US20020090593A1 - Dental implant with variable profile thread - Google Patents
Dental implant with variable profile thread Download PDFInfo
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- US20020090593A1 US20020090593A1 US09/757,924 US75792401A US2002090593A1 US 20020090593 A1 US20020090593 A1 US 20020090593A1 US 75792401 A US75792401 A US 75792401A US 2002090593 A1 US2002090593 A1 US 2002090593A1
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- implant
- thread
- coronal
- apical
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
- A61C8/00—Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools
- A61C8/0018—Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools characterised by the shape
- A61C8/0022—Self-screwing
Definitions
- the disclosures herein relate generally to dental implants and more particularly to a screw form dental implant having a variable profile thread.
- the osseous anatomy of the human jaw is complex. While the density of the bone in the anterior regions of the mandible and maxilla is high, the posterior regions, particularly in the maxilla, are of significantly lower density. The height of the bony ridge in the posterior maxilla can be greatly reduced in partially or totally edentulous patients. This can lead to the need for use of shorter dental implants or grafting procedures in the nasal sinus in order to increase the height of bone available for implant placement.
- the nasal sinus is lined by a membrane called the nasal or schneiderian membrane. Damage to this membrane during implant placement must be avoided.
- the mandibular nerve is located within the mandibular canal. Damage to the mandibular nerve must also be avoided. Inadvertent placement of a dental implant into the mandibular canal increases the risk of mandibular nerve damage, particularly if the implant has sharp surfaces at its apical end.
- Implants of various tapers and with various thread profiles are known in the art.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,427,527 describes a conical implant design that is placed into a cylindrical osteotomy site in order to induce bone compression at the coronal aspect of the implant, i.e. at its widest end.
- a variety of thread profiles and patterns are known in the art. The most common design involves a symmetrical, V-shaped appearance such as that illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,897,319.
- a variable thread profile is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,435,723 and 5,527,183 which is mathematically optimized for stress transfer under occlusal loads.
- U.S. Pat. No. 3,797,113 and 3,849,887 describe dental implants with external thread-like features having a flat shelf facing the coronal end of the implant.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,932,868 discloses a thread design with a flat surface disposed toward the apical end of the implant.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,007,835 discloses a screw-type dental implant with rounded threads for providing controlled radial osteocompressive force against the walls of a pre-tapped bone site.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,628,630 discloses a method for designing dental implants to optimize and control stress transfer to surrounding bone including a thread design that changes from a sharp, highly angled profile at the apical end of the implant to a flat, nearly square profile at the coronal end, the goal being to control the surface area presented to occlusal forces.
- a dental implant having a variable profile thread includes a body having a coronal end and an apical end.
- the body includes a tapered region adjacent the apical end.
- a variable width helical thread extends along the tapered region.
- the thread has an apical side, a coronal side, and a width defined between the apical and coronal sides.
- the variable width is expanded in the direction of the coronal end. As a result, the least width of the thread is adjacent the apical end and the greatest width of the thread is adjacent the coronal end.
- a principal advantage of this embodiment is that a dental implant is provided that addresses the problems described above. It has a unique combination of implant body and thread profile that enhances stability in low-density bone and considers proximity to the sinus membrane and the mandibular nerve.
- FIG. 1 is a side elevation view illustrating an embodiment of a dental implant of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 2 - 2 of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 3 is a partial section S taken from FIG. 2.
- FIG. 4 is a side elevation view illustrating another embodiment of a dental implant of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 5 - 5 of FIG. 4.
- FIG. 6 is an isometric view illustrating a further embodiment of a dental implant of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of an implant 10 of this disclosure.
- the implant 10 has a coronal end 12 and an apical end 14 .
- the implant 10 has five distinct regions. At the most coronal aspect is an implant-prosthetic interface region 16 . Moving from the coronal to the apical ends is an optional mechanical stop region 18 , an optional cylindrical region 20 , a tapered region 22 , and a rounded end region 24 .
- An internal threaded portion 11 is provided for the attachment of prosthetic components (not shown).
- the interface region 16 provides mechanical interlock between the implant 10 and the prosthetic components (not shown) attached to the implant 10 .
- Interface region 16 also provides a means of applying torque to the implant 10 and thus driving the implant 10 into the selected site.
- the interface region 16 can be any of a number of known interfaces, including external splines 50 or polygons, or internal geometric shapes such as polygons or Morse tapers.
- the mechanical stop region 18 is sharply tapered so that when the implant 10 is screwed into a prepared osteotomy, a taper 26 limits inadvertently placing the implant 10 too deeply.
- the cylindrical region 20 and the tapered region 22 have on their external surfaces a thread 28 of novel profile.
- the rounded end region 24 has no sharp edges or thread.
- the external thread 28 includes a progressively changing profile.
- the thread 28 is sharp and narrow in order to facilitate cutting and self-tapping into bone.
- the thread 28 is set back from the apical end 14 .
- the increasing breadth of thread 28 facilitates compression of low-density bone previously tapped by the sharp coronal thread profile. Bone compression increases the stability of the implant 10 .
- the external thread 28 may have a flat shelf 30 and rounded tip 32 , which are most pronounced at the thread's coronal end 12 .
- the flat shelf 30 provides support against implant micromotion imposed by axial loads, particularly important in low-density bone. Thread 28 is profiled so that a path cut or created in the bone is gradually broadened by compression due to the progressively broader thread 28 .
- FIGS. 2 and 3 more particularly illustrate the variable profile thread 28 .
- the thread 28 is set back from the rounded end region 24 of the apical end 14 by a distance D.
- Each turn T of thread 28 is of a different profile from each other turn T of thread 28 .
- implant 10 includes a plurality of turns T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , . . . T N .
- Each turn T includes an apical side A and a coronal side C.
- a width W is defined between the apical side A and the coronal side C of each turn T. The width varies by being continuously expanded in the direction of the coronal end 12 .
- a first turn T 1 includes an apical side A 1 , a coronal side C 1 , and a width W 1 .
- a second turn T 2 includes an apical side A 2 , a coronal side C 2 , and a width W 2 .
- the same pattern is repeated for turns T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , . . . T N . so that a least width W 1 , of the thread 28 is adjacent the apical end 14 , and a greatest width W N is adjacent the coronal end 12 .
- the thread 28 of FIGS. 1 - 3 includes the flat shelf 30 as discussed above. However, the same variable width pattern discussed above is present in a V-shaped thread as illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5.
- a circumferential face F is included on some turns of thread 28 .
- the face F is preferably flat and is not included on the self-tapping portion of the thread 28 , adjacent the apical end 14 , but is provided as each turn progressively widens toward the coronal end 12 .
- the face F is substantially perpendicular to the shelf 30 .
- the interface region 16 includes splines 50 whereas, the interface region 16 ′ of a single-stage embodiment 10 ′ of FIG. 6, may optionally include a socket 17 having a plurality of sides 19 , e.g. a hex socket.
- the embodiment of FIG. 6 does not include a sharply tapered mechanical stop as is illustrated at 18 in FIGS. 1, 2, 4 and 5 , but instead includes a gradually tapered portion 18 ′.
- the gradually tapered portion 18 ′ allows for more freedom in placement depth to adjust the distance that the transgingival collar protrudes from the bone.
- an alternate single 1 stage embodiment 10 ′′′ illustrated in FIG. 8, includes an interface region 16 ′′′ including a second angled portion 18 ′′ which acts as a stop.
- the implant can be placed into a pre-drilled osteotomy site that either matches the external diameter of the implant body, that is, the narrowest diameter between threads, or into a site that is narrower than the external diameter of the implant. Placing the implant into a narrower site will provide additional bone compression, and therefore greater initial stability.
- this embodiment provides unique advantages by providing a dental implant fixture particularly suited for use in lower density bone, such as that found in the posterior mandible and maxilla.
- the implant features a tapered profile and a unique external thread profile that offers superior stability when it is implanted in low density bone.
- the implant tapers down in diameter beginning at a point about 2-3 mm from below the top surface of the implant.
- the external thread changes profile from the coronal to the apical ends of the implant fixture, having a sharp, narrow profile at the extreme apical end, particularly suited for cutting into non-tapped bone, and having a broad, rounded profile at the coronal end, particularly suited for compression of bone tapped by the thread at the apical end.
- the thread profile has a flat shelf on its apical aspect, being most pronounced at the coronal end of the implant and being less pronounced at the apical end of the implant.
- the implant At its coronal end, the implant has a flared region that acts as a mechanical stop, serving to limit over-insertion of the implant into soft bone.
- the implant At its apical end, the implant has a round, blunt shape and a set-back thread in the event the implant comes in advertent contact with non-osseous structures.
Abstract
Description
- The disclosures herein relate generally to dental implants and more particularly to a screw form dental implant having a variable profile thread.
- Many current screw-form dental implants are well designed for use in dense bone. For example, the implant disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,897,319 has sharp cutting features at their apical ends that readily facilitate self-tapping into hard bone.
- The osseous anatomy of the human jaw is complex. While the density of the bone in the anterior regions of the mandible and maxilla is high, the posterior regions, particularly in the maxilla, are of significantly lower density. The height of the bony ridge in the posterior maxilla can be greatly reduced in partially or totally edentulous patients. This can lead to the need for use of shorter dental implants or grafting procedures in the nasal sinus in order to increase the height of bone available for implant placement.
- The nasal sinus is lined by a membrane called the nasal or schneiderian membrane. Damage to this membrane during implant placement must be avoided. In the mandible, the mandibular nerve is located within the mandibular canal. Damage to the mandibular nerve must also be avoided. Inadvertent placement of a dental implant into the mandibular canal increases the risk of mandibular nerve damage, particularly if the implant has sharp surfaces at its apical end.
- Dental implant stability in low-density bone, such as that found in the posterior regions of the mandible and maxilla, can be difficult to achieve. Compaction of low density bone, such as by the use of osteotomes, is commonly performed in order to enhance the stability of implants at the time of surgical placement. Low density bone can also lead to the problem of placing dental implants too deeply into the jaw, because commonly available implants have a fairly continuous geometric shape, be it cylindrical or tapered, up to the point that is ideally placed at the crest of the bone.
- Implants of various tapers and with various thread profiles are known in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,427,527 describes a conical implant design that is placed into a cylindrical osteotomy site in order to induce bone compression at the coronal aspect of the implant, i.e. at its widest end.
- A variety of thread profiles and patterns are known in the art. The most common design involves a symmetrical, V-shaped appearance such as that illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,897,319. A variable thread profile is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,435,723 and 5,527,183 which is mathematically optimized for stress transfer under occlusal loads. U.S. Pat. No. 3,797,113 and 3,849,887 describe dental implants with external thread-like features having a flat shelf facing the coronal end of the implant. U.S. Pat. No. 4,932,868 discloses a thread design with a flat surface disposed toward the apical end of the implant. This thread is not variable over different points of the implant and does not produce both cutting and compression actions as described herein. U.S. Pat. No. 5,007,835 discloses a screw-type dental implant with rounded threads for providing controlled radial osteocompressive force against the walls of a pre-tapped bone site. U.S. Pat. No. 5,628,630 discloses a method for designing dental implants to optimize and control stress transfer to surrounding bone including a thread design that changes from a sharp, highly angled profile at the apical end of the implant to a flat, nearly square profile at the coronal end, the goal being to control the surface area presented to occlusal forces.
- Therefore, what is needed is an implant that enhances stability in low density bone such as that formed in the posterior mandible and posterior maxilla.
- One embodiment, accordingly, provides a dental implant that is particularly suited for use in lower density bone. To this end, a dental implant having a variable profile thread includes a body having a coronal end and an apical end. The body includes a tapered region adjacent the apical end. A variable width helical thread extends along the tapered region. The thread has an apical side, a coronal side, and a width defined between the apical and coronal sides. The variable width is expanded in the direction of the coronal end. As a result, the least width of the thread is adjacent the apical end and the greatest width of the thread is adjacent the coronal end.
- A principal advantage of this embodiment is that a dental implant is provided that addresses the problems described above. It has a unique combination of implant body and thread profile that enhances stability in low-density bone and considers proximity to the sinus membrane and the mandibular nerve.
- FIG. 1 is a side elevation view illustrating an embodiment of a dental implant of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line2-2 of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 3 is a partial section S taken from FIG. 2.
- FIG. 4 is a side elevation view illustrating another embodiment of a dental implant of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along line5-5 of FIG. 4.
- FIG. 6 is an isometric view illustrating a further embodiment of a dental implant of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of an
implant 10 of this disclosure. Theimplant 10 has acoronal end 12 and anapical end 14. Theimplant 10 has five distinct regions. At the most coronal aspect is an implant-prosthetic interface region 16. Moving from the coronal to the apical ends is an optionalmechanical stop region 18, an optionalcylindrical region 20, atapered region 22, and arounded end region 24. An internal threadedportion 11, FIGS. 2 and 5, is provided for the attachment of prosthetic components (not shown). - The
interface region 16 provides mechanical interlock between theimplant 10 and the prosthetic components (not shown) attached to theimplant 10.Interface region 16 also provides a means of applying torque to theimplant 10 and thus driving theimplant 10 into the selected site. Theinterface region 16 can be any of a number of known interfaces, includingexternal splines 50 or polygons, or internal geometric shapes such as polygons or Morse tapers. Animplant 10″, FIG. 7, illustrates an example of anexternal polygon 50′, atinterface region 16″. - The
mechanical stop region 18 is sharply tapered so that when theimplant 10 is screwed into a prepared osteotomy, ataper 26 limits inadvertently placing theimplant 10 too deeply. - The
cylindrical region 20 and the taperedregion 22 have on their external surfaces athread 28 of novel profile. Therounded end region 24 has no sharp edges or thread. Theexternal thread 28 includes a progressively changing profile. At theapical end 14, thethread 28 is sharp and narrow in order to facilitate cutting and self-tapping into bone. However, thethread 28 is set back from theapical end 14. As thethread 28 progresses toward the implantcoronal end 12, it becomes increasingly broad or wider in cross-sectional profile. The increasing breadth ofthread 28 facilitates compression of low-density bone previously tapped by the sharp coronal thread profile. Bone compression increases the stability of theimplant 10. In addition, theexternal thread 28 may have aflat shelf 30 and roundedtip 32, which are most pronounced at the thread'scoronal end 12. As thethread 28 progresses from coronal to apical ends, 12 and 14 respectively, of theimplant 10, thethread 28 becomes sharper and thinner. Theflat shelf 30 provides support against implant micromotion imposed by axial loads, particularly important in low-density bone.Thread 28 is profiled so that a path cut or created in the bone is gradually broadened by compression due to the progressivelybroader thread 28. - FIGS. 2 and 3 more particularly illustrate the
variable profile thread 28. Thethread 28 is set back from therounded end region 24 of theapical end 14 by a distance D. Each turn T ofthread 28 is of a different profile from each other turn T ofthread 28. For example,implant 10 includes a plurality of turns T1, T2, T3, . . . TN. Each turn T includes an apical side A and a coronal side C. A width W is defined between the apical side A and the coronal side C of each turn T. The width varies by being continuously expanded in the direction of thecoronal end 12. - As such, a first turn T1 includes an apical side A1, a coronal side C1, and a width W1. A second turn T2 includes an apical side A2, a coronal side C2, and a width W2. The same pattern is repeated for turns T1, T2, T3, . . . TN. so that a least width W1, of the
thread 28 is adjacent theapical end 14, and a greatest width WN is adjacent thecoronal end 12. Thethread 28 of FIGS. 1-3 includes theflat shelf 30 as discussed above. However, the same variable width pattern discussed above is present in a V-shaped thread as illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5. - In the embodiment of FIGS.1-3, a circumferential face F is included on some turns of
thread 28. The face F is preferably flat and is not included on the self-tapping portion of thethread 28, adjacent theapical end 14, but is provided as each turn progressively widens toward thecoronal end 12. The face F is substantially perpendicular to theshelf 30. - The
interface region 16, FIGS. 1, 2, 4 and 5 includessplines 50 whereas, theinterface region 16′ of a single-stage embodiment 10′ of FIG. 6, may optionally include asocket 17 having a plurality ofsides 19, e.g. a hex socket. Also, the embodiment of FIG. 6 does not include a sharply tapered mechanical stop as is illustrated at 18 in FIGS. 1, 2, 4 and 5, but instead includes a gradually taperedportion 18′. The gradually taperedportion 18′ allows for more freedom in placement depth to adjust the distance that the transgingival collar protrudes from the bone. However, an alternatesingle1 stage embodiment 10′″, illustrated in FIG. 8, includes aninterface region 16′″ including a secondangled portion 18″ which acts as a stop. - In operation, the implant can be placed into a pre-drilled osteotomy site that either matches the external diameter of the implant body, that is, the narrowest diameter between threads, or into a site that is narrower than the external diameter of the implant. Placing the implant into a narrower site will provide additional bone compression, and therefore greater initial stability.
- As a result, this embodiment provides unique advantages by providing a dental implant fixture particularly suited for use in lower density bone, such as that found in the posterior mandible and maxilla. The implant features a tapered profile and a unique external thread profile that offers superior stability when it is implanted in low density bone. The implant tapers down in diameter beginning at a point about 2-3 mm from below the top surface of the implant. The external thread changes profile from the coronal to the apical ends of the implant fixture, having a sharp, narrow profile at the extreme apical end, particularly suited for cutting into non-tapped bone, and having a broad, rounded profile at the coronal end, particularly suited for compression of bone tapped by the thread at the apical end. Further, the thread profile has a flat shelf on its apical aspect, being most pronounced at the coronal end of the implant and being less pronounced at the apical end of the implant. At its coronal end, the implant has a flared region that acts as a mechanical stop, serving to limit over-insertion of the implant into soft bone. At its apical end, the implant has a round, blunt shape and a set-back thread in the event the implant comes in advertent contact with non-osseous structures.
- Although illustrative embodiments have been shown and described, a wide range of modification change and substitution is contemplated in the foregoing disclosure and in some instances, some features of the embodiments may be employed without a corresponding use of other features. Accordingly, it is appropriate that the appended claims be construed broadly and in a manner consistent with the scope of the embodiments disclosed herein.
Claims (33)
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US5795160A (en) * | 1997-02-06 | 1998-08-18 | Hahn; Jack A. | Tapered dental implant in a stepped orifice |
US5897319A (en) | 1997-09-12 | 1999-04-27 | Sulzer Calcitek Inc. | Self-tapping implant with helical flutes |
US5967783A (en) * | 1998-10-19 | 1999-10-19 | Ura; Robert S. | Threaded dental implant with a core to thread ratio facilitating immediate loading and method of installation |
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2001
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