US20030078648A1 - Expandible stent - Google Patents
Expandible stent Download PDFInfo
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- US20030078648A1 US20030078648A1 US09/893,253 US89325301A US2003078648A1 US 20030078648 A1 US20030078648 A1 US 20030078648A1 US 89325301 A US89325301 A US 89325301A US 2003078648 A1 US2003078648 A1 US 2003078648A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/82—Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/86—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/90—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/91—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes
- A61F2/915—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes with bands having a meander structure, adjacent bands being connected to each other
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/82—Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/86—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/90—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/91—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/82—Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/86—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/90—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/91—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes
- A61F2/915—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes with bands having a meander structure, adjacent bands being connected to each other
- A61F2002/91533—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes with bands having a meander structure, adjacent bands being connected to each other characterised by the phase between adjacent bands
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/82—Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/86—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/90—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/91—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes
- A61F2/915—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes with bands having a meander structure, adjacent bands being connected to each other
- A61F2002/9155—Adjacent bands being connected to each other
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/82—Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/86—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/90—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/91—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes
- A61F2/915—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes with bands having a meander structure, adjacent bands being connected to each other
- A61F2002/9155—Adjacent bands being connected to each other
- A61F2002/91575—Adjacent bands being connected to each other connected peak to trough
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2230/00—Geometry of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2230/0002—Two-dimensional shapes, e.g. cross-sections
- A61F2230/0004—Rounded shapes, e.g. with rounded corners
- A61F2230/0013—Horseshoe-shaped, e.g. crescent-shaped, C-shaped, U-shaped
Definitions
- Expandable stents are widely used to provide local reinforcement in fluid-carrying vessels within the human body.
- the stent is essentially a cylindrical member which may be expanded radially to dilate the vessel and to provide support for the wall of the vessel to maintain it in the dilated condition.
- the catheter In order to insert the stent, it has previously been proposed to place the stent into the vessel on an expandable or balloon catheter. With the stent positioned at the appropriate location, the catheter is inflated and the stent is caused to expand radially against the wall of the vessel. Once the stent is expanded to the required diameter, the catheter is deflated and may be removed, leaving the stent in position.
- the stent must of course remain expanded against the wall of the vessel and should be capable of withstanding the forces imposed by the wall of the vessel. Moreover, the stent should be able to negotiate tight turns in the arterial system during placement while minimizing damage to the arterial wall.
- the stent in another class of stents, as typified by the stent shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,733,665 to Palmaz, the stent is configured to be plastically deformable so that after expansion it retains the increased diameter.
- the plastic deformation is provided by means of an open-mesh diamond structure. As the catheter is expanded, the intersecting members of the mesh deform so that the stent adopts an increased diameter.
- a radial expansion of the stent is accompanied by an axial foreshortening of the stent.
- the degree of foreshortening is predictable but the ultimate location of the stent alone the vessel is not predictable.
- one end of the stent may remain stationary relative to the blood vessel so that the opposite end is subjected to the maximum axial displacement or there may be progressive foreshortening from both ends with an intermediate location remaining stationary.
- the foreshortening of the stent leads to an unpredictable location for the stent in its expanded condition and induces relative movement in an axial direction between the vessel wall and the stent which is generally undesirable.
- the present invention provides a stent in which a plurality of circumferentially-spaced longitudinal struts are interconnected by multi-bar linkages. Adjacent links of the linkages are angularly disposed to one another such that a radial force causes relative rotation between adjacent links to permit radial enlargement of the stent.
- the longitudinal struts inhibit foreshortening of the stent so that the final location of the stent can be predicted.
- FIG. 1 is a side elevation of an assembled stent
- FIG. 2 is a view on the line 2 - 2 of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 3 is a developed view of the stent shown in FIG. 1;
- FIG. 4 is a view on an enlarged scale of a portion of the stent shown in FIGS. 1 - 3 ;
- FIG. 5 is a view of the portion of the stent shown in FIG. 4 after radial expansion
- FIG. 6 is a view similar to FIG. 4 of an alternative embodiment of stent
- FIG. 7 is a view of the embodiment of FIG. 6 after radial expansion
- FIG. 8 is a further alternative of stent shown in FIG. 4;
- FIG. 9 is a view of the embodiment of FIG. 8 after radial expansion
- FIG. 10 is a comparative curve between the embodiments of stent shown in FIGS. 4, 6 and 8 ;
- FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a further embodiment of stent
- FIG. 12 is a developed view of the embodiment of stent shown in FIG. 11;
- FIG. 13 is an enlarged view of a portion of the stent shown in FIG. 11;
- FIG. 14 is a view similar to FIG. 9 showing the stent after radial expansion;
- FIG. 15 is a sectional view of a stent support and catheter
- FIG. 16 is a developed view, similar to FIG. 12, of a further embodiment
- FIG. 17 is a developed view similar to FIG. 16 of a still further embodiment
- FIG. 18 is an enlarged view of a portion of the embodiment of FIG. 17.
- FIG. 19 is a developed view similar to FIG. 17 of a yet further embodiment.
- a stent 10 has a generally tubular body 12 which is initially dimensioned to permit insertion into a vessel such as an artery
- the body 12 includes a plurality of longitudinal struts 14 which are interconnected by multi-bar linkages 16 .
- the linkages 16 are regularly spaced along the axial extent of the struts 14 and maintain struts 14 in circumferentially spaced relationship.
- each of the linkages 16 includes a pair of oppositely directed circumferential links 18 with axial links 20 connected to the circumferential links 18 and extending parallel to the struts 14 but spaced therefrom.
- the axial links 20 are connected to an L-shaped corner link 22 which has an axial leg 24 and circumferential leg 26 .
- the legs 26 of opposed corner links 22 are interconnected by a circumferential connecting link 28 to interconnect the adjacent struts 14 .
- the links 18 , 20 , 22 and 28 of the linkage 16 are formed by removal of material from a seamless tube of bio-compatible material so that the links are integrally connected to one another.
- Such material would be a metal such as both pure and alloyed titanium, platinum, nitinol memory metals, gold or stainless steel, and the linkage may suitably be machined through micro machining techniques.
- Other materials could be used that are considered suitable for implantation including plastics materials having the requisite properties.
- Each of the linkages 16 is similar and the relative dimensions between the links in each linkage determine the change in diameter for a given load.
- the relative dimensions of the other links as indicated by the letters on FIG. 4 are as follows: a b c d e f g h i j k 1 2 1 0.62 1.125 0.12 2.12 2.0 1.375 1.12 0.12 5 5 5 5 5 5
- the stent 10 is typically inserted into the vessel by using a balloon catheter 60 .
- the stent 10 is mounted on the catheter 60 shown in FIG. 15.
- the stent is initially located on a support 62 that has a bar-like head 64 and a tapered body 66 .
- the stent 10 is snugly received on the body 66 which has a concave recess 68 at one end to locate the tip of catheter 60 .
- a bore 70 extends through the body 66 to accommodate a wire if the catheter is of the type that employs such.
- a protective sleeve 72 is located over the body 66 and is retained on a boss 74 on the head 64 .
- the sleeve 72 thus protects the stent 10 from extraneous external forces with the body 66 providing support for the stent 10 in transit.
- the sleeve 72 is removed and the body 66 is aligned with the catheter 60 .
- the stent may then be slid axially from the body 66 over the catheter 60 and the support and sleeve discarded. In this way, the stent is guided during transfer and the placement of the stent on the catheter facilitated.
- the recess 68 assists in locating and aligning the catheter 60 during transfer and of course the wire, if present, may be fed through the bore 70 .
- the stent 10 is located on the body 66 such that the links 28 are closer to the boss 74 than the associated links 18 . Transfer of the stent 10 to the catheter thus ensures that the stent 10 is oriented on the catheter 60 such that the connecting link 28 of the linkage 16 is in advance of the circumferential links 18 during insertion of the stent 10 into the vessel.
- the catheter is inserted into the vessel in a conventional manner until it is located at the stenosis.
- the catheter After placement within the vessel, the catheter is then inflated to apply a radially expanding force to the stent.
- the application of the radial force causes the circumferential spacing of struts 14 to increase.
- the circumferential links 18 are carried with the struts 14 and a hinging action occurs at the connection of the axial link 20 to both the circumferential link 18 and the corner link 22 by plastic deformation of the links.
- the connecting link 28 hinges at its connection to the corner link 22 to provide a hinging action between the links.
- the links 22 is thus bodily rotated as the struts 14 are spread.
- the catheter is then deflated and removed, leaving the stent 10 in situ.
- FIGS. 6 and 7 An alternative embodiment of linkage 16 is shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, in which like components will be denoted with like reference numerals with a suffix ‘a’ added for clarity.
- the circumferential link 18 a is formed as a pair of rectangular nodes 30 , 32 interconnected by a narrow bar 34 .
- the length of the axial link 20 a is reduced to 0.5 of a unit value and a corresponding reduction in the length of the connecting link 28 to 0.5 is made.
- the application of the radial load causes the connection at the bar 34 to plastically deform, allowing rotation of the rectangular bar 32 .
- the connecting link 28 a is also subjected to bending load as well as plastic deformation at the connection to the links 22 a .
- FIG. 8 A further embodiment is seen in FIG. 8 where again like reference numerals will be used to denote like components with a suffix ‘b’ added for clarity.
- the connection between the connecting links 20 b and the circumferential links 18 b progressively tapers to the dimension F.
- the junction between the connecting link 28 b and the link 22 b progressively tapers and in each case the overall length of the links 20 b , 28 b is reduced from 1 unit value to 0.5 unit value.
- a tapering in the order of 45 is found to be appropriate.
- FIGS. 11 - 14 A further embodiment is shown in FIGS. 11 - 14 offering enhanced flexibility for the stent during insertion, as may be needed to negotiate tight turns in the arterial system during placement, thereby minimizing damage to the arterial wall.
- each of the struts 14 c is segmented so as to be comprised of either a series of unitary struts 40 or a series of linking struts 42 .
- the unitary struts 40 alternate with linking struts 42 about the circumference of stent 10 c and in the preferred embodiment an even number of each is provided so that the linking struts 42 are diametrically opposed. It is preferred that four linking struts 42 are provided and are circumferentially spaced at 90° intervals.
- Each of the unitary struts 40 extend between two of the linkages 16 c so as to interconnect them.
- the unitary struts are spaced apart from one another by a gap indicated at 44 so that each linkage 16 c is connected to only one of the adjacent linkages 16 c .
- the linking struts 42 extend between four of the linkages 16 c and are then spaced from the next of the linking struts 42 by a space indicated at 46 .
- the gaps 44 between the unitary struts are circumferentially aligned to provide annular bands 48 whereas spaces 46 are staggered between alternate linking struts 42 .
- Each of the linking struts 42 has a waist 50 to provide a region of enhanced flexibility in a plane tangential to the surface of the stent 10 c .
- the waist 50 is aligned with one of the bands 48 and so provides the connection across the band 48 between the linkages 16 c .
- the waists 50 are located at diametrically opposed locations in the respective bank 48 to define a pair of pivot axes X-X.
- the waists 50 are displaced by 90° in adjacent bands 48 so that the pivot axes X-X are disposed at 90°.
- This arrangement provides flexibility about mutually perpendicular axially spaced axes allowing relative pivotal movement between sections of the stent to conform to the vessel into which it is inserted.
- the linkage 16 c is shown in detail in FIG. 13 and includes circumferential links 18 c and axial links 20 c connected by a node 32 c .
- the circumferential link 28 c is connected to axial link 20 c by corner link 22 c which is formed as a rectangular leg 24 c .
- the relative dimensions are as follows: a b c d e f g h i 1.20 0.75 1.40 1.40 2.00 0.90 0.25 6.9 5.30
- the fillets 52 are each 0.125 and the thickness of the material between 0.0625 and 0.125.
- each band 48 has two axial struts that inhibit relative axial movement between adjacent linkages 16 c .
- the relatively flexible waists 50 disposed at 90° to one another provides the requisite flexibility for insertion of the stent 10 c .
- FIG. 11 shows axes of rotation at 90° to one another
- alternative arrangements may be used by varying the relative orientation of the waisted links. For example, by spacing the links at 60° angles, three axes of rotation are obtained at axially spaced locations.
- linkage 16 has also been found to provide satisfactory performance: a b c d e f g h I 10 7.5 11 17.8 38.6 12.3 3 46 74.2
- Example I a b c d e f g h I 10.3 7.7 12.2 17.8 38.6 12.3 3 48.2 74.2
- Example II a b c d e f g h i 10.0 7.5 11 14.3 20.4 19.2 3 46 49
- the units are 0.001 inches and the thickness of the material used was 0.003 inches.
- the width, ie. circumferential dimension, of the struts 14 was 5 units and the axial spacing between adjacent linkages 16 was 12 units.
- Example II the width of the struts 14 was 2.85 units and the axial spacing between adjacent linkages was 3 units.
- the linkages repeated 4 times about the circumference.
- the diameter of the stent prior to expansion was 65 units and after expansion with a 45° rotation of the links 20 c an outside diameter of 197 units was obtained with Example II and 152.3 units with Example III.
- the axial spacing between linkages 16 was sufficient to permit the bodily rotation of the corner links as the stent expands radially.
- the provision of the strut 14 inhibits foreshortening and therefore ensures that the linkages can rotate as required.
- FIG. 16 A further embodiment is shown in FIG. 16 in which like components will be identified with like reference numerals with a suffix ‘d’ added for clarity.
- the embodiment of FIG. 16 is similar to that shown in FIGS. 12 and 13.
- each of the struts 14 d is segmented into a series of unitary struts 40 d that extend between two adjacent linkages 16 d .
- the struts 40 d are staggered circumferentially to alternate the direction of connection between adjacent linkages.
- the unitary linkages 40 d are thus aligned at diametrically opposed locations and thus define a pair of orthogonal axes at axially spaced locations to provide flexibility during insertion.
- the stent will of course be dimensioned to fit within the intended vessel and engage the wall when extended.
- a typical stent for insertion in an artery will have a diameter of between 1.5 mm and 3.5 mm when inserted and may have a diameter of between 2 mm and 12 mm when expanded.
- FIGS. 17 and 18 A further embodiment is shown in FIGS. 17 and 18 in which like reference numerals identify like components with a suffix “e” added for clarity.
- FIGS. 17 and 18 has unitary struts 40 e distributed at diametrically opposed locations as shown in FIG. 16.
- each of the links 22 e is provided with radiused external corners 80 and radiused fillets 82 at the intersection with links 20 e and 28 e .
- the nodes 32 e are provided with radiused external corners 84 and radiused fillets 86 at the connection to the links 34 e and 20 e .
- the radiused external comers inhibit interference between adjacent pairs of links 22 e and nodes 34 e as the stent 10 e is expanded to ensure a uniform expansion of the inflating balloon.
- the fillets 82 , 86 assist in stress distribution to effect the proper hinging action of the links.
- the relative dimensions of the links may be adjusted to suit the requirements and in particular to suit the outside diameter of the balloon.
- suitable dimensions, in inches, for three stents with different internal diameters is as follows. i.d. a b c d e F g h 1 0.0100 0.0060 0.0135 0.0180 0.0190 0.0110 0.0030 0.0515 2 0.0100 0.0060 0.0125 0.0180 0.0195 0.0110 0.0030 0.0505 3 0.0095 0.0060 0.0115 0.0180 0.0195 0.0110 0.0030 0.0485
- FIG. 19 A further embodiment is shown in FIG. 19 in which like reference numerals will be used with like components with a suffix “f” added for clarity.
- each of the linkages 16 f is similar to that shown in FIG. 18.
- the unitary struts 40 f interconnect three linkages 18 f except for the initial strut 40 f adjacent one end that interconnects two linkages 18 f .
- Circumferentially adjacent struts 40 f are staggered relative to one another so as to provide an axial overlap and a gap 46 f . Accordingly, diametrically opposed connections are established at spaced axial locations to facilitate flexure of the stent 10 f .
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- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
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Abstract
A stent has a tubular body with longitudinal struts interconnected by multi-bar linkages. The struts inhibit foreshortening of the body and relative rotation between the links in the linkages permits radial expansion. The links are plastically deformed as they are expanded to maintain the expanded diameter.
Description
- Expandable stents are widely used to provide local reinforcement in fluid-carrying vessels within the human body. The stent is essentially a cylindrical member which may be expanded radially to dilate the vessel and to provide support for the wall of the vessel to maintain it in the dilated condition.
- In order to insert the stent, it has previously been proposed to place the stent into the vessel on an expandable or balloon catheter. With the stent positioned at the appropriate location, the catheter is inflated and the stent is caused to expand radially against the wall of the vessel. Once the stent is expanded to the required diameter, the catheter is deflated and may be removed, leaving the stent in position.
- The stent must of course remain expanded against the wall of the vessel and should be capable of withstanding the forces imposed by the wall of the vessel. Moreover, the stent should be able to negotiate tight turns in the arterial system during placement while minimizing damage to the arterial wall.
- A number of different mechanisms have been proposed to permit the expansion of the stent, including devices which reorient the components forming the stent so that they may adopt a greater overall diameter.
- In another class of stents, as typified by the stent shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,733,665 to Palmaz, the stent is configured to be plastically deformable so that after expansion it retains the increased diameter. In the Palmaz stent, the plastic deformation is provided by means of an open-mesh diamond structure. As the catheter is expanded, the intersecting members of the mesh deform so that the stent adopts an increased diameter.
- With the arrangements shown in the Palmaz stent and similar configurations, a radial expansion of the stent is accompanied by an axial foreshortening of the stent. The degree of foreshortening is predictable but the ultimate location of the stent alone the vessel is not predictable. Thus, one end of the stent may remain stationary relative to the blood vessel so that the opposite end is subjected to the maximum axial displacement or there may be progressive foreshortening from both ends with an intermediate location remaining stationary. The foreshortening of the stent leads to an unpredictable location for the stent in its expanded condition and induces relative movement in an axial direction between the vessel wall and the stent which is generally undesirable.
- It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a stent in which the above disadvantages are obviated or mitigated.
- In general terms, the present invention provides a stent in which a plurality of circumferentially-spaced longitudinal struts are interconnected by multi-bar linkages. Adjacent links of the linkages are angularly disposed to one another such that a radial force causes relative rotation between adjacent links to permit radial enlargement of the stent. The longitudinal struts inhibit foreshortening of the stent so that the final location of the stent can be predicted.
- Embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which
- FIG. 1 is a side elevation of an assembled stent;
- FIG. 2 is a view on the line2-2 of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 3 is a developed view of the stent shown in FIG. 1;
- FIG. 4 is a view on an enlarged scale of a portion of the stent shown in FIGS.1-3;
- FIG. 5 is a view of the portion of the stent shown in FIG. 4 after radial expansion;
- FIG. 6 is a view similar to FIG. 4 of an alternative embodiment of stent;
- FIG. 7 is a view of the embodiment of FIG. 6 after radial expansion;
- FIG. 8 is a further alternative of stent shown in FIG. 4;
- FIG. 9 is a view of the embodiment of FIG. 8 after radial expansion;
- FIG. 10 is a comparative curve between the embodiments of stent shown in FIGS. 4, 6 and8;
- FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a further embodiment of stent;
- FIG. 12 is a developed view of the embodiment of stent shown in FIG. 11;
- FIG. 13 is an enlarged view of a portion of the stent shown in FIG. 11; FIG. 14 is a view similar to FIG. 9 showing the stent after radial expansion;
- FIG. 15 is a sectional view of a stent support and catheter;
- FIG. 16 is a developed view, similar to FIG. 12, of a further embodiment;
- FIG. 17 is a developed view similar to FIG. 16 of a still further embodiment;
- FIG. 18 is an enlarged view of a portion of the embodiment of FIG. 17; and
- FIG. 19 is a developed view similar to FIG. 17 of a yet further embodiment.
- Referring therefore to FIG. 1, a
stent 10 has a generallytubular body 12 which is initially dimensioned to permit insertion into a vessel such as an artery Thebody 12 includes a plurality oflongitudinal struts 14 which are interconnected bymulti-bar linkages 16. Thelinkages 16 are regularly spaced along the axial extent of thestruts 14 and maintainstruts 14 in circumferentially spaced relationship. - As can best be seen in FIG. 4, each of the
linkages 16 includes a pair of oppositely directedcircumferential links 18 withaxial links 20 connected to thecircumferential links 18 and extending parallel to thestruts 14 but spaced therefrom. Theaxial links 20 are connected to an L-shaped corner link 22 which has anaxial leg 24 and circumferential leg 26. The legs 26 ofopposed corner links 22 are interconnected by acircumferential connecting link 28 to interconnect theadjacent struts 14. Thelinks linkage 16 are formed by removal of material from a seamless tube of bio-compatible material so that the links are integrally connected to one another. Typically such material would be a metal such as both pure and alloyed titanium, platinum, nitinol memory metals, gold or stainless steel, and the linkage may suitably be machined through micro machining techniques. Other materials could be used that are considered suitable for implantation including plastics materials having the requisite properties. - Each of the
linkages 16 is similar and the relative dimensions between the links in each linkage determine the change in diameter for a given load. In a typical example, as shown in FIG. 4, taking the length of the connecting,link 28 to be of unit length, then the relative dimensions of the other links as indicated by the letters on FIG. 4 are as follows:a b c d e f g h i j k 1 2 1 0.62 1.125 0.12 2.12 2.0 1.375 1.12 0.12 5 5 5 5 5 - The
stent 10 is typically inserted into the vessel by using aballoon catheter 60. Thestent 10 is mounted on thecatheter 60 shown in FIG. 15. To assist in placement of thestent 10 on thecatheter 60, the stent is initially located on a support 62 that has a bar-like head 64 and atapered body 66. Thestent 10 is snugly received on thebody 66 which has aconcave recess 68 at one end to locate the tip ofcatheter 60. Abore 70 extends through thebody 66 to accommodate a wire if the catheter is of the type that employs such. - A
protective sleeve 72 is located over thebody 66 and is retained on aboss 74 on thehead 64. Thesleeve 72 thus protects thestent 10 from extraneous external forces with thebody 66 providing support for thestent 10 in transit. - To transfer the stent to the
catheter 60, thesleeve 72 is removed and thebody 66 is aligned with thecatheter 60. The stent may then be slid axially from thebody 66 over thecatheter 60 and the support and sleeve discarded. In this way, the stent is guided during transfer and the placement of the stent on the catheter facilitated. - The
recess 68 assists in locating and aligning thecatheter 60 during transfer and of course the wire, if present, may be fed through thebore 70. - The
stent 10 is located on thebody 66 such that thelinks 28 are closer to theboss 74 than the associatedlinks 18. Transfer of thestent 10 to the catheter thus ensures that thestent 10 is oriented on thecatheter 60 such that the connectinglink 28 of thelinkage 16 is in advance of thecircumferential links 18 during insertion of thestent 10 into the vessel. - The catheter is inserted into the vessel in a conventional manner until it is located at the stenosis.
- After placement within the vessel, the catheter is then inflated to apply a radially expanding force to the stent.
- As shown in FIG. 5, the application of the radial force causes the circumferential spacing of
struts 14 to increase. Thecircumferential links 18 are carried with thestruts 14 and a hinging action occurs at the connection of theaxial link 20 to both thecircumferential link 18 and thecorner link 22 by plastic deformation of the links. Similarly, the connectinglink 28 hinges at its connection to thecorner link 22 to provide a hinging action between the links. Thelinks 22 is thus bodily rotated as thestruts 14 are spread. - By virtue of the relatively
narrow links larger links axial links 20 and circumferential link 28 is distributed between two locations. - The catheter is then deflated and removed, leaving the
stent 10 in situ. - It will be noted, however, that during inflation the
struts 14 maintain the axial spacing between thecircumferential links 18 so that the overall length of the stent remains the same with no relative axial movement between the vessel and the stent. - In tests with samples of the configuration of FIGS. 4 and 5, an extension from the spacing of the
struts 14 was increased from an initial value of 6 units to 8.48 units upon application of loads consistent with those used in the expansion of such stents. - An alternative embodiment of
linkage 16 is shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, in which like components will be denoted with like reference numerals with a suffix ‘a’ added for clarity. - In the embodiment of FIG. 6, the
circumferential link 18 a is formed as a pair ofrectangular nodes narrow bar 34. The length of theaxial link 20 a is reduced to 0.5 of a unit value and a corresponding reduction in the length of the connectinglink 28 to 0.5 is made. As may be seen in FIG. 7, the application of the radial load causes the connection at thebar 34 to plastically deform, allowing rotation of therectangular bar 32. The connectinglink 28 a is also subjected to bending load as well as plastic deformation at the connection to thelinks 22 a. - In tests conducted with samples of the arrangements shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, the initial spacing of the
struts 14 was increased to 8.5 units after application of a radial force consistent with that found in balloon catheters. - A further embodiment is seen in FIG. 8 where again like reference numerals will be used to denote like components with a suffix ‘b’ added for clarity. In the embodiment of FIG. 8, the connection between the connecting
links 20 b and thecircumferential links 18 b progressively tapers to the dimension F. In a similar manner, the junction between the connectinglink 28 b and thelink 22 b progressively tapers and in each case the overall length of thelinks - The results of tests conducted on the embodiment shown in FIGS. 4, 6 and8 are represented on the curve of FIG. 9. This curve represents the applied radial load and the deflection obtained and it will be seen that in each embodiment there is an initial proportional increase of load and deflection followed by a much flatter curve indicating a plastic deformation. Thereafter, the load progressively increases, indicating that the orientation of the links is approaching a linear orientation. It will be seen that the embodiment of FIG. 8 provides a lower load to achieve the requisite deflections. With the provision of the relatively narrow links, it is possible to control the radial force necessary to expand the stent and the location at which the bending will occur. The force necessary to achieve radial expansion must be compatible with the forces available from a balloon catheter and the reduced width of the links permits this. Moreover, the plastic deformation of the narrow links maintains control of the orientation of the wider links during expansion.
- A further embodiment is shown in FIGS.11-14 offering enhanced flexibility for the stent during insertion, as may be needed to negotiate tight turns in the arterial system during placement, thereby minimizing damage to the arterial wall.
- In the embodiment of FIGS.11-14, each of the
struts 14 c is segmented so as to be comprised of either a series ofunitary struts 40 or a series of linking struts 42. - The unitary struts40 alternate with linking
struts 42 about the circumference of stent 10 c and in the preferred embodiment an even number of each is provided so that the linking struts 42 are diametrically opposed. It is preferred that four linkingstruts 42 are provided and are circumferentially spaced at 90° intervals. - Each of the
unitary struts 40 extend between two of the linkages 16 c so as to interconnect them. The unitary struts are spaced apart from one another by a gap indicated at 44 so that each linkage 16 c is connected to only one of the adjacent linkages 16 c. By contrast, the linking struts 42 extend between four of the linkages 16 c and are then spaced from the next of the linking struts 42 by a space indicated at 46. - The gaps44 between the unitary struts are circumferentially aligned to provide
annular bands 48 whereasspaces 46 are staggered between alternate linking struts 42. Each of the linking struts 42 has awaist 50 to provide a region of enhanced flexibility in a plane tangential to the surface of the stent 10 c. Thewaist 50 is aligned with one of thebands 48 and so provides the connection across theband 48 between the linkages 16 c. - As can be seen in FIG. 11, the
waists 50 are located at diametrically opposed locations in therespective bank 48 to define a pair of pivot axes X-X. By virtue of the staggered relationship between adjacent linking struts 42, thewaists 50 are displaced by 90° inadjacent bands 48 so that the pivot axes X-X are disposed at 90°. - This arrangement provides flexibility about mutually perpendicular axially spaced axes allowing relative pivotal movement between sections of the stent to conform to the vessel into which it is inserted.
- The linkage16 c is shown in detail in FIG. 13 and includes
circumferential links 18 c andaxial links 20 c connected by anode 32 c. - The
circumferential link 28 c is connected toaxial link 20 c bycorner link 22 c which is formed as arectangular leg 24 c. - It will be noted that the connection of each of the
links nodes 32 c and corner link 22 c by radiused fillets 52 that reduce local stress concentrations. - In one preferred example, the relative dimensions are as follows:
a b c d e f g h i 1.20 0.75 1.40 1.40 2.00 0.90 0.25 6.9 5.30 - The fillets52 are each 0.125 and the thickness of the material between 0.0625 and 0.125.
- With this configuration, the application of a radial load results in the circumferential expansion shown in FIG. 14 from which it can be seen that a uniform bending of the
links 18 c is obtained and that theaxial links 20 have assumed a circumferential orientation. - Upon circumferential expansion, the linking struts42 inhibit foreshortening as each
band 48 has two axial struts that inhibit relative axial movement between adjacent linkages 16 c. At the same time the relativelyflexible waists 50 disposed at 90° to one another provides the requisite flexibility for insertion of the stent 10 c. - Although the embodiment of FIG. 11 shows axes of rotation at 90° to one another, alternative arrangements may be used by varying the relative orientation of the waisted links. For example, by spacing the links at 60° angles, three axes of rotation are obtained at axially spaced locations.
- The following relative dimensions of
linkage 16 have also been found to provide satisfactory performance:a b c d e f g h I 10 7.5 11 17.8 38.6 12.3 3 46 74.2 - Example I:
a b c d e f g h I 10.3 7.7 12.2 17.8 38.6 12.3 3 48.2 74.2 - Example II:
a b c d e f g h i 10.0 7.5 11 14.3 20.4 19.2 3 46 49 - Example III:
- In each of these examples, the units are 0.001 inches and the thickness of the material used was 0.003 inches.
- In Examples I and III, the width, ie. circumferential dimension, of the
struts 14 was 5 units and the axial spacing betweenadjacent linkages 16 was 12 units. - In Example II, the width of the
struts 14 was 2.85 units and the axial spacing between adjacent linkages was 3 units. - In each case, the linkages repeated 4 times about the circumference. The diameter of the stent prior to expansion was 65 units and after expansion with a 45° rotation of the
links 20 c an outside diameter of 197 units was obtained with Example II and 152.3 units with Example III. The axial spacing betweenlinkages 16 was sufficient to permit the bodily rotation of the corner links as the stent expands radially. The provision of thestrut 14 inhibits foreshortening and therefore ensures that the linkages can rotate as required. - A further embodiment is shown in FIG. 16 in which like components will be identified with like reference numerals with a suffix ‘d’ added for clarity. The embodiment of FIG. 16 is similar to that shown in FIGS. 12 and 13. However, each of the struts14 d is segmented into a series of unitary struts 40 d that extend between two
adjacent linkages 16 d. The struts 40 d are staggered circumferentially to alternate the direction of connection between adjacent linkages. The unitary linkages 40 d are thus aligned at diametrically opposed locations and thus define a pair of orthogonal axes at axially spaced locations to provide flexibility during insertion. - The stent will of course be dimensioned to fit within the intended vessel and engage the wall when extended. A typical stent for insertion in an artery will have a diameter of between 1.5 mm and 3.5 mm when inserted and may have a diameter of between 2 mm and 12 mm when expanded.
- A further embodiment is shown in FIGS. 17 and 18 in which like reference numerals identify like components with a suffix “e” added for clarity.
- The embodiment of FIGS. 17 and 18 has unitary struts40 e distributed at diametrically opposed locations as shown in FIG. 16.
- In the embodiment of FIG. 17 however the struts40 e are increased in width to approximate the width of the nodes. And, as can be seen in FIG. 18, the configuration of the
links 22 e and node 32 e is changed. Each of thelinks 22 e is provided with radiusedexternal corners 80 and radiusedfillets 82 at the intersection withlinks 20 e and 28 e. Similarly, the nodes 32 e are provided with radiusedexternal corners 84 and radiusedfillets 86 at the connection to thelinks 34 e and 20 e. - The radiused external comers inhibit interference between adjacent pairs of
links 22 e and nodes 34 e as the stent 10 e is expanded to ensure a uniform expansion of the inflating balloon. Thefillets - The relative dimensions of the links may be adjusted to suit the requirements and in particular to suit the outside diameter of the balloon. Using the same nomenclature as used in FIG. 13 suitable dimensions, in inches, for three stents with different internal diameters, is as follows.
i.d. a b c d e F g h 1 0.0100 0.0060 0.0135 0.0180 0.0190 0.0110 0.0030 0.0515 2 0.0100 0.0060 0.0125 0.0180 0.0195 0.0110 0.0030 0.0505 3 0.0095 0.0060 0.0115 0.0180 0.0195 0.0110 0.0030 0.0485 - It will be seen that by varying the spacing between
links 20 e (dimension ‘c’) or the length of link 34 (dimension ‘a’) the spacing of the struts 40 e and hence the circumference may be varied. Appropriate adjustment can be made to the length oflink 20 e (dimension ‘e’) to maintain an expanded diameter of 4 mm. In each of the above examples, the external corners and all fillets except those at opposite ends of thelinks 20 have a radius of 0.002 inches. The fillets at opposite ends oflinks 20 e have a radius of 0.0015 inches. - A further embodiment is shown in FIG. 19 in which like reference numerals will be used with like components with a suffix “f” added for clarity.
- In the embodiment of FIG. 19 each of the linkages16 f is similar to that shown in FIG. 18. The unitary struts 40 f interconnect three linkages 18 f except for the
initial strut 40 f adjacent one end that interconnects two linkages 18 f. - Circumferentially
adjacent struts 40 f are staggered relative to one another so as to provide an axial overlap and a gap 46 f. Accordingly, diametrically opposed connections are established at spaced axial locations to facilitate flexure of the stent 10 f.
Claims (2)
1. A stent having a generally tubular body with a plurality of circumferentially spaced longitudinal struts extending parallel to a longitudinal axis of said body, circumferentially adjacent pairs of said struts being interconnected solely by a set of linkages axially spaced from one another and defining a predetermined space between adjacent pairs of said struts, each of said linkages having a plurality of links angularly disposed relative to one another in an unexpanded condition such that when a radial force is exerted on said tubular body, relative rotation between adjacent links and plastic deformation occurs, thereby increasing said space between said adjacent pairs of said struts and permitting radial expansion of said stent, said struts inhibiting relative axial movement between said linkages and foreshortening of said body, each of said linkages having hinge points spaced apart along said linkage, said hinge points deforming upon radial expansion of said stent to facilitate relative rotation of said links, wherein said hinge points are provided by zones of relative weakness along said links.
2. A stent according to claim 1 wherein said zones of relative weakness are provided by a reduced cross-sectional area.
Priority Applications (2)
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US09/893,253 US20030078648A1 (en) | 1995-07-25 | 2001-06-27 | Expandible stent |
US10/759,527 US20050060024A1 (en) | 1995-07-25 | 2004-01-20 | Expandible stent |
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GBGB9515282.3A GB9515282D0 (en) | 1995-07-25 | 1995-07-25 | Expandable stent |
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GBGB9605486.1A GB9605486D0 (en) | 1996-03-15 | 1996-03-15 | Flexible expandable stent |
US09/063,496 US6261318B1 (en) | 1995-07-25 | 1998-04-20 | Expandable stent |
US09/893,253 US20030078648A1 (en) | 1995-07-25 | 2001-06-27 | Expandible stent |
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US09/063,496 Continuation US6261318B1 (en) | 1995-07-25 | 1998-04-20 | Expandable stent |
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US10/759,527 Continuation US20050060024A1 (en) | 1995-07-25 | 2004-01-20 | Expandible stent |
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US10/759,527 Abandoned US20050060024A1 (en) | 1995-07-25 | 2004-01-20 | Expandible stent |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US6261318B1 (en) | 2001-07-17 |
US20050060024A1 (en) | 2005-03-17 |
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