US20010041663A1 - Carbon nanotubes in fuels and lubricants - Google Patents
Carbon nanotubes in fuels and lubricants Download PDFInfo
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- US20010041663A1 US20010041663A1 US09/809,930 US80993001A US2001041663A1 US 20010041663 A1 US20010041663 A1 US 20010041663A1 US 80993001 A US80993001 A US 80993001A US 2001041663 A1 US2001041663 A1 US 2001041663A1
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- carbon nanotubes
- fuel
- lubricant
- nanotubes
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 68
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000002071 nanotube Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005555 metalworking Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003209 petroleum derivative Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000002121 nanofiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000252203 Clupea harengus Species 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019514 herring Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002525 ultrasonication Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- -1 Poly(vinyl alcohol) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002367 Polyisobutene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002723 alicyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000005770 birds nest Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002816 fuel additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003915 liquefied petroleum gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006053 organic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003352 sequestering agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000391 smoking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009974 thixotropic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000015113 tomato pastes and purées Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000005765 wild carrot Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
- C10L1/1208—Inorganic compounds elements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/08—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving lubricity; for reducing wear
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M113/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the thickening agent being an inorganic material
- C10M113/02—Carbon; Graphite
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M125/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an inorganic material
- C10M125/02—Carbon; Graphite
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2201/04—Elements
- C10M2201/041—Carbon; Graphite; Carbon black
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
- C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
- C10N2020/055—Particles related characteristics
- C10N2020/06—Particles of special shape or size
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
- C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
- C10N2020/055—Particles related characteristics
- C10N2020/063—Fibrous forms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/02—Pour-point; Viscosity index
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/28—Anti-static
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/30—Anti-misting
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/54—Fuel economy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/20—Metal working
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
- Y10S977/70—Nanostructure
- Y10S977/734—Fullerenes, i.e. graphene-based structures, such as nanohorns, nanococoons, nanoscrolls or fullerene-like structures, e.g. WS2 or MoS2 chalcogenide nanotubes, planar C3N4, etc.
- Y10S977/742—Carbon nanotubes, CNTs
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
- Y10S977/70—Nanostructure
- Y10S977/778—Nanostructure within specified host or matrix material, e.g. nanocomposite films
- Y10S977/782—Possessing nanosized physical convexity, ridge, or protrusion extending upward from the host's surface
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
- Y10S977/70—Nanostructure
- Y10S977/778—Nanostructure within specified host or matrix material, e.g. nanocomposite films
- Y10S977/786—Fluidic host/matrix containing nanomaterials
- Y10S977/787—Viscous fluid host/matrix containing nanomaterials
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
- Y10S977/84—Manufacture, treatment, or detection of nanostructure
- Y10S977/842—Manufacture, treatment, or detection of nanostructure for carbon nanotubes or fullerenes
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of fuels and lubricants. More specifically, the invention pertains to the use of carbon nanotubes in liquid fuels and lubricants to accelerate the burning rate, dissipate electrostatic changes and/or increase viscosity.
- Additives are used with various fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, diesel fuel, fuel oil, and the like to enhance the combustion characteristics of the fuel to reduce polluting emissions of carbon monoxide, particulates and unburned hydrocarbons, and to reduce equipment problems.
- the present invention which addresses the needs of the prior art provides methods of enhancing the combustion efficiency of fuels by utilizing carbon nanotubes as additives.
- carbon nanotubes When added to fuels in an amount from about 0.01% to about 15% by weight, carbon nanotubes can enhance the burning rate, function as anti-knock additives, render the fuels conductive and increase their viscosity.
- Carbon nanotubes in an amount from about 0.01% to about 5% by weight can also increase the viscosity of lubricants.
- Fuels as used herein refer broadly to liquid organic substances containing primarily hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, which are capable of producing energy in a chemical reaction. Fuels as used herein, include liquids that are burned to generate heat or are used in an engine to generate power.
- the fuel may be, for example a distilled fraction of petroleum, a product of refinery operations, a crude petroleum or a blend of two or more thereof.
- Liquid hydrocarbon oils especially petroleum products such as gasoline, gas oil, kerosene, and heavy oil are preferred fuels of primary interest in the invention.
- Fuels which can benefit from the use of carbon nanotubes as additives also include, without limitations, diesel oil, fuels cited in Lack, U.S. Pat. No. 5,823,758 and Sato, U.S. Pat. No. 5,880,047, both incorporated herein by reference.
- Lubricants as used herein are primarily organic substances containing primarily carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, e.g., broadly oils from petroleum consisting essentially of complex mixtures of hydrocarbon molecules. More specifically, lubricating or “lube oil” refers to a selected fraction of refined mineral oil used for lubrication of moving surfaces, usually metallic surfaces, and ranging from small precision machinery (watches) to the heaviest equipment. Lubricating oils usually contain additives to impart special properties such as viscosity and detergency. They range in consistency from thin liquids to grease-like substances.
- Lube oils generally range from low viscosity oils with molecular weights as low as 250 to very viscous lubricants with molecular weights as high as about 1000.
- Physical properties, such as viscosity, viscosity-temperature-pressure characteristics, and performance, depend largely on the relative distribution of paraffinic, aromatic, and alicyclic (naphthenic) components in the lube oil.
- Representative petroleum lubricating oils used in this invention include, without limitation, lubes used to lubricate automobiles (SAE), gears (SAE), automatic transmissions, turbines, aviation engines and refrigeration equipment, having the physical properties described by Booser, E. R. in “Lubrication and Lubricants”, Kirk-Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, pp. 707-710(1985) incorporated herein by reference. Greases, metal working lubricants and lubricants for missile systems as defined by Booser, E. R. are also of interest in the invention.
- nanotube refers to an elongated hollow structure having a diameter less than 1 micron.
- nanofiber refers to an elongated solid, (e.g. angular fibers having edges) structures having a cross section of less than 1micron.
- nanotube also includes “bucky tubes” and graphitic nanofibers the graphene planes of which are oriented in herring bone pattern. The term is defined further below.
- Graphitic carbon consists of layers which are essentially parallel to one another and no more than 3.6 angstroms apart.
- aggregate refers to a dense, microscopic particulate structure.
- isotropic means that all measurements of a physical property within a plane or volume of the structure, independent of the direction of the measurement, are of a constant value.
- carbon nanotubes refers to various tubes or fibers, particularly carbon fibers, having very small diameters including fibrils, whiskers, buckytubes, etc. Such structures provide significant surface area when incorporated into a structure because of their size and shape. Moreover, such nanotubes can be made with high purity and uniformity.
- the nanotubes used in the present invention have a diameter less than 1 micron, preferably less than about 0.5 micron, and even more preferably less than 0.1 micron and most preferably less than 0.05 micron.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,171,560 to Tennent et al. describes carbon nanotubes free of thermal overcoat and having graphitic layers substantially parallel to the fibril axes such that the projection of said layers on said fibril axes extends for a distance of at least two fibril diameters.
- such fibrils are substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotubes of substantially constant diameter and comprise cylindrical graphitic sheets whose c-axes are substantially perpendicular to their cylindrical axis. They are substantially free of pyrolytically deposited carbon, have a diameter less than 0.1 ⁇ and a length to diameter ratio of greater than 5. Shorter carbon nanotubes having a length to diameter ratio of less or equal to 5 are also useful in the present invention. These carbon nanotubes are of primary interest in the invention.
- the carbon planes of the graphitic nanotube take on a herring bone appearance. These are termed fishbone fibrils.
- Arc grown nanotubes having a diameter of less than 0.1 microns as made in an electric arc process by Iijima, S., Nature 354, 56 (1991), and catalytically by Amelinckx, S., et al., Science 265, 635 (1994), both incorporated herein by reference are also useful in the practice of the invention.
- Carbon nanotubes can be oxidized to yield high surface concentrations of acid groups as described in WO90/02667 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/352,400 filed Dec. 8, 1995 by Moy et al. incorporated herein by reference.
- the functionalized nanotubes are more readily individualized by shear than “as made” bundles and are readily and highly dispersible in polar solvents.
- These surface functional groups are also convertible by conventional organic reactions to virtually any desired secondary functionality, thereby providing a wide range of surface hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity. Functionalized nanotubes are also useful in the practice of the invention.
- Nanotubes are also prepared as aggregates having various morphologies (as determined by scanning electron microscopy) in which they are randomly entangled with each other to form entangled balls of nanotubes resembling bird nests (“BN”); or as aggregates consisting of bundles of straight to slightly bent or kinked carbon nanotubes having substantially the same relative orientation, and having the appearance of combed yarn (“CY”) e.g., the longitudinal axis of each nanotube (despite individual bends or kinks) extends in the same direction as that of the surrounding nanotubes in the bundles; or, as, aggregates consisting of straight to slightly bent or kinked nanotubes which are loosely entangled with each other to form an “open net” (“ON”) structure.
- CY combed yarn
- Carbon nanotubes are added to fuels in an amount from about 0.01% to about 30% by weight, more preferably from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight.
- the loading is preferably from about 0.01% to about 20% by weight.
- the carbon nanotubes useful as additives to fuels and lubricants have an aspect ratio, i.e., length to diameter, of from 1:1 to 500:1 and preferably from 5:1 to 100:1.
- Carbon nanotubes as fuel additives offer many advantages. For example, because of their ability to trap free radicals, carbon fibrils can function as an anti-knock additive. Adding carbon nanotubes to diesel fuel results in increasing the cetane number. Carbon nanotubes can act as a burning rate catalyst because when added to liquid fuels they accelerate the burning rate, promote clean burning and suppress smoking.
- Carbon nanotubes can enhance the conductivity and improve the toughness of polymeric compositions as more particularly described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,591,382 and 5,643,502, both entitled “High Strength Conductive Polymers” and issued to Nahass et al., incorporated herein by reference.
- ESD electrostatic decomposition
- carbon nanotubes in fuels provide an additional safety feature because the nanotubes are thixotropic.
- the thixotropy of carbon nanotubes and the combustion system can be engineered such that the fuel shear thins as it enters the combustion zone, but does not “liquefy” through an uncontrolled escape.
- Carbon nanotubes can act as effective anti-misting additives when added to metal working fluids including those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,958,849 to Henson, et. al. incorporated herein by reference.
- Carbon fibrils can be used as sequestering agents for tramp metals present in engine fuel. Tramp metals and/or tramp metal ions tend to complex with other chemicals found in fuels and lubricants to form insoluble complexes which negatively affect their performance. Adding carbon fibrils to fuels and lubricants containing tramp metals or tramp metal ions will reduce the formation of insoluble complexes and the resulting fuels and lubricants will have fewer insoluble impurities.
- Aggregates of carbon nanotubes may also be used as additives to fuels and lubricants. It is known that the morphology of an aggregate is controlled by the choice of catalyst support. A significant concern in using carbon nanotubes in fuels and lubricants, both as single strands and/or as aggregates, is the increased wear of the engine due to abrasion by the fibril growth catalyst support. This is particularly important in automotive fuels, especially for spark ignition engines. Jet and specialty gas turbine fuels may be less sensitive to this concern. As a result friable or easily removable catalyst supports are more desirable than abrasive catalyst supports such as alumina, and the like. Thus, MgO is preferable as catalyst support because it can be easily removed by washing with a weak acid such as 0.1M hydrochloric acid.
- Carbon nanotubes grown from a carbon nanotube support rather than a conventional alumina support will contain less residue and are, therefore, of primary interest as additives for use in fuels and lubricants.
- the carbon nanotubes additives can be delivered to fuels and lubricants in a polymeric matrix.
- Useful polymeric matrices include polyolefins, especially polyisobutylene, and polyethylene oxide.
- the content of carbon nanotubes in such delivery systems varies from about 1% by weight to about 30% by weight, and preferably from 2% by weight to 20% by weight.
- Carbon nanotubes can significantly increase the viscosity of liquids.
- ultrasonication of a suspension of fibrils in a thin liquid leads first to isolation of the “as made” bundles from larger aggregates and then to individualization of nanotubes from “as made” bundles.
- a 1% by weight suspension of such individualized nanotubes, in any inviscid liquid has the consistency of tomato paste, having a viscosity of 10000 to 50000 cp in a Brookfield viscometer at 50 rpm. These values are tripled or quadrupled at lower shear, i.e., 10 rpm. Ultrasonication and removal of the liquid is difficult.
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Abstract
Description
- 1. Field of Invention
- The invention relates to the field of fuels and lubricants. More specifically, the invention pertains to the use of carbon nanotubes in liquid fuels and lubricants to accelerate the burning rate, dissipate electrostatic changes and/or increase viscosity.
- 2. Description of the Related Art
- Various techniques for improving the combustion efficiency of petroleum products such as gasoline, gas oil, kerosene, heavy oil and lubricant oil have been investigated. Additives are used with various fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, diesel fuel, fuel oil, and the like to enhance the combustion characteristics of the fuel to reduce polluting emissions of carbon monoxide, particulates and unburned hydrocarbons, and to reduce equipment problems.
- Although many additives are effective for reducing the amount of polluting emissions caused by incomplete combustion of fuels, there remains a need in the art for novel methods of enhancing the burning rate of fuels and improving the octane or cetane number as well as reducing their susceptibility to electrostatic discharge.
- It is an object of the present invention to improve the properties of fuels and lubricants.
- It is another object of the invention to increase the burning rate of fuels.
- It is yet another object of the invention to render fuel and lubricants conductive.
- It is yet another object of the invention to provide combustible additives which increase the viscosity of fuels and lubricants.
- Other improvements which the present invention provides over the prior art will be identified as a result of the following description which sets forth the preferred embodiments of the invention.
- The present invention which addresses the needs of the prior art provides methods of enhancing the combustion efficiency of fuels by utilizing carbon nanotubes as additives. When added to fuels in an amount from about 0.01% to about 15% by weight, carbon nanotubes can enhance the burning rate, function as anti-knock additives, render the fuels conductive and increase their viscosity.
- Carbon nanotubes in an amount from about 0.01% to about 5% by weight can also increase the viscosity of lubricants.
- Fuels as used herein refer broadly to liquid organic substances containing primarily hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, which are capable of producing energy in a chemical reaction. Fuels as used herein, include liquids that are burned to generate heat or are used in an engine to generate power. The fuel may be, for example a distilled fraction of petroleum, a product of refinery operations, a crude petroleum or a blend of two or more thereof.
- Liquid hydrocarbon oils, especially petroleum products such as gasoline, gas oil, kerosene, and heavy oil are preferred fuels of primary interest in the invention. Fuels which can benefit from the use of carbon nanotubes as additives also include, without limitations, diesel oil, fuels cited in Lack, U.S. Pat. No. 5,823,758 and Sato, U.S. Pat. No. 5,880,047, both incorporated herein by reference.
- Lubricants as used herein are primarily organic substances containing primarily carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, e.g., broadly oils from petroleum consisting essentially of complex mixtures of hydrocarbon molecules. More specifically, lubricating or “lube oil” refers to a selected fraction of refined mineral oil used for lubrication of moving surfaces, usually metallic surfaces, and ranging from small precision machinery (watches) to the heaviest equipment. Lubricating oils usually contain additives to impart special properties such as viscosity and detergency. They range in consistency from thin liquids to grease-like substances.
- Lube oils generally range from low viscosity oils with molecular weights as low as 250 to very viscous lubricants with molecular weights as high as about 1000. Physical properties, such as viscosity, viscosity-temperature-pressure characteristics, and performance, depend largely on the relative distribution of paraffinic, aromatic, and alicyclic (naphthenic) components in the lube oil.
- Representative petroleum lubricating oils used in this invention include, without limitation, lubes used to lubricate automobiles (SAE), gears (SAE), automatic transmissions, turbines, aviation engines and refrigeration equipment, having the physical properties described by Booser, E. R. in “Lubrication and Lubricants”, Kirk-Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, pp. 707-710(1985) incorporated herein by reference. Greases, metal working lubricants and lubricants for missile systems as defined by Booser, E. R. are also of interest in the invention.
- The terms “nanotube”, “nanofiber” and “fibril” are used interchangeably. Each refers to an elongated hollow structure having a diameter less than 1 micron. The term “nanotube” includes “nanofiber” or “fibril” (which refers to an elongated solid, (e.g. angular fibers having edges) structures having a cross section of less than 1micron. The term “nanotube” also includes “bucky tubes” and graphitic nanofibers the graphene planes of which are oriented in herring bone pattern. The term is defined further below.
- Graphitic” carbon consists of layers which are essentially parallel to one another and no more than 3.6 angstroms apart.
- The term “aggregate” refers to a dense, microscopic particulate structure.
- The term “isotropic” means that all measurements of a physical property within a plane or volume of the structure, independent of the direction of the measurement, are of a constant value.
- The term carbon nanotubes refers to various tubes or fibers, particularly carbon fibers, having very small diameters including fibrils, whiskers, buckytubes, etc. Such structures provide significant surface area when incorporated into a structure because of their size and shape. Moreover, such nanotubes can be made with high purity and uniformity.
- Preferably, the nanotubes used in the present invention have a diameter less than 1 micron, preferably less than about 0.5 micron, and even more preferably less than 0.1 micron and most preferably less than 0.05 micron.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,171,560 to Tennent et al., hereby incorporated by reference, describes carbon nanotubes free of thermal overcoat and having graphitic layers substantially parallel to the fibril axes such that the projection of said layers on said fibril axes extends for a distance of at least two fibril diameters. Typically, such fibrils are substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotubes of substantially constant diameter and comprise cylindrical graphitic sheets whose c-axes are substantially perpendicular to their cylindrical axis. They are substantially free of pyrolytically deposited carbon, have a diameter less than 0.1μ and a length to diameter ratio of greater than 5. Shorter carbon nanotubes having a length to diameter ratio of less or equal to 5 are also useful in the present invention. These carbon nanotubes are of primary interest in the invention.
- When the projection of the graphitic layers on the nanotube axis extends for a distance of less than two nanotube diameters, the carbon planes of the graphitic nanotube, in cross section, take on a herring bone appearance. These are termed fishbone fibrils. Geus, U.S. Pat. No. 4,855,091, hereby incorporated by reference, provides a procedure for preparation of fishbone fibrils substantially free of a pyrolytic overcoat. These carbon nanotubes are also useful in the practice of the invention.
- Arc grown nanotubes having a diameter of less than 0.1 microns as made in an electric arc process by Iijima, S., Nature 354, 56 (1991), and catalytically by Amelinckx, S., et al., Science 265, 635 (1994), both incorporated herein by reference are also useful in the practice of the invention.
- Carbon nanotubes can be oxidized to yield high surface concentrations of acid groups as described in WO90/02667 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/352,400 filed Dec. 8, 1995 by Moy et al. incorporated herein by reference. The functionalized nanotubes are more readily individualized by shear than “as made” bundles and are readily and highly dispersible in polar solvents. These surface functional groups are also convertible by conventional organic reactions to virtually any desired secondary functionality, thereby providing a wide range of surface hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity. Functionalized nanotubes are also useful in the practice of the invention.
- Particularly relevant information regarding carbon fibril technology is summarized in U.S. Pat. No. 4,663,230 to Tennent, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,165,909; 5,171,560; 5,048,771; 5,110,693 and 5,304,326, all incorporated herein by reference.
- Nanotubes are also prepared as aggregates having various morphologies (as determined by scanning electron microscopy) in which they are randomly entangled with each other to form entangled balls of nanotubes resembling bird nests (“BN”); or as aggregates consisting of bundles of straight to slightly bent or kinked carbon nanotubes having substantially the same relative orientation, and having the appearance of combed yarn (“CY”) e.g., the longitudinal axis of each nanotube (despite individual bends or kinks) extends in the same direction as that of the surrounding nanotubes in the bundles; or, as, aggregates consisting of straight to slightly bent or kinked nanotubes which are loosely entangled with each other to form an “open net” (“ON”) structure.
- In U.S. application Ser. No. 08/469,430 entitled “Improved Methods and Catalysts for the Manufacture of Carbon Fibrils”, filed Jun. 6, 1995, incorporated herein by reference, Moy et al., describe nanotubes prepared as aggregates having various morphologies as determined by scanning electron microscopy. Carbon nanotube aggregates can also be used as additives in fuels and lubricants.
- Many fuels and lubricants can benefit from the use of carbon nanotubes as additives.
- Carbon nanotubes are added to fuels in an amount from about 0.01% to about 30% by weight, more preferably from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight.
- Because lube oils are more viscous than fuels, when carbon nanotubes are used as additives, the loading is preferably from about 0.01% to about 20% by weight.
- Typically, the carbon nanotubes useful as additives to fuels and lubricants have an aspect ratio, i.e., length to diameter, of from 1:1 to 500:1 and preferably from 5:1 to 100:1.
- Carbon nanotubes as fuel additives offer many advantages. For example, because of their ability to trap free radicals, carbon fibrils can function as an anti-knock additive. Adding carbon nanotubes to diesel fuel results in increasing the cetane number. Carbon nanotubes can act as a burning rate catalyst because when added to liquid fuels they accelerate the burning rate, promote clean burning and suppress smoking.
- Carbon nanotubes can enhance the conductivity and improve the toughness of polymeric compositions as more particularly described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,591,382 and 5,643,502, both entitled “High Strength Conductive Polymers” and issued to Nahass et al., incorporated herein by reference. When carbon nanotubes are added to fuel in an amount greater than 1%, the fuel becomes conductive and therefore insensitive to electrostatic decomposition (ESD).
- For some uses carbon nanotubes in fuels provide an additional safety feature because the nanotubes are thixotropic. The thixotropy of carbon nanotubes and the combustion system can be engineered such that the fuel shear thins as it enters the combustion zone, but does not “liquefy” through an uncontrolled escape.
- Carbon nanotubes can act as effective anti-misting additives when added to metal working fluids including those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,958,849 to Henson, et. al. incorporated herein by reference.
- Carbon fibrils can be used as sequestering agents for tramp metals present in engine fuel. Tramp metals and/or tramp metal ions tend to complex with other chemicals found in fuels and lubricants to form insoluble complexes which negatively affect their performance. Adding carbon fibrils to fuels and lubricants containing tramp metals or tramp metal ions will reduce the formation of insoluble complexes and the resulting fuels and lubricants will have fewer insoluble impurities.
- Aggregates of carbon nanotubes may also be used as additives to fuels and lubricants. It is known that the morphology of an aggregate is controlled by the choice of catalyst support. A significant concern in using carbon nanotubes in fuels and lubricants, both as single strands and/or as aggregates, is the increased wear of the engine due to abrasion by the fibril growth catalyst support. This is particularly important in automotive fuels, especially for spark ignition engines. Jet and specialty gas turbine fuels may be less sensitive to this concern. As a result friable or easily removable catalyst supports are more desirable than abrasive catalyst supports such as alumina, and the like. Thus, MgO is preferable as catalyst support because it can be easily removed by washing with a weak acid such as 0.1M hydrochloric acid.
- Carbon nanotubes grown from a carbon nanotube support rather than a conventional alumina support will contain less residue and are, therefore, of primary interest as additives for use in fuels and lubricants.
- In one embodiment of the invention, the carbon nanotubes additives can be delivered to fuels and lubricants in a polymeric matrix. Useful polymeric matrices include polyolefins, especially polyisobutylene, and polyethylene oxide. The content of carbon nanotubes in such delivery systems varies from about 1% by weight to about 30% by weight, and preferably from 2% by weight to 20% by weight.
- Carbon nanotubes, even in modest concentrations, can significantly increase the viscosity of liquids. For example, ultrasonication of a suspension of fibrils in a thin liquid leads first to isolation of the “as made” bundles from larger aggregates and then to individualization of nanotubes from “as made” bundles. A 1% by weight suspension of such individualized nanotubes, in any inviscid liquid has the consistency of tomato paste, having a viscosity of 10000 to 50000 cp in a Brookfield viscometer at 50 rpm. These values are tripled or quadrupled at lower shear, i.e., 10 rpm. Ultrasonication and removal of the liquid is difficult. Further details regarding carbon fibrils for use in increasing the viscosity of fluids can be found in Shaffer, M. S. P. and Windle, A. H., “Fabrication and Characterization of carbon nanotube/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Composites” Advanced materials11, (11) 937 (1999); Shaffer, M. S. P., Fan, X. and Windle, A. H., “Dispersion and packaging of Carbon Nanotubes”, 36, (11), 1603 (1998); Windle, A. H., etal., “Development of a dispersion process for carbon nanotubes in an epoxy matrix and the resulting electrical properties”, Polymer 40 5967 (1999), all of which are incorporated herein by references as if set forth in full.
Claims (8)
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US10/973,605 US20050108926A1 (en) | 2000-03-17 | 2004-10-26 | Fuels and lubricants containing carbon nanotubes |
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-
2002
- 2002-03-15 US US10/099,243 patent/US6828282B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2004
- 2004-10-26 US US10/973,605 patent/US20050108926A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (17)
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US20040209782A1 (en) * | 2002-05-30 | 2004-10-21 | Ashland Inc. | Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with graphite nanoparticles and carbon nanotube |
US7348298B2 (en) | 2002-05-30 | 2008-03-25 | Ashland Licensing And Intellectual Property, Llc | Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with graphite nanoparticles and carbon nanotube |
US20090298725A1 (en) * | 2002-05-30 | 2009-12-03 | Zhiqiang Zhang | Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with graphite nanoparticles and carbon nanotube |
WO2003106600A1 (en) * | 2002-05-30 | 2003-12-24 | Ashland Inc. | Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with graphite nanoparticles and carbon nanotube |
US20100022422A1 (en) * | 2002-05-30 | 2010-01-28 | Gefei Wu | High temperature shear stable nanographite dispersion lubricants with enhanced thermal conductivity and method for making |
US20050124504A1 (en) * | 2002-07-26 | 2005-06-09 | Ashland Inc. | Lubricant and additive formulation |
WO2005037966A1 (en) * | 2003-10-15 | 2005-04-28 | Ashland Inc. | Shock absorber fluid composition containing nanostuctures |
US7871533B1 (en) * | 2006-01-12 | 2011-01-18 | South Dakota School Of Mines And Technology | Carbon nanoparticle-containing nanofluid |
US20110003721A1 (en) * | 2006-01-12 | 2011-01-06 | Haiping Hong | Carbon nanoparticle-containing nanofluid |
US20080242566A1 (en) * | 2006-03-07 | 2008-10-02 | Ashland Licensing And Intellectual Property Llc. | Gear oil composition containing nanomaterial |
US7449432B2 (en) | 2006-03-07 | 2008-11-11 | Ashland Licensing And Intellectual Property, Llc (Alip) | Gear oil composition containing nanomaterial |
US20110117361A1 (en) * | 2008-01-07 | 2011-05-19 | James Hamilton | Method And Apparatus For Identifying And Characterizing Material Solvents And Composited Matrices And Methods Of Using Same |
US9109113B2 (en) | 2008-01-07 | 2015-08-18 | Wisys Technology Foundation | Method and apparatus for identifying and characterizing material solvents and composited matrices and methods of using same |
WO2009153576A1 (en) * | 2008-06-20 | 2009-12-23 | Martin Pick | A method of making carbon nanotube dispersions for the enhancement of the properties of fluids |
US20110224113A1 (en) * | 2008-06-20 | 2011-09-15 | Martin Pick | Method of Making Carbon Nanotube Dispersions for the Enhancement of the Properties of Fluids |
US8951942B2 (en) | 2008-06-20 | 2015-02-10 | Martin Pick | Method of making carbon nanotube dispersions for the enhancement of the properties of fluids |
EP2993219A4 (en) * | 2014-09-09 | 2016-04-06 | Graphene Platform Corp | Composite lubricating material, engine oil, grease, and lubricating oil |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20020095860A1 (en) | 2002-07-25 |
US6828282B2 (en) | 2004-12-07 |
US6419717B2 (en) | 2002-07-16 |
EP1272593A4 (en) | 2004-12-08 |
WO2001070915A1 (en) | 2001-09-27 |
AU2001245786A1 (en) | 2001-10-03 |
EP1272593A1 (en) | 2003-01-08 |
US20050108926A1 (en) | 2005-05-26 |
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