US20020009155A1 - Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin - Google Patents
Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin Download PDFInfo
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- US20020009155A1 US20020009155A1 US09/836,295 US83629501A US2002009155A1 US 20020009155 A1 US20020009155 A1 US 20020009155A1 US 83629501 A US83629501 A US 83629501A US 2002009155 A1 US2002009155 A1 US 2002009155A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
- H04L5/0001—Arrangements for dividing the transmission path
- H04L5/0003—Two-dimensional division
- H04L5/0005—Time-frequency
- H04L5/0007—Time-frequency the frequencies being orthogonal, e.g. OFDM(A), DMT
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/38—Transceivers, i.e. devices in which transmitter and receiver form a structural unit and in which at least one part is used for functions of transmitting and receiving
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
- H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
- H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
- H04L27/2626—Arrangements specific to the transmitter only
- H04L27/2627—Modulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
- H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
- H04L5/0044—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path allocation of payload
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
- H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
- H04L5/0044—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path allocation of payload
- H04L5/0046—Determination of how many bits are transmitted on different sub-channels
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
- H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
- H04L5/0058—Allocation criteria
- H04L5/006—Quality of the received signal, e.g. BER, SNR, water filling
Definitions
- This invention relates to communications technologies.
- this invention relates to multicarrier modulation systems having multiple margins.
- Multicarrier modulation or Discrete Multitone Modulation (DMT) is a transmission method that is widely used for communication over difficult media.
- Multicarrier modulation divides the transmission frequency band into multiple subchannels, i.e., carriers or bins, with each carrier individually modulating a bit or a collection of bits.
- a transmitter modulates an input data stream containing information bits with one or more carriers, i.e., bins or subchannels, and transmits the modulated information.
- a receiver demodulates all the carriers in order to recover the transmitted information bits as an output data stream.
- Multicarrier modulation has many advantages over single carrier modulation. These advantages include, for example, a higher immunity to impulse noise, a lower complexity equalization requirement in the presence of multipath, a higher immunity to narrow band interference, a higher data rate and bandwidth flexibility. Multicarrier modulation is being used in many applications to obtain these advantages, as well as for other reasons. These applications include Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) systems, wireless LAN systems, power line communications systems, and other applications. ITU standards G.992.1 and G.992.2 and the ANSI T.1.413 standard specify standard implementations for ADSL transceivers that use multicarrier modulation.
- ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
- Discrete multitone modulation transceivers modulate a number of bits on each subchannel, the number of bits depending on the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of that subchannel and the Bit Error Rate (BER) requirement of a link. For example, if the required BER is 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 , i.e., one bit in ten million is received in error on average, and the SNR of a particular subchannel is 21.5 dB, then that subchannel can modulate 4 bits, since 21.5 dB is the required SNR to transmit 4 QAM bits with a 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 BER. Other subchannels can have a different SNR and therefore may have a different number of bits allocated to them at the same BER. Additional information regarding bit loading can be found in copending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/510,773, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- an additional parameter is used to determine the number of bits allocated to each subchannel.
- This parameter is called the SNR “margin,” or simply the “margin.”
- the margin specifies an extra SNR per subchannel, in addition to what is required to maintain the specified BER requirement.
- This is 6 dB more than required by the example in the previous paragraph because now a 6 dB margin is added to the system.
- Another way of looking at this is that in the example of the previous paragraph, where 4 bits were allocated to a subchannel with 21.5 dB SNR, the margin was 0 dB.
- DMT transceivers use a margin to increase the system's immunity to various types of time varying impairments. Examples of these impairments in DSL systems are: changes in the levels of crosstalk from other transmission systems, impulse noise, temperature changes in the telephone line, or the like.
- the noise can change instantaneously by the level of the margin and the system will still maintain the required BER.
- the crosstalk levels can increase by 6 dB and the system will still be operating at the required 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 BER.
- the penalty for this increase in robustness is a decrease in the data rate, since with a 0 dB margin, a subchannel with 27.5 dB SNR can modulate 6 bits at 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 BER.
- the systems and methods of this invention will hereinafter refer to the transceivers, or multicarrier modems, generically as modems.
- modems One such modem is typically located at a customer premises such as a home or business and is “downstream” from a central office with which it communicates.
- the other modem is typically located at the central office and is “upstream” from the customer premises.
- ATU-R ADSL transceiver unit, remote,” i.e., located at the customer premises
- ATU-C ADSL transceiver unit, central office,” i.e., located at the central office
- Each modem includes a transmitter section for transmitting data and a receiver section for receiving data, and is of the discrete multitone type, i.e., the modem transmits data over a multiplicity of subchannels of limited bandwidth.
- the upstream or ATU-C modem transmits data to the downstream or ATU-R modem over a first set of subchannels, which are usually the higher-frequency subchannels, and receives data from the downstream or ATU-R modem over a second, usually smaller, set of subchannels, commonly the lower-frequency subchannels.
- DSL digital subscriber line
- communications over a local subscriber loop between a central office and a subscriber premises is accomplished by modulating the data to be transmitted onto a multiplicity of discrete frequency carriers which are summed together and then transmitted over a subscriber loop.
- the carriers form discrete, non-overlapping communication subchannels which are of a limited bandwidth.
- the carriers form what is effectively a broadband communications channel.
- the carriers are demodulated and the data recovered.
- DSL systems experience disturbances from other data services on adjacent phone lines, such as, for example, ADSL, HDSL, ISDN, T1, or the like. Additionally, DSL systems may experience disturbances from impulse noise, crosstalk, temperature changes, or the like. These disturbances may commence after the subject DSL service is already initiated and, since DSL for Internet access in envisioned as a always-on service, the affects of these disturbances should be considered by the subject DSL transceiver. Additionally, the length of the phone line is a type of impairment that varies from one ADSL subscriber to another, i.e. from one ADSL installation to another, and therefore has an effect on the ADSL modem performance.
- the systems and methods of this invention allow the margin in a discrete multitone modulation system to vary depending on a type of impairment. For example, this impairment can be changing over some duration or from one installation to another. Thus, different margins can be assigned to one or more of the carriers in a discrete multitone modulation communication system.
- aspects of the present invention relate to a communications system having a plurality of margins.
- aspects of the present invention also relates to a method of assigning a plurality of margins to a communications system.
- aspects of this present invention additionally relate to multicarrier modulation systems and methods for different margins to be assigned to different subchannels to account for varying impairments.
- FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram illustrating an exemplary modem according to this invention.
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart outlining an exemplary method for assigning margins according to this invention.
- the margin is set to be different on at least two subchannels in a discrete multitone modulation system.
- subchannels which are expected to incur greater variations in impairment levels are set to have a higher margin, whereas subchannels which are expected to incur lower variations in impairment levels are set to have lower margins.
- Table 1 shows a correlation of frequency versus insertion loss of an exemplary 13,500 ft. 26 AWG line at various frequencies for 70° F. and 120° F.
- Table 1 Insertion loss of 13500 ft 26 AWG line versus frequency at 70 F. and 120 F.
- the carrier at 1100 kHz will need a 6 dB margin, since as the temperature changes from 70° F. to 120° F., the insertion loss will change by 6 dB and, as a result, the system bit error rate requirement will still be satisfied even after the temperature change.
- the margin is not allocated to each subchannel in a fixed manner, but rather varies based on the expected change in impairments over time or as impairments vary from one DSL installation to another.
- a subchannel may have a certain margin assigned based on a particular impairment, while another subchannel may have the same margin assigned based on another impairment.
- These impairments can include, but are not limited to, changes in the levels of crosstalk from other transmission systems, impulse noise, temperature changes, line length, radio frequency interference and other ingress, or the like.
- the systems and methods of this invention can be adapted to set a margin for any impairment that varies over time, or is installation based, and may, for example, effect different frequencies in different ways.
- the margins can be decreased on the carriers that are known to be outside the frequency spectrum of the crosstalking system.
- ISDN systems are an example of a crosstalk source for ADSL systems.
- ISDN systems typically transmit only up to approximately 150 kHz.
- carriers above 150 kHz can operate at lower margins than carriers below 150 kHz where the ISDN crosstalk is present.
- the margin in an ADSL system can be varied depending on the length of the telephone wire.
- Table 2 shows a relationship of insertion loss of an exemplary 9000 ft. 26 AWG line at frequencies for 70° F. and 120° F. TABLE 2 Insertion loss of 9000 ft 26 AWG line versus frequency at 70 F. and 120 F.
- the margin allocated to different subchannels takes into account information about the length of the telephone line.
- the insertion loss difference from 70° F. to 120° F. at 20 kHz is 2.1 dB for the 13,500 ft. line.
- the insertion loss difference from 70° F. to 120° F. at 20 kHz is 1.4 dB for the 9,000 ft. line. Therefore, for this exemplary situation, a margin of 2.1 dB would be allocated to the carrier at 20 kHz on a 13,500 ft. line whereas a margin of 1.4 dB would be allocated to the carrier at 20 kHz on the 9,000 ft. line.
- the immunity to temperature variations on the line would be the same for both the systems operating at 9,000 ft. and 13,500 ft. As a result, the overall system data rate can be increased on shorter lines without sacrificing a loss in robustness.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a multicarrier modem 100 .
- the multicarrier modem 100 comprises a controller 10 , a memory 20 , a discrete multitone modulation system 30 , a data rate determiner 40 , a signal to noise ratio determiner 50 , a margin determiner 60 and a margin storage 70 , all interconnected by link 5 .
- the multicarrier modem 100 is also connected to one or more computer or computer-type devices 80 and additional modems (not shown) via communications link 10 .
- the multicarrier modem 100 has been illustrated in block diagram format with only the components needed for the exemplary embodiment of this invention.
- FIG. 1 shows the multicarrier modem 100 and various components collocated
- the various components of the multicarrier modem can be rearranged and located in whole or in part at an ATU-R and/or ATU-C.
- the components of the multicarrier modem 100 can be located at various locations within a distributed network, such as a POTS network, or other comparable telecommunications network.
- a distributed network such as a POTS network, or other comparable telecommunications network.
- the components of the multicarrier modem 100 can be combined into one device or distributed amongst a plurality of devices.
- the components of the multicarrier modem can be arranged at any location within a telecommunications network and/or modem without affecting the operation of the system.
- the links 5 and 10 can be a wired or a wireless link or any other known or later developed element(s) that is capable of supplying and communicating electronic data to and from the connected elements.
- the computer device 80 can be, for example, a personal computer or other device. In general, the computer device 80 can be any device that uses a modem to transmit and/or receive data.
- the multicarrier modem 100 is installed, for example, in a customer premises or in a central office. During this installation, certain fixed quantities such as line length are known and can be stored in the multicarrier modem 100 .
- the controller 10 in cooperation with the memory 20 , the discrete multitone modulation system 30 and the margin determiner 60 can determine and store margins. For example, as illustrated above in exemplary Tables 1 and 2, margins can be determined for temperature fluctuations and the length of the wire line based on, for example, the actual installation and historical data.
- routines can be established by the margin determiner 60 to evaluate and compile statistical information relating to one or more carriers. For example, this statistical information can be compiled during modem idle times in response to impairments seen on the one or more carriers. This statistical information can then be used to determine appropriate margins for one or more carriers.
- the modem may measure the noise on the line during idle times and determine that a particular type of crosstalker, e.g., another ADSL or HDSL modem, is present. Since the spectral content of these types of crosstalkers are known, this information can be used to determine the margin. For example, if the crosstalker is an ATU-R ADSL modem then it is known that ATU-R ADSL modems transmit approximately in the 20-130 kHz range. This information can be used to determine the margin for the carriers in the 20-130 kHz frequency range.
- a particular type of crosstalker e.g., another ADSL or HDSL modem
- a predetermined set of margins for example, for known impairments, can be downloaded from, for example, a central office modem or other location within a communications network.
- the determined and/or downloaded margins are then stored in the margin storage 70 .
- groups of margins can be stored based on, for example, geographic information, seasonal information, line length information, or the like.
- the SNR determiner 50 determines the signal to noise ratio of the carriers. Knowing the signal to noise ratio of the carriers, the data rate determiner 40 determines the raw data rate of the carriers based on the signal to noise ratio and the bit error rate. This raw data rate reflects the data rate of carriers with no margin.
- bit error rate is set in advance, for example, by the manufacturer. Additionally, the data rate is generally governed by a range that is, for example, guaranteed as a maximum, by a DSL provider. Therefore, based on the set bit error rate, the signal to noise ratio for a known quantity of bits can be determined.
- the margins for the carriers can be set, for example, based on one or more, or a combination of, entered criteria or determined criteria.
- an entered criteria can be based on the loop length.
- a determined criteria can be, for example, based on standard temperature variance information that can, for example, be downloaded from the service provider.
- the margins can be set based on historical data that relates to, for example, impairments on the line. In general, the margins can be set such that a balance between the data rate and the impairment immunity is maximized.
- the margins are set in the DMT system 30 .
- the margins can then be subtracted from the carrier to determine an updated data rate for each carrier. Having set the margins, and knowing the data rate, the DMT system can then commence communication over the communications link 10 .
- FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary method of assigning margins to carriers according to an exemplary embodiment of this invention.
- control begins in step S 100 and continues to step S 110 .
- step S 110 a determination is made whether margins are to be determined. If margins are to be determined, control continues to step S 120 . Otherwise, control jumps to step S 130 .
- step S 120 the margins are determined and stored. Control then continues to step S 130 .
- step S 130 the signal to noise ratio of the carriers are determined.
- step S 140 the raw data rate of the carriers is determined based on the signal to noise ratio and the bit error rate.
- step S 150 the margins for the carriers are retrieved. Control then continues to step S 160 .
- step S 160 the margins for the carriers are set.
- step S 170 the margins are subtracted from the carriers to determine an updated data rate for each carrier. Control then continues to step S 180 .
- step S 180 communications commence. Control then continues to step S 190 where the control sequence ends.
- step S 140 could be bypassed since it is known that the raw data rate will not be used.
- the systems and methods of this invention can also apply to any multicarrier modulation based communication system including wireless LANs, such as wireless LAN 802.11 and ETSI Hyperlan standards, wireless access systems, home and access power-line communication systems, or the like.
- wireless LANs such as wireless LAN 802.11 and ETSI Hyperlan standards
- wireless access systems such as wireless LAN 802.11 and ETSI Hyperlan standards
- home and access power-line communication systems or the like.
- the multicarrier modem and related components can be implemented either on a DSL modem, or a separate program general purpose computer having a communications device.
- the multicarrier modem can also be implemented in a special purpose computer, a programmed microprocessor or microcontroller and peripheral integrated circuit element, and ASIC or other integrated circuit, a digital signal processor, a hardwired or electronic or logic circuit such as a discrete element circuit, a programmable logic device such as a PLD, PLA, FPGA, PAL, or the like, and associated communications equipment.
- any device capable of implementing a finite state machine that is in turn capable of implementing the flowchart illustrated in FIG. 2 can be used to implement the multicarrier modem 100 according to this invention.
- multicarrier modem illustrated herein, however, can be readily implemented in hardware and/or software using any known or later developed systems or structures, devices and/or software by those of ordinary skill in the applicable art from the functional description provided herein and with a general basic knowledge of the computer and telecommunications arts.
- the disclosed methods can be readily implemented as software executed on a programmed general purpose computer, a special purpose computer, a microprocessor and associated communications equipment, or the like.
- the methods and systems of this invention can be implemented as a program embedded on a modem, such as a DSL modem, or the like.
- the multicarrier modem can also be implemented by physically incorporating the system and method in a software and/or hardware system, such as a hardware and software system of a modem, such as an ADSL modem, or the like.
Priority Applications (11)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US09/836,295 US20020009155A1 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2001-04-18 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
US11/242,024 US20060018395A1 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2005-10-04 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
US11/972,340 US20080107204A1 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2008-01-10 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
US12/694,143 US8374226B2 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2010-01-26 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
US13/467,392 US20120219047A1 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2012-05-09 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
US13/764,529 US8625660B2 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2013-02-11 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
US14/079,285 US8937988B2 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2013-11-13 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
US14/591,612 US9154354B2 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2015-01-07 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
US14/865,966 US20160013962A1 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2015-09-25 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
US15/348,372 US9893921B2 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2016-11-10 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
US15/886,295 US10708104B2 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2018-02-01 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
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US09/836,295 US20020009155A1 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2001-04-18 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
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US11/972,340 Abandoned US20080107204A1 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2008-01-10 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
US12/694,143 Expired - Lifetime US8374226B2 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2010-01-26 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
US13/467,392 Abandoned US20120219047A1 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2012-05-09 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
US13/764,529 Expired - Fee Related US8625660B2 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2013-02-11 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
US14/079,285 Expired - Fee Related US8937988B2 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2013-11-13 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
US14/591,612 Expired - Fee Related US9154354B2 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2015-01-07 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
US14/865,966 Abandoned US20160013962A1 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2015-09-25 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
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US15/886,295 Expired - Lifetime US10708104B2 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2018-02-01 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
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US11/972,340 Abandoned US20080107204A1 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2008-01-10 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
US12/694,143 Expired - Lifetime US8374226B2 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2010-01-26 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
US13/467,392 Abandoned US20120219047A1 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2012-05-09 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
US13/764,529 Expired - Fee Related US8625660B2 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2013-02-11 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
US14/079,285 Expired - Fee Related US8937988B2 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2013-11-13 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
US14/591,612 Expired - Fee Related US9154354B2 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2015-01-07 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
US14/865,966 Abandoned US20160013962A1 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2015-09-25 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
US15/348,372 Expired - Fee Related US9893921B2 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2016-11-10 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
US15/886,295 Expired - Lifetime US10708104B2 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2018-02-01 | Systems and methods for a multicarrier modulation system with a variable margin |
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US (11) | US20020009155A1 (fr) |
EP (3) | EP1275229B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2004501535A (fr) |
KR (1) | KR20020087990A (fr) |
AT (2) | ATE357802T1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU2001257081A1 (fr) |
CA (2) | CA2689952A1 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE60127395T2 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2001080510A1 (fr) |
Cited By (25)
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US20050058217A1 (en) * | 2003-09-15 | 2005-03-17 | Sumeet Sandhu | Multicarrier transmitter, multicarrier receiver, and methods for communicating multiple spatial signal streams |
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US20050152466A1 (en) * | 2004-01-12 | 2005-07-14 | Maltsev Alexander A. | Multicarrier communication system and methods for link adaptation using uniform bit loading and subcarrier puncturing |
US20050152465A1 (en) * | 2004-01-12 | 2005-07-14 | Intel Corporation | System and method for selecting data rates to provide uniform bit loading of subcarriers of a multicarrier communication channel |
US20050190826A1 (en) * | 2004-02-26 | 2005-09-01 | Alcatel | Digital subscriber line modem with bitloading using channel condition model |
US20060062287A1 (en) * | 2004-09-23 | 2006-03-23 | Alcatel | Multi-carrier modem transmitter with controlled transmit signal quality degradation for improving stability of operation |
US20060198430A1 (en) * | 2005-03-03 | 2006-09-07 | Adaptive Spectrum And Signal Alignment, Inc. | DSL state and line profile control |
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