US1995647A - Apparatus for and improvement in carrying out chemical processes at elevated temperatures - Google Patents
Apparatus for and improvement in carrying out chemical processes at elevated temperatures Download PDFInfo
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- US1995647A US1995647A US551577A US55157731A US1995647A US 1995647 A US1995647 A US 1995647A US 551577 A US551577 A US 551577A US 55157731 A US55157731 A US 55157731A US 1995647 A US1995647 A US 1995647A
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- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 title description 3
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 title description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 60
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 26
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 26
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 26
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 26
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 23
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 23
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 22
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 22
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 22
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 12
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 8
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000599 Cr alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012084 conversion product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 2
- IXQWNVPHFNLUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron titanium Chemical compound [Ti].[Fe] IXQWNVPHFNLUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 description 2
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011269 tar Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 1
- 238000010531 catalytic reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000788 chromium alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000266 injurious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940087654 iron carbonyl Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- VLAPMBHFAWRUQP-UHFFFAOYSA-L molybdic acid Chemical compound O[Mo](O)(=O)=O VLAPMBHFAWRUQP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 ores Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004323 potassium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/02—Apparatus characterised by being constructed of material selected for its chemically-resistant properties
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/02—Apparatus characterised by their chemically-resistant properties
- B01J2219/025—Apparatus characterised by their chemically-resistant properties characterised by the construction materials of the reactor vessel proper
- B01J2219/0277—Metal based
Definitions
- the present invention relates to apparatus for and improvements in carrying out chemical processes at elevated temperatures and in the presence of hydrogen.
- iron is decarbonized by hydrogen and becomes brittle after use for a short period of time.
- iron walls which have to bear pressure are readily destroyed by the action of hydrogen so that either the walls must be kept cold or they must be constructed of highly alloyed steels.
- iron has an injurious effect on the course of the reaction,for example by causing side re- -'actions, such as abundant formation of hydrocarbon gases, deposition of coke or formation of undesirable polymerization products in destructive hydrogenation or cracking processes which reactions have a detrimental effect on the economy of the process.
- the titanium content of alloys which contain iron should be from 0.1 to 15 per cent, preferably from 0.5 to per cent. Espealuminium and iron. In these alloys the content of titanium may be up to per cent, preferably from 0.5 to 3 per cent; the content of aluminium may be up to per cent, preferably from 5 to 8 per cent.
- the content of the latter metals is preferably up to 2 per cent.
- the cobalt, nickel or copper may be present.
- the content of titanium in the alloys preferably ranges from 1 to 10 per cent.
- the alloys especially those which contain titanium, aluminium and iron, have the great advantage contrasted with the chromium alloys hitherto proposed that even with from 2 to t per cent of titanium (which is as abundantly available as chromium) the same resistance to attack by hydrogen and sulphur compounds is attained as is attained with to per cent of chromium. Moreover there is a further metallurgical advantage in the preparation of the alloys byreason of the known deoxidizing action of titanium.
- the carbon content of the said alloys may be varied as required. Usually it varies between 0 per cent and 1.5 per cent. The higher the content of carbon the more stable to hydrogen and sulphur but also the more brittle do the said alloys become. If it is desired to employ as free as possible from carbon an iron-titanium alloy containing one of the hereinbefore defined metals it is advantageous to start with metals obtained electrolytically and from iron obtained from iron carbonyl. In many cases the preparation of the alloys is preferably carried out by fusion in vacuo or in an inert gas atmosphere or by sintering of the finely divided alloy components.
- Suitable alloys are those for example having the composition: 1.5 per cent of titanium, 5 per cent of aluminium and 93.5 per cent of iron; 2 per cent of titanium, 6 per cent of aluminium, 2 per cent of silicon, 1.5 per cent of manganese and 88.5 per cent of iron; 3 per cent of titanium, 5 per cent of aluminium, 2 per cent of tungsten, 2 per cent of cobalt and 88 per cent of iron; 2 per cent of titanium, 10 per cent of aluminium and 88 per cent of iron.
- the titanium alloys as hereinbefore defined have the further remarkable advantage that they do not scale off when exposed to hot gases, in particular to heating gases containing oxidizing constituents, such as oxygen or carbon dioxide. This fact is of great importance for the construction of the heat transferring devices, such as preheating tubes, which when constructed of the materials hitherto in use are very liable to scale off at the surfaces which come into contact with the heating gases.
- the employment of the said alloys is of considerable importance in the treatment of coals, tars, mineral oils, their distillation and conversion products with hydrogen under pressure by destructive hydrogenation. Since the said alloys have the further practical advantage that the transfer of heat by these alloys is good, they are eminently suitable also for constructing preheaters and heat regenerators. The alloys have the further favorable property of causing practically no deposition of carbon or formation of methane, such as is readily the case for example with the usual iron alloys.
- alloys may also be used advantageously as the constructional or coating materials for apparatus for other reactions in which hydrogen is employed under pressure, as for example for the synthesis of ammonia or for the catalytic reduction of the oxides of carbon.
- Example 1' Mexican Panuco oil containing 4.5 per cent of sulphur is treated with hydrogen under a pressure of 200 atmospheres at a temperature of 450 C. in the presence of a catalyst consisting of equal parts of molybdic acid and zinc oxide.
- the parts of the apparatus which come into contact with the hot treated materials and its vapors are lined with an alloy consisting of 1.5 per cent of titanium, 6 per cent of aluminium and 92.5 per cent of iron. After use for about 3 months there is no appreciable attack on the material of the apparatus.
- Example 2 A mixture of '75 per cent of hydrogen and 25 per cent of nitrogen is allowed to flow at from 500 to 550 C. under a. pressure of 200 atmospheres over an iron catalyst activated with about 10 per cent of aluminium and small amounts of potassium nitrate, in a high-pressure vessel which is lined with an alloy consisting of 1 per cent of titanium, 5 per cent of aluminium, 3 per cent of chromium and 91 per cent of iron.
- the eiiluent gases containing ammonia are led through a heat exchanger consisting of a bundle of tubes constructed of the said alloy. Even after use for several months the alloy employed shows no signs of attack.
- the step which comprises confining the reactants by a surface consisting of an alloy of titanium containing iron and aluminium, the content of titanium ranging from .1 to 15 per cent, that of aluminium ranging from 5 to 15 per cent and the major portion of the remainder being iron.
- the step which comprises confining the reactants by a surface consisting of an alloy of titanium containing iron and aluminium, in which the content of titanium ranges between 0.5 and 5 per cent, that of aluminium ranges between 5 and 8 per cent and the major portion of the remainder 15 136011.
- the step which comprises confining the reactants. by a surface consisting of an alloy of titanium, iron and aluminium, the content of titanium ranging .from .1 to 10 per cent, that of aluminium ranging from 5 to 15 per cent and the remainder being iron.
- the step which comprises confining the reactants by a surface consisting of an alloy of .1 to 15 per cent of titanium, 5-15 per cent aluminium, up to 5 per cent of at least one 01 the elements chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, manganese, tin, zinc, lead, silver and beryllium, the remainder being iron.
- the step which comprises confining the reactants by a surface consisting of an alloy of titanium, iron and aluminium, the content of titanium ranging from .1 to 15 per cent, that of aluminium ranging from 5 to 15 per cent and the remainder being iron.
- the step which comprises confining the reactants by a surface consisting of an alloy of titanium, iron, aluminium and chromium, the content of titanium ranging from .1 to 15 per cent, that of aluminium ranging from 5 to 15 per cent, that of chromium ranging from 3 to 5 per cent and the remainder being IIOll.
- the step which comprises confining the reactants by a surface consisting of an alloy of titanium, iron and aluminium in which the contents of titanium and of aluminium range between 0.1 and 10 per cent and between 5 and 8 per cent respectively and the remainder is iron.
- the step which comprises confining the reactants by a surface consisting of an alloy of iron containing from 0.1 to 10 per cent of titanium, from 5 to 8 per cent of aluminium and up to 5 per cent of at least one of the elements chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, manganese, tin,
- Apparatus for carrying out chemical reactions at elevated temperatures and in the presence of hydrogen in which the inner surfaces of the walls exposed to the reacting materials are at least in part composed of an alloy containing titanium, iron and aluminium, the titanium content ranging from .1 to 10% and the aluminium content ranging from 5 to 15% of such alloy of titanium and the major portion of the remainder being iron.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Description
Patented Mar. 26, 1935 APPARATUS FOR- PATENT OFFICE AND IDIPROVEMENT IN CARRYING OUT CHEMICAL PROCESSES AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES Mathias Pier, Heidelberg, and Walter Dinkler,
Mannheim Germany, assignors to I. G. Farbenlndustrie Aktiengesellschaft,
Frankforton-the-Main, Germany No Drawing. Application July 17, 1931, Serial No. 551,577. In Germany July 24, 1930 9 Claims. (01.23-252) cially suitable are alloys containing titanium,
The present invention relates to apparatus for and improvements in carrying out chemical processes at elevated temperatures and in the presence of hydrogen.
In chemical reactions in which free hydrogen is present, either as reacting component or by formation during the reaction, such as various kinds of materials, especially in the improvement of coals of all varieties, tars, mineral oils and the like, their distillation and conversion products and carbonaceous residues, at elevated temperatures such as cracking operations, especially in the presence of added'hydrogen or gases supplying hydrogen and under pressure, such as the destructive hydrogenation or the puriiication from sulphur with hydrogen at such elevated temperatures and pressures that no substantial splitting of the materials under treatment occurs, or in the synthesis of ammonia, it is very difllcult to find suitable constructional materials which are physically and chemically sufliciently resistant, especially to hydrogen and, if present, to sulphur, at the temperatures and pressures employed. Thus iron is decarbonized by hydrogen and becomes brittle after use for a short period of time. In particular, iron walls which have to bear pressure are readily destroyed by the action of hydrogen so that either the walls must be kept cold or they must be constructed of highly alloyed steels. Furthermore, in many cases iron has an injurious effect on the course of the reaction,for example by causing side re- -'actions, such as abundant formation of hydrocarbon gases, deposition of coke or formation of undesirable polymerization products in destructive hydrogenation or cracking processes which reactions have a detrimental effect on the economy of the process. Moreover, there are only a very few materials, and these are not sufliciently available to render their general application economical, which are in any degree stable to sulphur and sulphur compounds, especially hydrogen sulphide.
We have now found that titanium alloys which contain aluminium, copper, cobalt ornickel or several of these metals, and, if desired, iron in addition to one or'more of the said metals, constitute materials which are resistant'in every respect, so that at least some, but preferably all those parts of the apparatus which come into contact with the hot materials in the said processes may be constructed of or coated with the said alloys. The titanium content of alloys which contain iron should be from 0.1 to 15 per cent, preferably from 0.5 to per cent. Espealuminium and iron. In these alloys the content of titanium may be up to per cent, preferably from 0.5 to 3 per cent; the content of aluminium may be up to per cent, preferably from 5 to 8 per cent. With iron-titanium alloys containing cobalt, nickel or copper the content of the latter metals is preferably up to 2 per cent. In the case of titanium alloys free from iron, the cobalt, nickel or copper may be present. In this case the content of titanium in the alloys preferably ranges from 1 to 10 per cent. Even at high temperatures as for example from 300 to 500 C. and more and at high pressures, such as are employed for example in the destructive hydrogenation of carbonaceous materials, the said alloys are extremely stable to attack by carbon monoxide, hydrogen or the sulphur compounds contained in the initial materials or set free therefrom during the reaction or added to the reaction products. The alloys, especially those which contain titanium, aluminium and iron, have the great advantage contrasted with the chromium alloys hitherto proposed that even with from 2 to t per cent of titanium (which is as abundantly available as chromium) the same resistance to attack by hydrogen and sulphur compounds is attained as is attained with to per cent of chromium. Moreover there is a further metallurgical advantage in the preparation of the alloys byreason of the known deoxidizing action of titanium.
The physical and chemical properties of ,the-
corrosive alloys hitherto proposed, whereby the preparation and working up of the alloys is rendered. more simple and economical. The carbon content of the said alloys may be varied as required. Usually it varies between 0 per cent and 1.5 per cent. The higher the content of carbon the more stable to hydrogen and sulphur but also the more brittle do the said alloys become. If it is desired to employ as free as possible from carbon an iron-titanium alloy containing one of the hereinbefore defined metals it is advantageous to start with metals obtained electrolytically and from iron obtained from iron carbonyl. In many cases the preparation of the alloys is preferably carried out by fusion in vacuo or in an inert gas atmosphere or by sintering of the finely divided alloy components.
Suitable alloys are those for example having the composition: 1.5 per cent of titanium, 5 per cent of aluminium and 93.5 per cent of iron; 2 per cent of titanium, 6 per cent of aluminium, 2 per cent of silicon, 1.5 per cent of manganese and 88.5 per cent of iron; 3 per cent of titanium, 5 per cent of aluminium, 2 per cent of tungsten, 2 per cent of cobalt and 88 per cent of iron; 2 per cent of titanium, 10 per cent of aluminium and 88 per cent of iron.
The titanium alloys as hereinbefore defined have the further remarkable advantage that they do not scale off when exposed to hot gases, in particular to heating gases containing oxidizing constituents, such as oxygen or carbon dioxide. This fact is of great importance for the construction of the heat transferring devices, such as preheating tubes, which when constructed of the materials hitherto in use are very liable to scale off at the surfaces which come into contact with the heating gases.
The employment of the said alloys is of considerable importance in the treatment of coals, tars, mineral oils, their distillation and conversion products with hydrogen under pressure by destructive hydrogenation. Since the said alloys have the further practical advantage that the transfer of heat by these alloys is good, they are eminently suitable also for constructing preheaters and heat regenerators. The alloys have the further favorable property of causing practically no deposition of carbon or formation of methane, such as is readily the case for example with the usual iron alloys. They may therefore be employed with advantage in the distillation or generally for the heat treatment of carbonaceous and sulphur containing substances as for example for cracking or low temperature carbonization or in the gasification of solid or liquid carbonaceous substances and also for roasting substances containing sulphur, such as ores, or in the regeneration by heat-treatment of catalysts used in hydrogeneration or cracking processes, or when working with carbon monoxide, as for example in the preparation of metal carbonyls. The alloys may also be used advantageously as the constructional or coating materials for apparatus for other reactions in which hydrogen is employed under pressure, as for example for the synthesis of ammonia or for the catalytic reduction of the oxides of carbon.
The following examples will further illustrate the nature of this invention but the invention is not restricted to these examples.
Example 1' Mexican Panuco oil containing 4.5 per cent of sulphur is treated with hydrogen under a pressure of 200 atmospheres at a temperature of 450 C. in the presence of a catalyst consisting of equal parts of molybdic acid and zinc oxide. The parts of the apparatus which come into contact with the hot treated materials and its vapors are lined with an alloy consisting of 1.5 per cent of titanium, 6 per cent of aluminium and 92.5 per cent of iron. After use for about 3 months there is no appreciable attack on the material of the apparatus.
Example 2 A mixture of '75 per cent of hydrogen and 25 per cent of nitrogen is allowed to flow at from 500 to 550 C. under a. pressure of 200 atmospheres over an iron catalyst activated with about 10 per cent of aluminium and small amounts of potassium nitrate, in a high-pressure vessel which is lined with an alloy consisting of 1 per cent of titanium, 5 per cent of aluminium, 3 per cent of chromium and 91 per cent of iron. The eiiluent gases containing ammonia are led through a heat exchanger consisting of a bundle of tubes constructed of the said alloy. Even after use for several months the alloy employed shows no signs of attack.
What we claim is:
1. In chemical relations effected at elevated temperatures and in the presence of hydrogen the step which comprises confining the reactants by a surface consisting of an alloy of titanium containing iron and aluminium, the content of titanium ranging from .1 to 15 per cent, that of aluminium ranging from 5 to 15 per cent and the major portion of the remainder being iron.
2. In chemical reactions eflfected at elevated temperatures and in the presence of hydrogen the step which comprises confining the reactants by a surface consisting of an alloy of titanium containing iron and aluminium, in which the content of titanium ranges between 0.5 and 5 per cent, that of aluminium ranges between 5 and 8 per cent and the major portion of the remainder 15 136011.
3. In chemical reactions effected at elevated temperatures and in the presence of hydrogen the step which comprises confining the reactants. by a surface consisting of an alloy of titanium, iron and aluminium, the content of titanium ranging .from .1 to 10 per cent, that of aluminium ranging from 5 to 15 per cent and the remainder being iron.
4. In chemical reactions efiected at elevated temperatures and in the presence of hydrogen the step which comprises confining the reactants by a surface consisting of an alloy of .1 to 15 per cent of titanium, 5-15 per cent aluminium, up to 5 per cent of at least one 01 the elements chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, manganese, tin, zinc, lead, silver and beryllium, the remainder being iron.
5. In the destructive hydogenation of a carbonaceous material the step which comprises confining the reactants by a surface consisting of an alloy of titanium, iron and aluminium, the content of titanium ranging from .1 to 15 per cent, that of aluminium ranging from 5 to 15 per cent and the remainder being iron.
6. In the synthesis of ammonia the step which comprises confining the reactants by a surface consisting of an alloy of titanium, iron, aluminium and chromium, the content of titanium ranging from .1 to 15 per cent, that of aluminium ranging from 5 to 15 per cent, that of chromium ranging from 3 to 5 per cent and the remainder being IIOll.
7. In chemical reactions eflfected at .elevated temperatures and in the presence of hydrogen the step which comprises confining the reactants by a surface consisting of an alloy of titanium, iron and aluminium in which the contents of titanium and of aluminium range between 0.1 and 10 per cent and between 5 and 8 per cent respectively and the remainder is iron.
8. In chemical reactions effected at elevated temperatures and in the presence of hydrogen the step which comprises confining the reactants by a surface consisting of an alloy of iron containing from 0.1 to 10 per cent of titanium, from 5 to 8 per cent of aluminium and up to 5 per cent of at least one of the elements chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, manganese, tin,
5 zinc, lead, silver and beryllium the remainder being iron.
9. Apparatus for carrying out chemical reactions at elevated temperatures and in the presence of hydrogen, in which the inner surfaces of the walls exposed to the reacting materials are at least in part composed of an alloy containing titanium, iron and aluminium, the titanium content ranging from .1 to 10% and the aluminium content ranging from 5 to 15% of such alloy of titanium and the major portion of the remainder being iron.
MATHIAS PIER. WALTER DINIGJER.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE1995647X | 1930-07-24 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US1995647A true US1995647A (en) | 1935-03-26 |
Family
ID=7930136
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US551577A Expired - Lifetime US1995647A (en) | 1930-07-24 | 1931-07-17 | Apparatus for and improvement in carrying out chemical processes at elevated temperatures |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US1995647A (en) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2812374A (en) * | 1954-06-11 | 1957-11-05 | Basf Ag | Production of acetylene by incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons |
| US2847447A (en) * | 1956-04-03 | 1958-08-12 | Escambia Chem Corp | Production of acrylonitrile |
| US3012038A (en) * | 1956-11-05 | 1961-12-05 | Ici Ltd | Process for preparing carboxylic acid by oxidation |
| US3984206A (en) * | 1973-05-04 | 1976-10-05 | Shell Oil Company | Apparatus for the combustion of halogenated hydrocarbons |
| FR2472035A1 (en) * | 1979-12-13 | 1981-06-26 | Toyo Engineering Corp | PROCESS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE TREATMENT OF HYDROCARBON CONTAINING MATERIALS TO AVOID CARBON DEPOSITS ON REACTOR SURFACE |
| US4988488A (en) * | 1989-10-19 | 1991-01-29 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Iron aluminides and nickel aluminides as materials for chemical air separation |
-
1931
- 1931-07-17 US US551577A patent/US1995647A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2812374A (en) * | 1954-06-11 | 1957-11-05 | Basf Ag | Production of acetylene by incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons |
| US2847447A (en) * | 1956-04-03 | 1958-08-12 | Escambia Chem Corp | Production of acrylonitrile |
| US3012038A (en) * | 1956-11-05 | 1961-12-05 | Ici Ltd | Process for preparing carboxylic acid by oxidation |
| US3984206A (en) * | 1973-05-04 | 1976-10-05 | Shell Oil Company | Apparatus for the combustion of halogenated hydrocarbons |
| FR2472035A1 (en) * | 1979-12-13 | 1981-06-26 | Toyo Engineering Corp | PROCESS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE TREATMENT OF HYDROCARBON CONTAINING MATERIALS TO AVOID CARBON DEPOSITS ON REACTOR SURFACE |
| US4988488A (en) * | 1989-10-19 | 1991-01-29 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Iron aluminides and nickel aluminides as materials for chemical air separation |
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