US20020104256A1 - Diesel fuel composition - Google Patents
Diesel fuel composition Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20020104256A1 US20020104256A1 US09/732,374 US73237400A US2002104256A1 US 20020104256 A1 US20020104256 A1 US 20020104256A1 US 73237400 A US73237400 A US 73237400A US 2002104256 A1 US2002104256 A1 US 2002104256A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- fuel
- alcohol
- weight
- iso
- ketone
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 86
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 107
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- GLDOVTGHNKAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO GLDOVTGHNKAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- HLZKNKRTKFSKGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCO HLZKNKRTKFSKGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000003509 tertiary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- QDTDKYHPHANITQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-methyloctan-1-ol Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCO QDTDKYHPHANITQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-GSVOUGTGSA-N (R)-(-)-Propylene glycol Chemical compound C[C@@H](O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-GSVOUGTGSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Octanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCO KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- BBMCTIGTTCKYKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-heptanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCO BBMCTIGTTCKYKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- YIWUKEYIRIRTPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylhexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)CO YIWUKEYIRIRTPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- PLLBRTOLHQQAQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-methylnonan-1-ol Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCCO PLLBRTOLHQQAQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- LQZZUXJYWNFBMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCO LQZZUXJYWNFBMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003138 primary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- WNWHHMBRJJOGFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 16-methylheptadecan-1-ol Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO WNWHHMBRJJOGFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- AMQJEAYHLZJPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Pentanol Chemical compound CCCCCO AMQJEAYHLZJPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- MWKFXSUHUHTGQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N decan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCO MWKFXSUHUHTGQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- BXWNKGSJHAJOGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO BXWNKGSJHAJOGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCO ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ZWRUINPWMLAQRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCO ZWRUINPWMLAQRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NQDZCRSUOVPTII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 10-methylundecan-1-ol Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCCCCO NQDZCRSUOVPTII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- XUJLWPFSUCHPQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 11-methyldodecan-1-ol Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCCCCCO XUJLWPFSUCHPQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ZXUOFCUEFQCKKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 12-methyltridecan-1-ol Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCCCCCCO ZXUOFCUEFQCKKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- DLHQZZUEERVIGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,7-dimethyl-3-octanol Chemical compound CCC(C)(O)CCCC(C)C DLHQZZUEERVIGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- HXQPUEQDBSPXTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diisobutylcarbinol Chemical compound CC(C)CC(O)CC(C)C HXQPUEQDBSPXTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940043348 myristyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- GOQYKNQRPGWPLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-heptadecyl alcohol Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO GOQYKNQRPGWPLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- XFRVVPUIAFSTFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Tridecanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCO XFRVVPUIAFSTFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HVRFWRROUIDGQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4-dimethylheptan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCC(C)CC(C)CO HVRFWRROUIDGQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PCWGTDULNUVNBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methylpentan-1-ol Chemical compound CC(C)CCCO PCWGTDULNUVNBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZVHAANQOQZVVFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-methylhexan-1-ol Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCO ZVHAANQOQZVVFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BWDBEAQIHAEVLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-methylheptan-1-ol Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCO BWDBEAQIHAEVLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- JTKHUJNVHQWSAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-methyldecan-1-ol Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCCCO JTKHUJNVHQWSAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BTFJIXJJCSYFAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N arachidyl alcohol Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO BTFJIXJJCSYFAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PHTQWCKDNZKARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoamylol Chemical compound CC(C)CCO PHTQWCKDNZKARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- YLQLIQIAXYRMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylheptyl alcohol Chemical compound CCCCCC(CO)CCC YLQLIQIAXYRMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KJIOQYGWTQBHNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N undecanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCO KJIOQYGWTQBHNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001470 polyketone Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 44
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 description 19
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 8
- -1 alkyl peroxide Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 5
- BODRLKRKPXBDBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,5,5-Trimethyl-1-hexanol Chemical compound OCCC(C)CC(C)(C)C BODRLKRKPXBDBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HCFAJYNVAYBARA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-heptanone Chemical compound CCCC(=O)CCC HCFAJYNVAYBARA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 150000003333 secondary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910002089 NOx Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- HXVNBWAKAOHACI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone Chemical compound CC(C)C(=O)C(C)C HXVNBWAKAOHACI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PTTPXKJBFFKCEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Methyl-4-heptanone Chemical compound CC(C)CC(=O)CC(C)C PTTPXKJBFFKCEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SYBYTAAJFKOIEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-Methylbutan-2-one Chemical compound CC(C)C(C)=O SYBYTAAJFKOIEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PFCHFHIRKBAQGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-hexanone Chemical compound CCCC(=O)CC PFCHFHIRKBAQGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HYTRYEXINDDXJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl isopropyl ketone Chemical compound CCC(=O)C(C)C HYTRYEXINDDXJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- TVTCXPXLRKTHAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Heptadecan-2-one Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(C)=O TVTCXPXLRKTHAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric oxide Chemical compound O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCC1 JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BGTOWKSIORTVQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopentanone Chemical compound O=C1CCCC1 BGTOWKSIORTVQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000118 dimethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- JYVLIDXNZAXMDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentan-2-ol Chemical compound CCCC(C)O JYVLIDXNZAXMDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XNLICIUVMPYHGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentan-2-one Chemical compound CCCC(C)=O XNLICIUVMPYHGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RWFBQHICRCUQJJ-NUHJPDEHSA-N (S)-nicotine N(1')-oxide Chemical compound C[N+]1([O-])CCC[C@H]1C1=CC=CN=C1 RWFBQHICRCUQJJ-NUHJPDEHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GEDUSQFJZAKUOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,10-dimethylundecan-6-one Chemical compound CC(C)CCCC(=O)CCCC(C)C GEDUSQFJZAKUOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TUIWMHDSXJWXOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,5-dimethylhexan-3-one Chemical compound CC(C)CC(=O)C(C)C TUIWMHDSXJWXOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HFNWDYQEGABWQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-dimethylheptan-3-one Chemical compound CC(C)CCC(=O)C(C)C HFNWDYQEGABWQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FSDBXGZREACSJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,7-dimethyloctan-4-one Chemical compound CC(C)CCC(=O)CC(C)C FSDBXGZREACSJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JQCWLRHNAHIIGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,8-dimethylnonan-5-one Chemical compound CC(C)CCC(=O)CCC(C)C JQCWLRHNAHIIGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DCKZDPOUHNXIBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,9-dimethyldecan-5-one Chemical compound CC(C)CCCC(=O)CCC(C)C DCKZDPOUHNXIBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amine Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=CC(C=2N=C(N)SC=2)=C1 MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003225 biodiesel Substances 0.000 description 1
- OIPMQULDKWSNGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis[[ethoxy(oxo)phosphaniumyl]oxy]alumanyloxy-ethoxy-oxophosphanium Chemical compound [Al+3].CCO[P+]([O-])=O.CCO[P+]([O-])=O.CCO[P+]([O-])=O OIPMQULDKWSNGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 1
- 229960000541 cetyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003240 coconut oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019864 coconut oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- TWBHLKOHVHGYGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N docosan-2-one Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(C)=O TWBHLKOHVHGYGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013028 emission testing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002816 fuel additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002828 fuel tank Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- NVKMYPHYGJYFDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N henicosan-10-one Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)CCCCCCCCC NVKMYPHYGJYFDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CATSNJVOTSVZJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptan-2-one Chemical compound CCCCCC(C)=O CATSNJVOTSVZJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- BAWZZJVPDRSFBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N icosan-9-one Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)CCCCCCCC BAWZZJVPDRSFBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940119170 jojoba wax Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004702 methyl esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QXLPXWSKPNOQLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylpentynol Chemical compound CCC(C)(O)C#C QXLPXWSKPNOQLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BGEHHAVMRVXCGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylundecylketone Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCC=O BGEHHAVMRVXCGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen dioxide Inorganic materials O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WSGCRAOTEDLMFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonan-5-one Chemical compound CCCCC(=O)CCCC WSGCRAOTEDLMFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010747 number 6 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003346 palm kernel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019865 palm kernel oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- FDPIMTJIUBPUKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentan-3-one Chemical compound CCC(=O)CC FDPIMTJIUBPUKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009877 rendering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004291 sulphur dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010269 sulphur dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CYIFVRUOHKNECG-UHFFFAOYSA-N tridecan-2-one Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(C)=O CYIFVRUOHKNECG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ULIAPOFMBCCSPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tridecan-7-one Chemical compound CCCCCCC(=O)CCCCCC ULIAPOFMBCCSPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WENNKWXPAWNIOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N undecan-5-one Chemical compound CCCCCCC(=O)CCCC WENNKWXPAWNIOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
- C10L1/026—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for compression ignition
Definitions
- This invention relates to fuel compositions of low sulphur content which contain at least one component capable of reducing particulate emissions from the exhausts of engines which generate power by combustion of such fuels.
- diesel powered engines also generate a significant amount of particulate emissions which include inter alia soot, adsorbed hydrocarbons and sulphates, which are usually formed due to the incomplete combustion of the fuel and are hence the cause of dense black smoke emitted by such engines through the exhaust.
- particulate emissions include inter alia soot, adsorbed hydrocarbons and sulphates, which are usually formed due to the incomplete combustion of the fuel and are hence the cause of dense black smoke emitted by such engines through the exhaust.
- the oxides of sulphur have recently been reduced considerably by refining the fuel, e.g., by hydrodesulphurisation thereby reducing the sulphur levels in the fuel itself and hence in the exhaust emissions.
- the presence of particulate matter in such exhaust emission has been a more complex problem.
- oxygenates are known to facilitate the combustion of fuel to reduce the particulate matter and the use of alcohols as oxygenates has been described in the prior art especially with respect to conventional diesel fuels which have a relatively high sulphur content of, e.g., >200 ppm.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,425,790 describes the use of alcohols and glycols for reducing particulate emissions from such relatively high sulphur diesel fuels. The authors confirm that the amount of reduction in particulate matter scales roughly linearly with the oxygen content of the component added although ethers seem to be more effective for reducing particulates than alcohols for the same oxygen content.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,378,973 discloses the use of a combination of cyclohexane and an oxygenated additive for reducing particulate emissions from fuels. This document states that the beneficial effect cannot be achieved in the absence of cyclohexane. This document discloses 2-ethyl hexanol and “EPAL 1012” which comprises a mixture of normal C 6 -C 20 alcohols as the oxygenated additives. However, there is no mention of the sulphur content of such fuels.
- WO 93/24593 is primarily concerned with gasohol blends from diesel and alcohols.
- This blend must contain 20-70% by volume of ethanol or methanol, 1-15% by volume of a tertiary alkyl peroxide and 4.5-5.5% by volume of a higher straight chain alcohol.
- the straight chain alcohols disclosed have from 3-12 carbon atoms. According to this reference the presence of a tertiary alkyl peroxide is essential for the performance of the fuel since using 10% v/v alcohol performs no better than a straight diesel whereas 30% v/v of ethanol “severely degraded the engine's operation” (page 8, lines 14-19).
- WO 98/35000 relates to lubricity enhancing agents and makes no mention of controlling or reducing emission of particulate matter. This document discloses the use of primary, linear C7+ alcohols in an amount of ⁇ 5% w/w of a diesel fuel composition.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,324,335 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,465,613 both in the name of the same assignee relate to fuels produced by the Fischer-Tropsch process which also contain inter alia alcohols formed in situ in the process which is recycled to the process. Whilst several primary alcohols are disclosed most of these are linear except the reference to methyl butanol and methyl pentanol. However, the streams recycled contain a considerable amount of other components such as, e.g., aldehydes, ketones, aromatics, olefins, etc. Also, the amount of alcohols generated by this process, especially the content of branched alcohols ( ⁇ 0.5%), appears to be very low in relation to the total stream recycled. These two do refer to the use of Fischer Tropsch diesel fuels which have a sulphur content of less than 50 ppm.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,720,784 refers to fuel blends and the difficulty in rendering diesel fuels miscible with the conventionally used methanol and ethanol.
- This document purports to mitigate the problem of miscibility by adding to such formulations a C 3 (excluding n-propanol)-C 22 organic alcohol.
- the document refers to the use of higher alcohols to form single phase compositions which are not prone to separation, it is silent on the nature of the diesel fuel —for these can vary significantly in their composition from light naphtha to heavy duty diesel oils—nor indeed the effect of any of the alcohols referred to on the problems of particulate emissions when using such fuels in diesel fuel powered internal combustion engines.
- it fails to distinguish between fuel compositions which contain the lower C 1 and C 2 alcohols and compositions which contain no lower alcohols. There is no mention of the sulphur content of fuels.
- ashless diesel fuels having an ultra-low sulphur ( ⁇ 50 ppm) content are also known as Ultra Low Sulphur Automotive Diesel Oil (hereafter “ULSADO”), a density of no more than 835 kg/m 3, and a T 95 (i.e., a temperature by which 95% of the fuel has distilled) of no more than 345° C. have been developed.
- ULSADO Ultra Low Sulphur Automotive Diesel Oil
- T 95 i.e., a temperature by which 95% of the fuel has distilled
- Such fuels are considered as “clean” diesel fuels and are expected to have lower particulate emissions over a broad range of vehicles than the fuels of relatively higher sulphur content used hitherto.
- WO 92/20761 discloses compositions comprising biodiesel in which the base fuels are predominantly esters and alcohols. There is no mention in this document of reducing particulate matter from emissions.
- FIGS. 1A and 1B graphically present the data for absolute particulate matter (PM) and NO X emissions measured for a ULSADO base fuel and the base fuel containing 2% oxygen from primary, secondary and tertiary saturated aliphatic monohydric alcohol and ketone.
- FIG. 2 graphically presents and compares the emissions data relating to PM, NO X , HC, and CO for ULSADO fuel additized with primary, secondary and tertiary saturated aliphatic monohydric alcohols and ketone.
- an embodiment of the present invention is a fuel composition
- a base fuel having:
- an oxygenate selected from the group consisting of a saturated, aliphatic monohydric primary, secondary, tertiary alcohol and mixture thereof having an average of from 4-20 carbon atoms, one or more mono- or poly-ketones or keto-monohydric aliphatic alcohol having on an average 5 to 25 carbons, and mixtures of the aforesaid and alcohol(s) and ketone(s), and having no other oxygen atom in its structure.
- the fuels that may be used as base fuels comprise inter alia distillate fuels, and typically comprise a major amount of diesel fuel, jet fuel, kerosene, bunker fuel or mixtures thereof.
- the fuels, especially the diesel fuels, are suitably ashless fuels.
- the feature of an embodiment of the invention is that the addition of at least one of the aforesaid alcohol(s), ketone(s) or mixture thereof to a base fuel such as, e.g., the ULSADO base fuel—which is considered a “clean fuel”—surprisingly reduces further the particulate emissions from such so called “clean” fuels.
- a base fuel such as, e.g., the ULSADO base fuel—which is considered a “clean fuel”
- the olefin content of the fuel compositions of an embodiment of the present invention are not intended to include diesel fuels which contain substantial amounts of olefins (e.g., greater than 40% by weight) such as those produced in some of the Fischer-Tropsch processes.
- the fuel compositions of an embodiment of the present invention contain no more than 10% by weight of olefins, suitably less than 5% by weight of olefins and preferably less than 2% by weight of olefins.
- Such fuels may be produced by modified Fischer-Tropsch processes to control the olefins formed therein to below the threshold levels now specified.
- the base fuel used in the present invention has less than 10% by weight of esters, i.e., the base fuels do not include the so called biodiesels.
- the diesel fuel suitably comprises at least 70% by weight, preferably at least 80% by weight of the base fuel, more preferably greater than 85% by weight of the base fuel.
- the base fuel suitably contains greater than 1% by weight of aromatics, preferably greater than 5% by weight of aromatics and even more preferably from 5-20% by weight of aromatics.
- the base fuel suitably has a density below 855 kg/m 3 , preferably no more than 835 kg/m 3 .
- the base fuel suitably has a T 95 of no more than 345° C.
- the saturated, aliphatic, monohydric primary, secondary, tertiary alcohols used in the fuel compositions of an embodiment of the present invention may be used singly or as an admixture.
- the alcohols may also be in the form of an isomeric mixture.
- the saturated, aliphatic monohydric alcohols used in the compositions of the present invention are suitably primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohols which may be straight chain alcohols, branched chain alcohols or mixtures thereof.
- the alcohols suitably have on an average from 4-20 carbon atoms, preferably from 6-20 carbon atoms and more preferably from 8-20 carbon atoms. Particularly preferred are alcohols having on average from 9-18 carbon atoms.
- the alcohols are suitably selected from open chain alcohols, such as, e.g., pentanol, iso-pentanol, hexanol, iso-hexanol, heptanol, iso-heptanol, octanol, iso-octanol, 2-ethylhexanol, nonanol, iso-nonanol, 2-propyl heptanol, 2,4-dimethyl heptanol, decanol, iso-decanol, undecanol, iso-undecanol, dodecanol, iso-dodecanols, tridecanol, iso-tridecanol,
- open chain alcohols such as, e.g., pentanol, iso-pentanol, hexanol, iso-hexanol, heptanol, iso-heptan
- iso-nonanol represents a mixture containing approximately 85% 3,5,5-trimethyl hexanol
- iso-decanol represents a mixture of C 9 -C 11 alcohols
- iso-dodecanol represents a mixture of C 11 -C 13 alcohols
- isotri-decanol a mixture of C 12 -C 14 alcohols
- iso-tetradecanol is a mixture of linear and branched chain C 13 -C 15 alcohols.
- These alcohols belong to two families, i.e., the lauric oils (primarily from coconut oil, palm kernel oil and jojoba oil) and the stearic oils.
- Particularly preferred examples of the alcohols that may be used are iso-nonanol and iso-decanol.
- ketone includes mono- and poly-ketone or keto-monohydric aliphatic alcohol may contain straight chain or branched chain aliphatic groups and mixtures thereof attached to the central carbonyl (C ⁇ O) group, or aromatic or naphthenic groups, or mixtures of aliphatic and aromatic groups, preferably one or both of the groups are aliphatic groups which may themselves be substituted with aryl moiety (e.g., phenyl, napthyl groups, etc.), preferably the alkyl groups are unsubstituted.
- aryl moiety e.g., phenyl, napthyl groups, etc.
- the ketones suitably have on an average 5 to 25 carbon atoms, preferably on an average 5 to 21 carbon atoms, more preferably on an average of 7-21 carbons, still more preferably on an average of 7-17 carbons.
- suitable ketones include di-n-propyl ketone, cyclo-pentanone, cyclohexanone, methyl undecylketone, 8-pentadecanne, 2-hepta-decanone, 9-eicosanone, 10-heneicosanone, and 2- doeicosanone as well as alkyl derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof.
- ketones most preferred are open chain ketones such as di-ethyl ketone, methyl propyl ketone, methyl isopropyl ketone, ethyl propyl ketone, ethyl isopropyl ketone, di-n-propyl ketone, di-isopropyl ketone, isopropyl isobutyl ketone, di-n-butyl ketone, di-isobutyl ketone, di-n-pentyl ketone, di-isopentyl ketone, isobutyl isopentyl ketone, isopropyl isopentyl ketone, di-n-hexyl ketone, di-isohexyl ketone, isopentyl isohexyl ketone, and other ketones having aliphatic groups wherein each aliphatic group is independently a straight chain, singly branched chain or multiply branched chain ali
- hydrocarbons with multiple ketone functions as well as with mixed ketone and monohydric aliphatic alcohol function e.g., keto-monohydric aliphatic alcohol
- keto-monohydric aliphatic alcohol such keto-monohydric aliphatic alcohol having up to 25 carbons in total.
- the fuel compositions are suitably substantially free of C 1 -C 2 alcohols, i.e., they are present in an amount of ⁇ 5% by weight, preferably ⁇ 1% by weight, of the total composition.
- the amount of any of the oxygenates referred to above and used in the compositions of the present invention is at least 1% by weight of the total composition and is such that it is capable of providing the composition with at least 0.5% w/w of oxygen, suitably at least 1.0% by weight of oxygen and preferably at least 2% by weight of oxygen.
- the amount of oxygenate added to the composition is suitably greater than 2% by weight of the total composition, and is preferably greater than 5% w/w and more preferably greater than 7% by weight of the total composition.
- the oxygenate(s) is (are) used in an amount in the range from 7 to 60% by weight, preferably from 7 to 40 % by weight of the total composition.
- the diesel fuel composition may contain one or more conventional fuel additives, which may be added at the refinery, at the fuel distribution terminal, into the tanker, or as bottle additives purchased by the end user for addition into the fuel tank of an individual vehicle.
- additives may include cold flow improvers (also known as middle distillate flow improvers), wax antisettling additives, diesel fuel stabilizers, antioxidants, cetane improvers, combustion improvers, detergents, demulsifiers, dehazers, lubricity additives, anti-foamants, anti-static additive, conductivity improvers, corrosion inhibitors, drag reducing agents, reodorants, dyes and markers, and the like.
- Fuels compositions of an embodiment of the present invention were prepared by blending a fuel having no more than 10% by weight of olefins and no more than 10% by weight of an ester with at least 5% by weight based on the total composition of at least one saturated, aliphatic monohydric alcohol having on average from 4-20 carbon atoms, or a ketone having on an average of 5 to 25 carbons.
- the alcohols used in an embodiment of the fuel compositions were evaluated for their performance in reducing particulate emission using a single cylinder Caterpillar 3406 HD engine (which is a Cat 1Y450 engine) with gaseous emission analyses for: hydrocarbons, NO X , carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen (Horiba, Mexa-9100 DEGR) and a full dilution particulate tunnel (Horiba, DLS-9200).
- the particulates generated in the combustion process are collected on a 70 mm diameter Whatman GF/A glass fibre filter paper after the primary dilution tunnel. No secondary dilution is used.
- the filter papers used are stabilized and weighed both before and after testing. Stabilization conditions are at a temperature of 20 ⁇ 2° C. and at a relative humidity of 45 ⁇ 10%. The difference in weight measured is taken to be the mass of particulate matter collected.
- the analytical and sampling systems for particulate collection conform to EEC Directive 88/77/EEC.
- compositions and additives of the present invention are further illustrated with reference to the following Examples and Comparative Tests:
- LSADO Low sulphur automotive diesel oil (ex Esso's Fawley refinery) having the following characteristics: Density - 851 kg/m 3 KV20 (cSt) - 5.03 Sulphur content - 400 ppm T 95 - 343° C.
- ULSADO Ultra-low sulphur automotive diesel oil (ex Esso's Fawley refinery) having the following characteristics: Density - 825 kg/m 3 kV 20 (cSt) - 3.41 Sulphur content - 31 ppm T 95 - 314° C.
- Exxal®10 Isodecanol (CAS No. 93821-11-5, EINECS No. 2986966, ex Exxon Chemicals)
- Iso-nonanol A mixture rich (80+% by weight) in 3,5,5-trimethylhexanol (CAS No. 3452-97-9, EINECS 222-376-7)
- the four fuel compositions tested were: Fuel 1 - LSADO Fuel 2 - ULSADO Fuel 3 - ULSADO + 19.7% w/w Exxal ®-10 providing the fuel with 2% w/w oxygen content, and Fuel 4 - ULSADO + 18.0% w/w Isononanol providing the fuel with 2% w/w oxygen content.
- Emissions testing was carried out in a single cylinder version of the Caterpillar 3406 heavy duty engine.
- a full dilution tunnel with a primary dilution ratios of about 15:1 at low load was used for particulate collection and analysis.
- Dynamic injection timing was kept constant for the range of fuels tested and the engine was supercharged using two external Roots pumps.
- the steady state condition used for testing was at 1500 rpm and the low load condition was 60 Nm.
- the dimensions of the engine used for testing are shown in Table 1 below: TABLE 1 Engine Cat 1Y540 Bore (mm) 137.2 Stroke (mm) 165.1 Swept Volume (liters) 2.43 Compression ratio 13.37:1 Aspiration Simulated turbo-charged
- the base fuel used was a Fawley ULSADO and this was blended with the appropriate amount of oxygenate to achieve an oxygen content in the final blend of 2% by weight.
- a primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, tertiary alcohol and ketone were selected for screening.
- the fuel details are shown in Table 5.
- the VW Golf 1.9 TDI was selected.
- This vehicle is a 1.9 liter turbo-charged intercooled DI engine with an oxidation catalyst mounted very close to the engine block, exhaust gas recirculation, and an electronically controlled distributor fuel pump with a needle lift sensor allowing for closed loop control of injection timing.
- the fuel blends were tested according to a specific test protocol and involved testing a base fuel against a different test fuel each day.
- the base fuel was tested first followed by the test fuel which was tested three times in succession followed by a final base fuel test (base 1, test 1, test2, test3, base2).
- base 1, test 1, test2, test3, base2 Each of these five tests comprised a hot ECE+EUDC drive cycle. Gaseous and particulate emissions were collected for each test.
- FIG. 1A and 1B and Table 4 Shown in FIG. 1A and 1B and Table 4 are the data for absolute PM and NO X emissions measured for each fuel.
- the bars show the 95% least significant difference limits and if these do not overlap then there is said to be significant difference between fuels.
- All 4 oxygenates showed substantial and significant reductions in particulate emissions relative to the base ULSADO fuel. There was no statistically significant difference between the type of oxygenates used. All 4 oxygenated blends also generated higher absolute emissions of NO X than for the ULSADO. However, for the tertiary alcohol and the ketone these increases were only small and not statistically significant at the 95% level, as compared with the base fuel UK ULSADO.
- FIG. 2 and Table 6 shows the relative change in emissions of each oxygenated blend compared with the base fuel.
- the differences observed from FIG. 1A and 1B are clearly represented here.
- Reductions in particulate emissions varied from 19.8% (tertiary alcohol) to 22.6% (primary & secondary alcohols and ketone).
- the corresponding increases in NO X emissions relative to ULSADO were 0.5% (tertiary), 1.0% (ketone), 3.8% (primary) and 4.4% (secondary).
- the addition of an oxygenate to the base diesel fuel also had the effect of increasing HC and CO emissions, although these can be more easily controlled using an oxidation catalyst, now common on all light-duty diesel vehicles.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
- Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
Abstract
This invention relates to an ultra-low sulphur fuel composition comprising (A) a major amount of a base fuel having (a) no more than 50 ppm by weight of sulphur, (b) no more than 10% by weight of olefins and (c) no more than 10% by weight of an ester and (B) at least 1% by weight based on the total fuel composition of an oxygenate selected from its group consisting of a saturated, aliphatic monohydric alcohol having 4 to 20 carbon atoms, ketone having on an average 5 to 25 carbons and mixtures of the alcohol(s) and ketone(s) and having no other oxygen atom in its structure. These specific oxygenates further reduce particulate emissions from the exhausts of engines powered by ultra-low sulphur diesel fuels which fuels are already known to generate low particulate emissions. These oxygenates are capable of an impressive performance with respect to particulate emissions over a broad range of vehicles and driving cycles when compared with the performance of oxygenates used hitherto.
Description
- This invention relates to fuel compositions of low sulphur content which contain at least one component capable of reducing particulate emissions from the exhausts of engines which generate power by combustion of such fuels.
- Of particular interest are fuels such as diesel which are used widely in automotive transport and for providing power for heavy duty equipment due to their high fuel economy. However, one of the problems when such fuels are burned in internal combustion engines is the pollutants in the exhaust gases that are emitted into the environment. For instance, some of the most common pollutants in diesel exhausts are nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide (hereafter abbreviated as “NOX”), hydrocarbons and sulphur dioxide, and to a lesser extent carbon monoxide. In addition, diesel powered engines also generate a significant amount of particulate emissions which include inter alia soot, adsorbed hydrocarbons and sulphates, which are usually formed due to the incomplete combustion of the fuel and are hence the cause of dense black smoke emitted by such engines through the exhaust. The oxides of sulphur have recently been reduced considerably by refining the fuel, e.g., by hydrodesulphurisation thereby reducing the sulphur levels in the fuel itself and hence in the exhaust emissions. However, the presence of particulate matter in such exhaust emission has been a more complex problem. It is known that the primary cause of the particulate matter emission is incomplete combustion of the fuel and to this end attempts have been made to introduce into the fuel organic compounds which have oxygen value therein (hereafter referred to as “oxygenates”) to facilitate combustion. Oxygenates are known to facilitate the combustion of fuel to reduce the particulate matter and the use of alcohols as oxygenates has been described in the prior art especially with respect to conventional diesel fuels which have a relatively high sulphur content of, e.g., >200 ppm. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 5,425,790 describes the use of alcohols and glycols for reducing particulate emissions from such relatively high sulphur diesel fuels. The authors confirm that the amount of reduction in particulate matter scales roughly linearly with the oxygen content of the component added although ethers seem to be more effective for reducing particulates than alcohols for the same oxygen content.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,378,973 discloses the use of a combination of cyclohexane and an oxygenated additive for reducing particulate emissions from fuels. This document states that the beneficial effect cannot be achieved in the absence of cyclohexane. This document discloses 2-ethyl hexanol and “EPAL 1012” which comprises a mixture of normal C6-C20 alcohols as the oxygenated additives. However, there is no mention of the sulphur content of such fuels.
- A further reference, WO 93/24593, is primarily concerned with gasohol blends from diesel and alcohols. This blend must contain 20-70% by volume of ethanol or methanol, 1-15% by volume of a tertiary alkyl peroxide and 4.5-5.5% by volume of a higher straight chain alcohol. The straight chain alcohols disclosed have from 3-12 carbon atoms. According to this reference the presence of a tertiary alkyl peroxide is essential for the performance of the fuel since using 10% v/v alcohol performs no better than a straight diesel whereas 30% v/v of ethanol “severely degraded the engine's operation” (page 8, lines 14-19).
- WO 98/35000 relates to lubricity enhancing agents and makes no mention of controlling or reducing emission of particulate matter. This document discloses the use of primary, linear C7+ alcohols in an amount of <5% w/w of a diesel fuel composition.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,324,335 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,465,613 both in the name of the same assignee relate to fuels produced by the Fischer-Tropsch process which also contain inter alia alcohols formed in situ in the process which is recycled to the process. Whilst several primary alcohols are disclosed most of these are linear except the reference to methyl butanol and methyl pentanol. However, the streams recycled contain a considerable amount of other components such as, e.g., aldehydes, ketones, aromatics, olefins, etc. Also, the amount of alcohols generated by this process, especially the content of branched alcohols (<0.5%), appears to be very low in relation to the total stream recycled. These two do refer to the use of Fischer Tropsch diesel fuels which have a sulphur content of less than 50 ppm.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,720,784 refers to fuel blends and the difficulty in rendering diesel fuels miscible with the conventionally used methanol and ethanol. This document purports to mitigate the problem of miscibility by adding to such formulations a C3 (excluding n-propanol)-C22 organic alcohol. However, whilst the document refers to the use of higher alcohols to form single phase compositions which are not prone to separation, it is silent on the nature of the diesel fuel —for these can vary significantly in their composition from light naphtha to heavy duty diesel oils—nor indeed the effect of any of the alcohols referred to on the problems of particulate emissions when using such fuels in diesel fuel powered internal combustion engines. Furthermore, when addressing the issue of miscibility, it fails to distinguish between fuel compositions which contain the lower C1 and C2 alcohols and compositions which contain no lower alcohols. There is no mention of the sulphur content of fuels.
- More recently, ashless diesel fuels having an ultra-low sulphur (≦50 ppm) content are also known as Ultra Low Sulphur Automotive Diesel Oil (hereafter “ULSADO”), a density of no more than 835 kg/m3, and a T95 (i.e., a temperature by which 95% of the fuel has distilled) of no more than 345° C. have been developed. Such fuels are considered as “clean” diesel fuels and are expected to have lower particulate emissions over a broad range of vehicles than the fuels of relatively higher sulphur content used hitherto.
- WO 92/20761 discloses compositions comprising biodiesel in which the base fuels are predominantly esters and alcohols. There is no mention in this document of reducing particulate matter from emissions.
- FIGS. 1A and 1B graphically present the data for absolute particulate matter (PM) and NOX emissions measured for a ULSADO base fuel and the base fuel containing 2% oxygen from primary, secondary and tertiary saturated aliphatic monohydric alcohol and ketone.
- FIG. 2 graphically presents and compares the emissions data relating to PM, NOX, HC, and CO for ULSADO fuel additized with primary, secondary and tertiary saturated aliphatic monohydric alcohols and ketone.
- It has now been found that certain specific oxygenates when added to the ultra-low sulphur diesel fuels can enable the particulate emissions from the exhausts of engines powered by these relatively clean fuels to be substantially reduced further when compared with some of the additives used hitherto with little to no NOX increase.
- Accordingly, an embodiment of the present invention is a fuel composition comprising a major amount of a base fuel having:
- a. no more than 50 ppm by weight of sulphur,
- b. no more than 10% by weight of olefins,
- c. no more than 10% by weight of an ester and
- d. at least 1% by weight based on the total fuel composition of an oxygenate selected from the group consisting of a saturated, aliphatic monohydric primary, secondary, tertiary alcohol and mixture thereof having an average of from 4-20 carbon atoms, one or more mono- or poly-ketones or keto-monohydric aliphatic alcohol having on an average 5 to 25 carbons, and mixtures of the aforesaid and alcohol(s) and ketone(s), and having no other oxygen atom in its structure.
- The fuels that may be used as base fuels comprise inter alia distillate fuels, and typically comprise a major amount of diesel fuel, jet fuel, kerosene, bunker fuel or mixtures thereof. The fuels, especially the diesel fuels, are suitably ashless fuels.
- The feature of an embodiment of the invention is that the addition of at least one of the aforesaid alcohol(s), ketone(s) or mixture thereof to a base fuel such as, e.g., the ULSADO base fuel—which is considered a “clean fuel”—surprisingly reduces further the particulate emissions from such so called “clean” fuels.
- The olefin content of the fuel compositions of an embodiment of the present invention are not intended to include diesel fuels which contain substantial amounts of olefins (e.g., greater than 40% by weight) such as those produced in some of the Fischer-Tropsch processes. In any event, the fuel compositions of an embodiment of the present invention contain no more than 10% by weight of olefins, suitably less than 5% by weight of olefins and preferably less than 2% by weight of olefins. Such fuels may be produced by modified Fischer-Tropsch processes to control the olefins formed therein to below the threshold levels now specified. Furthermore, the base fuel used in the present invention has less than 10% by weight of esters, i.e., the base fuels do not include the so called biodiesels.
- The diesel fuel suitably comprises at least 70% by weight, preferably at least 80% by weight of the base fuel, more preferably greater than 85% by weight of the base fuel. The base fuel suitably contains greater than 1% by weight of aromatics, preferably greater than 5% by weight of aromatics and even more preferably from 5-20% by weight of aromatics. The base fuel suitably has a density below 855 kg/m3, preferably no more than 835 kg/m3. The base fuel suitably has a T95 of no more than 345° C.
- The saturated, aliphatic, monohydric primary, secondary, tertiary alcohols used in the fuel compositions of an embodiment of the present invention may be used singly or as an admixture. The alcohols may also be in the form of an isomeric mixture. The saturated, aliphatic monohydric alcohols used in the compositions of the present invention are suitably primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohols which may be straight chain alcohols, branched chain alcohols or mixtures thereof. The alcohols suitably have on an average from 4-20 carbon atoms, preferably from 6-20 carbon atoms and more preferably from 8-20 carbon atoms. Particularly preferred are alcohols having on average from 9-18 carbon atoms. It is particularly preferable that where a mixture of alcohols is used, and in certain instances where a single alcohol is used, said mixture or single alcohols comprises a predominate amount of at least one of the branched chain alcohol referred to herein. Thus, the alcohols are suitably selected from open chain alcohols, such as, e.g., pentanol, iso-pentanol, hexanol, iso-hexanol, heptanol, iso-heptanol, octanol, iso-octanol, 2-ethylhexanol, nonanol, iso-nonanol, 2-propyl heptanol, 2,4-dimethyl heptanol, decanol, iso-decanol, undecanol, iso-undecanol, dodecanol, iso-dodecanols, tridecanol, iso-tridecanol, tetradecanol, iso-tetradecanol, myristyl alcohol, hexadecanol, octadecanol, stearyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, eicosanol, di-isobutyl carbinol, tetrahydro-linalool and mixtures thereof, especially Exxal®-10, Exxal®-12 and Exxal®-13. In these expressions the term “iso” is generally meant to indicate a mixture of branched alcohols. For instance, iso-nonanol represents a mixture containing approximately 85% 3,5,5-trimethyl hexanol, iso-decanol represents a mixture of C9-C11 alcohols, iso-dodecanol represents a mixture of C11-C13 alcohols, isotri-decanol a mixture of C12-C14 alcohols and iso-tetradecanol is a mixture of linear and branched chain C13-C15 alcohols. Several of the alcohols referred to herein may be derived from natural sources. These alcohols, for instance, belong to two families, i.e., the lauric oils (primarily from coconut oil, palm kernel oil and jojoba oil) and the stearic oils. The lauric oils give rise to alcohols in the C6-C18 range peaking in C12-C14 (respectively C12=lauryl alcohol and C14=myristyl alcohol) alcohols. The stearic oils led to alcohols in the C14-C22 range peaking in C16-C18 (respectively C16=cetyl alcohol and C18=stearyl alcohol) alcohols. Since these are generally produced by hydrogenation of the corresponding acids or methyl esters, these alcohols are considered to be saturated alcohols. It is the intention to embrace within its scope the use of such alcohols and mixtures thereof in the fuel compositions. Particularly preferred examples of the alcohols that may be used are iso-nonanol and iso-decanol.
- The term ketone includes mono- and poly-ketone or keto-monohydric aliphatic alcohol may contain straight chain or branched chain aliphatic groups and mixtures thereof attached to the central carbonyl (C═O) group, or aromatic or naphthenic groups, or mixtures of aliphatic and aromatic groups, preferably one or both of the groups are aliphatic groups which may themselves be substituted with aryl moiety (e.g., phenyl, napthyl groups, etc.), preferably the alkyl groups are unsubstituted. The ketones suitably have on an average 5 to 25 carbon atoms, preferably on an average 5 to 21 carbon atoms, more preferably on an average of 7-21 carbons, still more preferably on an average of 7-17 carbons. Examples of suitable ketones include di-n-propyl ketone, cyclo-pentanone, cyclohexanone, methyl undecylketone, 8-pentadecanne, 2-hepta-decanone, 9-eicosanone, 10-heneicosanone, and 2- doeicosanone as well as alkyl derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof. The ketones most preferred are open chain ketones such as di-ethyl ketone, methyl propyl ketone, methyl isopropyl ketone, ethyl propyl ketone, ethyl isopropyl ketone, di-n-propyl ketone, di-isopropyl ketone, isopropyl isobutyl ketone, di-n-butyl ketone, di-isobutyl ketone, di-n-pentyl ketone, di-isopentyl ketone, isobutyl isopentyl ketone, isopropyl isopentyl ketone, di-n-hexyl ketone, di-isohexyl ketone, isopentyl isohexyl ketone, and other ketones having aliphatic groups wherein each aliphatic group is independently a straight chain, singly branched chain or multiply branched chain aliphatic group. As previously stated, also included are hydrocarbons with multiple ketone functions as well as with mixed ketone and monohydric aliphatic alcohol function (e.g., keto-monohydric aliphatic alcohol), such keto-monohydric aliphatic alcohol having up to 25 carbons in total.
- The fuel compositions are suitably substantially free of C1-C2 alcohols, i.e., they are present in an amount of <5% by weight, preferably ≦1% by weight, of the total composition.
- The amount of any of the oxygenates referred to above and used in the compositions of the present invention is at least 1% by weight of the total composition and is such that it is capable of providing the composition with at least 0.5% w/w of oxygen, suitably at least 1.0% by weight of oxygen and preferably at least 2% by weight of oxygen. Thus to achieve this composition, the amount of oxygenate added to the composition is suitably greater than 2% by weight of the total composition, and is preferably greater than 5% w/w and more preferably greater than 7% by weight of the total composition. Typically, the oxygenate(s) is (are) used in an amount in the range from 7 to 60% by weight, preferably from 7 to 40 % by weight of the total composition. Within these ranges, it would be possible to use a relatively low amount of a specific oxygenate, if said oxygenate has a relatively high oxygen content and conversely, one may have to use a higher amount of a particular oxygenate, if it is relatively low in oxygen content. This improved performance in reducing particulate emission is achieved without recourse to the use of further additives such as, e.g., cyclohexane or peroxides or the use of aromatic alcohols. A further feature is that these oxygenates are capable of an impressive performance with respect to particulate emissions over a broad range of vehicles and driving cycles when compared with the performance of esters, glycols and ethers used hitherto for this purpose which perform only over a restricted range of vehicles and driving cycles. An additional feature is that the particulate reduction is obtained with little to no increase in NOx emissions at high engine loads.
- The diesel fuel composition may contain one or more conventional fuel additives, which may be added at the refinery, at the fuel distribution terminal, into the tanker, or as bottle additives purchased by the end user for addition into the fuel tank of an individual vehicle. These additives may include cold flow improvers (also known as middle distillate flow improvers), wax antisettling additives, diesel fuel stabilizers, antioxidants, cetane improvers, combustion improvers, detergents, demulsifiers, dehazers, lubricity additives, anti-foamants, anti-static additive, conductivity improvers, corrosion inhibitors, drag reducing agents, reodorants, dyes and markers, and the like.
- Fuels compositions of an embodiment of the present invention were prepared by blending a fuel having no more than 10% by weight of olefins and no more than 10% by weight of an ester with at least 5% by weight based on the total composition of at least one saturated, aliphatic monohydric alcohol having on average from 4-20 carbon atoms, or a ketone having on an average of 5 to 25 carbons.
- The alcohols used in an embodiment of the fuel compositions were evaluated for their performance in reducing particulate emission using a single cylinder Caterpillar 3406 HD engine (which is a Cat 1Y450 engine) with gaseous emission analyses for: hydrocarbons, NOX, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen (Horiba, Mexa-9100 DEGR) and a full dilution particulate tunnel (Horiba, DLS-9200). The particulates generated in the combustion process are collected on a 70 mm diameter Whatman GF/A glass fibre filter paper after the primary dilution tunnel. No secondary dilution is used. The filter papers used are stabilized and weighed both before and after testing. Stabilization conditions are at a temperature of 20±2° C. and at a relative humidity of 45±10%. The difference in weight measured is taken to be the mass of particulate matter collected. The analytical and sampling systems for particulate collection conform to EEC Directive 88/77/EEC.
- The performance of the compositions and additives of the present invention are further illustrated with reference to the following Examples and Comparative Tests:
- In this Example the following base fuels and alcohols are used:
- LSADO—Low sulphur automotive diesel oil (ex Esso's Fawley refinery) having the following characteristics:
Density - 851 kg/m3 KV20 (cSt) - 5.03 Sulphur content - 400 ppm T95 - 343° C. - ULSADO—Ultra-low sulphur automotive diesel oil (ex Esso's Fawley refinery) having the following characteristics:
Density - 825 kg/m3 kV20 (cSt) - 3.41 Sulphur content - 31 ppm T95 - 314° C. -
Exxal® 10—Isodecanol (CAS No. 93821-11-5, EINECS No. 2986966, ex Exxon Chemicals) - Iso-nonanol—A mixture rich (80+% by weight) in 3,5,5-trimethylhexanol (CAS No. 3452-97-9, EINECS 222-376-7)
- PM—Particulate Matter
- The four fuel compositions tested were:
Fuel 1 - LSADO Fuel 2 - ULSADO Fuel 3 - ULSADO + 19.7% w/w Exxal ®-10 providing the fuel with 2% w/w oxygen content, and Fuel 4 - ULSADO + 18.0% w/w Isononanol providing the fuel with 2% w/w oxygen content. - Emissions testing was carried out in a single cylinder version of the Caterpillar 3406 heavy duty engine. A full dilution tunnel with a primary dilution ratios of about 15:1 at low load was used for particulate collection and analysis. Dynamic injection timing was kept constant for the range of fuels tested and the engine was supercharged using two external Roots pumps. The steady state condition used for testing was at 1500 rpm and the low load condition was 60 Nm. The dimensions of the engine used for testing are shown in Table 1 below:
TABLE 1 Engine Cat 1Y540 Bore (mm) 137.2 Stroke (mm) 165.1 Swept Volume (liters) 2.43 Compression ratio 13.37:1 Aspiration Simulated turbo-charged - Each fuel was tested over 6 days in a randomized fuel test sequence for each day to simulate varied driving conditions. Particulate emissions from the engine exhausts were collected on two filter papers for 10 minutes each and these results were averaged to generate the data point for each fuel for each day.
- The resultant particulate results are listed in Table 2 below for each fuel averaged over 6 test repeats as a % change compared to LSADO, the base diesel fuel with 400 ppm sulphur.
TABLE 2 Blend % Change Quantity Oxygen PM Mass compared to Fuel Type (wt %) (wt %) (g/kWh) LSADO 1 - LSADO 0.0 0.0 0.485 0.0 2 - ULSADO 0.0 0.0 0.377 −22.4 3 - ULSADO + Exxal ®-10 19.7 2.0 0.339 −30.1 4 - ULSADO + Iso-nonanol 18.0 2.0 0.329 −32.3 - From the above results it can be seen that the use of ULSADO did reduce the particulate matter emissions under the low load conditions used by 22.4% when compared with the LSADO fuel. However, upon addition of the branched chain alcohols according to an embodiment of the present invention, the particulate matter emissions were surprisingly reduced a further 7.7% for Exxal®-10 and 9.9% for Iso-nonanol compared to the ULSADO fuel without these additives thus resulting in a total particulate matter reduction in the emissions of 30.1% and 32.3% respectively relative to the LSADO fuel. Both these reductions are substantial and were surprisingly large since the emissions from ULSADO as such were already quite low.
- The base fuel used was a Fawley ULSADO and this was blended with the appropriate amount of oxygenate to achieve an oxygen content in the final blend of 2% by weight. A primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, tertiary alcohol and ketone were selected for screening. The fuel details are shown in Table 5.
TABLE 3 Blend % weight Ref. Fuel Description oxygenate UK ULSADO Base Fuel 0 TO Base + Isodecanol Primary: Exxal 1018.74 TL Base + Dimethyl Secondary: Di-isobutyl carbinol 18.0 Heptanol TN Base + Dimethyl Tertiary: Tetrahydrolinalool 19.75 Octanol TM Base + Dimethyl Ketone: Di-isobutyl ketone 17.75 Heptanone - Testing was carried out on a single vehicle. The VW Golf 1.9 TDI was selected. This vehicle is a 1.9 liter turbo-charged intercooled DI engine with an oxidation catalyst mounted very close to the engine block, exhaust gas recirculation, and an electronically controlled distributor fuel pump with a needle lift sensor allowing for closed loop control of injection timing.
- The fuel blends were tested according to a specific test protocol and involved testing a base fuel against a different test fuel each day. The base fuel was tested first followed by the test fuel which was tested three times in succession followed by a final base fuel test (base 1, test 1, test2, test3, base2). Each of these five tests comprised a hot ECE+EUDC drive cycle. Gaseous and particulate emissions were collected for each test.
- Results and Discussion
- Shown in FIG. 1A and 1B and Table 4 are the data for absolute PM and NOX emissions measured for each fuel. In the Figures the bars show the 95% least significant difference limits and if these do not overlap then there is said to be significant difference between fuels. All 4 oxygenates showed substantial and significant reductions in particulate emissions relative to the base ULSADO fuel. There was no statistically significant difference between the type of oxygenates used. All 4 oxygenated blends also generated higher absolute emissions of NOX than for the ULSADO. However, for the tertiary alcohol and the ketone these increases were only small and not statistically significant at the 95% level, as compared with the base fuel UK ULSADO.
- FIG. 2 and Table 6 shows the relative change in emissions of each oxygenated blend compared with the base fuel. The differences observed from FIG. 1A and 1B are clearly represented here. Reductions in particulate emissions varied from 19.8% (tertiary alcohol) to 22.6% (primary & secondary alcohols and ketone). The corresponding increases in NOX emissions relative to ULSADO were 0.5% (tertiary), 1.0% (ketone), 3.8% (primary) and 4.4% (secondary). The addition of an oxygenate to the base diesel fuel also had the effect of increasing HC and CO emissions, although these can be more easily controlled using an oxidation catalyst, now common on all light-duty diesel vehicles. The increase in HC and CO emissions do not outweigh the significance and importance of the reduction in particulate matter.
TABLE 4 CO CO2 HC NOx PM Fuel g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km ULSADO 0.230 130.1 0.064 0.479 0.047 Primary 0.297 128.5 0.071 0.497 0.037 Secondary 0.292 128.4 0.077 0.500 0.037 Tertiary 0.270 129.4 0.075 0.481 0.038 Ketone 0.280 128.2 0.081 0.484 0.037 Difference from ULSADO base [%] Fuel CO CO2 HC NOx PM Primary 29.27095 −1.2042 9.98703 3.827418 −22.6033 Secondary 27.23975 −1.28107 19.84436 4.384134 −22.6033 Tertiary 17.51904 −0.56367 16.73152 0.487126 −19.7889 Ketone 22.01668 −1.46042 26.07004 0.974252 −22.6033 - This data demonstrates that secondary and tertiary alcohols and ketone produce a similar level of reduction in particulate emissions from base fuel to that previously demonstrated with a primary alcohol.
Claims (12)
1. A fuel composition comprising:
(A) a major amount of a base fuel having
a. no more than 50 ppm by weight of sulphur,
b. no more than 10% by weight of olefins,
c. no more than 10% by weight of an ester and
(B) at least 1% by weight based on the total fuel composition of an oxygenate selected from the group consisting of saturated, aliphatic monohydric primary, secondary, tertiary alcohol and mixtures thereof having an average of from 4-20 carbon atoms, one or more mono- or poly-ketone or keto-monohydric aliphatic alcohol having on an average 5 to 25 carbons, and mixtures of the aforesaid alcohol(s) and ketone(s) and having no other oxygen atom in its structure.
2. The composition according to claim 1 wherein the fuel is an ashless diesel fuel.
3. The composition according to claim 1 wherein the fuel composition contains less than 5% by weight of olefins.
4. The composition according to claim 1 wherein the base fuel has a density below 850 kg/m3 and a T95 of no more than 345° C.
5. The composition according to claim 1 wherein the alcohol has on average from 9-20 carbon atoms.
6. The composition according to claim 1 wherein the saturated, aliphatic monohydric alcohol is a primary alcohol.
7. The composition according to claim 1 wherein the saturated aliphatic monohydric alcohol is a branched chain alcohol.
8. The composition according to claim 1 wherein the ketone has on an average 5 to 21 carbons.
9. The composition according to claim 1 wherein the ketone has on an average 7 to 15 carbons.
10. The composition according to claim 1 wherein the saturated aliphatic monohydric alcohol is selected from pentanol, iso-pentanol, hexanol, iso-hexanol, heptanol, iso-heptanol, octanol, iso-octanol, 2-ethylhexanol, nonanol, iso-nonanol, 2-propyl heptanol, 2,4-dimethyl heptanol, decanol, iso-decanol, undecanol, iso-undecanol, dodecanol, iso-dodecanol, tridecanol, iso-tridecanol, tetradecanol, iso-tetradecanol, myristyl alcohol, hexadecanol, octadecanol, stearyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, eicosanol, diisobutyl carbinol, tetrahydrolinalool, and mixtures thereof.
11. The composition according to claim 1 wherein the oxygenate is used in an amount such that the final fuel composition has at least 0.5% w/w of oxygen.
12. A method of reducing particulate emissions from an internal combustion engine powered by a fuel composition comprising a major amount of a base fuel having
a. no more than 50 ppm by weight of sulphur,
b. no more than 10% by weight of olefins, and
c. no more than 10% by weight of an ester
said method comprising blending said base fuel with at least 1% by weight based on the total fuel composition of an oxygenate selected from the group consisting of saturated, aliphatic monohydric primary, secondary, tertiary alcohol and mixtures thereof having an average of from 4-20 carbon atoms, one or more mono- or polyketone or keto-monohydric alcohol having on an average 5 to 25 carbons, and mixtures of the aforesaid alcohol(s) and ketone(s), and having no other oxygen atom in its structure.
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/732,374 US6447557B1 (en) | 1999-12-21 | 2000-12-07 | Diesel fuel composition |
CA002393848A CA2393848A1 (en) | 1999-12-21 | 2000-12-20 | Particulate emissions |
EP00986615A EP1290112A1 (en) | 1999-12-21 | 2000-12-20 | Diesel fuel composition |
JP2001546846A JP2003533549A (en) | 1999-12-21 | 2000-12-20 | Diesel fuel composition |
PCT/US2000/034623 WO2001046348A1 (en) | 1999-12-21 | 2000-12-20 | Diesel fuel composition |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US17291499P | 1999-12-21 | 1999-12-21 | |
US09/732,374 US6447557B1 (en) | 1999-12-21 | 2000-12-07 | Diesel fuel composition |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20020104256A1 true US20020104256A1 (en) | 2002-08-08 |
US6447557B1 US6447557B1 (en) | 2002-09-10 |
Family
ID=26868594
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/732,374 Expired - Lifetime US6447557B1 (en) | 1999-12-21 | 2000-12-07 | Diesel fuel composition |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6447557B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1290112A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2003533549A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2393848A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001046348A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7257945B2 (en) | 2003-02-10 | 2007-08-21 | U T Battelle, Llc | Stripping ethanol from ethanol-blended fuels for use in NOx SCR |
CN102533350A (en) * | 2010-12-23 | 2012-07-04 | 吴跃增 | Alcohol base liquid fuel |
US11261391B1 (en) * | 2014-04-18 | 2022-03-01 | National Technology & Engineering Solutions Of Sandia, Llc | Fuel and fuel blend for internal combustion engine |
Families Citing this family (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6458176B2 (en) * | 1999-12-21 | 2002-10-01 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Diesel fuel composition |
US6716258B2 (en) * | 1999-12-21 | 2004-04-06 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Fuel composition |
JP2003524697A (en) * | 2000-02-14 | 2003-08-19 | ザ、プロクター、エンド、ギャンブル、カンパニー | Synthetic jet and diesel fuel compositions and methods |
US20050215441A1 (en) * | 2002-03-28 | 2005-09-29 | Mackney Derek W | Method of operating internal combustion engine by introducing detergent into combustion chamber |
US7402187B2 (en) | 2002-10-09 | 2008-07-22 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | Recovery of alcohols from Fischer-Tropsch naphtha and distillate fuels containing the same |
US6824574B2 (en) | 2002-10-09 | 2004-11-30 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | Process for improving production of Fischer-Tropsch distillate fuels |
US7615085B2 (en) * | 2003-11-04 | 2009-11-10 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Composition and method to reduce peroxides in middle distillate fuels containing oxygenates |
US7501054B2 (en) * | 2004-10-07 | 2009-03-10 | Intevep, S.A. | Oxygen-containing diesel fuel, process and catalyst for producing same |
US8217193B2 (en) * | 2005-02-28 | 2012-07-10 | Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University | Modified fatty acid esters and method of preparation thereof |
WO2006093877A1 (en) * | 2005-02-28 | 2006-09-08 | Michigan State University | Improved biodiesel additive and method of preparation thereof |
WO2007102948A2 (en) | 2006-02-03 | 2007-09-13 | Eastman Chemical Company | Antioxidant compositions useful in biodiesel and other fatty acid and acid ester compositions |
AU2007267033B2 (en) | 2006-05-26 | 2012-05-24 | Amyris, Inc. | Production of isoprenoids |
EP2038530A4 (en) * | 2006-05-26 | 2011-04-27 | Amyris Biotechnologies Inc | Fuel components, fuel compositions and methods of making and using same |
DK2115102T3 (en) * | 2007-01-15 | 2017-08-28 | Univ Eindhoven Tech | LIQUID FUEL COMPOSITION AND APPLICATION THEREOF |
US20080282606A1 (en) * | 2007-04-16 | 2008-11-20 | Plaza John P | System and process for producing biodiesel |
US8101921B2 (en) * | 2007-06-04 | 2012-01-24 | Carl Zeiss Sms Ltd | Apparatus and method for inducing controllable jets in liquids |
KR20100107473A (en) * | 2007-12-21 | 2010-10-05 | 그라세 게엠베하 운트 캄파니 카게 | Treatment of biofuels |
US9476004B2 (en) | 2009-09-08 | 2016-10-25 | Technische Universiteit Eindhoven | Liquid fuel composition and the use thereof |
Family Cites Families (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4207078A (en) * | 1979-04-25 | 1980-06-10 | Texaco Inc. | Diesel fuel containing manganese tricarbonyl and oxygenated compounds |
US4378973A (en) | 1982-01-07 | 1983-04-05 | Texaco Inc. | Diesel fuel containing cyclohexane, and oxygenated compounds |
CA1202927A (en) | 1983-01-07 | 1986-04-08 | Michael Lancaster | Process for upgrading hydrocarbon fuels |
US4632675A (en) | 1984-08-10 | 1986-12-30 | Northeastern University | Process for stabilization of coal liquid fractions |
US5324335A (en) | 1986-05-08 | 1994-06-28 | Rentech, Inc. | Process for the production of hydrocarbons |
US5645613A (en) | 1992-04-13 | 1997-07-08 | Rentech, Inc. | Process for the production of hydrocarbons |
KR0151712B1 (en) | 1988-11-08 | 1998-10-15 | 피터 챨스 보우덴 | The oxidation of saturated hydrocarbon chains |
DE3838918A1 (en) | 1988-11-17 | 1990-05-23 | Basf Ag | FUELS FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES |
DE4116905C1 (en) | 1991-05-23 | 1992-08-13 | Tessol Kraftstoffe, Mineraloele Und Tankanlagen Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart, De | |
WO1993024593A1 (en) | 1992-06-02 | 1993-12-09 | Greenbranch Enterprises, Inc. | A phase stabilized alcohol based diesel fuel containing ignition additives |
US5425790A (en) | 1992-12-23 | 1995-06-20 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Diesel fuel |
WO1995003376A1 (en) | 1993-07-26 | 1995-02-02 | Victorian Chemical International Pty. Ltd. | Fuel blends |
US5308365A (en) | 1993-08-31 | 1994-05-03 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Diesel fuel |
GB9502041D0 (en) | 1995-02-02 | 1995-03-22 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc | Additives and fuel oil compositions |
US5689031A (en) * | 1995-10-17 | 1997-11-18 | Exxon Research & Engineering Company | Synthetic diesel fuel and process for its production |
US5807413A (en) | 1996-08-02 | 1998-09-15 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Synthetic diesel fuel with reduced particulate matter emissions |
ZA98619B (en) | 1997-02-07 | 1998-07-28 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Alcohol as lubricity additives for distillate fuels |
US5814109A (en) | 1997-02-07 | 1998-09-29 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Diesel additive for improving cetane, lubricity, and stability |
JP3948796B2 (en) | 1997-09-30 | 2007-07-25 | 新日本石油株式会社 | Unleaded gasoline for in-cylinder direct injection gasoline engines |
ATE302257T1 (en) | 1997-10-28 | 2005-09-15 | Univ Kansas Ct For Res Inc | FUEL MIXTURE FOR COMPRESSION IGNITION MACHINE WITH LIGHT SYNTHETIC RAW AND MIXED INGREDIENTS |
-
2000
- 2000-12-07 US US09/732,374 patent/US6447557B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-12-20 CA CA002393848A patent/CA2393848A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-12-20 WO PCT/US2000/034623 patent/WO2001046348A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-12-20 JP JP2001546846A patent/JP2003533549A/en active Pending
- 2000-12-20 EP EP00986615A patent/EP1290112A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7257945B2 (en) | 2003-02-10 | 2007-08-21 | U T Battelle, Llc | Stripping ethanol from ethanol-blended fuels for use in NOx SCR |
US20080028744A1 (en) * | 2003-02-10 | 2008-02-07 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Method for Increasing Catalyst Temperature Using Ethanol-Blended Diesel Fuels |
US20080041037A1 (en) * | 2003-02-10 | 2008-02-21 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Method for Reducing NOx Emissions from Ethanol-Blended Diesel Fuels |
CN102533350A (en) * | 2010-12-23 | 2012-07-04 | 吴跃增 | Alcohol base liquid fuel |
US11261391B1 (en) * | 2014-04-18 | 2022-03-01 | National Technology & Engineering Solutions Of Sandia, Llc | Fuel and fuel blend for internal combustion engine |
US20220081631A1 (en) * | 2014-04-18 | 2022-03-17 | National Technology & Engineering Solutions Of Sandia, Llc | Fuel and fuel blend for internal combustion engine |
US11674099B2 (en) * | 2014-04-18 | 2023-06-13 | National Technology & Engineering Solutions Of Sandia, Llc | Fuel and fuel blend for internal combustion engine |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US6447557B1 (en) | 2002-09-10 |
CA2393848A1 (en) | 2001-06-28 |
WO2001046348A1 (en) | 2001-06-28 |
JP2003533549A (en) | 2003-11-11 |
EP1290112A1 (en) | 2003-03-12 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US6447557B1 (en) | Diesel fuel composition | |
US6458176B2 (en) | Diesel fuel composition | |
US6447558B1 (en) | Diesel fuel composition | |
Akasaka et al. | Exhaust emissions of a DI diesel engine fueled with blends of biodiesel and low sulfur diesel fuel | |
EP0861882B1 (en) | Fuel oil composition for diesel engines | |
US7323020B2 (en) | Method for making a fuel for a modified spark ignition combustion engine, a fuel for a modified spark ignition combustion engine and a fuel additive for a conventional spark ignition combustion engine | |
US4378973A (en) | Diesel fuel containing cyclohexane, and oxygenated compounds | |
McCormick et al. | Fuel additive and blending approaches to reducing NOx emissions from biodiesel | |
ZA200205833B (en) | Method of reducing the vapour pressure of ethanol-containing motor fuels for spark ignition combustion engines. | |
Akasaka et al. | Effects of oxygenated fuel and cetane improver on exhaust emission from heavy-duty DI diesel engines | |
US5314511A (en) | Diesel fuel | |
DK2115102T3 (en) | LIQUID FUEL COMPOSITION AND APPLICATION THEREOF | |
US6468319B1 (en) | Diesel fuel containing ester to reduce emissions | |
US20130240404A1 (en) | Diesel fuel and a method of operating a diesel engine | |
US6716258B2 (en) | Fuel composition | |
NL1033228C2 (en) | Liquid fuel composition useful in compression-ignition engine, comprises a mixture of hydrocarbons containing a cyclic hydrocarbon compound having at least five carbon atoms and at least one oxygen atom | |
US20020151756A1 (en) | Method for reducing emissions from high pressure common rail fuel injection diesel engines | |
GB2368594A (en) | Fuel compositions with reduced soot emissions |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: EXXONMOBIL RESEARCH & ENGINEERING COMPANY, NEW JER Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:YEH, LISA I.;MILLER, RICHARD C.;CAERS, FAF F.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:011415/0070;SIGNING DATES FROM 20010215 TO 20010312 |
|
STCF | Information on status: patent grant |
Free format text: PATENTED CASE |
|
FPAY | Fee payment |
Year of fee payment: 4 |
|
FPAY | Fee payment |
Year of fee payment: 8 |
|
FPAY | Fee payment |
Year of fee payment: 12 |