US20010018519A1 - Preparation of opiates - Google Patents
Preparation of opiates Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20010018519A1 US20010018519A1 US09/835,525 US83552501A US2001018519A1 US 20010018519 A1 US20010018519 A1 US 20010018519A1 US 83552501 A US83552501 A US 83552501A US 2001018519 A1 US2001018519 A1 US 2001018519A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- oxidation
- lower alkyl
- codeine
- process according
- mno
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC(C)=O Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XJDVOGOBOJDHOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N C=NC1CCC23C4=C5C=CC(OC)=C4OC2C(=O)C=CC3C1C5 Chemical compound C=NC1CCC23C4=C5C=CC(OC)=C4OC2C(=O)C=CC3C1C5 XJDVOGOBOJDHOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ICNGKVLFWWHQGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N C=NC1CCC23C4=C5C=CC(OC)=C4OC2C(O)C=CC3C1C5.II Chemical compound C=NC1CCC23C4=C5C=CC(OC)=C4OC2C(O)C=CC3C1C5.II ICNGKVLFWWHQGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ROOYUXUPQTXKKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N C=NC1CCC23C4=C5C=CC(OC)=C4OC2C(O)C=CC3C1C5 Chemical compound C=NC1CCC23C4=C5C=CC(OC)=C4OC2C(O)C=CC3C1C5 ROOYUXUPQTXKKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D489/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 4aH-8, 9 c- Iminoethano-phenanthro [4, 5-b, c, d] furan ring systems, e.g. derivatives of [4, 5-epoxy]-morphinan of the formula:
- C07D489/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 4aH-8, 9 c- Iminoethano-phenanthro [4, 5-b, c, d] furan ring systems, e.g. derivatives of [4, 5-epoxy]-morphinan of the formula: with oxygen atoms attached in positions 3 and 6, e.g. morphine, morphinone
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a novel process for the preparation of codeinone and analogues thereof.
- Codeinone is a key intermediate for the synthesis of many morphinoid compounds. It is therefore desirable for a simple, straightforward and cost effective process for its preparation.
- codeinone was obtained from thebaine by treating it with dry HBr in CH 2 Cl 2 at ⁇ 25°, followed by hydrolysis with water and dehydrobrominating with cold NaOH (Vesely, Z., Hodkova, J. and Trojanek J., Cesk. Farm. 1986, 35, 222-6).
- thebaine was converted to a mixture of codeinone and neopinone in aqueous HCO 2 H containing Hg(OAc) 2 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,277,604).
- thebaine is very expensive and does not occur naturally in a high yield; therefore the preparation of codeinone from thebaine is not an attractive method.
- An alternative process for the preparation of codeinone is the direct oxidation of codeine using variety of reagents, such as silver carbonate (Rapoport, H. and Reist, N. H., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 27, 490-491) and Jones' reagent (Findlay, J .W. A., Butz, R. F. and Jones, E. C., Clin. Chem. 1981, 77, 1524-1535); however, these reagents only gave codeinone in poor yield. Only Oppenauer oxidation (U.S. Pat. No. 2,654,756) has given codeinone in reasonably good yield and high purity. All these methods have their drawbacks, however. Oxidation with silver carbonate is not preferred due to its cost and incomplete reaction, whereas in the case of Jones's oxidation and Oppenauer oxidation the isolation of the product is difficult and complex.
- reagents such as silver carbonate (Rapoport, H. and Reist, N. H., J. Am.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a simple process for the preparation of codeinone and analogues thereof, and which provides the desired product in high yield and purity.
- the present inventors have found that if oxidation of codeine or a salt thereof, for example the phosphate salt, is carried out at acidic pH, a high yield of codeinone is obtained which is not obtainable by any of the methods heretofore disclosed.
- the present invention provides a novel process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I)
- R 1 is lower alkyl or a group
- R 4 is lower alkyl, lower alkyl substituted by halogen or phenyl, phenyl or substituted phenyl;
- R 2 is lower alkyl, allyl or lower alkyl substituted by cycloalkyl
- each of R 1 and R 2 may be the same or different and each is lower alkyl, for example C 1-6 alkyl, such as C 1-4 alkyl, for example methyl or ethyl and preferably ethyl.
- the salt is the phosphate salt (H 3 PO 4 ).
- the oxidation is carried out at a pH of from 0.1 ⁇ pH>7; preferably, the oxidation is carried out at a pH of from 0.8 ⁇ pH>4.5; most preferably the oxidation is carried out at a pH of from 0.8 to 1.2.
- the solvent may be any solvent suitable for use in such an oxidation reaction.
- Acetone was found to be the most suitable solvent for giving the desired product in high yield and high purity.
- Other solvents were also found to be particularly useful and were preferred in the order: acetone >THF>IPA>CH 3 CN >NMP.
- the solvent is used as a 50:50 (v/v) solvent/water mixture.
- the oxidation reagent is suitably manganese dioxide, such as activated manganese dioxide or ⁇ -manganese dioxide, preferably ⁇ -manganese dioxide.
- the oxidation reagent is present in an amount of at least 3 equivalents or more with respect to the compound of formula (I).
- a solution of codeine or codeine phosphate was dissolved in the appropriate solvent system and a specified volume of hydrochloric acid of varying concentration was added.
- Manganese dioxide (either freshly prepared ⁇ -manganese dioxide or activated manganese dioxide from Aldrich) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 1.5 to 4 hours. The progress of the reaction was monitored by HPLC. The reaction mixture was filtered through a celite pad, washed with additional solvent or water, and neutralised with ammonium hydroxide. The product was extracted with methylene chloride (3 ⁇ 150 ml) and the combined extracts washed with water and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. The organic layer was then evaporated to yield codeinone.
Abstract
A novel process for the preparation of codeinone and analogues thereof comprising the oxidation of a compound of formula,
wherein R4 is lower alkyl, lower alkyl substituted by halogen or phenyl, phenyl or substituted phenyl; and R2 is lower alkyl, allyl or lower alkyl substituted by cycloalkyl, characterised in that the oxidation is carried out in an acidic environment is disclosed.
Description
- The present invention relates to a novel process for the preparation of codeinone and analogues thereof.
- Codeinone is a key intermediate for the synthesis of many morphinoid compounds. It is therefore desirable for a simple, straightforward and cost effective process for its preparation.
- In earlier works, codeinone was obtained from thebaine by treating it with dry HBr in CH2Cl2 at −25°, followed by hydrolysis with water and dehydrobrominating with cold NaOH (Vesely, Z., Hodkova, J. and Trojanek J., Cesk. Farm. 1986, 35, 222-6). In another method, thebaine was converted to a mixture of codeinone and neopinone in aqueous HCO2H containing Hg(OAc)2 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,277,604). However, thebaine is very expensive and does not occur naturally in a high yield; therefore the preparation of codeinone from thebaine is not an attractive method.
- An alternative process for the preparation of codeinone is the direct oxidation of codeine using variety of reagents, such as silver carbonate (Rapoport, H. and Reist, N. H., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 27, 490-491) and Jones' reagent (Findlay, J .W. A., Butz, R. F. and Jones, E. C., Clin. Chem. 1981, 77, 1524-1535); however, these reagents only gave codeinone in poor yield. Only Oppenauer oxidation (U.S. Pat. No. 2,654,756) has given codeinone in reasonably good yield and high purity. All these methods have their drawbacks, however. Oxidation with silver carbonate is not preferred due to its cost and incomplete reaction, whereas in the case of Jones's oxidation and Oppenauer oxidation the isolation of the product is difficult and complex.
- The direct oxidation of codeine with active manganese dioxide (Ninan, A. and Sainsbury, M., Tetrahedron, 1992, 48, 6709) and γ-manganese dioxide (Highet, R. J. and Wildman, W. C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1955, 77, 4399) has also been reported. However, in both cases pure codeinone was obtained in only low yield due to the formation of 14β-hydroxycodeinone and low conversion.
- The object of the present invention is to provide a simple process for the preparation of codeinone and analogues thereof, and which provides the desired product in high yield and purity. The present inventors have found that if oxidation of codeine or a salt thereof, for example the phosphate salt, is carried out at acidic pH, a high yield of codeinone is obtained which is not obtainable by any of the methods heretofore disclosed.
-
-
- wherein R4 is lower alkyl, lower alkyl substituted by halogen or phenyl, phenyl or substituted phenyl; and
- R2 is lower alkyl, allyl or lower alkyl substituted by cycloalkyl;
-
- or a salt thereof, wherein R1 and R2 are as hereinbefore defined; characterised in that the oxidation is carried out in an acidic environment.
- Preferably, each of R1 and R2 may be the same or different and each is lower alkyl, for example C1-6 alkyl, such as C1-4 alkyl, for example methyl or ethyl and preferably ethyl.
- When the compound of formula (II) is present as a salt, preferably the salt is the phosphate salt (H3PO4).
- Suitably the oxidation is carried out at a pH of from 0.1<pH>7; preferably, the oxidation is carried out at a pH of from 0.8<pH>4.5; most preferably the oxidation is carried out at a pH of from 0.8 to 1.2.
- The solvent may be any solvent suitable for use in such an oxidation reaction. Acetone was found to be the most suitable solvent for giving the desired product in high yield and high purity. Other solvents were also found to be particularly useful and were preferred in the order: acetone >THF>IPA>CH3CN >NMP. Preferably, the solvent is used as a 50:50 (v/v) solvent/water mixture.
- The oxidation reagent is suitably manganese dioxide, such as activated manganese dioxide or γ-manganese dioxide, preferably γ-manganese dioxide. Suitably, the oxidation reagent is present in an amount of at least 3 equivalents or more with respect to the compound of formula (I).
- The invention will now be further described by way of example only.
- A solution of codeine or codeine phosphate was dissolved in the appropriate solvent system and a specified volume of hydrochloric acid of varying concentration was added. Manganese dioxide (either freshly prepared γ-manganese dioxide or activated manganese dioxide from Aldrich) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 1.5 to 4 hours. The progress of the reaction was monitored by HPLC. The reaction mixture was filtered through a celite pad, washed with additional solvent or water, and neutralised with ammonium hydroxide. The product was extracted with methylene chloride (3×150 ml) and the combined extracts washed with water and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. The organic layer was then evaporated to yield codeinone.
- In all the experiments the reaction was followed by HPLC and the retention time of the product was compared with that of the standard. In some cases the crude product was quantitated to obtain the purity. The HPLC analysis was done on a Shimadzu system. The column used was Phenomenex's Prodigy 5μ ODS (3) 100°Å, 250×4.6 mm. The method was isocratic. The mobile phase was: water (1450 ml)+ acetonitrile (550 ml)+Et3N (2 ml)+1.73 g of 1-octanesulphonate, sodium salt+pH 3.5 (adjusted with 85% phosphoric acid). In the cases where the product was isolated, it was also characterised by comparing its 1H NMR with that of the standard: 1H NMR (CDCl3)δ1.85-1.92(1H,m,15α),2.05-2.15(1H,m,16α),2.27-2.4(2H,m,1562,10α), 2.45(3H,s,N-CH3),2.58-2.62(1H,m,H16β)3.07-3.14(1H,d,H10β),3.19-3.21(1H,d, H9α),3.39-3.44(1H,m,H14),3.84(3H,s,OCH3),4.70(1H,s,H5β),6.05-6.11(1H,dd, H8),6.59-6.70(3H,m,H1,H2,H7).
- The following examples were carried out using the starting material and reagents indicated.
Starting Solvent Purity Example Material System Acid Oxidant Yield (HPLC No (g) (ml) (ml) (g) pH (%) area %) 1 Codeine IPA (14) 6N HCl γ-MnO2 1.62 94 ˜95 (0.5) H2O (14) (0.5) (1.6) 2 Codeine IPA (22) — γ-MnO2 4.5 NA ˜34 phosphate H2O (22) (3.2) (1) 3 Codeine IPA (14) 6N HCl γ-MnO2 1.6 80 91.8 phosphate H2O (14) (0.5) (1.6) (0.5) 4 Codeine IPA (40) 6N HCl γ-MnO2 1.44 NA 60.3 (2) H2O (40) (2) (4) 5 Codeine IPA (40) 6N HCl γ-MnO2 1.3 86 ˜91.8 (2) H2O (40) (3) (7) 6 Codeine IPA (10) 6N HCl γ-MnO2 0.73 75 82 (0.5) H2O (10) (2) (1.5) 7 Codeine IPA (10) 6N HCl γ-MnO2 1.16 92 ˜97 (0.5) H2O (10) (1) (1.5) 8 Codeine IPA (10) 6N HCl γ-MnO2 1.41 95 ˜95 (0.5) H2O (10) (0.75) (1.5) 9 Codeine CH3CN (10) 6N HCl γ-MnO2 0.9 89.7 ˜93 (0.5) H2O (10) (0.75) (1.5) 10 Codeine IPA (10) 6N HCl γ-MnO2 <0.1 50.4 ˜71 (0.5) H2O (10) (4) (1.5) 11 Codeine Acetone (10) 6N HCl γ-MnO2 0.92 95.2 94 (0.5) H2O (10) (0.75) (1.5) 12 Codeine THF (10) 6N HCl γ-MnO2 1.21 89 93 (0.5) H2O (10) (0.75) (1.5) 13 Codeine NMP (20) — γ-MnO2 — NA ˜21.6 (0.5) 14 Codeine NMP (10) 6N HCl γ-MnO2 1.45 NA ˜90 (0.5) H2O (10) (1) 15 Codeine Acetone (200) 6N HCl γ-MnO2 1.02 83.5 95.5 (11.45) H2O (200) (16) (36) 16 Codeine Acetone (10) 6N HCl Activated 0.87 NA ˜45 (0.5) H2O (10) (0.75) 85% MnO2 (Aldrich) 17 Codeine IPA (25) — γ-MnO2(3) — NA ˜41 (1) CH2Cl2 (25) - Manganese (II) sulphate monohydrate (140 g) was dissolved in 2.66 liters of water and heated to 60° C. Potassium permanganate (97.3 g) in 1.85 liter of water was added over a period of 15 minutes and stirred at 60° C. for 1 hour, until manganese dioxide precipitated out. The reaction mixture was filtered and the residue was washed with deionised water until no sulphate ion was present. The solid was dried under suction for 2 hours followed by drying at 70° C. under vacuum to a constant weight (˜8 days) to give 115 g of a dark brown powder.
Claims (9)
1. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I)
wherein R4 is lower alkyl, lower alkyl substituted by halogen or phenyl. phenyl or substituted phenyl; and
R2 is lower alkyl, allyl or lower alkyl substituted by cycloalkyl;
or a salt thereof, wherein R1 and R2 are as hereinbefore defined, characterised in that the oxidation is carried out in an acidic environment:
2. A process according to wherein each of R1 and R2 may be the same or different and each is lower alkyl.
claim 1
3. A process according to wherein each of R1 and R2 may be the same or different and is methyl or ethyl.
claim 2
4. A process according to wherein R1 and R2 are both ethyl.
claim 3
5. A process according to any one of to wherein when the compound of formula (II) is present as a salt, the salt is the phosphate salt.
claims 1
4
6. A process according to any one of to wherein the oxidation is carried out at a pH of between 0.1 and 7.
claims 1
5
7. A process according to wherein the oxidation is carried out at a pH of between 0.8 and 4.5.
claim 6
8. A process according to wherein the oxidation is carried out at a pH of from 0.8 to 1.2.
claim 7
9. A process according to any one of to wherein the oxidation reagent is manganese dioxide.
claims 1
8
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/835,525 US20010018519A1 (en) | 1998-03-17 | 2001-04-17 | Preparation of opiates |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9805516.3 | 1998-03-17 | ||
GBGB9805516.3A GB9805516D0 (en) | 1998-03-17 | 1998-03-17 | Preparation of opiates |
US09/271,349 US6235906B1 (en) | 1998-03-17 | 1999-03-17 | Preparation of opiates |
US09/835,525 US20010018519A1 (en) | 1998-03-17 | 2001-04-17 | Preparation of opiates |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/271,349 Continuation US6235906B1 (en) | 1998-03-17 | 1999-03-17 | Preparation of opiates |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20010018519A1 true US20010018519A1 (en) | 2001-08-30 |
Family
ID=10828597
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/271,349 Expired - Fee Related US6235906B1 (en) | 1998-03-17 | 1999-03-17 | Preparation of opiates |
US09/835,525 Abandoned US20010018519A1 (en) | 1998-03-17 | 2001-04-17 | Preparation of opiates |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/271,349 Expired - Fee Related US6235906B1 (en) | 1998-03-17 | 1999-03-17 | Preparation of opiates |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US6235906B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP0943617B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH11292866A (en) |
AT (1) | ATE246688T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69910101T2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2205711T3 (en) |
GB (1) | GB9805516D0 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20050124811A1 (en) * | 2002-11-11 | 2005-06-09 | Wang Peter X. | Method for the catalytic production of hydrocodone and hydromorphone |
US20060074239A1 (en) * | 2002-11-11 | 2006-04-06 | Wang Peter X | Method for the catalytic production of hydrocodone and hydromorphone |
US20060155130A1 (en) * | 2002-11-11 | 2006-07-13 | Mallinckrodt Inc. | Method for the catalytic production of hydrocodone, hydromorphone, and derivatives thereof |
US20070045101A1 (en) * | 2005-07-06 | 2007-03-01 | Rochester Institute Of Technology | Self-regenerating particulate trap systems for emissions and methods thereof |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AU2001281599B2 (en) * | 2000-08-25 | 2007-07-12 | Glaxo Wellcome Australia Ltd | Chemical methods |
AUPQ968300A0 (en) * | 2000-08-25 | 2000-09-21 | Glaxo Wellcome Australia Ltd | Chemical methods |
ATE407136T1 (en) * | 2002-02-28 | 2008-09-15 | Mallinckrodt Inc | METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR THE SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION OF AT LEAST ONE NARCOTIC ALKALOID USING PREPARATIVE REVERSE PHASE CHROMATOGRAPHY |
US6864370B1 (en) | 2003-06-05 | 2005-03-08 | Zhaiwei Lin | Process for manufacturing oxycodone |
TW201509943A (en) | 2004-03-30 | 2015-03-16 | Euro Celtique Sa | Oxycodone hydrochloride composition, pharmaceutical dosage form, sustained release oral dosage form and pharmaceutically acceptable package having less than 25 PPM 14-hydroxycodeinone |
US6946556B1 (en) * | 2004-05-21 | 2005-09-20 | Acura Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Preparation of opioid analgesics by a one-pot process |
TR2021022252A2 (en) * | 2021-12-31 | 2022-01-21 | Toprak Mahsulleri Ofisi Genel Mueduerluegue | A NEW METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CODEINE CAMPHOSULPHONATE |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE408870C (en) * | 1923-09-11 | 1925-01-24 | Merck Chem Fab E | Procedure for the representation of Kodeienon |
US2654756A (en) * | 1949-10-20 | 1953-10-06 | Mallinckrodt Chemical Works | Process of preparing codeinone, dihydrocodeinone, and dihydromorphinone |
US4277604A (en) * | 1980-01-25 | 1981-07-07 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services | Facile synthesis of codeine precursors from thebaine |
-
1998
- 1998-03-17 GB GBGB9805516.3A patent/GB9805516D0/en not_active Ceased
-
1999
- 1999-02-24 EP EP99301361A patent/EP0943617B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-02-24 DE DE69910101T patent/DE69910101T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-02-24 ES ES99301361T patent/ES2205711T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-02-24 AT AT99301361T patent/ATE246688T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-03-11 JP JP11064713A patent/JPH11292866A/en active Pending
- 1999-03-17 US US09/271,349 patent/US6235906B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-04-17 US US09/835,525 patent/US20010018519A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20050124811A1 (en) * | 2002-11-11 | 2005-06-09 | Wang Peter X. | Method for the catalytic production of hydrocodone and hydromorphone |
US20060074239A1 (en) * | 2002-11-11 | 2006-04-06 | Wang Peter X | Method for the catalytic production of hydrocodone and hydromorphone |
US20060155130A1 (en) * | 2002-11-11 | 2006-07-13 | Mallinckrodt Inc. | Method for the catalytic production of hydrocodone, hydromorphone, and derivatives thereof |
US7321038B2 (en) | 2002-11-11 | 2008-01-22 | Mallinckrodt Inc. | Method for the catalytic production of hydrocodone and hydromorphone |
US7323565B2 (en) | 2002-11-11 | 2008-01-29 | Mallinckrodt Inc. | Method for the catalytic production of hydrocodone and hydromorphone |
US7399858B2 (en) | 2002-11-11 | 2008-07-15 | Mallinckrodt Inc. | Method for the catalytic production of hydrocodone, hydromorphone, and derivatives thereof |
US20070045101A1 (en) * | 2005-07-06 | 2007-03-01 | Rochester Institute Of Technology | Self-regenerating particulate trap systems for emissions and methods thereof |
US8115373B2 (en) | 2005-07-06 | 2012-02-14 | Rochester Institute Of Technology | Self-regenerating particulate trap systems for emissions and methods thereof |
US8580087B2 (en) | 2005-07-06 | 2013-11-12 | Rochester Institute Of Technology | Self-regenerating particulate trap systems for emissions and methods thereof |
US8581480B2 (en) | 2005-07-06 | 2013-11-12 | Rochester Institute Of Technology | Self-regenerating particulate trap systems for emissions and methods thereof |
US8991153B2 (en) | 2005-07-06 | 2015-03-31 | Rochester Institute Of Technology | Self-regenerating particulate trap systems for emissions and methods thereof |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB9805516D0 (en) | 1998-05-13 |
EP0943617A1 (en) | 1999-09-22 |
EP0943617B1 (en) | 2003-08-06 |
JPH11292866A (en) | 1999-10-26 |
ES2205711T3 (en) | 2004-05-01 |
DE69910101T2 (en) | 2004-05-13 |
DE69910101D1 (en) | 2003-09-11 |
ATE246688T1 (en) | 2003-08-15 |
US6235906B1 (en) | 2001-05-22 |
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Owner name: JOHNSON MATTHEY PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY, GREAT BRIT Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SEBASTIAN, ALICE;REEL/FRAME:011725/0311 Effective date: 19990310 |
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