US20030206906A1 - Catheter composition and uses thereof - Google Patents

Catheter composition and uses thereof Download PDF

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US20030206906A1
US20030206906A1 US10/304,666 US30466602A US2003206906A1 US 20030206906 A1 US20030206906 A1 US 20030206906A1 US 30466602 A US30466602 A US 30466602A US 2003206906 A1 US2003206906 A1 US 2003206906A1
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catheter
sample
composition
plasminogen activator
package
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Charles Semba
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Genentech Inc
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Genentech Inc
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Assigned to GENENTECH, INC. reassignment GENENTECH, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SEMBA, CHARLES P.
Publication of US20030206906A1 publication Critical patent/US20030206906A1/en
Priority to US11/426,263 priority patent/US7829082B2/en
Priority to US11/426,283 priority patent/US20060257390A1/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/43—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/46—Hydrolases (3)
    • A61K38/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
    • A61K38/49—Urokinase; Tissue plasminogen activator
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P41/00—Drugs used in surgical methods, e.g. surgery adjuvants for preventing adhesion or for vitreum substitution
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A61P7/02—Antithrombotic agents; Anticoagulants; Platelet aggregation inhibitors

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of indwelling medical devices, in particular catheters, as well as to the field of methods and compositions for flushing, locking, priming, and coating these medical devices.
  • the invention also relates to pharmaceutical preparations useful in increasing catheter flow and preventing infection in catheters with the potential for fibrin deposition or with preexisting fibrin-bound clots.
  • Delivery systems are widely used in medicine as a means for introducing liquid material that might include medicaments, nutrition, or other active agents to a particular locus in a patient. Such systems frequently involve the use of catheters, which, for many applications, are surgically or intravenously located and stitched into place for long-term administration of the desired material.
  • Typical systems include central catheters such as may be used for total parenteral nutrition (TPN) used in, e.g., short bowel syndrome (for the duration of life), with the risk of sepsis or endocarditis.
  • TPN total parenteral nutrition
  • Such systems also include catheters and drains that are involved in peritoneal dialysis for those with terminal kidney failure, which, if infected, can lead to peritonitis with serious consequences.
  • Intravascular catheters are among the most commonly used medical devices. Such catheters are routinely placed into a patient's vascular system for many procedures and often are left in place for extended periods.
  • One type of delivery system used for some years in the treatment of conditions in humans comprises a reservoir or chamber of small volume subcutaneously implanted under the fascia having direct access via a catheter to the cardiovascular system.
  • Such systems are known as port systems. Since a port and an intravascular catheter are direct paths from the outside environment to the patient's bloodstream, the presence of the catheter or port presents a substantial and continuous potential for introduction of microorganisms into the patient's bloodstream.
  • a number of methods for reducing the risk of infection have been developed that incorporate anti-infective agents into medical devices, none of which have been clinically proven to be completely satisfactory.
  • Such devices desirably provide effective levels of anti-infective agent during the entire period that the device is being used. This sustained release may be problematic to achieve, in that a mechanism for dispersing anti-infective agent over a prolonged period of time may be required, and the incorporation of sufficient amounts of anti-infective agent may adversely affect the surface characteristics of the device.
  • the difficulties encountered in providing effective anti-microbial protection increase with the development of drug-resistant pathogens.
  • the current standard care of vascular catheters includes flushing the lumen of the catheter with an anti-coagulant, such as heparin, to prevent blood in and around the tip of the catheter from coagulating and obstructing the flow of fluids through the catheter.
  • an anti-coagulant such as heparin
  • heparin has no anti-microbial activity, and, in addition, if not carefully controlled, it can carry the anti-coagulation process too far, thereby presenting a risk of hemorrhage. Heparin can also result in antibody formation, leading to a serious autoimmune condition of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), which depletes platelets and further increases risk of bleeding.
  • HIT heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
  • Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. aureus account for 75% of central venous catheter (CVC)-related infections.
  • Candida species account for another 10% to 15% of such infections.
  • the use of anti-staphylococcal antibiotics to prevent these infections has been found to reduce CVC-related bacterial infections, but only at the expense of the occurrence of higher rates of fungal (Candida) infections.
  • thrombogenesis There is also an observed correlation between thrombogenesis and infection.
  • a fibrin sheath that subsequently acts to cover the internal and external surfaces of a catheter engulfs indwelling vascular catheters.
  • This fibrin sheath provides such organisms as Staphylococci and Candida with an enhanced adherence capacity to the catheter surface.
  • gram-negative bacilli do not adhere well to fibrin and fibronectin.
  • a composition that halted fibrin formation would thus be particularly useful in preventing the colonization of Staphylococci, Candida, and the like, at indwelling catheter sites.
  • a flush solution that may include an anticoagulant such as heparin.
  • the purpose of the flush solution is to move the medicament out of the catheter so that the entire dosage is delivered, and to leave a residual fill in the catheter so that the patient's blood does not back up in the catheter and possibly form a clot that would occlude the bore of the catheter.
  • the properly flushed catheter is likely fully patent and ready for the next usage.
  • 5,091,442 described tubular articles, such as condoms and catheters, which are rendered anti-microbially effective by the incorporation of a non-ionic sparingly soluble anti-microbial agent, such as triclosan.
  • the anti-microbial agent may be distributed throughout the article, or in a coating thereon.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,362,754 disclosed a pharmaceutical preparation that includes minocycline and EDTA for maintaining the patency of a catheter.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,362,754 reported the use of a mixture of minocycline and EDTA (M-EDTA) to maintain the patency of a catheter port.
  • TRICITRASOLTM citrate calcium chelator for dialysis catheters
  • TRICITRASOLTM citrate calcium chelator for dialysis catheters
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,019,096 disclosed infection-resistant medical devices comprising a synergistic combination of a silver salt (such as silver sulfadiazine) and chlorhexidine.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,772,640 reported on polymeric medical articles comprising the anti-infective agents, chlorhexidine and triclosan.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,362,754 disclosed preventing glycocalyx formation on a catheter by coating with EDTA and/or minocycline, preventing bacterial and fungal infections.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,258,797 disclosed combating infection or sepsis in catheter and port systems by using an anti-microbial locking solution of taurolidine or taurultam.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,166,007 disclosed anti-microbial locks comprising taurinamide derivatives and carboxylic acids and/or salts thereof for preventing infection and blood coagulation in or near a medical prosthetic device after the device has been inserted in a patient.
  • EP 1,040,841 described prevention of thrombosis formation and/or bacterial growth on a liquid-contacting surface of a delivery system by contacting the surface with a thrombosis-preventing liquid having anti-coagulant agent, taurolidine, and/or taurultam.
  • EP 882,461 disclosed a medical device having both physiological and anti-microbial activity comprising a base material, a crosslinked coating film formed on a surface of the base material, and each of a physiologically active substance and an anti-microbial substance bonded to the coating film.
  • Wiernikowski et al. Am J. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 13(2): 137-140 (1991) disclosed that bacteriostatic saline flush solutions prevented catheter infections compared to normal saline. Vercaigne et al., Pharmacotherapy, 20: 394-9 (2000) evaluated heparin plus antibiotics as a locking solution to prevent infection. Patel et al., Thromb Hemost, 82: 1205-6 (1999) disclosed successful use of low-dose r-hirudin for recurrent dialysis catheter thrombosis in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
  • Antibacterial lock solutions have been used to clean out catheters.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,174,537 disclosed a catheter flush solution. See also Sodermann et al. Blood Purif., 19: 251-254 (2001) on DIALOCKTM and CLS; the TUBEXTM Heparin Lock Flush Solution (Wyeth-Ayerst); and Henrickson et al., J. Clin Oncol., 18: 1269-1278 (2000) on prevention of CVC-related infections and thrombotic events using vancomycin/cipro-floxacin/heparin flush solution.
  • Soft-cuffed, implantable CVCs such as the QUINTON PERMCATHTM CVC (Quinton Instrument Co., Seattle, Wash.) are increasingly used in patients with end-stage renal disease as a means of permanent access. Their major limitations, besides infection, are thrombosis and inadequate blood flow. To prevent those complications, heparin is conventionally used for priming the QUINTON PERMCATHTM CVC between dialysis sessions. Schenk et al., Amer. J. Kidney Diseases, 35: 130-136 (January 2000) showed that recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator (rt-PA) was superior to heparin for priming the QUINTON PERMCATHTM CVC between hemodialysis sessions. However, Schenk et al. utilized 2 mg of alteplase plus SWFI (sterile water for injection, USP), which does not prevent growth of bacteria.
  • rt-PA tissue-plasminogen activator
  • CATHFLOTM ACTIVASE® (alteplase) t-PA
  • CATHFLOTM ACTIVASE® t-PA is available in a 2-mg, single-patient-use vial, is the only marketed thrombolytic available for this indication, and offers medical professionals a viable treatment option for a CVAD complication that can hinder patient care.
  • One vial of CATHFLOTM t-PA contains 2.2 mg of alteplase, 77 mg of L-arginine, 0.2 mg of POLYSORBATE 80TM emulsifier, and phosphoric acid to adjust the pH to approximately 7.3.
  • T-PA has been bonded to other materials than vascular catheters. See, for example, Zhou et.al., J. Control Release, 55: 281-295 (1998); Greco et al., Ann Vasc. Surg, 9: 140-145 (1995) and Woodhouse et al., Biomaterials, 17: 75-77 (1996).
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,688,516 disclosed use of selected combinations of a chelating agent, anticoagulant, or anti-thrombotic agent, with a non-glycopeptide anti-microbial agent, such as the tetracycline antibiotics, to coat a medical device and to inhibit catheter infection.
  • Preferred combinations include minocycline or another non-glycopeptide anti-microbial agent together with EDTA, EGTA, DTPA, TTH, heparin, and/or hirudin in a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent.
  • 6,187,768 similarly disclosed use of an anti-microbial agent and an anticoagulant, an anti-thrombotic agent, or a chelating agent to maintain the patency of indwelling medical devices such as catheters and for preventing infections caused by bacterial growth in catheters.
  • the present invention discloses solutions unique in their ability to meet the above needs, which are not based on anti-coagulation, anti-thrombotic, or chelating activities and do not involve the use of antibiotics, for which mammals can develop resistance.
  • the present invention solves the needs set forth herein by using a plasminogen activator in conjunction with a disinfectant used as a preservative, mainly an organic alcohol that serves in this capacity.
  • a disinfectant used as a preservative mainly an organic alcohol that serves in this capacity.
  • the resulting composition not only has fibrinolytic activity, but also prevents pathogen growth, especially in clotted catheters, and has passed USP standards.
  • the present invention provides a composition useful for removal of fibrin-bound blood clots from a catheter comprising water, a fibrinolytically effective amount of a plasminogen activator, and a preservatively effective amount of a bacteriostatic organic alcohol, wherein the composition does not comprise a chelating agent.
  • the invention provides a multi-compartment package comprising a compartment comprising a fibrinolytically effective amount of a plasminogen activator, a compartment comprising water containing a preservatively effective amount of a bacteriostatic organic alcohol, wherein neither compartment comprises a chelating agent, and instructions for mixing the contents of both compartments and for using the resulting mixture to remove fibrin-bound blood clots from a catheter that contains such blood clots.
  • the invention provides a multi-compartment package comprising a compartment comprising from about 0.1 to 10 mg/mL of native-sequence t-PA or tenecteplase and a compartment comprising water containing about 0.5 to 1.2% (v/v) of benzyl alcohol, isopropanol, or ethanol, wherein neither compartment comprises a chelating agent, and instructions for mixing the contents of both compartments and for using the resulting mixture to remove fibrin-bound blood clots from a catheter that contains such blood clots.
  • the preferred amount of benzyl alcohol, a preferred alcohol herein, is about 0.8-1.1%. This range and the broader range of about 0.5 to 1.2% are enough to inhibit microbe growth but preserve stability and function of the plasminogen activator. An advantage of these alcohols is that they do not lead to antibiotic resistance.
  • the invention provides a method for removing fibrin-bound blood clots from a catheter that contains such blood clots comprising contacting the catheter with the above composition for at least about 5 days.
  • the invention provides a catheter coated with the above-identified composition.
  • FIG. 1 shows reduced SEC chromatograms of reconstituted rt-PA (1 mg/mL with BWFI, BNS, and SWFI) after 14 days of storage at 37° C. in glass vials.
  • catheter refers to a medical device generally constructed of plastic polymers such as, for example, polyurethane, silicone, or other such polymers for the purpose of delivering medical therapy and withdrawing blood.
  • plastic polymers such as, for example, polyurethane, silicone, or other such polymers for the purpose of delivering medical therapy and withdrawing blood.
  • catheters represent a wide variety of indwelling medical devices such as a urinary catheter, a vascular catheter such as a CVC or a peripheral intravenous catheter, an arterial catheter, a tracheal catheter, a Swan-Ganz catheter, a hemodialysis catheter, an umbilical catheter, a percutaneous non-tunneled silicone catheter, a cuffed tunneled central venous catheter, and a subcutaneous central venous port, and the like.
  • Vascular catheter is used herein to describe a catheter involving the vascular system and includes peripheral catheters and CVCs, long-term cuffed devices, short-term, non-cuffed devices, and implantable ports.
  • CVCs which are the same as central venous access devices (CVADs), include peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC lines), external cuffed devices, non-cuffed catheters, non-tunneled and subcutaneously tunneled catheters, hemodialysis (HD) catheters, and ports.
  • PICC lines peripherally inserted central catheters
  • HD hemodialysis
  • the preferred catheters herein are an indwelling catheter such as a CVC, preferably a cuffed tunneled CVC, a peripheral intravenous catheter, an arterial catheter, a Swan-Ganz catheter, a hemodialysis catheter, an umbilical catheter, a percutaneous non-tunneled silicone catheter, or a subcutaneous central venous port. Also preferred is a urinary catheter or a peritoneal catheter. Additionally preferred are an intravenous catheter, one that is fabricated from a biomedical polyurethane or silicone, or a vascular catheter.
  • composition refers to a composition, solution, formulation, or the like that is an admixture of the ingredients set forth.
  • contact means exposure to a reagent, by any means, such as coating, incubating, etc.
  • coat refers to dipping, soaking, treating, and/or impregnating a catheter with the composition herein.
  • bacteriostatic organic alcohol means an organic alcohol that is a disinfectant used as a preservative, and not classified as an antibiotic or in a class of antibiotic.
  • Disinfectants which are chemicals that inhibit or kill microorganisms, are defined in Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 8th edition (2001), Section VII. Chemotherapeutic Drugs. Chapter 50. Miscellaneous Antimicrobial Agents—Disinfectants, Antiseptics, and Sterilants. Preservatives are chemicals used to prevent microbial spoilage of preparations. Disinfectants are used as preservatives to prevent the overgrowth of bacteria and fungi in pharmaceutical preparations.
  • BWFI Bacteriostatic water for injection
  • sterile water for injection or “SWFI” is sterile water alone without any other ingredient.
  • normal saline or “NS” is a mixture of water with an appropriate amount (such as 0.9% (w/v)) of sodium chloride, with no other ingredients.
  • bacteriostatic normal saline or “BNS” refers to sterile water with an appropriate amount (such as 0.9% (w/v)) of sodium chloride and with an appropriate amount (i.e., one that is preservatively effective) of a bacteriostatic organic alcohol such as benzyl alcohol without any other ingredient.
  • plasminogen activator means a fibrinolytic single- or double-chain plasminogen activator, including urinary plasminogen activator in native or variant form, tissue plasminogen activator in a native form such as ACTIVASE® alteplase t-PA or in variant form such as r-PA (reteplase; RETAVASE®; Centocor, Inc.) and tenecteplase (a t-PA variant designated T103N, N117Q, K296A, H297A,R298A,R299A available as TNKASETM brand from Genentech, Inc. and described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No.
  • urokinase e.g., ABBOKINASE®; Abbott
  • urokinase e.g., ABBOKINASE®; Abbott
  • the plasminogen activator is native-sequence t-PA, a fibrinolytic t-PA variant, native-sequence urokinase, or a fibrinolytic urokinase variant.
  • the plasminogen activator is native-sequence t-PA, a fibrinolytic t-PA variant, or native-sequence urokinase. Still more preferably, the plasminogen activator is native-sequence t-PA or a fibrinolytic t-PA variant. Still more preferably, the t-PA variant is tenecteplase or reteplase. Most preferably the plasminogen activator is native-sequence t-PA or tenecteplase.
  • chelating agent means an agent used for chelating, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), DMSA, deferoxamine, dimercaprol, zinc citrate, TRICITRASOLTM (a citrate calcium chelator), a combination of bismuth and citrate, penicillamine, succimer, or etidronate.
  • EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
  • DMSA deferoxamine
  • dimercaprol dimercaprol
  • zinc citrate zinc citrate
  • TRICITRASOLTM a citrate calcium chelator
  • TRICITRASOLTM a citrate calcium chelator
  • Ethylene glycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) and salts thereof are other known chelating agents, as well as edetate calcium disodium, triethylene tetramine dihydrochloride, and those that chelate divalent metal cations such as Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe and Zn.
  • the present invention provides a composition useful for removal of fibrin-bound blood clots from a catheter comprising water, a fibrinolytically effective amount of a plasminogen activator, and a preservatively effective amount of a bacteriostatic organic alcohol.
  • the composition does not contain a chelating agent.
  • the water preferably contains the bacteriostatic organic alcohol to begin with.
  • bacteriostatic organic alcohol there are generally four types of diluents that are used to dilute or reconstitute drugs: BWFI, SWFI, BNS, and NS.
  • the present invention includes only those that are bacteriostatic, i.e., BWFI and BNS.
  • the water containing the alcohol is bacteriostatic water for injection or is bacteriostatic normal saline.
  • the pH of the composition herein must be appropriate for biological use.
  • the composition or solution of the present invention will have a pH in the range of from about 3 to 7, preferably from about 3.5 to 6.5 and, most preferably from about 4.5 to 6.5.
  • the composition will normally be at a physiological pH.
  • the pH can be adjusted by additional acid or base, such as a mineral acid, for example, hydrochloric acid, or, preferably, one that will not cause acidosis, such as, for example, acetic, malic, or lactic acid.
  • additional acid or base such as a mineral acid, for example, hydrochloric acid, or, preferably, one that will not cause acidosis, such as, for example, acetic, malic, or lactic acid.
  • Other methods for adjusting the pH familiar to those of skill in the art, can also be employed.
  • a test for whether the amount of plasminogen activator in the composition is fibrinolytically effective can be done, for example, by in vitro clot lysis assays, such as those described in the Examples provided herein.
  • the preservatively effective amount of alcohol can be determined, for example, by the anti-microbial effectiveness test set forth in the Examples below.
  • the amount of plasminogen activator is from about 0.1 to 10 mg/mL and the preservatively effective amount of organic alcohol is preferably from about 0.5 to 1.2% (v/v).
  • the fibrinolytically effective amount of plasminogen activator is from about 0.3 to 5 mg/mL, still more preferably from about 0.5 to 4 mg/mL, and most preferably from about 1 to 3 mg/mL.
  • the more preferred amount of organic alcohol is from about 0.8 to 1.1% (v/v).
  • the composition of the invention is preferably exposed to conditions that substantially render any microorganisms therein non-viable and packaged in a sealed vessel, such as a syringe, a septum-closed vial, or an ampoule that is substantially resistant to the passage of microorganisms.
  • a sealed vessel such as a syringe, a septum-closed vial, or an ampoule that is substantially resistant to the passage of microorganisms.
  • the sealed vessel contains an aliquot of the flush solution that is sufficient to perform one catheter flush procedure.
  • a bulk vessel may be preferred that contains a sufficient amount of the solution to dispense multiple aliquots for individual catheter flush procedures.
  • a method for flushing an intravenous catheter includes providing an admixed solution as set forth above and contacting the catheter with such solution for at least about two hours.
  • the method includes filling a fluid-handling device, preferably a syringe, with an aliquot of the solution sufficient to perform a catheter flush procedure.
  • the preferred amount for the flush procedure is generally about one to three milliliters.
  • the practitioner then attaches the syringe to the target intravascular catheter that requires flushing and administers the solution into the catheter, thereby completing the flush procedure.
  • the method herein may be used to remove preexisting blood clots at virtually any tunneled or untunneled catheter.
  • the catheter most preferably is to be flushed with the composition herein, for example, once a week, once every 4 days, once every 2 days, once a day (about every 24 hours), twice a day, every four hours or as needed according to patient needs, as would be known to the skilled practitioner.
  • the catheter-flushing regimen may simply constitute once every time that the catheter is changed.
  • the catheter is to be flushed more frequently at four-hour intervals with the compositions herein.
  • the method of this invention applies to introducing the composition into catheters that are already in place, those skilled in the art will understand that contacting or coating the catheter outside the body with the composition can prevent the deposition of fibrin on such surface after its implantation and reduce sites for bacterial growth.
  • the surfaces of catheters such as hemodialysis catheters, can be pretreated by the composition herein.
  • the catheter can be treated with a composition initially and then, after insertion, subjected to repeated periodic flushing.
  • the catheter is a polyurethane or silicone catheter (or one made from similar polymers) that has been treated with (i.e., dipped or soaked in) a treatment solution as set forth above.
  • the surface of the catheter of interest is then exposed to the composition for a period of time sufficient to allow the formation of a film or coating of the composition on the exposed surface of the device.
  • the composition would be allowed to dry on the surface of the device so as to form a film.
  • the amount of the composition herein injected into a catheter will be sufficient to fill it.
  • Such devices when they are hemodialysis catheters, typically have internal volumes in the range of from about 0.1 to 10 mL. Such quantities will, of course, vary with the length and diameter of the tubing of the device, which, inter alia, can be a function of the size of the individual patient.
  • the catheter may be contacted with the solution herein for at least about 5 days, preferably about 6 to 15 days.
  • the present invention in still another aspect provides a kit or package.
  • the kit or package comprises a container means, such as a compartmentalized syringe, that comprises at least two separate compartment means.
  • One compartment or container means comprises a fibrinolytically effective amount of a plasminogen activator such as t-PA, and the second container means or compartment comprises water containing a preservatively effective amount of a bacteriostatic organic alcohol.
  • neither compartment comprises a chelating agent.
  • the package also contains instructions for mixing the contents of both compartments and for using the resulting mixture to remove fibrin-bound blood clots from a catheter that contains such blood clots.
  • the t-PA may be a lyophilized powder that in dry powder form is then reconstituted when mixed with the water to provide a solution suitable for use.
  • the kit may additionally include a container that is a carrier means adapted to receive the contents of the two compartments.
  • the package herein may be a kit, wherein each compartment is a separate container such as a vial or ampoule, or the package may be a multi-compartment syringe.
  • This test is used to evaluate the efficacy of a preservative in a formulation or to assess the intrinsic anti-microbial activity of an active ingredient. It is described in U.S. Pat. No. 24, “Microbiological Tests/(51) Antimicrobial Effectiveness Testing, pages 1809-1811.
  • the challenge organisms used were Escherichia coli, ATCC 8739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ATCC 9027, Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC 6538, Candida albicans, ATCC 10231, and Aspergillus niger, ATCC 16404.
  • TSA Trypticase soy agar
  • PBS Phosphate buffered saline
  • Each organism suspension was prepared to achieve an approximate concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 8 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL.
  • CFU colony-forming units
  • Each of the five tubes containing 10 mL of sample was inoculated with 0.05 mL of its corresponding challenge organism, resulting in an initial concentration from between 1 ⁇ 10 5 CFU/mL and 1 ⁇ 10 6 CFU/mL of the test preparation.
  • the initial population of viable organisms in each test preparation was calculated based on the concentration of the organisms in each of the standardized inocula by the Pour Plate Method. This method is a common microbiological technique to count the number of organisms in a test sample.
  • the test sample is diluted with sterile saline and pipetted onto a sterile Petri dish. Then melted agar (the nutrient media) is poured into the Petri dish and mixed with the sample and incubated at a standardized temperature and time. This method yields colonies that form throughout the agar—not just on the surface.
  • the sample was serially diluted to obtain 10 ⁇ 1 and 10 ⁇ 2 dilutions.
  • a 1-mL portion of each sample dilution was added to each of 5 Petri plates.
  • a 0.1-mL aliquot containing approximately 1 ⁇ 10 3 CFU/mL of each challenge organism was added to its corresponding Petri plate.
  • the same inoculum volume of each organism was aliquoted into each of two plates without the sample dilutions for count confirmation.
  • a 15-20 mL portion of molten agar held at approximately 45° C. was added to each plate and swirled gently to mix the contents. The plates were allowed to solidify and incubated as indicated in Table 1.
  • 0.05 mL of each of the organism suspensions was inoculated at 1 ⁇ 10 8 CFU/mL into the corresponding sample vial containing 10 mL of sample.
  • the volume of the suspension inoculum used was 0.5% of the volume of the sample.
  • the mixture was vortexed thoroughly.
  • the final concentration of the test preparation was approximately 5.0 ⁇ 10 5 CFU/mL.
  • a 20-mL sample volume was used in each vial, for the inoculation step above 0.1 mL of each of the challenge suspensions was delivered.
  • the plate count of each standardized inoculum was determined (1.0 ⁇ 10 8 CFU/mL) by the Pour Plate Method.
  • the media and incubation conditions used are set forth in Table 1.
  • the plate counts were performed in duplicate to obtain the average plate count of each standardized inoculum.
  • the initial concentration of each challenge organism in the test preparation was calculated using the following equation: S ⁇ I P
  • I inoculum volume (0.05 mL)
  • the concentration of challenge organisms in each test preparation was between 1 ⁇ 10 5 CFU/mL and 1 ⁇ 10 6 CFU/mL. There was no detectable bioburden in the sample used in the validated plate count method.
  • the average count of the recovered inocula at each dilution level must be greater than or equal to 50% of the average count for the corresponding control. If the average count of the recovered inocula at a dilution. If the average count is less than 50%, all counts at that dilution are considered invalid.
  • the sample was 2 mg/mL of ACTIVASE® alteplase t-PA in a vial with SWFI containing no benzyl alcohol.
  • the calculated initial concentration of challenge organisms in each test preparation was between 1 ⁇ 10 5 CFU/mL and 1 ⁇ 10 6 CFU/mL (Table 4).
  • the sample was ACTIVASE® t-PA (2 mg/mL) in a vial with 0.8% benzyl alcohol. Specifically, the diluent was sterile water plus the appropriate amount of benzyl alcohol for a final concentration of 0.8%.
  • the sample was ACTIVASE® t-PA (2 mg/mL) in a vial with 0.9% benzyl alcohol. Specifically, the diluent was sterile water plus the appropriate amount of benzyl alcohol for a final concentration of 0.9%.
  • the challenge organisms were those described in Example 1.
  • the sample was ACTIVASE® t-PA (2 mg/mL) in a vial with 1.09 benzyl alcohol. Specifically, the diluent was sterile water plus the appropriate amount of benzyl alcohol for a final concentration of 1.0%.
  • the sample was ACTIVASE® t-PA (2 mg/mL) in a vial with 1.1% benzyl alcohol. Specifically, the diluent was sterile water plus the appropriate amount of benzyl alcohol for a final concentration of 1.1%.
  • the challenge organisms were those described in Example 1.
  • Alteplase (2 mg/vial rt-PA) was reconstituted to 1 mg/mL with BWFI, BNS, and SWFI.
  • the stability of the protein after reconstitution in glass vials was monitored at 37° C. for 2 weeks. After 14 days of storage at 37° C., all the reconstituted solutions appeared as clear and colorless.
  • the protein concentrations (1.1 ⁇ 0.02 mg/mL) and pH (7.2 ⁇ 0.03) remained unchanged.
  • the percent monomer by native SEC showed a gradual decrease by 1-3% and 4-5% after one and two weeks at 37° C., respectively.
  • a decrease in percent single-chain and clot lysis activity (in vitro) was observed after one week at 37° C.
  • Alteplase (2 mg/vial rt-PA) was reconstituted to 1 mg/mL with BWFI, BNS, or SWFI (in duplicate).
  • the reconstituted protein solutions were stored at 37° C.
  • the stability of the reconstituted protein solutions after storage for 3 hours, 7 days, and 14 days at 37° C. was assessed by the assays listed below.
  • % SC (first main peak area/sum of the first and second main peak area) ⁇ 100.
  • Tables 21 and 22 The results of the study are shown in Tables 21 and 22. After 14 days of storage at 37° C., all the reconstituted solutions appeared as clear and colorless. The protein concentrations (1.1 ⁇ 0.02 mg/mL) and pH (7.2 ⁇ 0.03) remained unchanged.
  • FIG. 1 clearly shows that in addition to the clippings or fragments, more conversion of one-chain to two-chain rt-PA was observed in the reconstituted rt-PA with SWFI than with BWFI or BNS after storage at 37° C. for 14 days.
  • Alteplase (2 mg/vial rt-PA) reconstituted with BWFI, BNS, or SWFI to 1 mg/mL was relatively stable at 37° C. for one week in a glass vial. It is believed that the BNS solution would be anti-microbial, since it is the benzyl alcohol that is the active ingredient. Stability testing using BNS was positive, i.e., alteplase was stable and functional.
  • T-PA diluted down to 0.01 mg/mL in normal saline was found to be lytically active in a clot lysis effectiveness test.
  • thrombin and fibrinogen are mixed together to produce fibrin;
  • plasminogen and rt-PA are mixed together to produce plasmin; and together the fibrin and plasmin lyse the clot.
  • the test measures the effectiveness of t-PA to act with plasminogen to form plasmin and thus lyse the clot.
  • Alteplase (2 mg/vial rt-PA) was diluted to a concentration of 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/mL final protein concentration in 0.9% NaCl (Normal Saline, NS)-containing IV bags (Baxter and/or Abbott, 250 mL).
  • rt-PA protein bulk
  • rt-PA protein bulk
  • rt-PA protein bulk
  • rt-PA protein bulk
  • filtered MILLI-QTM water or a 100-mg vial
  • rt-PA was reconstituted to 1 mg/mL (0.008-0.011% TWEEN 80TM surfactant) with Sterile Water for Injection, USP (SWFI) using a 60-cc BD syringe and an 18G needle directly inserted into the rubber septum of the vial at the center of the cake.
  • SWFI Sterile Water for Injection
  • IV diluent (0.9% NaCl, NS) was withdrawn and replaced with the same amount of the reconstituted or diluted 1 mg/mL rt-PA as follows: Vol. (mL) removed from a 250-mL IV bag* (Then replaced with same vol. of 1 mg/mL Final Conc. (mg/mL) rt-PA) 0.05 12.5 (30-cc BD syringe and 18 G needle) 0.024 6 (10-cc BD syringe and 22 G needle) 0.01 2.5 (3- or 5-cc BD syringe and 22 G needle)
  • the potency of the alteplase t-PA protein was assessed by the purified clot lysis assay described below. Samples were diluted to assay range (200-1000 ng/mL) in three or two concentrations with diluent. Dilutions were performed the day before the assay and diluted samples were stored at 2-8° C. until analysis the next day. Rt-PA reference material was diluted similarly as an internal reference.
  • IL MONARCH Microcentrifugal Analyzer model no. 761TM was used, consisting of an analyzer assembly with fluorescence and light-scattering capability and built-in computer, and a loader assembly.
  • Assay buffer 0.06 M sodium phosphate (0.0114 F NaH 2 PO 4 .H 2 O, 0.0486 F Na 2 HPO 4 ) with 0.02% (w/v) NaN 3 and 0.01% (v/v) POLYSORBATE 80TM emulsifier, pH 7.4+0.1.
  • Human thrombin (30-40 units/mL) (Calbiochem) kept in an unopened vial frozen at or below ⁇ 60° C. until ready for use.
  • Biocell fibrinogen prepared as follows: Fibrinogen and clot lysis buffer were brought to room temperature. A total of 7 mL of clot lysis buffer was added to the vial. The vial was capped and parafilmed. The vial was placed on its side in a dish or taped to an orbital shaker. The speed was set between 4 and 5. The vial was shaken for up to one hour, while it was checked to see how well the cake was dissolving. When the cake was completely dissolved, the solution was transferred to a 50-mL Falcon tube. The vial was rinsed at least three times with clot lysis buffer, and the rinses were transferred into a Falcon tube to catch any residual globules or particles.
  • the solution was brought to a final volume of 30 mL using the markings on the tube.
  • the tube was parafilmed and put on the shaker for 15-30 minutes. All protein was solubilized after shaking.
  • the solution was set on wet ice for at least 2-3 hours and gently shaken periodically.
  • WHATMANTM No. 1 paper the solution was filtered by decanting the solution away from the precipitate. The filtered solution was kept on ice.
  • sample was a final vial of lyophilized material, it was reconstituted volumetrically to 1 mg/mL with water for injection (WFI). If the sample was a sterile bulk material, it was diluted to 1 mg/mL with WFI.
  • WFI water for injection
  • sample stock solution 100 ⁇ L of the 1.0-mg/mL rt-PA sample was pipetted into a 15-mL polystyrene tube. A total of 9.90 mL of assay buffer was added to the tube using a 10-mL graduated polystyrene pipette or volumetric pipette plus micropipette. This solution was designated as the sample stock solution.
  • sample stock solution 600 ⁇ L was pipetted into a 15-mL polystyrene tube. 9.40 mL of assay buffer was added to the tube using a 10-mL graduated polystyrene pipette, or volumetric pipette plus micropipette. This was the sample solution to load into the sample cups. The diluted samples were kept on ice.
  • the control was prepared by reconstituting a sample of rt-PA to 1 mg/mL, pipetting 0.5-mL aliquots into Eppendorf tubes, and freezing at ⁇ 60° C. A new tube was thawed on each day the assay was run. The control was diluted using 100 ⁇ L of sample in the same manner as the sample. The diluted control samples were kept on ice.
  • the assay works as follows: Reagents are substances added to a solution of another substance to participate in a chemical reaction. In this case, contents of boat 1 will react with contents of boat 2 to form a standardized clot.
  • Thrombin (boat 2), when mixed with plasminogen and fibrinogen (boat 1), causes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and forms a standardized in vitro clot consisting of plasminogen and fibrin.
  • a test sample of t-PA is then exposed to the clot. T-PA causes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, and plasmin then breaks apart the fibrin strands. As the clot breaks apart, there is a change in the absorbance (light) characteristics. The absorbance is plotted versus time.
  • Reagent boat 1 was prepared by adding 200 ⁇ L of reconstituted plasminogen to 10.0 mL of filtered fibrinogen. This was mixed gently and put into reagent boat 1. The reagent boat 1 was placed into the first position of the analyzer reagent table.
  • Reagent boat 2 was prepared by adding the 33 units/mL thrombin solution described above to reagent boat 2. Reagent boat 2 was placed into position 2 in the analyzer.
  • sample cups were placed in the sample ring. Using disposable transfer pipettes or a PIPETMANTM pipette, the sample cups were filled with standard, control, and samples as indicated in Table 25, Suggested Loading Scheme. If fewer than two samples were being run, the loading was done as indicated and the assay buffer or water was pipetted into any intervening empty sample cups. TABLE 25 Suggested Loading Scheme Sample ID Cup No. Cuvette No.
  • the “Special request” button was pressed on the MONARCHTM Analyzer. The sample cup information was entered. The “Accept” button was pressed twice. After the MONARCHTM Analyzer finished pipetting, the reagent boats were removed and placed on ice. The sample ring was removed and placed in the refrigerator at 2-8° C.
  • the endpoint (lysis time) may be determined by a computer program or manually.
  • the endpoint is the time required to lyse the clot, which is determined automatically.
  • the endpoint is defined as the first time point below 0.03 absorbance units where the change is less than 0.003 abs unit.
  • the endpoint was determined from the absorbance time data. The first absorbance point less than 0.0300 was located. The endpoint was determined as the time of the first absorbance value less than 0.0300 if the change in absorbance between the current absorbance and the subsequent absorbance was less than 0.0030. If the delta absorbance was greater than 0.0030, one moved to the next absorbance reading and determined the delta absorbance.
  • the endpoint was the first absorbance value of the pair (initial and subsequent absorbance value) where the delta absorbance was less than 0.0030.
  • the mean lysis time for each standard curve point was calculated.
  • the standard concentrations (ng/mL) and the mean endpoint times (which are in seconds) were converted to log values.
  • a standard curve of log concentration (x-axis) versus log time (y-axis) was prepared.
  • the testing of the sample was repeated using one rotor per each of three days. The average of the results from the three days was reported. The assay may be repeated based on the results of the in-house control and/or based on determinate or indeterminate error. The final results may be reported as an average of multiple tests.
  • the plate reader was turned on and the temperature of the thermostat was set to 25° C. The lamp was allowed to warm up for at least half an hour.
  • Thrombin was added in an amount of 20 ⁇ L to each well. Thrombin may be added from a reagent reservoir or from an interim plate using the multichannel pipette. 20 ⁇ L per well of diluted standards (in duplicate) was added to wells B2-B6 and C2-C6. 20 ⁇ L per well of the control was added to wells D2-G2, and 20 ⁇ L of the samples was added into the remaining wells in quadruplicate in a vertical format to a maximum of nine samples per plate.
  • Wells in rows B-G not containing standards, controls, or samples should contain 20 ⁇ L of assay diluent.
  • the rt-PA samples may be added individually with a single channel pipette or from an interim plate using the multichannel pipette.
  • fibrinogen solution was allowed to reach room temperature prior to the addition of plasminogen. 200 ⁇ L per well of fibrinogen-plasminogen was added to the plate as rapidly as possible across the plate.
  • the endpoint determination (time to half-maximal lysis) was made as follows: Lysis times were calculated as the time for the absorbance to reach the half-maximal absorbance.
  • the maximal absorbance corresponded to the maximal clot opacity recorded for that well.
  • the background absorbance corresponded to the minimum absorbance of the totally lysed clot.
  • the raw data points (lysis times in seconds) were averaged for each of the standard, control, and sample replicates. The log of the averaged value was calculated.
  • a standard curve was plotted by entering the data from lysis times (log seconds—y-axis) versus the rt-PA standard curve protein concentration (log ng/mL—x-axis).
  • the rt-PA activity was reported as units/vial, units/mg, units/mL, IU/vial, IU/mg, or IU/mL, as required on the assay data sheet.
  • the assay may be repeated based on the results of the in-house control and/or based on determinate or indeterminate error. The final results may be reported as an average of multiple tests.
  • Tenecteplase diluted down to 0.01 mg/mL in normal saline was found to be lytically active in a clot lysis effectiveness test.
  • thrombin and fibrinogen are mixed together to produce fibrin; plasminogen and tenecteplase are mixed together to produce plasmin; and together the fibrin and plasmin lyse the clot.
  • the test measures the effectiveness of tenecteplase to act with plasminogen to form plasmin and thus lyse the clot.
  • Tenecteplase (TNKASETM variant of t-PA), obtained from Genentech, Inc. (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,612,029) (50 mg/vial) was reconstituted to 5 mg/mL with 10 mL of SWFI.
  • NS normal saline
  • NS normal saline
  • a 10-mL aliquot of the diluted tenecteplase solution was sampled via the IV port with a 10-cc syringe and dispensed into two 5-cc clean clear glass vials (6 mL in one and the remaining in the other).
  • the IV bags containing the diluted tenecteplase were placed on a bench top under normal fluorescent light at ambient conditions for 24 hours. Additional aliquots (10 mL each) from these IV bags were sampled after 8 and 24 hours of storage.
  • the pH determination was performed using a RADIOMETER PHM 93TM pH meter and a microelectrode (MI-410TM, Microelectrode, Inc.).
  • the pH meter was standardized with pH 4.01 and 7.00 buffer standards prior to measurement at ambient conditions.
  • the percent change in concentration was 57% immediately after dilution and increased to 71% after 24 hours. No significant change was observed at 0.02 and 0.05 mg/mL. This observation can be explained, without being limited to any one theory, by a more pronounced protein adsorption at a lower concentration that usually occurs instantly and saturates with time.
  • Table 27 shows that the percent protein recovery relative to the targeted concentrations at 0.01, 0.02, and 0.05 mg/mL was 40-50%, 65%, and 86-92%, respectively. This percent recovery was under-estimated because the overfill volume inside the IV bag was not accounted for and the protein recovered would be at least 10% lower than the expected target concentrations (assuming 10% overfill in the IV bag).
  • compositions and preparations are expected to be effective in preventing the adherence and colonization of catheter surfaces by infectious organisms such as S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and fungi.
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US7829082B2 (en) 2010-11-09

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