondary compression members or struts for holding said flanges in spaced relationship, said diaphragms having at their free edges integral shear keys, and plates welded to said flanges as webs or secondary tension members, said web plates being formed with openings receiving said shear keys and said shear keys being welded therein, the entire assembly being fabricated from flat rolled stock.

15. In the method of manufacturing a box girder having a bowed portion, the steps com- Y prising separately preforming correspondingly bowed 'web and flange members, providing one with parallel lugs and the other with openings to receive said lugs, securing transverse diaphragm plates to the lugged members, assembling the other members with the lugged members so that the lugs are received in said openings, and welding the assembled girder including welding along outside joints thereof.

16. As an article of manufacture, a car body comprising longitudinal flanges, a plurality of longitudinal webs disposed edgewise between the longitudinal flanges, and transverse diaphragm plates mechanically interlocked with both the webs and flanges by lugs extending into the webs and the flanges, the outside joints between the flanges and certain of said webs being welded.

each closed on four sides and the ends thereof being extended and interlocked with the end frames. w o

18. As an article of manufacture, a box girder comprising a series of longitudinally extending webs, a pair of opposed longitudinally extending flanges cooperating with opposite edges of said webs, and diaphragm plates transversely disposed between webs and mechanically interlocked with both the webs and the flanges by lugs extending into the webs and the flanges, certain of said webs and flanges being welded along outside joints therebetween.

19. In a car structure, box girders constituting car sills, said box girders comprising inner and outer websand upper and lower flanges welded along outside joints therebetween, and an end frame including a transverse beam, the outer webs of the box girders being extended beyond said transverse beam and having openings receiving the ends thereof.

20. In a car structure, box girders constituting car sills, each of said box girders comprising web members, flange members, said web members and flange members being welded along outside joints, and transverse diaphragm plates having projecting lugs interlocking said plates with certain'of said members, and an "end frame including a transverse beam interlocked with the car sills by having the ends of the beam entered in an opening in a web member of each.

21. In a car structure, an end frame including a transverse load carrying structural member, trunnion bearings carried thereby, and box girders constituting car sills, each of said box girders comprising inner and outer webs and upper and lower flanges welded together along outside joints and mechanically interlocked by transverse diaphragm plates with projecting lugs, said transverse structural member being interlocked with the sills by having its ends entered in an opening in the outer web and abutting the end of the inner web of each sill.

WALTER DE FRIES.

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