US20020180914A1 - Reverse transmittance mode direct-view liquid crystal display employing a liquid crystal having a characteristic wavelength in the non-visible spectrum - Google Patents
Reverse transmittance mode direct-view liquid crystal display employing a liquid crystal having a characteristic wavelength in the non-visible spectrum Download PDFInfo
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- US20020180914A1 US20020180914A1 US10/025,436 US2543601A US2002180914A1 US 20020180914 A1 US20020180914 A1 US 20020180914A1 US 2543601 A US2543601 A US 2543601A US 2002180914 A1 US2002180914 A1 US 2002180914A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/137—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering
- G02F1/13718—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on a change of the texture state of a cholesteric liquid crystal
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/133528—Polarisers
- G02F1/133541—Circular polarisers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/133553—Reflecting elements
- G02F1/133555—Transflectors
Definitions
- the present invention is directed, in general, to liquid crystal displays and, more specifically, to transmissive black-and-white and color cholesteric liquid crystal displays.
- LCDs liquid crystal displays
- CLC Cholesteric liquid crystal
- CLC displays can be used to provide bi-stable and multi-stable displays that, owing to their stability, do not require a continuous driving circuit to maintain a display image, thereby significantly reducing power consumption.
- some CLC displays can be easily viewed in ambient light without the need for back-lighting; such displays are referred to as “reflective” mode displays, while those requiring a back-light are referred to as “transmissive” mode displays.
- the elimination of the need for back-lighting is particularly significant in that lighting requirements typically represent approximately 90 percent of the total power consumption of conventional LC displays.
- the visibility of a LC display is governed in part by the contrast between quality of bright and dark states of LC cells in the display.
- traditional normal mode CLC displays using CLCs having a characteristic wavelength for the reflection of light in the visible spectrum, may have poor contrast because of an unfavorably low brightness to darkness ratio.
- the present invention provides a reverse mode direct-view liquid crystal displays employing a liquid crystal having a characteristic wavelength to reflect light in a non-visible region, including transmissive mode displays, and methods of fabricating such displays.
- the basic structure of the direct-view liquid crystal display includes a first linear polarizer, a second linear polarizer having a polarity different from the first linear polarizer, a light source behind the second linear polarizer and a cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) located in a gap between the first and second linear polarizers. At least one of the first and second linear polarizers does not form a portion of a circular polarizer.
- the CLC has a characteristic wavelength in a non-visible region and is capable of exhibiting planar or focal-conic states. Thus, portions of the LCD can be controlled to selectively exhibit a planar state or a focal-conic state, thereby achieving high contrast.
- FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary reverse mode transmissive LCD structure, in accordance with the principles of the present invention, and its operation when its liquid crystal is in planar and focal-conic states, respectively;
- FIG. 2 illustrates exemplary embodiments of a method of fabricating a direct-view LCD, in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
- the present invention discloses the heretofore unrecognized capability to construct a direct-view LCD by combining a CLC having a characteristic intrinsic reflective wavelength, ⁇ 0 , reflecting light maximally in a non-visible region of light, with two or more linear polarizers having different polarity, and a light source situated behind the second linear polarizer. At least one of the first or second polarizers does not form a portion of a circular polarizer.
- visible light is defined as the range of the light spectrum that the human visual system is relatively most sensitive to, i.e., a relative sensitivity of about greater than 5%, compared to the most sensitive wavelength, between about 450 nm to about 700 nm, with the non-visible spectrum laying above and below this range.
- the CLC comprises a mixture of a nematic liquid crystal, and a chiral dopant.
- the mixture may comprise about 60 percent to about 90 percent by weight of the nematic liquid crystal, with a balance of the mixture comprising the chiral dopant.
- the mixture contains sufficient amounts of the appropriate dopant or combination of dopants to produce a helical CLC structure having a characteristic pitch that establishes a maximum reflective wavelength within either an infrared or an ultraviolet region of the light spectrum.
- the infrared range may be greater than 700 nm and the ultraviolet range may be less than 450 nm.
- the infrared range may be greater than 780 nm and the ultraviolet range may be 400 nm or less.
- Portions of the CLC may be selectively controlled to exhibit a planar state or a focal-conic state. Portions of the CLC in the planar state within the direct-view LCD appear black to an observer, and portions of the CLC in the focal-conic state within the direct-view LCD appear white to an observer of the LCD.
- LCD 100 comprises a first linear polarizer 110 , a second linear polarizer 120 having a polarity different from the first polarizer, the first and second linear polarizers thereby forming a gap 130 , a CLC 140 of the above described embodiments located in the gap, and an internal light source 190 .
- the light source 190 can be a conventional LCD backlight, such as an electro-luminescent panel.
- the gap 130 may range from about 1 micron to about 6 microns, and in certain preferred embodiments is about 2 to 3 microns.
- the LCD 100 may also include first electrode 150 adjacent an inner surface of the first linear polarizer 110 and second electrode 160 adjacent an inner surface of the second linear polarizer 120 .
- Electrodes 150 , 160 are preferably made from conventional substantially transparent materials, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), and optionally laminated onto a glass substrate.
- the electrodes 150 , 160 may further be optionally coated with an alignment coating material, for example, comprising a polyimide. Preferably, overlying polyimide layers on the two electrodes 150 , 160 are buffed antiparallel to each other.
- the first and second electrodes, 150 , 160 are further coupled to a conventional driving circuit (not shown) operative to cause the CLC 140 to selectively transform to a planar or focal-conic state.
- the CLC 140 When in the planar state, the CLC 140 will reflect polarized light passing through the second linear polarizer 120 from internal light source 190 maximally at ⁇ 0 , plus an associated bandwidth. CLC 140 , however, allows nonreflected light 180 at substantially all wavelengths of light outside of the reflected bandwidth to pass through the CLC 140 without effecting the polarity of the nonreflected light 180 . When in the focal-conic state, however, the CLC 140 is operative to optically retard and scatter at all wavelengths, thereby changing the polarity of the nonreflected light 180 . In certain embodiments, colored filters (not shown), located between the light source and the first linear polarizer, may be included in the LCD to provide a single or multi-colored display.
- the first linear polarizer 110 is a conventionally made linear polarizer and does not include any retarder layer, or other material producing a retarder effect, between it and the CLC 140 that would cause the first linear polarizer 110 to comprise part of a circular polarizer.
- the first linear polarizer 110 may preferably be positioned on the outer surface of the first electrode 150 ; those skilled in the art, however, will recognize that the first linear polarizer 110 alternatively could be positioned on the inner surface of the first electrode 150 , or the first linear polarizer 110 could have a first electrode integrally formed therewith.
- the second linear polarizer 120 also a conventionally made linear polarizer, has a polarity different from and preferably opposite to the polarity of the first linear polarizer 110 .
- the second linear polarizer 120 is not associated with any materials that would cause it to comprise part of a circular polarizer.
- the second linear polarizer 120 may be positioned on the outer surface of the second electrode 160 ; those skilled in the art, however, will recognize that the second linear polarizer 120 alternatively could be positioned on the inner surface of the second electrode 160 , or the second linear polarizer 120 could have a second electrode integrally formed therewith, and thereby minimize parallax effects.
- Nonreflected light 180 is polarized as it passes through the second linear polarizer 120 .
- the polarity of the light 180 is substantially unaffected as it passes through the CLC 140 .
- ⁇ 0 is in the nonvisible region of the spectrum, substantially all light 180 in the visible region of the spectrum reaching the CLC 140 will not be reflected by the CLC 140 .
- the light 180 passing through the CLC 140 will not pass through the first linear polarizer 110 because the first and second polarizers 110 , 120 have a different polarity.
- the first linear polarizer 110 will block the exit of light 180 .
- the first and second linear polarizers 110 , 120 have the opposite polarity, and therefore the amount of light 180 exiting the LCD 100 is minimized.
- polishing a surface 125 of second linear polarizer 120 at a boundary between CLC 140 and second linear polarizer 120 is thought to minimize changes to the polarity of light 180 , thereby maximizing the blockage of light 180 reaching the first linear polarizer 110 .
- an observer of LCD 100 when CLC 140 is in the planar state will observe the LCD to be black.
- FIG. 1B shown is the operation of a preferred embodiment of LCD 100 when CLC 140 is in the focal-conic state. Due to the light retarding and scattering properties of CLC 140 when in the focal-conic state, the polarity of nonreflected light 180 passing through second linear polarizer 120 is altered during its passage through the CLC 140 . As noted above, because ⁇ 0 is in the nonvisible region of the spectrum, substantially all light 180 in the visible region of the spectrum reaching the CLC 140 will not be reflected by the CLC 140 . Consequently, at least a portion of the light 180 will have a polarity the substantially the same as the first linear polarizer 110 , and therefore exit LCD 100 .
- ⁇ 0 is in the nonvisible region of the spectrum, substantially all light in the visible region of the spectrum will pass through the CLC and appear to an observer of the LCD 100 as a white display.
- an observer of the transmissive LCD 100 when CLC 140 is in the focal-conic state will observe the LCD to be white.
- ⁇ 0 is in the infrared spectrum.
- the LCD 100 is capable of a substantially black and white display, corresponding to the CLC 140 in the planar and focal-conic state, respectively.
- FIG. 2 illustrated is an exemplary embodiment of a method of fabricating a reverse mode direct-view LCD 200 , in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
- the LCD 200 is fabricated by placing a first linear polarizer 210 , placing a second linear polarizer 220 having a polarity different from the first polarizer 210 , wherein, as discussed above, at least one of the first and second polarizers 210 , 220 does not form a portion of a circular polarizer. Placing the polarizers 210 , 220 thereby forms a gap 230 .
- a light source 290 is placed behind the second linear polarizer 220 .
- the gap 240 is filled with a CLC having a ⁇ 0 in a non-visible region of light and capable of exhibiting a planar state or a focal-conic state.
- Conventional filling techniques such as capillary or vacuum filling, well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, may be used.
- Filling the gap 240 includes filling with a mixture of a nematic liquid crystal and a chiral dopant. In certain embodiments, the mixture comprises about 60 percent to about 90 percent by weight of the nematic liquid crystal and a balance of the mixture comprises the chiral dopant.
- the chiral dopant may in some embodiments contain a combination of chiral dopants to produce the desired ⁇ 0 in an ultraviolet or infrared region of light.
- forming the gap 230 results in gaps ranging from about 1 micron to about 6 microns and in certain preferred embodiments, about 2 micron to about 3 microns.
- the gap is preferably about 2 microns.
- Fabricating the LCD 200 further includes positioning conventional first and second electrodes 250 , 260 ; as discussed above, the electrodes could alternately be formed and positioned integrally with the first and second linear polarizer 210 , 220 , respectively.
- alignment coating materials rubbed antiparallel to each other may be coated 245 onto the electrodes.
- Two different types of direct-view transmissive reverse-mode LCDs were prepared according to the present invention, each having a ⁇ 0 in either an infrared or ultraviolet region of the light spectrum.
- two pieces of four inch square glass substrates were laminated with electrode material comprising ITO having a resistance of 60 ⁇ per square inch.
- the ITO layers were then coated with an alignment coating material of polyimide (PI-150; Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd., Houston, Tex.).
- the polyimide coatings were buffed anti-parallel to each other.
- the electrodes were then laminated to a linear polarizer and a reflector, described below, to form test cells.
- every pixel of the cell can be switched between planar state and focal conic states.
- All nematic liquid crystals and chiral dopants were obtained from EM industries (Hawthorne, N.Y.).
- a transmissive reverse-mode type LCD (designated LCD- 1 ) having a ⁇ 0 in the infrared range was prepared in the following way.
- a first linear polarizing plate was laminated onto the first substrate.
- a second linear polarizing plate was laminated onto the second substrate. Spacers were used to form a gap of about 3 microns between the polarizers.
- a liquid crystal mixture containing by weight about 90.1% ZLI-5400-100TM (nematic liquid crystal), and chiral dopant, comprising about 3.8% ZLI-4571TM, and 6.1% ZLI-811TM, was filled into the cell.
- a back-lighting was placed behind a linear polarizing plate that was laminated onto the backside of the cell.
- a second transmissive reverse-mode type LCD (designated LCD- 2 ) having a ⁇ 0 in the ultraviolet range was prepared by filling a similarly fabricated cell with a liquid crystal mixture containing about 63.1% by weight ZLI-5400-100TM, and chiral dopant comprising by weight: about 22.4% CB-15TM, 6.5% ZLI-4572TM, and 8.0% ZLI-3786TM.
- the resulting transmissive reverse-mode type LCDs have a ⁇ 0 centered at about 780 nm and about 400 nm, for LCD- 1 and LCD- 2 , respectively.
- planar state and focal conic states are stable for at least one month in the absence of an electrical field.
- the planar state appears as black and the focal conics state appears as white.
Abstract
Disclosed are various reverse-mode direct-view liquid crystal displays (LCD) employing a liquid crystal having a characteristic wavelength in the non-visible spectrum, including transmissive mode displays, and methods of fabrication. In accordance with the principles disclosed, a transmitance mode direct-view LCD includes a first linear polarizer, a second linear polarizer, an internal light source and a cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) located between the first and second linear polarizers and having a characteristic wavelength to reflect in a non-visible region of light. Portions of the CLC can selectively exhibit a planar state or a focal-conic state, the portions of the CLC in the planar state appearing black, and the portions of the CLC in the focal-conic state appearing white to an observer of the LCD.
Description
- This continuation-in-part application claims the benefit of U.S. Application No. 09/874,519, entitled, “Reverse-mode Direct-view Liquid Crystal Display Employing a Liquid Crystal Having a Characteristic Wavelength in the Non-visible Spectrum,” to Bao-Gang Wu, Jianan Hou, Jianmi Gao, Yong-Jing Wang, Shushan Li, Rui Hai Sun and Gang Chen, filed on Jun. 4, 2001, commonly assigned with the present invention and incorporated herein by reference as if reproduced herein in its entirety.
- The present invention is directed, in general, to liquid crystal displays and, more specifically, to transmissive black-and-white and color cholesteric liquid crystal displays.
- The development of improved low-power-consumption flat-panel liquid crystal displays (LCDs) is an area of very active research, driven by the proliferation and demand for portable electronic appliances, including computers and wireless telecommunications devices. Moreover, as the quality of LCDs improve, and the cost of manufacturing declines, LCDs may eventually replace conventional display technologies, such as cathode-ray-tubes.
- Cholesteric liquid crystal (“CLC”) technology is a particularly attractive candidate for many display applications. CLC displays can be used to provide bi-stable and multi-stable displays that, owing to their stability, do not require a continuous driving circuit to maintain a display image, thereby significantly reducing power consumption. Moreover, some CLC displays can be easily viewed in ambient light without the need for back-lighting; such displays are referred to as “reflective” mode displays, while those requiring a back-light are referred to as “transmissive” mode displays. The elimination of the need for back-lighting is particularly significant in that lighting requirements typically represent approximately 90 percent of the total power consumption of conventional LC displays. The visibility of a LC display is governed in part by the contrast between quality of bright and dark states of LC cells in the display. For example, traditional normal mode CLC displays, using CLCs having a characteristic wavelength for the reflection of light in the visible spectrum, may have poor contrast because of an unfavorably low brightness to darkness ratio.
- Accordingly, to meet the growing demand for LCDs, there is a need in the art for high contrast LCDs operable in the transmissive mode.
- To address the above-described deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention provides a reverse mode direct-view liquid crystal displays employing a liquid crystal having a characteristic wavelength to reflect light in a non-visible region, including transmissive mode displays, and methods of fabricating such displays. In accordance with the principles disclosed, the basic structure of the direct-view liquid crystal display (LCD) includes a first linear polarizer, a second linear polarizer having a polarity different from the first linear polarizer, a light source behind the second linear polarizer and a cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) located in a gap between the first and second linear polarizers. At least one of the first and second linear polarizers does not form a portion of a circular polarizer. The CLC has a characteristic wavelength in a non-visible region and is capable of exhibiting planar or focal-conic states. Thus, portions of the LCD can be controlled to selectively exhibit a planar state or a focal-conic state, thereby achieving high contrast.
- The foregoing has outlined, preferred and alternative features of the present invention so that those skilled in the art may better understand the detailed description of the invention that follows. Additional features of the invention will be described hereinafter that form the subject of the claims of the invention. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they can readily use the disclosed conception and specific embodiment as a basis for designing or modifying other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention.
- For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
- FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary reverse mode transmissive LCD structure, in accordance with the principles of the present invention, and its operation when its liquid crystal is in planar and focal-conic states, respectively; and
- FIG. 2 illustrates exemplary embodiments of a method of fabricating a direct-view LCD, in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
- As further described below with reference to the exemplary embodiments, illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B, and method of fabrication, illustrated in FIG. 2, the present invention discloses the heretofore unrecognized capability to construct a direct-view LCD by combining a CLC having a characteristic intrinsic reflective wavelength, λ0, reflecting light maximally in a non-visible region of light, with two or more linear polarizers having different polarity, and a light source situated behind the second linear polarizer. At least one of the first or second polarizers does not form a portion of a circular polarizer. For purposes of the present invention, visible light is defined as the range of the light spectrum that the human visual system is relatively most sensitive to, i.e., a relative sensitivity of about greater than 5%, compared to the most sensitive wavelength, between about 450 nm to about 700 nm, with the non-visible spectrum laying above and below this range.
- In particular embodiments, the CLC comprises a mixture of a nematic liquid crystal, and a chiral dopant. The mixture may comprise about 60 percent to about 90 percent by weight of the nematic liquid crystal, with a balance of the mixture comprising the chiral dopant. In certain embodiments, the mixture contains sufficient amounts of the appropriate dopant or combination of dopants to produce a helical CLC structure having a characteristic pitch that establishes a maximum reflective wavelength within either an infrared or an ultraviolet region of the light spectrum. In an exemplary embodiment, the infrared range may be greater than 700 nm and the ultraviolet range may be less than 450 nm.
- In other embodiments, however, the infrared range may be greater than 780 nm and the ultraviolet range may be 400 nm or less. Portions of the CLC may be selectively controlled to exhibit a planar state or a focal-conic state. Portions of the CLC in the planar state within the direct-view LCD appear black to an observer, and portions of the CLC in the focal-conic state within the direct-view LCD appear white to an observer of the LCD.
- Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, illustrated is a cross-sectional view of a reverse
transmittance mode LCD 100, and its operation whenCLC 140 is in planar and focal-conic states, respectively.LCD 100 comprises a firstlinear polarizer 110, a secondlinear polarizer 120 having a polarity different from the first polarizer, the first and second linear polarizers thereby forming agap 130, aCLC 140 of the above described embodiments located in the gap, and aninternal light source 190. For example, thelight source 190 can be a conventional LCD backlight, such as an electro-luminescent panel. Thegap 130 may range from about 1 micron to about 6 microns, and in certain preferred embodiments is about 2 to 3 microns. - The
LCD 100 may also includefirst electrode 150 adjacent an inner surface of the firstlinear polarizer 110 andsecond electrode 160 adjacent an inner surface of the secondlinear polarizer 120.Electrodes electrodes electrodes CLC 140 to selectively transform to a planar or focal-conic state. When in the planar state, the CLC 140 will reflect polarized light passing through the secondlinear polarizer 120 frominternal light source 190 maximally at λ0, plus an associated bandwidth.CLC 140, however, allowsnonreflected light 180 at substantially all wavelengths of light outside of the reflected bandwidth to pass through theCLC 140 without effecting the polarity of thenonreflected light 180. When in the focal-conic state, however, theCLC 140 is operative to optically retard and scatter at all wavelengths, thereby changing the polarity of thenonreflected light 180. In certain embodiments, colored filters (not shown), located between the light source and the first linear polarizer, may be included in the LCD to provide a single or multi-colored display. - The first
linear polarizer 110 is a conventionally made linear polarizer and does not include any retarder layer, or other material producing a retarder effect, between it and theCLC 140 that would cause the firstlinear polarizer 110 to comprise part of a circular polarizer. The firstlinear polarizer 110 may preferably be positioned on the outer surface of thefirst electrode 150; those skilled in the art, however, will recognize that the firstlinear polarizer 110 alternatively could be positioned on the inner surface of thefirst electrode 150, or the firstlinear polarizer 110 could have a first electrode integrally formed therewith. - The second
linear polarizer 120, also a conventionally made linear polarizer, has a polarity different from and preferably opposite to the polarity of the firstlinear polarizer 110. Analogous to that discussed above, the secondlinear polarizer 120 is not associated with any materials that would cause it to comprise part of a circular polarizer. The secondlinear polarizer 120 may be positioned on the outer surface of thesecond electrode 160; those skilled in the art, however, will recognize that the secondlinear polarizer 120 alternatively could be positioned on the inner surface of thesecond electrode 160, or the secondlinear polarizer 120 could have a second electrode integrally formed therewith, and thereby minimize parallax effects. - With continuing reference to FIG. 1A, shown is the operation of a preferred embodiment of
LCD 100 whenCLC 140 is in the planar state.Nonreflected light 180, including visible light, is polarized as it passes through the secondlinear polarizer 120. According to the principles of the present invention, the polarity of thelight 180 is substantially unaffected as it passes through theCLC 140. Moreover, because λ0 is in the nonvisible region of the spectrum, substantially alllight 180 in the visible region of the spectrum reaching theCLC 140 will not be reflected by theCLC 140. The light 180 passing through theCLC 140, however, will not pass through the firstlinear polarizer 110 because the first andsecond polarizers linear polarizer 110 will block the exit oflight 180. In a preferred embodiment, the first and secondlinear polarizers light 180 exiting theLCD 100 is minimized. In another preferred embodiment, where λ0 is in the ultraviolet spectrum, polishing asurface 125 of secondlinear polarizer 120 at a boundary betweenCLC 140 and secondlinear polarizer 120 is thought to minimize changes to the polarity oflight 180, thereby maximizing the blockage of light 180 reaching the firstlinear polarizer 110. Thus, an observer ofLCD 100 whenCLC 140 is in the planar state will observe the LCD to be black. - Turning now to FIG. 1B, shown is the operation of a preferred embodiment of
LCD 100 whenCLC 140 is in the focal-conic state. Due to the light retarding and scattering properties ofCLC 140 when in the focal-conic state, the polarity of nonreflected light 180 passing through secondlinear polarizer 120 is altered during its passage through theCLC 140. As noted above, because λ0 is in the nonvisible region of the spectrum, substantially all light 180 in the visible region of the spectrum reaching theCLC 140 will not be reflected by theCLC 140. Consequently, at least a portion of the light 180 will have a polarity the substantially the same as the firstlinear polarizer 110, and therefore exitLCD 100. And because λ0 is in the nonvisible region of the spectrum, substantially all light in the visible region of the spectrum will pass through the CLC and appear to an observer of theLCD 100 as a white display. Thus, an observer of thetransmissive LCD 100 whenCLC 140 is in the focal-conic state will observe the LCD to be white. In one preferred embodiment, λ0 is in the infrared spectrum. In summary, theLCD 100 is capable of a substantially black and white display, corresponding to theCLC 140 in the planar and focal-conic state, respectively. - Turning now to FIG. 2, illustrated is an exemplary embodiment of a method of fabricating a reverse mode direct-
view LCD 200, in accordance with the principles of the present invention. TheLCD 200 is fabricated by placing a firstlinear polarizer 210, placing a secondlinear polarizer 220 having a polarity different from thefirst polarizer 210, wherein, as discussed above, at least one of the first andsecond polarizers polarizers gap 230. Alight source 290 is placed behind the secondlinear polarizer 220. Thegap 240 is filled with a CLC having a λ0 in a non-visible region of light and capable of exhibiting a planar state or a focal-conic state. Conventional filling techniques, such as capillary or vacuum filling, well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, may be used. Filling thegap 240 includes filling with a mixture of a nematic liquid crystal and a chiral dopant. In certain embodiments, the mixture comprises about 60 percent to about 90 percent by weight of the nematic liquid crystal and a balance of the mixture comprises the chiral dopant. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the chiral dopant may in some embodiments contain a combination of chiral dopants to produce the desired λ0 in an ultraviolet or infrared region of light. In certain embodiments, forming thegap 230 results in gaps ranging from about 1 micron to about 6 microns and in certain preferred embodiments, about 2 micron to about 3 microns. When λ0 is in the infrared region of the light spectrum, the gap is preferably about 2 microns. Fabricating theLCD 200 further includes positioning conventional first andsecond electrodes linear polarizer - Two different types of direct-view transmissive reverse-mode LCDs were prepared according to the present invention, each having a λ0 in either an infrared or ultraviolet region of the light spectrum. For all preparations, unless otherwise indicated, two pieces of four inch square glass substrates, were laminated with electrode material comprising ITO having a resistance of 60 Ω per square inch. The ITO layers were then coated with an alignment coating material of polyimide (PI-150; Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd., Houston, Tex.). The polyimide coatings were buffed anti-parallel to each other. The electrodes were then laminated to a linear polarizer and a reflector, described below, to form test cells.
- The desired electronic waveforms were applied on the cell as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,625,477, entitled, “Zero Field Multistable Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Display;” U.S. Pat. No. 5,889,566, entitled, “Multistable Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Devices Driven By Width-Dependent Voltage Pulses;” and U.S. Pat. No. 5,933,203, entitled, “Apparatus for and Method Of Driving A Cholestric Liquid Crystal Flat Panel Display,” all to Bao-Gang Wu, et. al., which are commonly assigned with the present invention, and incorporated herein by reference as if reproduced herein in its entirety. Using the apparatus described in the above cited references, every pixel of the cell can be switched between planar state and focal conic states. All nematic liquid crystals and chiral dopants were obtained from EM industries (Hawthorne, N.Y.).
- A transmissive reverse-mode type LCD (designated LCD-1) having a λ0 in the infrared range was prepared in the following way. A first linear polarizing plate, was laminated onto the first substrate. A second linear polarizing plate, was laminated onto the second substrate. Spacers were used to form a gap of about 3 microns between the polarizers. A liquid crystal mixture containing by weight about 90.1% ZLI-5400-100™ (nematic liquid crystal), and chiral dopant, comprising about 3.8% ZLI-4571™, and 6.1% ZLI-811™, was filled into the cell. In addition, a back-lighting was placed behind a linear polarizing plate that was laminated onto the backside of the cell. A second transmissive reverse-mode type LCD (designated LCD-2) having a λ0 in the ultraviolet range was prepared by filling a similarly fabricated cell with a liquid crystal mixture containing about 63.1% by weight ZLI-5400-100™, and chiral dopant comprising by weight: about 22.4% CB-15™, 6.5% ZLI-4572™, and 8.0% ZLI-3786™.
- The resulting transmissive reverse-mode type LCDs have a λ0 centered at about 780 nm and about 400 nm, for LCD-1 and LCD-2, respectively. For both LCDS, planar state and focal conic states are stable for at least one month in the absence of an electrical field. And for both LCDS, when the back-light is turned on, the planar state appears as black and the focal conics state appears as white.
- From the foregoing detailed description, it is apparent that the present application discloses novel reverse-mode direct-view liquid crystal displays employing liquid crystal having a characteristic wavelength to reflect light in the non-visible spectrum, including transmissive and transflective displays.
- Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, those skilled in the art should understand that they can make various changes, substitutions and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (34)
1. A direct-view liquid crystal display (LCD), comprising:
a first linear polarizer;
a second linear polarizer having a polarity different from said first linear polarizer, wherein at least one of said first and second linear polarizers does not form a portion of a circular polarizer;
a cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) located in a gap between said first and second linear polarizers, said CLC having a characteristic wavelength in a non-visible region and capable of exhibiting a planar state or a focal-conic state; and
a light source situated behind said second linear polarizer.
2. The direct-view LCD recited in claim 1 wherein said CLC comprises a mixture of a nematic liquid crystal and a chiral dopant.
3. The direct-view LCD recited in claim 2 wherein said mixture comprises about 60 percent to about 90 percent by weight of said nematic liquid crystal and a balance of said mixture comprising said chiral dopant.
4. The direct-view LCD recited in claim 1 wherein said gap ranges from about 1 microns to about 6 microns.
5. The direct-view LCD recited in claim 1 wherein said gap ranges from about 2 microns to about 3 microns.
6. The direct-view LCD recited in claim 1 wherein said LCD further includes an alignment coating material.
7. The direct-view LCD recited in claim 6 wherein said alignment coating material comprises a polyimide.
8. The direct-view LCD recited in claim 1 wherein said characteristic wavelength of said CLC is in an infrared region.
9. The direct-view LCD recited in claim 8 wherein said characteristic wavelength of said CLC is greater than about 780 nm.
10. The direct-view LCD recited in claim 8 wherein said characteristic wavelength of said CLC is greater than about 700 nm.
11. The direct-view LCD recited in claim 1 wherein said characteristic wavelength of said CLC is in an ultraviolet region.
12. The direct-view LCD recited in claim 11 wherein said characteristic wavelength of said CLC is less than about 380 nm.
13. The direct-view LCD recited in claim 11 wherein said characteristic wavelength of said CLC is less than about 450 nm.
14. The direct-view LCD recited in claim 11 wherein a surface of said reflector at a boundary between said CLC and said second linear polarizer is polished.
15. The direct-view LCD recited in claim 1 further comprising a first electrode beside an inner surface of said first linear polarizer and a second electrode beside an inner surface of said second linear polarizer.
16. The direct-view LCD recited in claim 1 wherein said second linear polarizer has an opposite polarity as said first linear polarizer.
17. The direct-view LCD recited in claim 1 further including one or more colored filters located between said light source and said first linear polarizer.
18. A method of fabricating a direct-view LCD comprising the steps of:
placing a first linear polarizer;
placing a second linear polarizer thereby forming a gap between said first linear polarizer and said second polarizer, said second linear polarizer having a polarity different from said first linear polarizer, wherein at least one of said first and second linear polarizers does not form a portion of a circular polarizer;
filling said gap with a cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) , said CLC having a characteristic wavelength in a non-visible region and capable of exhibiting a planar state or a focal-conic state; and
placing a light source behind said second linear polarizer.
19. The method as recited in claim 18 wherein fabricating said direct-view LCD includes said filling with said CLC comprising a mixture of a nematic liquid crystal and a chiral dopant.
20. The method as recited in claim 18 wherein fabricating said direct-view LCD includes said filling with said mixture comprising about 60 percent to about 90 percent by weight of said nematic liquid crystal and a balance of said mixture comprising said chiral dopant.
21. The method as recited in claim 18 wherein fabricating said direct-view LCD includes said forming said gap ranging from about 1 microns to about 6 microns.
22. The method as recited in claim 18 wherein fabricating said direct-view LCD includes said forming said gap ranging from about 2 microns to about 3 microns.
23. The method as recited in claim 18 wherein fabricating said direct-view LCD further includes coating said polarizer and said reflector with an alignment coating material.
24. The method as recited in claim 23 wherein fabricating said direct-view LCD further includes coating with said alignment coating material comprising a polyimide.
25. The method as recited in claim 18 wherein fabricating said direct-view LCD includes said filling said CLC having said characteristic wavelength in an infrared region.
26. The method as recited in claim 25 wherein said characteristic wavelength of said CLC is greater than about 780 nm.
27. The method as recited in claim 25 wherein said characteristic wavelength of said CLC is greater than about 700 nm.
28. The method as recited in claim 18 wherein fabricating said direct-view LCD includes said filling said CLC having said characteristic wavelength an ultraviolet region.
29. The method as recited in claim 28 wherein said characteristic wavelength of said CLC is less than about 380 nm.
30. The method as recited in claim 28 wherein said characteristic wavelength of said CLC is less than about 450 nm.
31. The method as recited in claim 28 wherein fabricating said direct-view LCD includes polishing a surface of said second linear polarizer, said surface at a boundary between said CLC and said second linear polarizer.
32. The method as recited in claim 18 wherein fabricating said direct-view LCD includes placing a first electrode beside an inner surface of said first linear polarizer and placing a second electrode beside an inner surface of said second linear polarizer.
33. The method as recited in claim 18 wherein said polarity of said second linear polarizer is opposite a polarity of said first linear polarizer.
34. The method as recited in claim 18 wherein fabricating said direct-view LCD further includes locating a colored filter between said light source and said first linear polarizer.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US10/025,436 US20020180914A1 (en) | 2001-06-04 | 2001-12-19 | Reverse transmittance mode direct-view liquid crystal display employing a liquid crystal having a characteristic wavelength in the non-visible spectrum |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US09/874,519 US6462805B1 (en) | 2001-06-04 | 2001-06-04 | Reverse-mode direct-view display employing a liquid crystal having a characteristic wavelength in the non-visible spectrum |
US10/025,436 US20020180914A1 (en) | 2001-06-04 | 2001-12-19 | Reverse transmittance mode direct-view liquid crystal display employing a liquid crystal having a characteristic wavelength in the non-visible spectrum |
Related Parent Applications (1)
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US09/874,519 Continuation-In-Part US6462805B1 (en) | 2001-06-04 | 2001-06-04 | Reverse-mode direct-view display employing a liquid crystal having a characteristic wavelength in the non-visible spectrum |
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US20020180914A1 true US20020180914A1 (en) | 2002-12-05 |
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US10/025,436 Abandoned US20020180914A1 (en) | 2001-06-04 | 2001-12-19 | Reverse transmittance mode direct-view liquid crystal display employing a liquid crystal having a characteristic wavelength in the non-visible spectrum |
US10/025,086 Abandoned US20020180913A1 (en) | 2001-06-04 | 2001-12-19 | Reverse reflectance mode direct-view liquid crystal display employing a liquid crystal having a characteristic wavelength in the non-visible spectrum |
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US09/874,519 Expired - Fee Related US6462805B1 (en) | 2001-06-04 | 2001-06-04 | Reverse-mode direct-view display employing a liquid crystal having a characteristic wavelength in the non-visible spectrum |
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US10/025,086 Abandoned US20020180913A1 (en) | 2001-06-04 | 2001-12-19 | Reverse reflectance mode direct-view liquid crystal display employing a liquid crystal having a characteristic wavelength in the non-visible spectrum |
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Cited By (2)
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US20040125284A1 (en) * | 2002-07-26 | 2004-07-01 | Lee Richard C.H. | High contrast black-and-white chiral nematic displays |
US20060023146A1 (en) * | 2004-07-29 | 2006-02-02 | Kent State University | Polymer stabilized electrically controlled birefringence transflective LCD |
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US20050156839A1 (en) * | 2001-11-02 | 2005-07-21 | Webb Homer L. | Field sequential display device and methods of fabricating same |
JP2003149682A (en) * | 2001-11-16 | 2003-05-21 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | Liquid crystal display element |
US6873393B2 (en) * | 2002-06-15 | 2005-03-29 | Yao-Dong Ma | Reflective cholesteric displays without using Bragg reflection |
US7436470B2 (en) * | 2002-07-06 | 2008-10-14 | Spyder Navigations L.L.C. | Display device having liquid crystal layer and switchable optical layer |
US6894750B2 (en) * | 2003-05-01 | 2005-05-17 | Motorola Inc. | Transflective color liquid crystal display with internal rear polarizer |
US7095466B2 (en) * | 2003-09-08 | 2006-08-22 | Yao-Dong Ma | Diffusively reflective circular polarizer formed by thermo phase separation |
US20050057707A1 (en) * | 2003-09-17 | 2005-03-17 | Yao-Dong Ma | Super white cholesteric display employing backside circular polarizer |
US7274418B2 (en) * | 2003-10-21 | 2007-09-25 | Symbol Technologies, Inc. | Method and system for improving the contrast of LCDs using circular polarization |
KR20050045433A (en) * | 2003-11-11 | 2005-05-17 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Display apparatus |
JP2005189468A (en) * | 2003-12-25 | 2005-07-14 | Konica Minolta Holdings Inc | Liquid crystal display device |
GB0401510D0 (en) * | 2004-01-23 | 2004-02-25 | Varintelligent Bvi Ltd | Novel optical configurations in high contrast chiral nematic liquid crystal displays |
US7803285B2 (en) * | 2008-07-01 | 2010-09-28 | Gentex Corporation | Liquid crystal display device and associated liquid crystal media for use in the same |
US8848158B2 (en) | 2008-07-01 | 2014-09-30 | Gentex Corporation | Liquid crystal display device and associated liquid crystal media for use in the same |
CN102981323B (en) * | 2012-12-03 | 2015-02-04 | 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 | Display panel, manufacturing method thereof and display device |
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CN104570463B (en) * | 2015-01-22 | 2017-12-08 | 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 | Display device and its manufacture method with mirror function |
CN109597225A (en) * | 2018-12-17 | 2019-04-09 | 深圳大学 | Convenient switching AR shows the display device shown with VR and dyestuff doping cholesterol liquid crystal production method |
US20200233254A1 (en) * | 2019-01-17 | 2020-07-23 | Yao-Dong Ma | Cholesteric displays employing a substrate with mirror surface |
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2001
- 2001-06-04 US US09/874,519 patent/US6462805B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-12-19 US US10/025,436 patent/US20020180914A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-12-19 WO PCT/US2001/049155 patent/WO2002099523A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-12-19 US US10/025,086 patent/US20020180913A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-12-19 WO PCT/US2001/049418 patent/WO2002099524A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
2002
- 2002-06-01 WO PCT/US2002/017296 patent/WO2002099525A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Cited By (4)
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US20040125284A1 (en) * | 2002-07-26 | 2004-07-01 | Lee Richard C.H. | High contrast black-and-white chiral nematic displays |
US20060098141A1 (en) * | 2002-07-26 | 2006-05-11 | Lee Richard C | High contrast black-and-white chiral nematic displays |
US20060023146A1 (en) * | 2004-07-29 | 2006-02-02 | Kent State University | Polymer stabilized electrically controlled birefringence transflective LCD |
US8199286B2 (en) * | 2004-07-29 | 2012-06-12 | Kent State University | Polymer stabilized electrically controlled birefringence transflective LCD |
Also Published As
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WO2002099525A1 (en) | 2002-12-12 |
WO2002099524A3 (en) | 2003-03-13 |
WO2002099524A2 (en) | 2002-12-12 |
US20020180913A1 (en) | 2002-12-05 |
US6462805B1 (en) | 2002-10-08 |
WO2002099523A1 (en) | 2002-12-12 |
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