US20020064561A1 - Quick release compositions - Google Patents
Quick release compositions Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20020064561A1 US20020064561A1 US09/446,957 US44695700A US2002064561A1 US 20020064561 A1 US20020064561 A1 US 20020064561A1 US 44695700 A US44695700 A US 44695700A US 2002064561 A1 US2002064561 A1 US 2002064561A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- starch
- admixture
- composition
- enzyme
- water
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
- A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
- A61K9/0056—Mouth soluble or dispersible forms; Suckable, eatable, chewable coherent forms; Forms rapidly disintegrating in the mouth; Lozenges; Lollipops; Bite capsules; Baked products; Baits or other oral forms for animals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
- A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
- A61K9/1605—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
- A61K9/1629—Organic macromolecular compounds
- A61K9/1652—Polysaccharides, e.g. alginate, cellulose derivatives; Cyclodextrin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
- A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
- A61K9/1605—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
- A61K9/1664—Compounds of unknown constitution, e.g. material from plants or animals
Definitions
- THIS INVENTION relates to a quick-release composition.
- it relates to a method of making a water-dispersable composition, to an extrudable composition and to a dosage form suitable for the quick delivery in an aqueous environment such as the mouth, of an adjunct such as a medicine, flavourant, or the like.
- a method of making a water-dispersable composition including
- the water-dispersable composition may be a quick-release composition, and may thus be capable of rapid disintegration when exposed to an aqueous environment.
- liquid-release composition is meant a composition which will disintegrate rapidly, i.e. within 2 minutes when saturated with water; and the constituents, and the proportions thereof, should be selected by routine experimentation, to achieve this object,
- a method of making a water-dispersable quick-release composition including
- the at least partially destructurising of the starch may be by means of the elevated temperature at which the extrusion is effected, by means of an enzyme capable of splitting the starch, by means of an acid or a base, or by a combination of two or more of these methods.
- the partially destructurised starch may be in admixture with a pharmaceutically active agent or an adjunct.
- the blowing agent may be water.
- the method may include admixing a pharmaceutically active agent into the admixture prior to or during the extrusion of the admixture.
- Cooling the extrudate may include allowing the extrudate to cool at room temperature.
- the method may include admixing an adjunct, such as a flavourant or the like, into the admixture prior to or during the extrusion of the admixture.
- the adjunct may be selected from the group consisting of a flavourant, a preservative, an anti-oxidant, a surfactant, a colouring agent, a pH modifier, a sweetener, a taste masking agent, a plasticizer, a porosity modifying agent, or two or more thereof.
- the flavourant when present, may be a mint flavourant, a lemon flavourant, an orange flavourant, a caramel flavourant, a vanilla flavourant, or the like.
- the pH modifier when present, may be citric acid, tartaric acid, or the like.
- the taste masking agent when present, may be sodium bicarbonate, an adsorbate, or the like.
- the plasticizer when present, may be soya bean oil, polyethylene glycol, polyoxyethylene mono stearate, a light mineral oil, or an at least partially hydrated vegetable oil.
- the polysaccharide may be starch and the liquid may be water, which may act as a blowing agent.
- the enzyme may be of the type which requires an aqueous environment to render it capable of splitting the starch.
- the method may include cutting the extrudate, eg with a die face cutter, to provide discs or tablets or rods of the quick-release composition.
- the starch and the enzyme may be initially present in the admixture, in a mass ratio of starch:enzyme from 10000:1 to 10:1.
- the mass ratio of the starch to the enzyme in the admixture is from 10000:3 to 100:1, and most preferably, the mass ratio of the starch to the enzyme in the admixture is from 10000:5 to 1000:5.
- the starch may be selected from the group consisting of corn starch, rice starch, wheat starch, oat starch, potato starch, or two or more thereof.
- the water may be added to the admixture during the extruding by means of a pump.
- the water and starch may be initially present, in the admixture, in a mass ratio of water:starch of 20:80 to 55:45.
- the initial mass ratio of the water to starch in the admixture is from 20:80 to 50:50, and most preferably, the initial mass ratio of the water to starch in the admixture is from 20:80 to 40:60, e.g. 30:70.
- the polysaccharide or starch forms a carrier or excipient for the adjunct, and the carrier may also include sweeteners, e.g. sugars such as sucrose, dextrose, galactose and lactose.
- the sweetener may also be aspartame.
- the method may include adding a sugar to the admixture.
- the enzyme is preferably a thermostable enzyme, such as the enzymes available in South Africa under the trade names THERMAMYL 120L and THERMAMYL 60 DT available from Enzymes South Africa (Proprietary) Limited, and manufactured by Novo Industri A/S, Denmark.
- the pharmaceutically active agent may be a drug, such as theophylline, prochlorperazine maleate, paracetamol, or loperamyd, a vitamin such as vitamin A, B, C, D or E, and/or a mineral salt, such as calcium lactate, calcium phosphate, magnesium carbonate or magnesium lactate.
- the pharmaceutically active agent may function as an antacid, an antidepressant, an antihypertensive, an antimigraine, a hormone, or a urinary agent.
- the adjunct may be micro-encapsulated, so that it is substantially water-insoluble but soluble in the gut of a mammal, to mask the taste of the adjunct.
- the elevated temperature at which the extruding of the admixture may be effected is from 80° C. to 135° C., preferably from 90° C. to 120° C. and most preferably from 100° C. to 120° C., e.g. 110° C.
- extrusion of the admixture is with a screw extruder such as a twin-screw extruder, having a screw speed of from 50 to 200 rpm.
- the die cutter typically has a cutter speed of from 20 to 100 rpm, eg from 50 to 80 rpm and a diameter size of from 2 to 8 mm.
- an extrudable composition comprising, in admixture with each other, a polysaccharide, a blowing agent and an enzyme capable of splitting the polysaccharide into smaller portions thereof.
- the polysaccharide may be starch and the blowing agent may be water.
- the admixture may include a pharmaceutically active agent.
- composition may include an adjunct, which may be as hereinbefore described.
- the enzyme may be present in the admixture at a concentration of from 0.01 to 10% mom, based on the total admixture mass.
- concentration of the enzyme in the admixture is from 0.03 to 1% m/m, based on the total admixture mass, and most preferably, the concentration of the enzyme in the admixture is from 0.05 to 0.5% m/m, based on the total admixture mass, e.g. 0.1% m/m based on the total admixture mass.
- the enzyme, starch and adjunct may be as hereinbefore described.
- the pharmaceutically active agent may be present in a concentration of up to 60% m/m, based on the total admixture mass.
- the pharmaceutically active agent may be micro-encapsulated, so that it is substantially water-insoluble but dissolves when ingested by a mammal.
- the admixture may include a sugar, such as dextrose, galactose and lactose or an artificial sweetener such as aspartame.
- a sugar such as dextrose, galactose and lactose
- an artificial sweetener such as aspartame.
- the invention extends to a dosage form obtained by extruding, at elevated temperature, an admixture comprising a pharmaceutically active agent and the extrudable composition as hereinbefore described.
- the dosage form may have a diameter of from 5 to 10 mm and may comprise from 2 to 50 mg of the pharmaceutically active agent.
- the pharmaceutically active agent may be as hereinbefore described.
- An extrudate was obtained which was cut into pellets with a die face cutter, the cut pellets then being air red on a moving transport belt.
- the pellets were found to have a uniformly porous structure, and when inserted into the mouth were found to have a wetting, time of no more than a few seconds, and a disintegration time of slightly more than 1 minute.
- the solubility. or dispersability of the dosage form in water can be tailor-made-for a particular purpose by the admixing of an enzyme with the starch, so that it can easily and rapidly disintegrate, in saliva in a person's mouth.
- the composition and dosage form are starch-based, and thus not animal-derived.
- the porosity of the dosage form can be controlled by the addition of a porosity modifying agent such as lactose.
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Physiology (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)
- Jellies, Jams, And Syrups (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- THIS INVENTION relates to a quick-release composition. In particular, it relates to a method of making a water-dispersable composition, to an extrudable composition and to a dosage form suitable for the quick delivery in an aqueous environment such as the mouth, of an adjunct such as a medicine, flavourant, or the like.
- According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a method of making a water-dispersable composition, the method including
- admixing together a polysaccharide, an enzyme capable of splitting the polysaccharide into smaller portions thereof, and a liquid, to form an admixture;
- extruding the admixture at an elevated temperature to form an extrudate; and
- cooling the extrudate, with the liquid evaporating from the extrudate as it cools, thereby forming a porous composition capable of disintegration when exposed to an aqueous environment.
- The water-dispersable composition may be a quick-release composition, and may thus be capable of rapid disintegration when exposed to an aqueous environment.
- By “quick-release composition” is meant a composition which will disintegrate rapidly, i.e. within 2 minutes when saturated with water; and the constituents, and the proportions thereof, should be selected by routine experimentation, to achieve this object,
- According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of making a water-dispersable quick-release composition, the method including
- extruding an at least partially destructurised starch at an elevated temperature in the presence of a blowing agent to form an extrudate; and
- cooling the extrudate to form a porous composition capable of rapid disintegration when exposed to an aqueous environment.
- The at least partially destructurising of the starch may be by means of the elevated temperature at which the extrusion is effected, by means of an enzyme capable of splitting the starch, by means of an acid or a base, or by a combination of two or more of these methods. The partially destructurised starch may be in admixture with a pharmaceutically active agent or an adjunct. The blowing agent may be water.
- The method may include admixing a pharmaceutically active agent into the admixture prior to or during the extrusion of the admixture.
- Cooling the extrudate may include allowing the extrudate to cool at room temperature.
- The method may include admixing an adjunct, such as a flavourant or the like, into the admixture prior to or during the extrusion of the admixture. More particularly, the adjunct may be selected from the group consisting of a flavourant, a preservative, an anti-oxidant, a surfactant, a colouring agent, a pH modifier, a sweetener, a taste masking agent, a plasticizer, a porosity modifying agent, or two or more thereof. The flavourant, when present, may be a mint flavourant, a lemon flavourant, an orange flavourant, a caramel flavourant, a vanilla flavourant, or the like. The pH modifier, when present, may be citric acid, tartaric acid, or the like. The taste masking agent, when present, may be sodium bicarbonate, an adsorbate, or the like. The plasticizer, when present, may be soya bean oil, polyethylene glycol, polyoxyethylene mono stearate, a light mineral oil, or an at least partially hydrated vegetable oil.
- The polysaccharide may be starch and the liquid may be water, which may act as a blowing agent. The enzyme may be of the type which requires an aqueous environment to render it capable of splitting the starch.
- The method may include cutting the extrudate, eg with a die face cutter, to provide discs or tablets or rods of the quick-release composition.
- The starch and the enzyme may be initially present in the admixture, in a mass ratio of starch:enzyme from 10000:1 to 10:1. Preferably, the mass ratio of the starch to the enzyme in the admixture is from 10000:3 to 100:1, and most preferably, the mass ratio of the starch to the enzyme in the admixture is from 10000:5 to 1000:5.
- The starch may be selected from the group consisting of corn starch, rice starch, wheat starch, oat starch, potato starch, or two or more thereof.
- The water may be added to the admixture during the extruding by means of a pump. The water and starch may be initially present, in the admixture, in a mass ratio of water:starch of 20:80 to 55:45. Preferably, the initial mass ratio of the water to starch in the admixture is from 20:80 to 50:50, and most preferably, the initial mass ratio of the water to starch in the admixture is from 20:80 to 40:60, e.g. 30:70.
- The polysaccharide or starch forms a carrier or excipient for the adjunct, and the carrier may also include sweeteners, e.g. sugars such as sucrose, dextrose, galactose and lactose. The sweetener may also be aspartame. Thus, the method may include adding a sugar to the admixture.
- The enzyme is preferably a thermostable enzyme, such as the enzymes available in South Africa under the trade names THERMAMYL 120L and THERMAMYL 60 DT available from Enzymes South Africa (Proprietary) Limited, and manufactured by Novo Industri A/S, Denmark.
- The pharmaceutically active agent may be a drug, such as theophylline, prochlorperazine maleate, paracetamol, or loperamyd, a vitamin such as vitamin A, B, C, D or E, and/or a mineral salt, such as calcium lactate, calcium phosphate, magnesium carbonate or magnesium lactate. The pharmaceutically active agent may function as an antacid, an antidepressant, an antihypertensive, an antimigraine, a hormone, or a urinary agent. The adjunct may be micro-encapsulated, so that it is substantially water-insoluble but soluble in the gut of a mammal, to mask the taste of the adjunct.
- The elevated temperature at which the extruding of the admixture may be effected is from 80° C. to 135° C., preferably from 90° C. to 120° C. and most preferably from 100° C. to 120° C., e.g. 110° C.
- Typically, extrusion of the admixture is with a screw extruder such as a twin-screw extruder, having a screw speed of from 50 to 200 rpm. The die cutter typically has a cutter speed of from 20 to 100 rpm, eg from 50 to 80 rpm and a diameter size of from 2 to 8 mm.
- According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided an extrudable composition comprising, in admixture with each other, a polysaccharide, a blowing agent and an enzyme capable of splitting the polysaccharide into smaller portions thereof.
- The polysaccharide may be starch and the blowing agent may be water. The admixture may include a pharmaceutically active agent.
- The composition may include an adjunct, which may be as hereinbefore described.
- The enzyme may be present in the admixture at a concentration of from 0.01 to 10% mom, based on the total admixture mass. Preferably, the concentration of the enzyme in the admixture is from 0.03 to 1% m/m, based on the total admixture mass, and most preferably, the concentration of the enzyme in the admixture is from 0.05 to 0.5% m/m, based on the total admixture mass, e.g. 0.1% m/m based on the total admixture mass.
- The enzyme, starch and adjunct may be as hereinbefore described. The pharmaceutically active agent may be present in a concentration of up to 60% m/m, based on the total admixture mass.
- The pharmaceutically active agent may be micro-encapsulated, so that it is substantially water-insoluble but dissolves when ingested by a mammal.
- The admixture may include a sugar, such as dextrose, galactose and lactose or an artificial sweetener such as aspartame.
- The invention extends to a dosage form obtained by extruding, at elevated temperature, an admixture comprising a pharmaceutically active agent and the extrudable composition as hereinbefore described.
- The dosage form may have a diameter of from 5 to 10 mm and may comprise from 2 to 50 mg of the pharmaceutically active agent.
- The pharmaceutically active agent may be as hereinbefore described.
- The invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the following worked example.
- 2 kg of a polysaccharide in the form of AMYRAL corn starch of a moisture content of 10% by mass was mixed with 0.1% by mass (based on the corn starch) of THERMAMYL 120L enzyme, capable of splitting the polysaccharide molecules of the corn starch into smaller portions thereof, and immobilized on carboxy methylcellulose. The mixture also contained, based on the corn starch, 0.5% by mass soya bean oil as plasticizer, 10% by mass lactose for enhancing the porosity of the eventual product, and 10% by mass of a pharmaceutically active agent.
- All the ingredients, with the exception of the enzyme, were premixed in a high-speed mixer for a period of 10 minutes, after which the enzyme was added thereto. The mixture was fed to a hopper of a twin-screw extruder having an extrusion screw speed of 200 rpm, a feed screw speed of 200 rpm and a moisture setting of 20% by mass (setting number 5 on the extruder) with a barrel temperature for the extruder of 110-120° C., and a die of 3 mm diameter.
- An extrudate was obtained which was cut into pellets with a die face cutter, the cut pellets then being air red on a moving transport belt. The pellets were found to have a uniformly porous structure, and when inserted into the mouth were found to have a wetting, time of no more than a few seconds, and a disintegration time of slightly more than 1 minute.
- It is an advantage of the invention, as exemplified, that the solubility. or dispersability of the dosage form in water can be tailor-made-for a particular purpose by the admixing of an enzyme with the starch, so that it can easily and rapidly disintegrate, in saliva in a person's mouth. It is a further advantage of the invention that the composition and dosage form are starch-based, and thus not animal-derived. It is yet a further advantage of the invention, as exemplified, that the porosity of the dosage form can be controlled by the addition of a porosity modifying agent such as lactose.
Claims (48)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ZA975853 | 1997-07-01 | ||
ZA97/5853 | 1997-07-01 | ||
PCT/EP1998/004073 WO1999001108A1 (en) | 1997-07-01 | 1998-07-01 | Quick release compositions |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20020064561A1 true US20020064561A1 (en) | 2002-05-30 |
US6416787B1 US6416787B1 (en) | 2002-07-09 |
Family
ID=25586466
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/446,957 Expired - Fee Related US6416787B1 (en) | 1997-07-01 | 1998-07-01 | Quick release compositions |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6416787B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2002507982A (en) |
AU (1) | AU8805298A (en) |
CH (1) | CH694573A5 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2342044B (en) |
WO (1) | WO1999001108A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6571361B1 (en) * | 1995-09-29 | 2003-05-27 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Encoder and decoder |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3493652A (en) * | 1962-09-14 | 1970-02-03 | Charles W Hartman | Controlled release medicament |
US4855326A (en) | 1987-04-20 | 1989-08-08 | Fuisz Pharmaceutical Ltd. | Rapidly dissoluble medicinal dosage unit and method of manufacture |
DE3830353A1 (en) | 1988-09-07 | 1990-03-15 | Basf Ag | METHOD FOR THE CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION OF SOLID PHARMACEUTICAL FORMS |
US5178878A (en) * | 1989-10-02 | 1993-01-12 | Cima Labs, Inc. | Effervescent dosage form with microparticles |
US5260074A (en) * | 1992-06-22 | 1993-11-09 | Digestive Care Inc. | Compositions of digestive enzymes and salts of bile acids and process for preparation thereof |
SE470414B (en) | 1992-07-03 | 1994-02-14 | Asea Brown Boveri | Ventilavledaranordning |
GB9517062D0 (en) | 1995-08-18 | 1995-10-25 | Scherer Ltd R P | Pharmaceutical compositions |
-
1998
- 1998-07-01 GB GB9929823A patent/GB2342044B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-07-01 JP JP50634299A patent/JP2002507982A/en not_active Ceased
- 1998-07-01 US US09/446,957 patent/US6416787B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-07-01 CH CH00017/00A patent/CH694573A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-07-01 AU AU88052/98A patent/AU8805298A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-07-01 WO PCT/EP1998/004073 patent/WO1999001108A1/en active Search and Examination
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB2342044B (en) | 2002-02-13 |
GB2342044A (en) | 2000-04-05 |
CH694573A5 (en) | 2005-04-15 |
JP2002507982A (en) | 2002-03-12 |
WO1999001108A1 (en) | 1999-01-14 |
AU8805298A (en) | 1999-01-25 |
US6416787B1 (en) | 2002-07-09 |
GB9929823D0 (en) | 2000-02-09 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US4832956A (en) | Disintegrating tablet and process for its preparation | |
JP5063848B2 (en) | Effervescent granule and preparation method thereof | |
CA2295810C (en) | Soluble coated chewable tablet | |
US6071539A (en) | Effervescent granules and methods for their preparation | |
US4059686A (en) | Pharmaceutical preparation for oral cavity administration | |
US5322694A (en) | Pharmaceutical lozenges | |
US20010006677A1 (en) | Effervescence polymeric film drug delivery system | |
US7208186B2 (en) | Chewing gum formulation and method of making the same | |
CN101374503B (en) | Quickly disintegrating tablet produced by direct dry-tabletting | |
EP0785769B1 (en) | Therapeutic vitamin-calcium combination in unitary galenic tablet form, method for preparing same and use thereof | |
WO1997018796A1 (en) | Fast-melt solid dosage form and method of making same | |
EP0862415A1 (en) | Fast-melt solid dosage form and method of making same | |
CA2182939C (en) | A rapidly disintegrating medicinal form of tramadol or a tramadol salt | |
US6544552B2 (en) | Method of producing porous tablets with improved dissolution properties | |
EP1549326A1 (en) | Dry oral phlebotonic and vasculoprotective formulation for the treatment of venous insufficiency, capillary fragility and haemorrhoids, in the pharmaceutical form of a chewable tablet containing diosmin | |
US6416787B1 (en) | Quick release compositions | |
US4670251A (en) | Microcrystalline tableting excipient derived from whey | |
US5126328A (en) | Process for crosslinking gelatin | |
US6716453B1 (en) | Method for increasing the active loading of compressible composition forms | |
US6171616B1 (en) | Solid preparation and a method of manufacturing it | |
WO2000009171A1 (en) | Products containing unpleasant tasting bio-affecting agents and methods of making them | |
EP0401389B1 (en) | Stress scattering method in tableting | |
CA3149554A1 (en) | Low-dosage orodispersible opioid tablet and method for preparing same | |
WO1986004599A1 (en) | Process for producing foaming composition | |
AU2002230677A1 (en) | Method of producing porous tablets with improved dissolution properties |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: IMPLICO B.V., NETHERLANDS Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:TRUTER, PATRICIA-ANN;DILOVA, EMILIA DIMITROVA;VAN DER MERWE, THILO LOTHAR;REEL/FRAME:010645/0787 Effective date: 20000112 |
|
DJ | All references should be deleted, no patent was granted | ||
CC | Certificate of correction | ||
FEPP | Fee payment procedure |
Free format text: PAYOR NUMBER ASSIGNED (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: ASPN); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: TECHNOLOGY FINANCE CORPORATION (PROPRIETARY) LIMIT Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:IMPLICO B.V.;REEL/FRAME:016353/0534 Effective date: 20040721 |
|
FPAY | Fee payment |
Year of fee payment: 4 |
|
FPAY | Fee payment |
Year of fee payment: 8 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND, JOHANNESBURG, SOU Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:TECHNOLOGY FINANCE CORPORATION (PROPRIETARY) LIMITED;REEL/FRAME:026101/0548 Effective date: 20110404 |
|
REMI | Maintenance fee reminder mailed | ||
LAPS | Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees | ||
STCH | Information on status: patent discontinuation |
Free format text: PATENT EXPIRED DUE TO NONPAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEES UNDER 37 CFR 1.362 |
|
FP | Lapsed due to failure to pay maintenance fee |
Effective date: 20140709 |