US20010012143A1 - Optical system for transmitting data in soliton format - Google Patents
Optical system for transmitting data in soliton format Download PDFInfo
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- US20010012143A1 US20010012143A1 US08/890,669 US89066997A US2001012143A1 US 20010012143 A1 US20010012143 A1 US 20010012143A1 US 89066997 A US89066997 A US 89066997A US 2001012143 A1 US2001012143 A1 US 2001012143A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/25—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission
- H04B10/2507—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission for the reduction or elimination of distortion or dispersion
- H04B10/25077—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission for the reduction or elimination of distortion or dispersion using soliton propagation
Definitions
- the present invention concerns an optical data transmission system.
- the data transmitted by optical communication systems is in binary form, i.e. the information is represented by “0” bits and “1” bits.
- the shape of the signals transmitted has a decisive effect on the performance of the transmission system, losses and noise depending on the shape of the signals.
- the shape of the soliton pulses as a function of time is the inverse of the square of a hyperbolic cosine.
- the peak power and the mid-amplitude width of the soliton pulse are linked by a precise relationship that depends on the characteristics of the fiber, namely the Kerr index n 2 and the dispersion D.
- the index n 2 is the nonlinear part of the refractive index, i.e. the part which depends on the power of the optical signal. This relationship between the peak power and the halfamplitude width is such that the effects of dispersion and of non-linearity cancel each other out. As a result, this shape of pulse does not spread as it propagates, despite the inevitable chromatic dispersion of optical fibers.
- optical transmission systems using soliton pulses are affected by noise and this has to be eliminated.
- the noise comprises fluctuations in the amplitude of the soliton pulses and fluctuations in the temporal position of the pulses.
- These temporal fluctuations also known as “jitter” originate in random fluctuations of the central wavelength of the soliton pulses due to non-linear interaction between these pulses and the spontaneous emission noise of optical amplifiers (or repeaters) on the transmission line; this temporal jitter is further influenced by dispersion and increases with the length of the line and with the number of repeaters.
- a repeater is an optical amplifier designed to provide a particular optical signal power at its output, the amplification compensating the inevitable attenuation of the optical signal transmitted by an optical fiber.
- a first solution consists in providing on the line at least one modulator which repositions the pulse in time using the clock signal extracted from the data. Better results are expected using a phase modulator. Further information on the correction achieved by a phase modulator of this kind can be found, for example, in an article in IEEE Photonics Technology letters, volume 8, number 3, March 1996, pages 455-457 entitled “Gordon-Haus Jitter Suppression Using an Intra-Span Phase Modulator and Post Transmission Dispersion Compensator” by N. J. Smith, N. J. Doran and W. Forysiak. The above article also mentions that correction by means of a phase modulator can be complemented by a dispersion compensation component.
- phase modulation technique which is an active correction technique—can be associated with passive compensation using optical filters having a wavelength centered on the wavelength of the line. These filters further stabilize the solitons; the stabilization is only partial, however, since such filters necessarily attenuate the optical signal and therefore require the use of high-gain amplifiers which are costly and can also introduce noise.
- Another solution to compensating, or correcting, fluctuations of soliton pulses on an optical transmission line consists in using so-called sliding-frequency filtering, i.e. a set of filters distributed all along the line and the central wavelength of which varies from the beginning to the end of the line; for example, the central wavelength of the filter at the start of the line is the lowest and the wavelength of the filter at the end of the line is the highest.
- sliding-frequency filtering i.e. a set of filters distributed all along the line and the central wavelength of which varies from the beginning to the end of the line; for example, the central wavelength of the filter at the start of the line is the lowest and the wavelength of the filter at the end of the line is the highest.
- This “sliding-frequency filtering” provides partial correction of the temporal jitter of the pulses without the noise increasing with the number of filters, as with fixed filtering.
- the invention is directed to enabling the implementation of an optical telecommunication system using pulses in the soliton format in which the correction of the fluctuations of the pulses in terms of amplitude and temporal position is particularly effective, with the aim of enabling irreproachable transmission over long distances and at a very high bit rate.
- the invention starts from the observed limitations of amplitude correction, mentioned above, and of phase modulation, possibly combined with fixed filtering or dispersion compensation.
- the invention uses the combination of sliding-frequency filtering and phase modulation.
- saturable absorption components are employed in place of the sliding-frequency filters.
- phase modulators on the line is preferably three. Nevertheless, the use of a single phase modulator, preferably half-way along the transmission line, is sufficient to achieve the correction of fluctuations in amplitude and in time of soliton format pulses.
- phase modulation is used in association with fixed frequency filters, the distance between successive repeaters to achieve the same results in terms of bit rate and quality factor is about 80 kilometers.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of soliton pulses.
- FIG. 2 is a block schematic of an installation of the invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of the sliding-frequency filtering principle used in the installation from FIG. 2.
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a modulator used in the installation from FIG. 2.
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram of one example of a phase modulator and the associated clock recovery system.
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram of other components included in the installation from FIG. 2.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the properties of the components from FIG. 6.
- the installation that will now be described with reference to the figures is an installation for transmitting telephone calls over long distances, in particular using underwater optical fiber cables.
- This installation transmits digital signals made up of “0”! bits, represented by the low level 10 in FIG. 1, and “1”, bits, represented by the pulses 111 , 112 on the same FIG. 1 diagram.
- the pulses 11 1 and 11 2 have a width which varies as a function of time (along the abscissa axis) in accordance with a particular law such that their shape is the inverse of the square of a hyperbolic cosine.
- a pulse of this kind is known as a soliton.
- This pulse shape is known to deform little when it is transmitted via a fiber of an optical conductor 20 (FIG. 2).
- This absence of deformation stems from the fact that there is a precise relationship between the peak power P (FIG. 1) of the soliton pulse and its half-amplitude width At, this relationship depending on the characteristics of the fiber, i.e. the non-linear part n 2 of the refractive index—which is known as the Kerr index—and the dispersion D. This relationship is such that the effects of dispersion and non-linearity cancel each other out.
- phase modulator 21 half-way along the line and sliding-frequency filters 22 1 , 22 2 , . . . 22 n , each filter being associated with an optical amplifier or repeater 23 1 , 23 2 , . . . 23 n .
- the line 20 is 8 000 kilometers long, for example.
- the phase modulator 21 which will be described below, in particular with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5—reduces temporal jitter of the soliton pulse received at the receiving end 25 of the line.
- This jitter, or random variation in the temporal position t 1 of the soliton pulse, is essentially constituted of so-called “Gordon-Haus” jitter.
- the sliding-frequency filters 22 1 , 22 2 , . . . , 22 n are associated with the phase modulator 21 .
- the central wavelength of the filter 221 has a value ⁇ 1 and the central wavelength of the subsequent filters increases regularly with distance.
- FIG. 3 shows the variation of the central wavelength of the filters 22 1 , 22 2 , . . ., 22 n as a function of the length L, i.e. the distance of the filter concerned from the transmitter 26 .
- the variation of the wavelength ⁇ as a function of the length L is linear.
- the wavelength ⁇ of the emission laser is 1 558.8 nm
- the wavelength ⁇ 1 is 1 555.8 nm
- the wavelength ⁇ n is 1 557 nm.
- the variation in the central wavelength of the filters can be different to that described above.
- the central wavelength of the filters can decrease with distance.
- Sliding-frequency filtering enables transmission of soliton pulses with minimal noise.
- the result of the progressive variation in the central wavelength of the filters is that each filter blocks noise and dispersive waves due to more distant filters preceding it, these filters having different wavelengths. This technique limits amplitude jitter of the soliton pulses.
- saturable absorbent components instead of filtering at a wavelength that varies with the position, saturable absorbent components are provided, preferably quaternary type semi-conductor components such as an In x Ga (1-x) As y P (1-y) component, which transmit light at the same wavelength as the optical fiber used in the conductor 20 , i.e. around 1.55 ⁇ m.
- This saturable absorbent component is either of the solid type or of the quantum well thin film type.
- a saturable absorbent component has an effect in the time domain and not in the spectral domain, as is the case with a filter. It absorbs low amplitudes and passes high amplitudes. In this way noise at the bottom of the pulse, i.e. noise for low amplitudes of the signal, is absorbed by the component.
- a thin film, i.e. quantum well, saturable absorbent component is described, for example, in the article “2.4 Gbit/s all optical pulse discrimination experiment using a high-speed saturable absorber optical gate” by H. Tsuda et al—Electronics Letters, Feb. 15, 1996, volume 32, number 4, pages 365 and 366.
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a phase modulator.
- This modulator includes a coupler 30 which extracts part of the signal from the optical conductor 20 and feeds it through a device 31 which derives the clock signal from it.
- the clock signal delivered at the output 31 1 of the device 31 is a sinusoidal signal and is supplied to a modulation component 32 on the line 20 .
- the effect of the component 32 is to correct the frequency of the soliton pulses proportionately to the time-delay relative to the maxima of the clock signal supplied by the device 31 .
- the modulation component 32 is followed on the line 20 by an optical amplifier 33 , for example an erbium-doped fiber amplifier.
- FIG. 5 shows one example of a non-linear fiber mirror type phase modulator.
- This modulator 21 comprises, in addition to the coupler 30 and the device 31 , an optical amplifier 40 , for example an erbium-doped fiber amplifier, the input of which is connected to the output of the device 31 and the output 401 of which is connected to a coupler 41 which feeds the signal from the amplifier 40 into a non-linear fiber mirror 42 .
- the non-linear fiber mirror 42 receives the signal from the line 20 via another coupler 43 of the 50-50 type. The latter divides the signal from the line 20 equally between the two branches 44 and 45 of the fiber 46 constituting the active component of the mirror 42 .
- the output signal of the mirror 42 is returned to the line 20 whence it is transmitted to the optical amplifier 33 .
- a modulator of this kind is known in itself. It is described, for example, in an article by S. Bigo et al in Electronics Letters, volume 31, number 25 of Dec. 7, 1995, pages 2191 and 2192.
- a modulator of this kind applies amplitude modulation and phase modulation at the same time.
- the latter modulation is an alternating phase-shift of ⁇ radians.
- an electro-absorption modulator instead of a non-linear fiber mirror modulator, an electro-absorption modulator is used which, like the modulator previously described, applies intensity modulation at the same time as phase modulation.
- An electro-absorption modulator of this kind has a semiconductor active component, for example a component based on In x Ga (1-x) As y P (1-y) .
- modulation is the result of modification of the refractive index and modification of the absorption coefficient. This component is known in itself. It is described, for example, in an article by Widdowson et al in Electronics Letters, Oct. 27, 1994, volume 30, number 22, pages 1866-1868.
- the phase modulation can instead be obtained using an optical fiber component having a length between several hundred meters and several kilometers.
- the clock signal from the device 31 and the main signal from the line 20 propagate in this fiber.
- the modulation is said to be distributed as opposed to discrete modulation, such as is obtained with an electro-absorption modulator. Modulation using a non-linear fiber in this way is described, for example, in the article by Widdowson et al in Electronics Letters, Jun. 9, 1994, volume 30, number 12, pages 990 and 991.
- dispersion control components can be provided on the line 20 , in a manner that is known in itself. It has been found that such dispersion control is compatible with the combination of phase modulation and sliding-frequency filtering or a set of saturable absorption components.
- Dispersion can be controlled in two ways. The first is by dispersion profiling between two optical amplifiers. This profiling consists in providing a limited number of dispersive fibers between two amplifiers, the overall dispersion simulating an exponential reduction. This implementation is shown in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7.
- FIG. 6 shows, between two amplifiers 23 p and 23 p+1 , fiber optic components 60 , 61 and 62 .
- the component 60 has a dispersion D 1 (FIG. 7)
- the component 61 has a dispersion D 2
- the component 62 a dispersion D 3 .
- Profiling can instead by obtained by a single fiber having dispersion that decreases exponentially.
- the second way to control dispersion is to introduce into the line, between n (at least two) selected amplifiers, at least one optical fiber having a dispersion that is opposed to the overall dispersion of the fibers on its upstream side.
- This compensator fiber can equally well be provided at more than one place on the line.
- a transmission system using the soliton format with sliding-frequency filtering or saturable absorbent components, combined with phase modulation, for example a modulator half-way along the line assures minimal distortion of the soliton pulse and enables high performance in terms of bit rate, in excess of 10 Gbit/s, e.g. 20 Gbit/s and even 100 Gbit/s or more.
- the distance between two repeaters is large; it is in excess of 100 kilometers. The latter property is favorable to the implementation of a system of this kind at low cost.
- the examples described above relate to the transmission of a single optical wavelength on the line 20 .
- the invention applies to the situation in which the line transmits different optical wavelengths emitted by different sources.
- the sliding-frequency filtering will be provided by Fabry-Perot type filters each of which has a plurality of transmission peaks corresponding to the wavelengths of the signal generator sources.
- the phase modulator or modulators must be positioned—or the optical wavelengths must be chosen—so that all the optical wavelengths arrive at the same time.
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Abstract
A system for transmitting signals in the form of soliton pulses over long distances using an optical conductor minimizes distortion of the transmitted soliton pulses using, in combination, a phase modulator to prevent temporal jitter of the soliton pulses and a set of filters of the type in which the frequency varies with the location of the filter or a set of saturable absorbent components to prevent deterioration of the signal to noise ratio of the pulses. Applications of the system include transoceanic optical communications.
Description
- 1. Field of the invention
- The present invention concerns an optical data transmission system.
- 2. Description of the prior art
- Transmission of data over long distances, especially transoceanic telephone transmission, is increasingly effected optically using optical fibers. This has significant advantages compared to electrical transmission; in particular losses are low and there is less signal distortion.
- In such telecommunication systems, in particular for undersea telecommunications, there is a constant need for higher bit rates without degrading signal quality and whilst remaining within reasonable cost limits.
- The data transmitted by optical communication systems is in binary form, i.e. the information is represented by “0” bits and “1” bits. The shape of the signals transmitted has a decisive effect on the performance of the transmission system, losses and noise depending on the shape of the signals.
- Until now, binary digital signals have mainly been transmitted in the NRZ format, i.e. in the form of rectangular signals, “0” usually being the low level and “1” the high level. For successive “1” the signal remains at the high level and does not return to the “0” level or low level (hence the name of the format: NRZ=no return to zero).
- Formats have been researched recently that enhance communication performance. The format of most interest at present is the soliton format. In this format, the “1” are pulses, generally positive (bright soliton) and the “0” are the low level. Between two successive “1”, i.e. between two soliton pulses, the signal returns to the low level.
- The shape of the soliton pulses as a function of time is the inverse of the square of a hyperbolic cosine. The peak power and the mid-amplitude width of the soliton pulse are linked by a precise relationship that depends on the characteristics of the fiber, namely the Kerr index n2 and the dispersion D. The index n2 is the nonlinear part of the refractive index, i.e. the part which depends on the power of the optical signal. This relationship between the peak power and the halfamplitude width is such that the effects of dispersion and of non-linearity cancel each other out. As a result, this shape of pulse does not spread as it propagates, despite the inevitable chromatic dispersion of optical fibers.
- Nevertheless, optical transmission systems using soliton pulses are affected by noise and this has to be eliminated. The noise comprises fluctuations in the amplitude of the soliton pulses and fluctuations in the temporal position of the pulses. These temporal fluctuations (also known as “jitter”) originate in random fluctuations of the central wavelength of the soliton pulses due to non-linear interaction between these pulses and the spontaneous emission noise of optical amplifiers (or repeaters) on the transmission line; this temporal jitter is further influenced by dispersion and increases with the length of the line and with the number of repeaters. A repeater is an optical amplifier designed to provide a particular optical signal power at its output, the amplification compensating the inevitable attenuation of the optical signal transmitted by an optical fiber.
- Various solutions to the problem of reducing or eliminating these fluctuations or jitter from soliton pulses are known in themselves.
- A first solution consists in providing on the line at least one modulator which repositions the pulse in time using the clock signal extracted from the data. Better results are expected using a phase modulator. Further information on the correction achieved by a phase modulator of this kind can be found, for example, in an article in IEEE Photonics Technology letters, volume 8, number 3, March 1996, pages 455-457 entitled “Gordon-Haus Jitter Suppression Using an Intra-Span Phase Modulator and Post Transmission Dispersion Compensator” by N. J. Smith, N. J. Doran and W. Forysiak. The above article also mentions that correction by means of a phase modulator can be complemented by a dispersion compensation component.
- This phase modulation technique—which is an active correction technique—can be associated with passive compensation using optical filters having a wavelength centered on the wavelength of the line. These filters further stabilize the solitons; the stabilization is only partial, however, since such filters necessarily attenuate the optical signal and therefore require the use of high-gain amplifiers which are costly and can also introduce noise.
- Our research shows that active regeneration of soliton pulses using a phase modulator can compensate temporal jitter correctly but cannot satisfactorily correct the amplitude fluctuations of the soliton pulses or prevent the accumulation of dispersive waves.
- Another solution to compensating, or correcting, fluctuations of soliton pulses on an optical transmission line consists in using so-called sliding-frequency filtering, i.e. a set of filters distributed all along the line and the central wavelength of which varies from the beginning to the end of the line; for example, the central wavelength of the filter at the start of the line is the lowest and the wavelength of the filter at the end of the line is the highest. The use of such filters is described in the article by Linn F. Mollenauer “Soliton transmission speeds greatly multiplied by sliding-frequency guiding filters” in Optics and Photonics News, April 1994, pages 15-19.
- This “sliding-frequency filtering” provides partial correction of the temporal jitter of the pulses without the noise increasing with the number of filters, as with fixed filtering.
- Nevertheless, it has been found that using such filters is not entirely satisfactory in terms of correcting temporal fluctuations.
- The invention is directed to enabling the implementation of an optical telecommunication system using pulses in the soliton format in which the correction of the fluctuations of the pulses in terms of amplitude and temporal position is particularly effective, with the aim of enabling irreproachable transmission over long distances and at a very high bit rate.
- The invention starts from the observed limitations of amplitude correction, mentioned above, and of phase modulation, possibly combined with fixed filtering or dispersion compensation.
- To correct the fluctuations of the soliton pulses, the invention uses the combination of sliding-frequency filtering and phase modulation. Alternatively, saturable absorption components are employed in place of the sliding-frequency filters. For information on these saturable absorption components, reference may be had, for example, to the article entitled “Increased Amplifiers spacing in a Soliton System with Quantum-Well saturable absorbers and Spectral Filtering” published in Optics Letters, volume 19, number 19, Oct. 1, 1994, pages 1514-1516.
- Note that in the article by N. J. Smith et al published in IEEE Photonics Technology Letters cited above it is suggested that the use of sliding-frequency filtering in combination with phase modulation is not feasible.
- The maximum number of phase modulators on the line is preferably three. Nevertheless, the use of a single phase modulator, preferably half-way along the transmission line, is sufficient to achieve the correction of fluctuations in amplitude and in time of soliton format pulses.
- It has been found that, using the invention, it is also possible to reduce the number of repeaters on the line, all other things being equal.
- Transoceanic transmission systems having lengths between 6 000 kilometers and 10 000 kilometers using a data bit rate of 20 Gbit/s and a quality factor (of the soliton pulses) Q=12 have been compared. If sliding-frequency filtering is used on its own, it is necessary to have a distance of about 50 kilometers between two successive repeaters, a “sliding-frequency” filter being associated with each repeater.
- If phase modulation is used in association with fixed frequency filters, the distance between successive repeaters to achieve the same results in terms of bit rate and quality factor is about 80 kilometers.
- In contrast, using the invention, if a single phase modulator is used half-way along the line the minimum distance between two repeaters is 100 kilometers, still with the same bit rate of 20 Gbit/s and quality factor of 12. In this example a filter (of the sliding-frequency filtering process) is also associated with each repeater.
- Other features and advantages of the invention will emerge from the description of some embodiments of the invention given with reference to the accompanying drawings.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of soliton pulses.
- FIG. 2 is a block schematic of an installation of the invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of the sliding-frequency filtering principle used in the installation from FIG. 2.
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a modulator used in the installation from FIG. 2.
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram of one example of a phase modulator and the associated clock recovery system.
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram of other components included in the installation from FIG. 2.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the properties of the components from FIG. 6.
- The installation that will now be described with reference to the figures is an installation for transmitting telephone calls over long distances, in particular using underwater optical fiber cables.
- This installation transmits digital signals made up of “0”! bits, represented by the
low level 10 in FIG. 1, and “1”, bits, represented by thepulses 111, 112 on the same FIG. 1 diagram. - The pulses11 1 and 11 2 have a width which varies as a function of time (along the abscissa axis) in accordance with a particular law such that their shape is the inverse of the square of a hyperbolic cosine. A pulse of this kind is known as a soliton.
- This pulse shape is known to deform little when it is transmitted via a fiber of an optical conductor20 (FIG. 2). This absence of deformation stems from the fact that there is a precise relationship between the peak power P (FIG. 1) of the soliton pulse and its half-amplitude width At, this relationship depending on the characteristics of the fiber, i.e. the non-linear part n2 of the refractive index—which is known as the Kerr index—and the dispersion D. This relationship is such that the effects of dispersion and non-linearity cancel each other out.
- In the preferred embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 2 there is a
phase modulator 21 half-way along the line and sliding-frequency filters 22 1, 22 2, . . . 22 n, each filter being associated with an optical amplifier or repeater 23 1, 23 2, . . . 23 n. Theline 20 is 8 000 kilometers long, for example. - The
phase modulator 21—which will be described below, in particular with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5—reduces temporal jitter of the soliton pulse received at the receivingend 25 of the line. This jitter, or random variation in the temporal position t1 of the soliton pulse, is essentially constituted of so-called “Gordon-Haus” jitter. - Starting from the observation that a
phase modulator 21 cannot satisfactorily compensate the fluctuations of amplitude A—or amplitude jitter—and the accumulation of dispersive waves of the soliton pulse, the sliding-frequency filters 22 1, 22 2, . . . , 22 n, also known in themselves, are associated with thephase modulator 21. - The central wavelength of the
filter 221 has a value λ1 and the central wavelength of the subsequent filters increases regularly with distance. FIG. 3 shows the variation of the central wavelength of the filters 22 1, 22 2, . . ., 22 n as a function of the length L, i.e. the distance of the filter concerned from the transmitter 26. In this example, the variation of the wavelength λ as a function of the length L is linear. - In one example, the wavelength λ of the emission laser is 1 558.8 nm, the wavelength λ1 is 1 555.8 nm and the wavelength λn is 1 557 nm.
- The variation in the central wavelength of the filters can be different to that described above. For example, the central wavelength of the filters can decrease with distance. Generally, it is sufficient for the frequency to vary with distance.
- Sliding-frequency filtering enables transmission of soliton pulses with minimal noise. The result of the progressive variation in the central wavelength of the filters is that each filter blocks noise and dispersive waves due to more distant filters preceding it, these filters having different wavelengths. This technique limits amplitude jitter of the soliton pulses.
- To achieve the same aim of improving the signal to noise ratio, in a variant (not shown), instead of filtering at a wavelength that varies with the position, saturable absorbent components are provided, preferably quaternary type semi-conductor components such as an InxGa(1-x)AsyP(1-y) component, which transmit light at the same wavelength as the optical fiber used in the
conductor 20, i.e. around 1.55 μm. This saturable absorbent component is either of the solid type or of the quantum well thin film type. - A saturable absorbent component has an effect in the time domain and not in the spectral domain, as is the case with a filter. It absorbs low amplitudes and passes high amplitudes. In this way noise at the bottom of the pulse, i.e. noise for low amplitudes of the signal, is absorbed by the component.
- A thin film, i.e. quantum well, saturable absorbent component is described, for example, in the article “2.4 Gbit/s all optical pulse discrimination experiment using a high-speed saturable absorber optical gate” by H. Tsuda et al—Electronics Letters, Feb. 15, 1996,
volume 32, number 4, pages 365 and 366. - FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a phase modulator. This modulator includes a
coupler 30 which extracts part of the signal from theoptical conductor 20 and feeds it through adevice 31 which derives the clock signal from it. The clock signal delivered at theoutput 31 1 of thedevice 31 is a sinusoidal signal and is supplied to amodulation component 32 on theline 20. The effect of thecomponent 32 is to correct the frequency of the soliton pulses proportionately to the time-delay relative to the maxima of the clock signal supplied by thedevice 31. - The
modulation component 32 is followed on theline 20 by anoptical amplifier 33, for example an erbium-doped fiber amplifier. - FIG. 5 shows one example of a non-linear fiber mirror type phase modulator.
- This
modulator 21 comprises, in addition to thecoupler 30 and thedevice 31, anoptical amplifier 40, for example an erbium-doped fiber amplifier, the input of which is connected to the output of thedevice 31 and the output 401 of which is connected to a coupler 41 which feeds the signal from theamplifier 40 into anon-linear fiber mirror 42. Thenon-linear fiber mirror 42 receives the signal from theline 20 via anothercoupler 43 of the 50-50 type. The latter divides the signal from theline 20 equally between the twobranches 44 and 45 of the fiber 46 constituting the active component of themirror 42. The output signal of themirror 42 is returned to theline 20 whence it is transmitted to theoptical amplifier 33. - A modulator of this kind is known in itself. It is described, for example, in an article by S. Bigo et al in Electronics Letters,
volume 31,number 25 of Dec. 7, 1995, pages 2191 and 2192. - A modulator of this kind applies amplitude modulation and phase modulation at the same time. In this example the latter modulation is an alternating phase-shift of π radians.
- Alternatively (not shown), instead of a non-linear fiber mirror modulator, an electro-absorption modulator is used which, like the modulator previously described, applies intensity modulation at the same time as phase modulation. An electro-absorption modulator of this kind has a semiconductor active component, for example a component based on InxGa(1-x)AsyP(1-y). In this semiconductor component, modulation is the result of modification of the refractive index and modification of the absorption coefficient. This component is known in itself. It is described, for example, in an article by Widdowson et al in Electronics Letters, Oct. 27, 1994,
volume 30, number 22, pages 1866-1868. - The phase modulation can instead be obtained using an optical fiber component having a length between several hundred meters and several kilometers. The clock signal from the
device 31 and the main signal from theline 20 propagate in this fiber. In this case, the modulation is said to be distributed as opposed to discrete modulation, such as is obtained with an electro-absorption modulator. Modulation using a non-linear fiber in this way is described, for example, in the article by Widdowson et al in Electronics Letters, Jun. 9, 1994,volume 30, number 12, pages 990 and 991. - To reduce losses further, dispersion control components can be provided on the
line 20, in a manner that is known in itself. It has been found that such dispersion control is compatible with the combination of phase modulation and sliding-frequency filtering or a set of saturable absorption components. - Dispersion can be controlled in two ways. The first is by dispersion profiling between two optical amplifiers. This profiling consists in providing a limited number of dispersive fibers between two amplifiers, the overall dispersion simulating an exponential reduction. This implementation is shown in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7. FIG. 6 shows, between two amplifiers23 p and 23 p+1,
fiber optic components component 60 has a dispersion D1 (FIG. 7), thecomponent 61 has a dispersion D2 and the component 62 a dispersion D3. Profiling can instead by obtained by a single fiber having dispersion that decreases exponentially. - The second way to control dispersion (not shown) is to introduce into the line, between n (at least two) selected amplifiers, at least one optical fiber having a dispersion that is opposed to the overall dispersion of the fibers on its upstream side. This compensator fiber can equally well be provided at more than one place on the line.
- Regardless of the embodiment, it has been found that a transmission system using the soliton format with sliding-frequency filtering or saturable absorbent components, combined with phase modulation, for example a modulator half-way along the line, assures minimal distortion of the soliton pulse and enables high performance in terms of bit rate, in excess of 10 Gbit/s, e.g. 20 Gbit/s and even 100 Gbit/s or more. Moreover, the distance between two repeaters is large; it is in excess of 100 kilometers. The latter property is favorable to the implementation of a system of this kind at low cost.
- The examples described above relate to the transmission of a single optical wavelength on the
line 20. However, the invention applies to the situation in which the line transmits different optical wavelengths emitted by different sources. In this case, the sliding-frequency filtering will be provided by Fabry-Perot type filters each of which has a plurality of transmission peaks corresponding to the wavelengths of the signal generator sources. Moreover, in this case, the phase modulator or modulators must be positioned—or the optical wavelengths must be chosen—so that all the optical wavelengths arrive at the same time.
Claims (14)
1. A system for transmitting digital signals over long distances by means of an optical conductor, said signals being in the form of soliton pulses, said system comprising means for minimizing distortion of the transmitted soliton pulses comprising, in combination, a phase modulator to prevent temporal jitter of the pulses and a set of filters of the type in which the frequency varies with the location of said filter or a set of saturable absorbent components to prevent deterioration of the signal to noise ratio of the pulses.
2. The system claimed in wherein said phase modulator comprises a clock signal recovery device and a modulator component receiving the signal at one input and the clock signal from said device at another input.
claim 1
3. The system claimed in wherein said phase modulator is of the electro-absorption modulation type.
claim 1
4. The system claimed in wherein said electro-absorption modulator includes a semiconductor component such as an InxGa(1-x)AsyP(1-y) type quaternary component.
claim 3
5. The system claimed in wherein said phase modulator comprises a non-linear fiber mirror.
claim 1
6. The system claimed in wherein said phase modulator comprises a non-linear optical component phase modulator along which a clock pulse and a pulse on the line propagate together over a particular length.
claim 1
7. The system claimed in wherein each filter or each saturable absorbent component is associated with a repeater, preferably an optical amplifier.
claim 1
8. The system claimed in wherein, if saturable absorbent components are used, each of said components is of the semiconductor type, for example a quaternary component such as InxGa(1-x)Asyp(1-y).
claim 1
9. A system as claimed in further comprising dispersion control means.
claim 1
10. The system as claimed in wherein said dispersion control means include a fiber or a set of fibers between two successive repeaters procuring a particular dispersion profile.
claim 9
11. A system as claimed in including at least one dispersion correction component on the line.
claim 9
12. A system as claimed in wherein the data bit rate is at least 10 Gbit/s.
claim 1
13. A system as claimed in wherein the distance between two repeaters is at least 100 kilometers.
claim 1
14. An application of the system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims to the transmission of signals by means of underwater cables.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9608614 | 1996-07-10 | ||
FR96-08-614 | 1996-07-10 | ||
FR9608614A FR2751150B1 (en) | 1996-07-10 | 1996-07-10 | SOLITON FORMAT DATA OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20010012143A1 true US20010012143A1 (en) | 2001-08-09 |
US6342962B2 US6342962B2 (en) | 2002-01-29 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US08/890,669 Expired - Fee Related US6342962B2 (en) | 1996-07-10 | 1997-07-09 | Optical system for transmitting data in soliton format |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US6342962B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP0818896A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH1079703A (en) |
FR (1) | FR2751150B1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3732371B2 (en) * | 1999-09-09 | 2006-01-05 | 沖電気工業株式会社 | Optical signal generation circuit |
FR2799011B1 (en) * | 1999-09-24 | 2001-12-14 | Cit Alcatel | OPTICAL REGENERATOR FOR RZ SIGNALS LIMITING NOISE IN "ZEROS" |
US6721512B1 (en) * | 2000-03-02 | 2004-04-13 | Nortel Networks Limited | High speed jitter correction and adaptive chromatic dispersion compensation in optical dispersion compensation in optical systems using RZ format |
US20050203578A1 (en) * | 2001-08-15 | 2005-09-15 | Weiner Michael L. | Process and apparatus for treating biological organisms |
US20040208436A1 (en) * | 2002-01-16 | 2004-10-21 | Teraphase Technologies, Inc. | Forming optical signals having soliton pulses with certain spectral band characteristics |
US20040057734A1 (en) * | 2002-09-25 | 2004-03-25 | Lucent Technologies, Inc. | Method and system for reducing transmission penalties associated with ghost pulses |
US7565083B1 (en) * | 2004-06-22 | 2009-07-21 | Sprint Communications Company L.P. | Wavelength shifting in an optical network route to mitigate distortion in different types of fiber |
US8682159B2 (en) * | 2008-07-09 | 2014-03-25 | Tyco Electronics Subsea Communications Llc | Optical communication system supporting detection and communication networks |
US9559776B2 (en) * | 2015-01-21 | 2017-01-31 | Google Inc. | Locally powered optical communication network |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5477375A (en) * | 1993-04-30 | 1995-12-19 | At&T Corp. | Optical soliton generator |
FR2707442B1 (en) * | 1993-07-06 | 1995-09-15 | Pirio Francis | Transmission system on optical fiber with compensation for online distortions. |
JP3028906B2 (en) * | 1994-01-27 | 2000-04-04 | ケイディディ株式会社 | Soliton optical communication system and optical transmitting device and optical receiving device thereof |
US5473458A (en) * | 1994-12-27 | 1995-12-05 | At&T Corp. | Soliton data transmission using non-soliton transmitter |
FR2739507B1 (en) * | 1995-10-02 | 1997-12-19 | Devaux Fabrice | ONLINE MODULATION DEVICE FOR OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM |
JPH09325308A (en) * | 1996-06-06 | 1997-12-16 | Kokusai Denshin Denwa Co Ltd <Kdd> | Optical modulator, short light pulse generating device, light waveform shaping device, and optical demultiplexer device |
-
1996
- 1996-07-10 FR FR9608614A patent/FR2751150B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-07-07 EP EP97401616A patent/EP0818896A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1997-07-09 US US08/890,669 patent/US6342962B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-07-10 JP JP9185508A patent/JPH1079703A/en active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US6342962B2 (en) | 2002-01-29 |
FR2751150B1 (en) | 1998-09-18 |
FR2751150A1 (en) | 1998-01-16 |
EP0818896A1 (en) | 1998-01-14 |
JPH1079703A (en) | 1998-03-24 |
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