US20030098437A1 - Anticorrosive magnetic nanocolloids protected by precious metals - Google Patents

Anticorrosive magnetic nanocolloids protected by precious metals Download PDF

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US20030098437A1
US20030098437A1 US10/173,085 US17308502A US2003098437A1 US 20030098437 A1 US20030098437 A1 US 20030098437A1 US 17308502 A US17308502 A US 17308502A US 2003098437 A1 US2003098437 A1 US 2003098437A1
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nanocolloids
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Helmut Bonnemann
Werner Brijoux
Rainer Brinkmann
Michael Wagener
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
    • B01J13/0004—Preparation of sols
    • B01J13/0008—Sols of inorganic materials in water
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C1/00—Magnetic separation
    • B03C1/005—Pretreatment specially adapted for magnetic separation
    • B03C1/01—Pretreatment specially adapted for magnetic separation by addition of magnetic adjuvants
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y25/00—Nanomagnetism, e.g. magnetoimpedance, anisotropic magnetoresistance, giant magnetoresistance or tunneling magnetoresistance
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
    • H01F1/0036—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties showing low dimensional magnetism, i.e. spin rearrangements due to a restriction of dimensions, e.g. showing giant magnetoresistivity
    • H01F1/0045—Zero dimensional, e.g. nanoparticles, soft nanoparticles for medical/biological use
    • H01F1/0054—Coated nanoparticles, e.g. nanoparticles coated with organic surfactant
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
    • H01F1/44—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of magnetic liquids, e.g. ferrofluids
    • H01F1/442—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of magnetic liquids, e.g. ferrofluids the magnetic component being a metal or alloy, e.g. Fe

Abstract

The invention relates to new single- or multi-metallic magnetic colloid particles (for example, Fe, Co, Ni, Fe/Co) having a size of up to 20 nm, the surface of which is protected against corrosion by precious metals, such as Pd, Ag, Pt or Au. The invention also relates to a method for producing such materials. In isolated form or in solution said materials are used among other things as sealing media against dust and gas in magnetic fluid seals (liquid O ring), for lubricating and mounting rotating shafts (magnetic levitation bearing), for the magnetooptic storage of information as well as for the magnetic marking of cells and their separation in biological samples or for the local administration of medicines.

Description

  • The present invention relates to novel mono- and polymetallic magnetic colloid particles (e.g., Fe, Co, Ni, Fe/Co) of a size of up to 20 nm the surface of which is protected from corrosion by precious metals, e.g., Pd, Ag, Pt or Au, and a process for the preparation of these materials. [0001]
  • Various methods are known for the preparation of unprotected colloidal magnetic metals, especially Fe, Co and Ni, e.g., salt reduction (G. Schmid (Ed.), Clusters and Colloids, VCH, 1994, EP 423 627, DE 44 43 705 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,620,584), thermal, photochemical and sonochemical decomposition of metal carbonyls and nitrosyl complexes (K. S. Suslick, T. Hyeon, M. Fang, A. A. Cichowlas in: W. Moser (Ed.), Advances Catalysts and Nanostructured Materials, [0002] Chapter 8, p. 197, Academic Press, 1996), and the reduction of salts or the decomposition of carbonyl compounds in micellar solutions (O. A. Platonova, L. M. Bronstein, S. P. Solodovnikov, I. M. Yanovskaya, E. S. Obolonkova, P. M. Valetsky, E. Wenz, M. Antonietti, Colloid Polym. Sci. 275, 1997, 426). The long-term stability of such previously proposed colloidal magnetic metals against atmospheric oxygen is unsatisfactory, however (see Comparative Examples: Table 1, Nos. 2, 3 and 5, FIGS. 1a, 2 and 4).
  • Therefore, it has been the object of the present invention to provide a process for the preparation of corrosion-stable colloidal magnetic nanometals of a size of up to 20 nm by protecting the particle surface against corrosive attack by means of precious metal coatings. [0003]
  • Japanese Patent JP 0727 2922 AZ describes the preparation of anticorrosive, resin-bound Fe magnets protected by three coatings with, inter alia, precious metals. However, they are exclusively coated magnetic bulk materials which are not suitable for nanotechnology and magnetic fluids. A process for the preparation of precious-metal protected magnetic nanocolloid particles of a size of up to 20 nm has not been known. Toshima et al. describe the preparation of Pd—Pt bimetal colloids (1.5-5.5 nm) with a controllable core-shell structure (Y. Wang and N. Toshima, J. Phys. Chem. B, 1997, 101, 5301). Schmid et al. describe the preparation of gold-coated Pd particles of a size of from 20 to 56 nm having a layer structure (G. Schmid, H. West, J.-O. Malm, J.-O. Bovin, and C. Grenthe, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 1099). However, the mentioned processes cannot be transferred to a combination of magnetic metal (Fe, Co, Ni) and precious metal coating. J. Sinzig tried to protect the particle surface of an N(octyl)[0004] 4-stabilized Co colloid from corrosion by chemical plating with elemental gold (J. Sinzig, Proefschrift, p. 74, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden (NL) 1997). The following redox process occurs at the Co surface: 12 Co(0)+2 AuCI3→Co9Au2+3 CoCl2. Although the oxidation stability of the materials can be enhanced in this way, it is still insufficient for the mentioned applications (see Comparative Example: Example No. 8, Table 1 No. 6, FIGS. 1b and 6).
  • It has now surprisingly been found that corrosion-stable magnetic nanocolloids can be obtained by preparing, e.g., Fe, Co, Ni or Fe/Co alloy colloids by methods known from the literature (see above) or generating them in situ, treating them, under extremely strict exclusion of atmospheric oxygen in organic solvents, with strong reductants, e.g., hydrides of elements from [0005] main groups 1 to 3 of the Periodic Table, complex hydrides of these elements or of tetraalkylammonium, or reducing organometallic compounds of main groups 1 to 4 of the Periodic Table, and adding precious metal salts, e.g., of Pd, Ag, Pt or Au, preferably in solution in a molar ratio (Colloid:precious metal salt) of >1:1, preferably 1:0.3, to the resulting mixture. Suitable solvents include aliphatic and aromatic solvents and ethers, and suitable reductants include, e.g., the above mentioned hydrides and organometallic compounds in a molar ratio (reductant:colloid) of at least 1:1, preferably >3:1.
  • The thus obtained precious-metal protected anticorrosive magnetic nanocolloids of a size of up to 20 nm have long-term stability; for example, in the Au-protected Fe colloid, a decrease of magnetization J by corrosion cannot be detected until the measurement is terminated after 100 hours. The materials can be employed in isolated form or in solution, without intending to limit their use, e.g., as a sealing medium against dust and gases in magnetic fluid seals (liquid O ring), for the lubrication and bearing of rotating shafts (magnetic levitation bearing), for magnetooptical storage of information, e.g., in compact disks and minidisks, and further, after applying an additional cell-compatible coating, for the magnetic labeling of cells and their magnetic separation in biological samples, or for the topical application of medicaments. The superior corrosion stability of the new materials as compared to unprotected magnetic nanocolloids of similar size will be illustrated by the following Examples (Examples 1 to 7, Table 2, FIGS. 1[0006] a, 1 b, 3 and 5).
    •  EXAMPLE 1
  • Under argon as a protective gas, 1.3 g (1.43 mmol Fe) of Fe colloid (identification symbol: MK2) is dissolved in 50 ml of THF in a 500 ml flask, and a solution of 2.61 g (4.61 mmol) of (C[0007] 8H17)4NBEt3H in 27 ml of THF is added. Under exclusion of light, a solution of 0.146 g (0.48 mmol) of AuCl3 in 185 ml of THF is added dropwise at room temperature within 14 h. Any precipitated reaction products are removed by filtration through a D4 glass frit, and the resulting solution is concentrated. After 3 h of drying in vacuo (0.1 Pa) at 40° C., 5.5 g of brown-black, wax-like, Au-protected Fe colloid is obtained (Table 2, No. 3, FIGS. 1a and 3).
  • For determining the magnetization, 1 g of a dried metal colloid is redispersed in 2 ml of solvent (toluene, THF) and placed on a magnetic scale in an open cylindrical glass jar having a diameter of 2 cm. When an NdFeB magnet having a high magnetic field strength of B[0008] R=1.1 T and a low distance of magnet to metal colloid of 5 mm is used, it can be considered that the colloid particles are magnetically saturated in the liquid. Therefore, the weight ratio of G0/G(t), measured at time t, is equal to the ratio of the magnetization at time t to the initial magnetization, J(T)/J0.
    • EXAMPLE 2
  • The same procedure as in Example 1 is used, except that 0.287 g (3 mmol Fe) of Fe colloid (identification symbol: MK3) in 100 ml of THF and 5.55 g (9.8 mmol) of (C[0009] 8H17)4NBEt3H in 58 ml of THF are used, 0.3 g (1 mmol) of AuCl3 dissolved in 377 ml of THF is added dropwise within 14 h, and 13.5 g of brown-black, viscous, Au-protected Fe colloid is obtained (Table 2, No. 9, FIG. 1a).
    • EXAMPLE 3
  • The same procedure as in Example 1 is used, except that 0.9 g (1 mmol Fe) of Fe colloid (identification symbol: MK2) in 40 ml of THF is used, 0.55 g (1.5 mmol) of Al(octyl)[0010] 3 is added, and 0.1 g (0.33 mmol) of AuCl3 dissolved in 94 ml of THF is added dropwise within 16 h, and 2.2 g of brown-black, Au-protected Fe colloid is obtained (Table 2, No. 7).
    • EXAMPLE 4
  • The same procedure as in Example 1 is used, except that 2.9 g (3.2 mmol Fe) of Fe colloid (identification symbol: MK2) in 80 ml of THF and 6.0 g (10.6 mmol) of (C[0011] 8H17)4NBEt3H dissolved in 32 ml of THF are used, and 0.37 g (1.1 mmol) of PtCl4 dissolved in 306 ml of THF is added dropwise within 16 h to obtain 14.5 g of Pt-protected Fe colloid (Table 2, No. 13).
    • EXAMPLE 5
  • The same procedure as in Example 1 is used, except that 0.9 g (1.1 mmol Fe) of Fe colloid (identification symbol: MK4) in 40 ml of THF and 0.18 g (1.7 mmol) of LiBEt[0012] 3H dissolved in 2 ml of THF are used, and 0.11 g (0.36 mmol) of AuCl3 dissolved in 112 ml of THF is added dropwise within 16 h to obtain 1.3 g of Au-protected Fe colloid (Table 2, No. 11).
    • EXAMPLE 6
  • The same procedure as in Example 1 is used, except that 3.1 g (3 mmol Co) of Co colloid (identification symbol: MK5) in 300 ml of THF and 5.43 g (9.6 mmol) of (C[0013] 8H17)4NBEt3H dissolved in 33 ml of THF are used, and 0.3 g (1 mmol) of AuCl3 dissolved in 500 ml of THF is added dropwise within 18 h to obtain 13.5 g of dark brown, wax-like, Au-protected Co colloid (Table 2, No. 16, FIGS. 1b and 5).
    • EXAMPLE 7
  • The same procedure as in Example 1 is used, except that 0.83 g (5 mmol Co) of Co colloid (identification symbol: MK7) in 300 ml of THF and 5.43 g (9.6 mmol) of (C[0014] 8H17)4NBEt3H dissolved in 33 ml of THF are used, and 0.3 g (1 mmol) of AuCl3 dissolved in 300 ml of THF is added dropwise within 16 h to obtain 7.2 g of black-brown, viscous, Au-protected Co colloid (Table 2, No. 17).
    • EXAMPLE 8 (Comparative Example: Gold Plating of Co Colloid)
  • Under argon as a protective gas, 6.5 g (6 mmol Co) of Co colloid (identification symbol: MK6) is dissolved in 250 ml of toluene in a 500 ml flask, and 0.3 g (1 mmol) of solid AuCl[0015] 3 is added at room temperature. Within 16 h, the AuCl3 dissolves, and a brown-black solution containing low amounts of a finely dispersed gray-black precipitate forms. This is removed by filtration through a D4 glass frit, and after concentrating and 3 h of drying in vacuo (0.1 Pa) at 30° C., 6.8 g of black solid Co-Au colloid is obtained (FIGS. 1b and 6).
    TABLE 1
    Magnetic metal colloids employed
    Mean Identifi-
    Metal colloid particle cation
    No. Metal Stabilizer size [nm] symbol
    1 Fe (C8H17)4NCl 2-3 MK1
    2 Fe (C8 H17)4NBr 3-4 MK2
    3 Fe N-lauroylsarcosine Na salt 5-6 MK3
    4 Fe 2-(dimethyldodecylammonio)ace- — MK4
    tate
    Rewoteric AM DML
    5 Co (C8H17)4NCl 2-3 MK5
    6 Co (C8H17)4NBr 2-3 MK6
    7 Co Korantin SH (BASF)  7-11 MK7
    8 Ni (C8H17)4NCl 2-3 MK8
    9 Fe2Co (C8H17)4NBr 2-3 MK9
  • [0016]
    TABLE 2
    Synthesis of precious-metal protected magnetic nanocolloids
    Metal colloid Reductant Precious metal salt Product
    No. Metal Ident. mmol THF, ml Formula mmol THF, ml Formula mmol THF, ml Time [h] [g]
    1 Fe MK1 3 173 (C8H17)4NBEt3H 9.6 48 AuCl3 1 370 16 12.8
    2 Fe MK2 1  50 (C6H13)4NBEt3H 3.2 16 AuCl3 0.33 160 14 3.5
    3 Fe MK2 1.43  50 (C8H17)4NBEt3H 4.61 27 AuCl3 0.48 185 14 5.5
    4 Fe MK2 1  50 (C12H25)4NBEt3H 3.2 16 AuCl3 0.33 160 14 4.5
    5 Fe MK2 2.9  100* (C8H17)4NBEt3H 9.3 24 AuCl3 1 303 16 12.7
    6 Fe MK2 2.9 100 LiBEt3H 4.4  22* AuCl3 1 303 18 8.8
    7 Fe MK2 1  40 Al(octyl)3 1.5 — AuCl3 0.33  94 16 2.2
    8 Fe MK2 1  40 Al(octyl)3 1.5 — Au[(octyl)4N]3Br3Cl3 0.33  94 16 2.4
    9 Fe MK3 3 100 (C8H17)4NBEt3H 9.8 58 AuCl3 1 377 16 5.8
    10 Fe MK3 1.64   57.5 (C8H17)4NBEt3H 5.62 17 AuBr3 0.55 250 16 3.1
    11 Fe MK4 1.1  40 LiBEt3H 1.7  2 AuCl3 0.36 112 16 1.3
    12 Fe MK2 3.1  80 (C8H17)4NBEt3H 9.6 29 Pd(CH3COO)2 1 278 16 12.2
    13 Fe MK2 3.2  80 (C8H17)4NBEt3H 10.6 32 PtCl4 1.1 306 16 14.5
    14 Fe MK2 2.9  80 (C8H17)4NBEt3H 9.6 29 Ag neodecanoate 1 278 16 13.2
    15 Fe MK2 2.9 100 (C8H17)4NBEt3H 9.3 24 Ag neodecanoate 1  323* 18 12.9
    16 Co MK5 3 300 (C8H17)4NBEt3H 9.6 33 AuCl3 1 500 18 13.5
    17 Co MK7 5 300 (C8H17)4NBEt3H 9.6 33 AuCl3 1 300 16 7.2
    18 Co MK7 5 300 (C8H17)4NBEt3H 19.2 66 AuCl3 2 600 16 12.6
    19 Co MK7 5 300 (C8H17)4NBEt3H 28.8 99 AuCl3 3 900 16 18.0
    20 Ni MK9 2.76  97 (C8H17)4NBEt3H 8.83   26.7 AuCl3 0.92 340 16 12.2
    21 Fe2Co MK10 3.2 100 (C8H17)4NBEt3H 10.6   27.8 AuCl3 1.1 300 16 12.1

Claims (11)

1. A process for the preparation of precious-metal protected, anticorrosive metal and alloy colloids, characterized in that previously prepared or in situ prepared magnetic nanocolloids are treated with strong reductants in a solvent, and precious metal salts are added to the resulting mixtures.
2. The process according to claim 1, wherein Fe, Co, Ni or Fe/Co colloids are employed as said previously prepared or in situ prepared magnetic nanocolloids.
3. The process according to claim 1, wherein hydrides of elements from main groups 1 to 3 of the Periodic Table or complex hydrides of these elements or of tetraalkylammonium are employed as said strong reductants.
4. The process according to claim 1, wherein reducing organometallic compounds of main groups 1 to 4 of the Periodic Table are employed as said strong reductants.
5. Magnetic nanocolloids having a particle size of smaller than 20 nm, characterized in that said magnetic particles are provided with a precious-metal coating and are stable towards corrosion for more than 3 hours as seen from their magnetogram and their UV/Vis spectra.
6. The magnetic nanocolloids according to claim 5, wherein Au is employed as said precious metal, and Fe as said magnetic particles, and said nanocolloids are stable towards corrosion for more than 100 hours.
7. The magnetic nanocolloids according to claim 5, wherein Au is employed as said precious metal, and Co as said magnetic particles, and said nanocolloids are stable towards corrosion for more than 20 hours.
8. Use of the magnetic nanocolloids according to claims 5 to 7 as a magnetic fluid having a high saturation magnetization and at the same time a low filler content in a magnetic fluid seal.
9. Use of the magnetic nanocolloids according to claims 5 to 7 as a magnetic cell label after applying an additional cell-compatible coating.
10. Use of the magnetic nanocolloids according to claims 5 to 7 for magnetic cell separation.
11. Use of the magnetic nanocolloids according to claims 5 to 7 for magnetooptical storage of information.
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