US20020000858A1

US20020000858A1 - Flip-flop circuit

Info

Publication number: US20020000858A1
Application number: US09/418,398
Authority: US
Inventors: Shih-Lien L. Lu
Original assignee: Intel Corp
Current assignee: Intel Corp
Priority date: 1999-10-14
Filing date: 1999-10-14
Publication date: 2002-01-03
Also published as: US20020180503A1; US6703881B2

Abstract

A low power, high performance flip-flop which does not require a full feedback path in the master stage includes a master stage driven by a data input, and an inverter. A slave stage includes a pass device for isolating the slave stage and the master stage, the slave stage having a feedback path for holding a data value passed to the slave stage.

Description

FIELD

The present invention relates to flip-flops, and more specifically to master slave flip-flops.

BACKGROUND

Flip-flops have a wide variety of uses in today's computers and digital circuits. A flip-flop is used to generate a steady state output signal having either a high (logical one) or a low (logical zero) potential. As the uses for flip-flops increase, the desire to improve flip-flop performance and the desire to reduce power consumption has led to increased demand for high performance low power consumption flip-flops. Flip-flops are one of the most commonly used elements to implement sequential circuits, that is circuits in which the primary output relies not only on the current values of the input, but also the previous input values.

Master Slave D-flip flops (MS-DFF) are one of the most used types of flip-flops. They are used in building finite state machines, which the control logic of digital circuits are built upon. More advanced micro-architecture concepts, such as speculation, renaming, and out-of-order execution, are continuing to become more and more common. As such, the control logic portion of a microprocessor is becoming more and more important.

DFFs may also be used in holding a data value between pipeline stages in a data path. Therefore, high performance with reduced power consumption is desirable.

Conventional master slave D-flip flops triggered on the rising clock edge have two stages, a

master stage

102 and a slave stage 104 as shown in FIG. 1. The stages are identical. When the clock signal is low, the first stage samples the data. At the same time, the second stage is isolated from the master stage by gate 106, and holds the previous data in latch 108. As the clock transitions to high, the master stage is isolated from the data input, and the slave stage is connected to the data input currently present in the master stage at the time the clock transitions to high. The previously sampled input data is transferred to the slave stage.

Each of the master and slave stages has a feedback loop in the form of a latch controlled by the clock signal CLK, its complement CLKiB as obtained by passing it through an inverter, and a delayed clock signal CLKi as obtained by passing it through yet another inverter. The feedback path holds the value in the slave stage when the clock is low and in the master stage when the clock is high. The FIG. 1 master slave flip-flop has a clock load of eight transistors.

For the reasons stated above, and for other reasons stated below which will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the present specification, there is a need in the art for a flip-flop which has reduced power consumption and increased performance.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, a flip flop includes a master stage having a pass gate and an inverter, the pass gate connected between an external data input and the inverter, the master stage driven directly by the data input, and a slave stage having a feedback path for maintaining a data input value, the slave stage isolated from the master stage when a clock signal is low, and connectable to the master stage inverter on a rising clock signal.

In another embodiment, a flip-flop includes a master stage having a first transistor, a first inverter with its input connected to the first transistor, and a first half weak feedback path, and a slave stage having a second transistor, a second inverter with its input connected to the second transistor, and a second half weak feedback path.

In yet another embodiment, a method includes supplying a data input to a first network having a pass device and an inverter, isolating the first network from a second network until a triggering event, connecting the first network to the second network to pass a new data value to the second network, and holding a passed data value in the second network using a feedback path.

Other embodiments are described and claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a prior art flip-flop; [0012]
FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of an embodiment of the invention; [0013]
FIG. 2A is a circuit diagram of another embodiment of the invention; [0014]
FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of another embodiment of the invention; [0015]
FIG. 4 is a flow chart diagram of yet another embodiment of the invention; and [0016]
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an integrated circuit embodiment according to one embodiment of the present invention.[0017]

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

In the following detailed description of the embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. [0018]
Referring now to FIG. 2, an [0019] embodiment 200 of a flip-flop according to the present invention is shown. Flip-flop 200 is obtained by eliminating the feedback path from the master stage 202 of a master slave flip flop. While the slave stage 204 of flip-flop 200 is shown to be the same as the slave stage of the flip-flop 100, it should be understood that the slave stage of flip-flop 200 could be any slave stage to which a master stage passes a data input upon the transition of the clock signal from low to high. The feedback path present in the master stage of prior art flip-flops is not required by the present flip-flop 200 and others like it since its master stage 202 is driven by input data Din when the clock signal CLK is low. Therefore, there is no need to latch the data input signal since it is constantly supplied to the master stage 202.
When the clock signal is low, the [0020] slave stage 204 is isolated from the master stage 202 by the shut off of the pass device 206. In one embodiment, pass device 206 is a pass gate. Isolation of the slave stage 204 from the master stage 202 occurs when the transistors of gate 206 shut off due to the clock signal and its complement. The clock signals CLK, CLKiB, and CLKi have been discussed above. Because the slave stage is cut off or isolated from the master stage when the clock signal is low, feedback path 208 is still necessary in the flip-flop 200 to retain the slave stage data value.
In operation, the flip-[0021] flop 200 works as follows. When the clock signal CLK is low, CLKiB is high and CLKi is low. Gate 210 passes data input Din, and the master stage is driven by Din. Due to the clock signal and its complement, slave stage 204 is isolated from the master stage 202 when the clock signal is low. Slave stage 204 feedback path 208 holds the previous data value which was present at the slave stage when the slave stage was isolated from the master stage. Gate 212 allows the feedback path 208 to hold its previous value in a stable state. On the rising clock edge, the sampled data input Din from the master stage 202 is passed through to the slave stage 204 when the gate 206 transistors turn on. In this situation, the transistors of gate 212 turn off, and the data input signal Din is passed through to the slave stage 206 and to Qout. Gate 212 is on when gate 206 is off, and off when gate 206 is on. In one embodiment, feedback path 208 comprises inverters 214 and 216 connected in a loop with gate 212.
The clock loading of flip-[0022] flop 200 is only six transistors, less than the eight of the prior art flip-flop 100. Fewer transistors leads to lower power consumption. Overall performance of a flip-flop is determined by setup and hold time plus the CLK to Q (output) delay time. The CLK to Q time is determined by the slave stage of the flip-flop. The setup time is determined by the master stage. Power consumption of the flip-flop 200 is reduced by the lower load of transistors on the clock signal. The overall performance may be judged in some manner by the sum of the setup time and CLK to Q delay, both on the rising edge of the clock and the falling edge of the clock. The design of flip-flop 200 reduces power consumption due to the lower load of transistors on the clock. The design of flip-flop 200 improves performance by reducing the setup time and overall CLK to Q time.
Another [0023] embodiment 250 of a flip-flop according to the present invention is shown in FIG. 2A. The embodiment 250 reduces further the loading of transistors on the clock signal. As in embodiment 200, the feedback path in the master stage 252 is removed. The feedback path 256 in the slave stage 254 does not include a transmission gate such as gate 212 in FIG. 2. In one embodiment, two inverters 258 and 260 are connected back to back to form feedback path 256. In another embodiment, inverter 258 is a weaker inverter than inverter 260 in the forward path of the feedback path 256. In one embodiment, inverter 258 is approximately one third the size of inverter 256. When inverter 258 is weak, a new data value can be forced into the inverter 258 for retaining the data value.
In operation, the flip-[0024] flop 250 works as follows. When the clock is low, master stage 252 is driven by data input Din, and no feedback path is required. Slave stage 254 is isolated from master stage 252 because transmission gate 262 is off. Slave stage 254 holds the previously passed data value in feedback path 256 as described above. On the rising clock edge, the pass or transmission gate 262 connects the slave stage 254 to the master stage 252. The data input Din is isolated from the master stage 252, and the sampled data input is passed to the slave stage 254. Data passed to the slave stage 254 is passed through to Qout. When the clock transitions to low, the transmission gate 262 once again isolates the slave stage from the master stage. The slave stage holds the data value passed to it from the master stage in the feedback path 256. Weak inverter 258 and stronger inverter 260 operate as described above to hold the data value.
The removal of a transmission gate from the [0025] feedback path 256 results in a lighter clock load. Accordingly, the embodiment 250 consumes less power than conventional master slave flip-flops such as flip-flop 100. Flip-flop 250 is a combined dynamic and static flip-flop with a weak feedback inverter.
Another [0026] embodiment 300 of a flip-flop according to the present invention is shown in FIG. 3. The embodiment 300 further reduces the loading of transistors on the clock signal. In transistors, N-type transistors have a better performance in switching, since the mobility of electrons is greater than that of holes. Because of this, the removal of P-type transistors in the gates of a flip-flop results in a lower clock load because fewer transistors are required for switching. However, due to threshold voltage of the N-type transistor, N-type transistors are not good pass transistors for logic one. The complete removal of the feedback path from the master stage 302 of flip-flop 300 is therefore subject to failure due to the poor passing of logic one.
To remedy this, the flip-[0027] flop 300 has a half weak feedback path in each of the master stage 302 and slave stage 304 to assist in restoration of a full Vcc to logic one in the flip-flop 300. The flip-flop 300 operates substantially similarly to flip-flop 200, in that the full feedback path of a master slave flip-flop such as flip-flop 100 is not necessary. Instead, transistor 306 is used to pull the logic one signal of data in Din to a full Vcc when data in is at logic one. When CLK is low, CLKiB is high and CLKi is low as discussed above. When the clock is low, transistor 312 passes the data input Din to the master stage 302. Master stage 302 is driven by Din and therefore does not need a full feedback path.
However, due to the N-[0028] type pass transistor 312, if data input Din is logic one, the logic one may not be a strong logic one. Pull up transistor 306 is used when Din is logic one to bolster the value of the logic one to a full Vcc as follows. When Din is logic one, the signal at 314 is logic zero. This signal turns transistor 306 on, and a full Vcc is passed to node 316. When the clock signal CLK is low, slave stage 304 is isolated from master stage 302 because transistor 318 is off. Feedback path 310 is used to retain the data value last passed from master stage 302 to slave stage 304. Again, due to the weak passing of a logic one signal through pass transistor 318, transistor 308 is used as a pull up transistor to bolster a logic one signal to a full Vcc. Similarly, when the data input value passed to slave stage 304 is logic zero, the logic zero is fully restored by pull down transistor 320.
In operation, flip-[0029] flop 300 works as follows. When the clock signal CLK is low, slave stage 304 is isolated from the master stage 302 because transistor 318 is off. In this situation, slave stage 304 holds the last value passed to it by master stage 302 in feedback path 310. If data input Din was high when passed to slave stage 304, the signal at Qout is low. This low signal turns transistor 308 on, and pulls the value at node 322 to a full Vcc. Transistor 320 is off because of the low value at Qout. If the data input Din was low when last passed to slave stage 304, then with the clock low, slave stage will hold the value passed. In this situation, the value at Qout will be logic high. This in turn will turn off transistor 308 and turn on transistor 320. With the clock low, transistor 324 is on, and the low value at node 322 is fully restored to ground through transistors 320 and 324.
When the clock signal CLK transitions to high, [0030] master stage 302 is isolated from the data input Din, and slave stage 304 is connected to the master stage 302. Transistor 324 turns off, and the data input Din is passed from master stage 302 to slave stage 304 and through to Qout.
The clock loading of flip-[0031] flop 300 is only three transistors ( transistors 312, 318, and 324), less than the eight of previous designs such as flip-flop 100 and less than the six of flip-flop 200. Flip-flop 300 has similar power savings and improved performance to flip-flop 200, except that power consumption is even lower due to the lower load of transistors on the clock signal CLK.
In another embodiment, the P-type half of a pass gate, or a P-type pass transistor, is used to pass data to the master stage and to the slave stage. In this configuration, due to the P-type pass transistors, if data input Din is logic zero, it may not be a strong logic zero. A pull down N-type transistor is used when Din is logic zero to restore the value of the logic zero. [0032]
Flip-[0033] flops 200 and 300 have fewer components than the prior art flip-flops such as flip-flop 100. Because the number of components has dropped, the size of flip- flops 200 and 300 is also smaller than that of flip-flop 100. With increasing density and the need to place as many devices onto a die as possible, a smaller flip-flop will lead to increased allowable density. Improved performance and reduced power consumption are also advantages of the flip-flop embodiments of the present invention.
In the flip-flop embodiments described above, the clock creating clock signals CLK, CLKiB, and CLKi may be turned off without the flip-flop losing the data value. When the clock is turned off to save power during sleep mode, the data value passed to the slave stage is maintained. [0034]
The flip-flop embodiments described above, while described in terms of rising edge flip-flops, are equally applicable to falling edge flip-flops without departing from the scope of the invention. It should be understood that while the discussions above describe generally rising edge flip-flops triggered by a triggering event of the clock signal rising, the triggering event may be another event, such as the falling clock edge, without departing from the scope of the invention. [0035]
FIG. 4 illustrates a method of providing a stable output of a logic one or logic zero signal. [0036] Method 400 comprises supplying a data input to a first network having a pass device and an inverter in block 402, isolating the first network from a second network until a triggering event in block 404, connecting the first network to the second network to pass a new data value to the second network in block 406, and holding a passed data value in the second network using a feedback path in block 408. Holding the passed data value in block 408 comprises, in various embodiments, latching the data value, or latching the data value in a latch having a strong inverter and a weak inverter connected back to back. The method 400 may also comprise optionally supplying a half weak feedback path for restoring a passed logic one data value to a full logic one in block 410.
FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of an [0037] integrated circuit 500 of the present invention. The integrated circuit 500 receives a clock signal 502, and at least one input data signal 504. The clock signal and the input data signal can be coupled to an internal flip-flop circuit 506. The flip-flop circuit 506 can be arranged as described above with respect to FIGS. 2, 2A, or 3. The integrated circuit may be any type of integrated circuit, including but not limited to a processor, memory, memory controller, or application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC).
It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading and understanding the above description. The scope of the invention should, therefore, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. [0038]

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A flip flop, comprising:

a master stage having a pass gate and an inverter, the pass gate connected between an external data input and the inverter, the master stage driven directly by the data input; and

a slave stage having a feedback path for maintaining a data input value, the slave stage isolated from the master stage on a transition of a clock signal.

2. The flip-flop of claim 1, wherein the slave stage further comprises a second pass gate connecting the slave stage to the master stage on the transition of the clock signal.

3. The flip-flop of claim 1, wherein the feedback path comprises a pair of inverters connected back to back and a third pass gate in a loop.

4. The flip-flop of claim 3, wherein the third pass gate is active when the second pass gate is inactive.

5. The flip-flop of claim 1, wherein the feedback path comprises a pair of inverters connected back to back.

6. The flip-flop of claim 5, wherein one of the inverters is a strong inverter and the other of the inverters is a weak inverter.

7. The flip-flop of claim 6, wherein the strong inverter is approximate ly three times the size of the weak inverter.

8. The flip-flop of claim 1, wherein the feedback path comprises a first strong inverter and a second weak inverter, the strong and weak inverters connected back to back.

9. A flip-flop, comprising:

a master stage having a first transistor, a first inverter with its input connected to the first transistor, and a first half weak feedback path; and

a slave stage having a second transistor, a second inverter with its input connected to the second transistor, and a second half weak feedback path.

10. The flip-flop of claim 9, wherein the first half weak feedback path comprises:

a third transistor connected between a logic one potential and a node defined between the first transistor and the first inverter, the output of the first inverter connected to the gate of the second transistor.

11. The flip-flop of claim 9, wherein the second half weak feedback path comprises:

a fourth transistor connected between a logic one potential and a second node defined between the second transistor and the second inverter, the output of the second inverter connected to the gate of the fourth transistor.

12. The flip-flop of claim 11, wherein the second half weak feedback path further comprises:

a fifth transistor and a sixth transistor connected in series between the second node and a logic zero potential, the fifth transistor on when the master stage pass transistor is on, and the sixth transistor having its gate connected to the output of the second inverter.

13. A flip-flop, comprising:

a master stage having pass gate and an inverter connected to the pass gate, the pass gate connectable to an external data input; and

a slave stage having a second pass gate, a second inverter, and a feedback path between an output and an input of the second inverter, the feedback path for storing a previous data input value passed to the slave stage.

14. The flip-flop of claim 13, wherein the slave stage is connected to the master stage on a rising edge of a clock signal.

15. A flip-flop, comprising:

a master stage having a pass gate connectable to an external data input and an inverter connected to the pass gate;

a slave stage having a second pass gate for connecting to the master stage, and a feedback path having a strong inverter and a weak inverter.

16. The flip-flop of claim 15, wherein the slave stage is connected with the master stage upon a transition of a clock signal from a first state to a second state, and the slave stage is isolated from the master stage on a transition of the clock signal from the second state to the first state.

17. The flip-flop of claim 15, wherein the weak inverter is approximately one third the size of the strong inverter.

18. A flip-flop, comprising:

a master stage having a pass transistor, an inverter, and a first half feedback path between the output and input of the inverter;

a slave stage having a pass transistor, an inverter, and a second half feedback path between the output and input of the inverter, the slave stage connectable to the master stage through the slave stage pass transistor.

19. The flip-flop of claim 18, wherein the first half feedback path comprises:

a feedback transistor connected between a logic one potential and a node defined between the master stage pass transistor and the master stage inverter, the output of the master stage inverter connected to the gate of the slave stage pass transistor.

20. The flip-flop of claim 18, wherein the second half feedback path comprises:

a feedback transistor connected between a logic one potential and a node defined between the slave stage pass transistor and the slave stage inverter, the output of the slave stage inverter connected to the gate of the transistor.

21. The flip-flop of claim 18, wherein the second half feedback path further comprises:

a pull down transistor path between the node and a logic zero potential.

22. The flip-flop of claim 21, wherein the pull down transistor path comprises:

a second pass transistor and a pull down transistor connected in series between the second node and the logic zero potential, the second pass transistor on when the master stage pass transistor is on, and the pull down transistor having its gate connected to the output of the second inverter.

23. The flip-flop of claim 18, wherein the first half feedback path comprises:

a feedback transistor connected between a logic zero potential and a node defined between the master stage pass transistor and the master stage inverter, the output of the master stage inverter connected to the gate of the slave stage pass transistor.

24. The flip-flop of claim 18, wherein the second half feedback path comprises:

a feedback transistor connected between a logic zero potential and a node defined between the slave stage pass transistor and the slave stage inverter, the output of the slave stage inverter connected to the gate of the transistor.

25. A flip-flop, comprising:

a master stage comprising:

a master stage pass transistor connectable to a data input;

a master stage inverter connected to the master stage pass transistor; and

a half feedback path comprising a pull up transistor, the half feedback path connected between the input and output of the master stage inverter; and

a slave stage connected to the master stage, comprising:

a slave stage pass transistor connected to the output of the master stage inverter;

a slave stage inverter connected to the slave stage pass transistor;

a slave stage half feedback path comprising a pull up transistor, the slave stage half feedback path connected between the input and output of the slave stage inverter; and

a pull down transistor connected between the input and output of the slave stage inverter;

wherein each pull up transistor restores a logic one signal to the data, and wherein the pull down transistor restores a logic zero signal to the data in the slave stage.

26. A method, comprising:

supplying a data input to a first network having a pass device and an inverter;

isolating the first network from a second network until a triggering event;

connecting the first network to the second network to pass a new data value to the second network; and

holding a passed data value in the second network using a feedback path.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein holding the passed data value comprises latching the data value.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein latching the data value comprises latching the data value in a latch having a strong inverter and a weak inverter connected back to back.

29. The method of claim 26, wherein connecting the first network to the second network is accomplished with a pass transistor.

30. The method of claim 29, and further comprising:

supplying a half weak feedback path for restoring a passed logic data value to a full logic data value.

31. An integrated circuit, comprising:

a first input connection for receiving a clock signal;

a second input connection for receiving an input data signal; and

a flip-flop circuit coupled to receive the clock signal and the input data signal, the flip-flop comprising:

a slave stage having a feedback path for maintaining a data input value, the slave stage isolated from the master stage when a clock signal is in a first state, and connectable to the master stage inverter on a transition of the clock signal to a second state.